Signaling by Sensory Receptors
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Chapter 2 Test Review
Unit III, Modules 9-13 Test Review • See also the Unit III notes and pages 76-122 • About 45 m.c., plus two essays; one on brain functioning, the other review concepts from previous units. • Some practice questions are embedded in this presentation • Other practice questions are available at the textbook website and in the textbook after each module. Neuron Order of a transmission: dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse (see arrow below) Neural Communication Neurons, 80 Neural Communication • (a)Dendrite – the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the (b)cell body • (c)Axon – the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands • Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath – a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons – makes possible vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses, – Damage to can lead to Multiple sclerosis Neural Communication • Action Potential – a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon; DEPOLARIZED – generated by the movement of positively charges atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane • Threshold – the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse Action Potential A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. Practice question • Multiple sclerosis is a disease that is most directly associated with the degeneration of: a. the myelin sheath. b. the pituitary gland. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Functional Analysis of Mammalian Cryptochromes a Matter of Time
Functional Analysis of Mammalian Cryptochromes A Matter of Time The studies presented in this thesis were performed in the Department of Genetics, Chronobiology and Health Researcher Group at the Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The Department is a member of the Medisch Genetisch Centrum Zuid-West Nederland (MGC). The research has been supported financially by NWO. Cover: Inspired by “Hommage à Apollinaire” Marc Chagall, 1911-1912, Collection Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Layout: Dan G.M. Vennix Printer: Wöhrman Print Service, Zutphen Functional Analysis of Mammalian Cryptochromes A Matter of Time Functionele analyse van zoogdier cryptochromen Een kwestie van tijd proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr. H.G. Schmidt en volgens besluit van het College voor Pro moties De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op woensdag 4 november 2009 om 9:30 uur door ͂ Monika Iwona Bajek geboren te Stalowa Wola, Polen Promotiecommissie Promotors Prof.dr. G.T.J. van der Horst Prof.dr. J.H.J. Hoeijmakers Overige leden Prof.dr. F.G. Grosveld Prof.dr. J.H. Meijer Prof.dr. B.A. Oostra ....... dla Frania i naszego Aniołka Marysi 7 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 11 I The circadian clock 13 Historical background 13 Circadian oscillator mechanisms 15 Master clock – suprachiasmatic nucleus 17 Photoentrainment 19 Peripheral clock 20 II The photolyase/cryptochrome flavoprotein family 21 Photolyase 22 Structural analysis of -
Primary Processes in Sensory Cells: Current Advances
J Comp Physiol A (2009) 195:1–19 DOI 10.1007/s00359-008-0389-0 REVIEW Primary processes in sensory cells: current advances Stephan Frings Received: 14 September 2008 / Revised: 25 October 2008 / Accepted: 25 October 2008 / Published online: 15 November 2008 © The Author(s) 2008. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract In the course of evolution, the strong and unre- INAD Inactivation no after-potential D mitting selective pressure on sensory performance has MEC Mechanosensitive channel-related protein driven the acuity of sensory organs to its physical limits. As OHC Outer hair cell a consequence, the study of primary sensory processes ORN Olfactory receptor neuron illustrates impressively how far a physiological function PDE Phosphodiesterase can be improved if the survival of a species depends on it. PDZ Domain postsynaptic density/discs-large/zonula Sensory cells that detect single-photons, single molecules, occludens domain mechanical motions on a nanometer scale, or incredibly TRP Channel transient receptor potential channel small Xuctuations of electromagnetic Welds have fascinated VNO Vomeronasal organ physiologists for a long time. It is a great challenge to understand the primary sensory processes on a molecular level. This review points out some important recent develop- Introduction ments in the search for primary processes in sensory cells that mediate touch perception, hearing, vision, taste, olfac- Sensory cells provide the central nervous system with vital tion, as well as the analysis of light polarization and the ori- information about the body and its environment. Each sen- entation in the Earth’s magnetic Weld. The data are screened sory cell detects speciWc stimuli using highly specialized for common transduction strategies and common transduc- structures which operate as sensors for adequate stimuli. -
The UV-B Photoreceptor UVR8: from Structure to Physiology
The Plant Cell, Vol. 26: 21–37, January 2014, www.plantcell.org ã 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. REVIEW The UV-B Photoreceptor UVR8: From Structure to Physiology Gareth I. Jenkins1 Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom Low doses of UV-B light (280 to 315 nm) elicit photomorphogenic responses in plants that modify biochemical composition, photosynthetic competence, morphogenesis, and defense. UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) mediates photomorphogenic responses to UV-B by regulating transcription of a set of target genes. UVR8 differs from other known photoreceptors in that it uses specific Trp amino acids instead of a prosthetic chromophore for light absorption during UV-B photoreception. Absorption of UV-B dissociates the UVR8 dimer into monomers, initiating signal transduction through interaction with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1. However, much remains to be learned about the physiological role of UVR8 and its interaction with other signaling pathways, the molecular mechanism of UVR8 photoreception, how the UVR8 protein initiates signaling, how it is regulated, and how UVR8 regulates transcription of its target genes. INTRODUCTION below (Caldwell et al., 1983; Jordan 1996; Rozema et al., 1997; Frohnmeyer and Staiger, 2003; Jenkins, 2009). Damage caused Light is of paramount importance in promoting the growth and by UV-B exposure is ameliorated in several ways, in particular by development of plants. In addition to its role as the energy source antioxidant systems and enzymes that repair DNA damage. An for photosynthesis, light regulates numerous aspects of plant important feature of these protective responses is that they are form and function throughout the life cycle, from seedling es- stimulated when plants are exposed to UV-B. -
Redistribution and Reduction of Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein During Ocular Coronavirus Infection
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 33, No. 1, January 1992 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Redistribution and Reduction of Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein During Ocular Coronavirus Infection Suson G. Robbins,* Barbara Wiggert.f Geetha Kutty,f Gerald J. Chader.f Barbara Derrick,* and John J. Hooks'1 Inoculation of the neurotropic coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM intravitreally or into the anterior chamber causes acute infection of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina. Weeks later, many retinas have foci of moderate to severe atrophy. The effect of coronavirus infection (after intravitreal inoculation) was examined on interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), the glycolipoprotein in the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) thought to transport retinoids between the photoreceptors and the RPE. Changes in IRBP distribution accompanied virus-associated retinal pa- thology, including photoreceptor loss and RPE abnormalities. Immunohistochemistry on days 3 and 6 showed that IRBP had diffused into the neural retina away from the IPM. The IRBP became localized abnormally in the same areas as virus-induced lesions, shown by staining adjacent sections with a monoclonal antibody specific for the viral nucleocapsid protein. Moreover, the level of IRBP in isolated retinas, measured in an immunoslot-blot assay, decreased significantly by day 3 and remained low through day 23. This decrease was confirmed in eyecups isolated on day 6. It may be caused in part by loss of photoreceptors and diffusion of IRBP through the retina into the vitreous. These studies show that a virus may induce an acute, limited infection in the retina that can be cleared by the host. -
Specialized Cilia in Mammalian Sensory Systems
Cells 2015, 4, 500-519; doi:10.3390/cells4030500 OPEN ACCESS cells ISSN 2073-4409 www.mdpi.com/journal/cells Review Specialized Cilia in Mammalian Sensory Systems Nathalie Falk, Marlene Lösl, Nadja Schröder and Andreas Gießl * Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (N.F.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (A.G.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-9131-85-28055; Fax: +49-9131-85-28060. Academic Editors: Gang Dong and William Tsang Received: 18 May 2015 / Accepted: 9 September 2015 / Published: 11 September 2015 Abstract: Cilia and flagella are highly conserved and important microtubule-based organelles that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells and act as antennae to sense extracellular signals. Moreover, cilia have emerged as key players in numerous physiological, developmental, and sensory processes such as hearing, olfaction, and photoreception. Genetic defects in ciliary proteins responsible for cilia formation, maintenance, or function underlie a wide array of human diseases like deafness, anosmia, and retinal degeneration in sensory systems. Impairment of more than one sensory organ results in numerous syndromic ciliary disorders like the autosomal recessive genetic diseases Bardet-Biedl and Usher syndrome. Here we describe the structure and distinct functional roles of cilia in sensory organs like the inner ear, the olfactory epithelium, and the retina of the mouse. The spectrum of ciliary function in fundamental cellular processes highlights the importance of elucidating ciliopathy-related proteins in order to find novel potential therapies. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
36 | Sensory Systems 1109 36 | SENSORY SYSTEMS
Chapter 36 | Sensory Systems 1109 36 | SENSORY SYSTEMS Figure 36.1 This shark uses its senses of sight, vibration (lateral-line system), and smell to hunt, but it also relies on its ability to sense the electric fields of prey, a sense not present in most land animals. (credit: modification of work by Hermanus Backpackers Hostel, South Africa) Chapter Outline 36.1: Sensory Processes 36.2: Somatosensation 36.3: Taste and Smell 36.4: Hearing and Vestibular Sensation 36.5: Vision Introduction In more advanced animals, the senses are constantly at work, making the animal aware of stimuli—such as light, or sound, or the presence of a chemical substance in the external environment—and monitoring information about the organism’s internal environment. All bilaterally symmetric animals have a sensory system, and the development of any species’ sensory system has been driven by natural selection; thus, sensory systems differ among species according to the demands of their environments. The shark, unlike most fish predators, is electrosensitive—that is, sensitive to electrical fields produced by other animals in its environment. While it is helpful to this underwater predator, electrosensitivity is a sense not found in most land animals. 36.1 | Sensory Processes By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Identify the general and special senses in humans • Describe three important steps in sensory perception • Explain the concept of just-noticeable difference in sensory perception Senses provide information about the body and its environment. Humans have five special senses: olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance and body position), vision, and hearing. -
Fundamentals of Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Fundamentals of Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter 12 Nervous System The nervous system is the main system to communicate and coordinate body activities by sending electrical impulses. Nervous system forms a communication network in whole body. Endocrine system communicates through chemical messengers – hormones. 12 pairs of Cranial nerves arise from brain Brain (Part of PNS) Central NS 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal Spinal nerve cord nerve cord (Part of PNS) Somatic sensory Afferent Division Visceral sensory Peripheral NS Somatic NS Efferent Division Sympathetic Autonomic NS Parasympathetic Neuron A neuron has a cell body. Many smaller branched appendages are called Dendrites. Dendrites bring in information (nerve impulse) to the cell body. A single longer appendage is called Axon. It takes information away from cell body. It branches at the end into terminal knobs. A terminal knob secretes a chemical called Neurotransmitter in the gap to the next neuron or muscle membrane. 3-types of neurons (on basis of function) Specialized nerve cells are called Neurons. Sensory neurons bring information from sense organs like eyes to CNS. Sensory = Affrent. Somatic Sensory = coming from body wall - skin, muscles and joints; Visceral Sensroy = coming from internal organs - viscera Motor neurons take information from CNS to effectors like muscles or glands. Motor = Effrent. Somatic Motor – going to skeletal muscles and Visceral Motor – going to smooth or cardiac muscles. Inter-neurons receive information from sensory neurons and -
Light Modulates Important Physiological Features of Ralstonia
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Light modulates important physiological features of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum during the colonization of tomato plants Josefna Tano1,6, María Belén Ripa1,6, María Laura Tondo2, Analía Carrau1, Silvana Petrocelli2, María Victoria Rodriguez3, Virginia Ferreira4, María Inés Siri4, Laura Piskulic5 & Elena Graciela Orellano1* Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum GMI1000 (Rpso GMI1000) is a soil-borne vascular phytopathogen that infects host plants through the root system causing wilting disease in a wide range of agro- economic interest crops, producing economical losses. Several features contribute to the full bacterial virulence. In this work we study the participation of light, an important environmental factor, in the regulation of the physiological attributes and infectivity of Rpso GMI1000. In silico analysis of the Rpso genome revealed the presence of a Rsp0254 gene, which encodes a putative blue light LOV-type photoreceptor. We constructed a mutant strain of Rpso lacking the LOV protein and found that the loss of this protein and light, infuenced characteristics involved in the pathogenicity process such as motility, adhesion and the bioflms development, which allows the successful host plant colonization, rendering bacterial wilt. This protein could be involved in the adaptive responses to environmental changes. We demonstrated that light sensing and the LOV protein, would be used as a location signal in the host plant, to regulate the expression of several virulence factors, in a time and tissue dependent way. Consequently, bacteria could use an external signal and Rpsolov gene to know their location within plant tissue during the colonization process. Light is an important environmental factor in all ecosystems because it is a source of energy and information. -
Dorsal Root Injury—A Model for Exploring Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury
cells Review Dorsal Root Injury—A Model for Exploring Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury Håkan Aldskogius * and Elena N. Kozlova Laboratory of Regenertive Neurobiology, Biomedical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of spinal cord injury is fundamental for our possibility to develop successful therapeutic approaches. These approaches need to address the issues of the emergence of a non-permissive environment for axonal growth in the spinal cord, in combination with a failure of injured neurons to mount an effective regeneration program. Experimental in vivo models are of critical importance for exploring the potential clinical relevance of mechanistic findings and therapeutic innovations. However, the highly complex organization of the spinal cord, comprising multiple types of neurons, which form local neural networks, as well as short and long-ranging ascending or descending pathways, complicates detailed dissection of mechanistic processes, as well as identification/verification of therapeutic targets. Inducing different types of dorsal root injury at specific proximo-distal locations provide opportunities to distinguish key components underlying spinal cord regeneration failure. Crushing or cutting the dorsal root allows detailed analysis of the regeneration program of the sensory neurons, as well as of the glial response at the dorsal root-spinal cord interface without direct trauma to the spinal cord. At the same time, a lesion at this interface creates a localized injury of the spinal cord itself, but with an initial Citation: Aldskogius, H.; Kozlova, neuronal injury affecting only the axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons, and still a glial cell response E.N.