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Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA Why Is Public Expenditure on Education in Japan Title Low ? : Re-examining the Public Function of Education Author(s) Nakazawa, Wataru Citation Issue Date 2016-06 Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/11094/57197 DOI rights Copyright © Wataru Nakazawa, 2014 Note Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/ Osaka University Osaka University West Front, 2-7 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan 565-0871 Published in Japan by Osaka University Press First published 2016 Why Is Public Expenditure on Education in Japan Low? Re-examining the Public Function of Education by Wataru Nakazawa Copyright © Wataru Nakazawa, 2014 Original Japanese edition published by Keiso Shobo English translation copyright © Osaka University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN 978-4-87259-547-5 frontmatter20160525.indd 1 2016/06/09 18:03:33 iii Acknowledgements This book was originally published in Japanese by Keiso-shobo in 2014, and won one of the most prestigious awards for humanities and social sciences for works in Japanese, the 36th Suntory Prize for Social Sciences and Humanities. First, I would like to thank Keiso-shobo for permitting this translation in English, and the editor of this book, Nahoko Matsuno, for supporting my work. I believe that the average standard of social sciences and humanities in Japan is high. However, most works have been written in Japanese and are not well known outside Japan. Because of the financial crisis in Japan, the pressure on research- ers in social sciences and humanities to produce clear, beneficial, and useful knowledge became stronger. Sometimes they were seen as symbolizing an insu- lar Japanese society because they had not published their works in English. For their own sakes, Japanese researchers in social sciences and humanities need to ensure that their works have internationally appeal. Fortunately, Osaka University started a new program of financial help for translating and publishing books in the social sciences and humanities in 2015, and The publication of this book is supported by Management Expenses Grants of Osaka University. I would like to express my appreciation three colleagues: Masayuki Nakamichi, Dean of the Graduate School of Human Sciences, and Eisei Kurimoto, Vice-President of the Graduate School of Human Sciences, who supported the adoption of my work, and Hiroyuki Kondo, a professor of the sociology of education, who stimulated my ideas through our daily conversations. In addition, Nobuyo Kawakami and Shiori Bando, editors with Osaka University Press, also supported the publication of this book in English. The research for this book was also supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (Number 15K04359) and (B) (Number 15H03490) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. I was permitted access to the data of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) from the Data Archive for the Social Sciences in the German Social Science Infrastructure Services (GESIS), a data entitled “Japanese General Social Surveys <JGSS-2010>, the JGSS Research Center at Osaka University of Commerce” was provided by the Social Science Japan Data Archive, Center for Social Research and Data Archives, Institute of Social Science, the University of Tokyo. I started writing this book when I was working in Toyo University in Tokyo. I would like to thank my colleagues at the Department of Sociology in Toyo University, whose cooperation and professionalism ensure a tranquil and har- monious working atmosphere. In 2007, when I was a research associate at the Institute of Social Sciences at the University of Tokyo, the longitudinal survey project (Japanese Life Course Panel Survey: JLPS) started. I was a member of this project, and the project committee permitted me to use the data in this book. iv Acknowledgements Hiroshi Ishida, a professor at the Institute of Social Sciences and the leader of this survey, always supported my study and gave me helpful suggestions. Although this book mainly focused on the Japanese situation, I broadened my attention to include comparative perspectives. Therefore, I believe that this book will be of interest to readers outside Japan. According to the survey of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), there is similar low public expenditure on education in South Korea, and many other developing Asian countries also face declining fertility rates and aging societ- ies. Since comparative studies on social policies, including education, have been mainly focused on western societies, it would be interesting to compare the situ- ations of Asian societies with those of western countries. In addition, the experi- ences of an unprecedented declining fertility rate and aging society in Japan would give useful information to other similar societies. Finally, I would like to dedicate this translation my wife, Akiko, and my son, Hironao. Hironao was born in February, 2015, an event that has made me even more conscious of how serious an issue education in Japan is for the future of our society. Her devoted help and his carefree smile encouraged me in my work. Wataru Nakazawa v Contents Acknowledgements iii Abbreviations ix INTRODUCTION WheretheProblemLies 1 1. IssuesSurroundingObstructedEducationSpending 1 (1) RisksandSocialSecurityinaSocietywithanAgingPopulationand aDecliningBirthRate 1 (2) UnequalEducationOpportunityinaSocietywithaWideningEducationalDisparity 3 (3) SmallPublicSpendingonEducationandPeople’sAttitudeReflectingthisFact 6 (4) IssueofNationalBurden 10 2. CanWeIncreasePublicSpendingonEducation? 13 PART I PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE AND THE STATE OF POLICY REGARDING EDUCATION SPENDING 19 CHAPTER1 ReconsideringtheSocialRoleofEducation 21 1. SocietywhereEducationTakesRoot 21 2. ModernizationandEducation:ASociologicalLookatSchoolEducation 24 (1) FunctionofSchoolEducationinaModernSociety 24 (2) SchoolEducationintheEmergingSocietyinAmerica 26 (3) American-StyleLiberalismandtheEducationPhilosophy 29 (4) SchoolSystemsandtheSocietalRoleofEducation 32 3. ReconsideringtheSocialFunctionofEducation 34 (1) EqualizationandHumanResourceAllocation 34 (2) JapanesePeople’sSenseofInjusticeasregardsEducationalAttainment 35 (3) EqualityDebatesandPublicEducationthatAccountsforIndividualPotential 37 (4) TheMeaningoftheGovernment’sInvolvementinEducation 40 CHAPTER2 TheState/GovernmentandEducation 47 1. EducationfromthePerspectiveoftheGovernment 47 (1) TheRoleoftheGovernmentinEducationfromthePerspectiveofEconomics 47 (2) IntroductionofQuasi-MarketReform 50 2. EstablishmentofModernStatesandDevelopmentofEducationSystems 53 (1) StateandBureaucracy 53 (2) BureaucratizationoftheEducationSystem 55 (3)IntroductionoftheModernEducationSysteminJapan 58 3. DevelopmentoftheStateMechanismandItsSpreadintheWorld 61 (1) SpreadofInstitutionalIsomorphismandtheModernEducationSystem 61 (2) StateandTax 63 (3) UnderNeoliberalization 64 vi Contents vii CHAPTER3 RelationshipbetweenEducationandSocialSecurity/Welfare 69 PART II 1. EducationasSocialPolicy 69 WHY HAS THE PUBLIC BURDEN OF EDUCATION NOT INCREASED? 127 (1) TheDifferenceintheScopeofSocialPolicy 69 (2) WhoReceivesMoreBenefitfromEducation? 71 CHAPTER5 PublicFinanceandEducationinJapan 129 (3) TheWaysofPositioningPublicEducationExpenditureandtheirProblems 73 1. CausesofGovernmentDeficitFinancing 129 2. EducationPolicyinJapanandtheWelfareSystembehindIt 75 (1) SociologyofFiscalCrisis 129 (1) EstablishmentofaJapanese-StyleWelfareSystem 75 (2) CausesofFiscalDeficit 131 (2) WelfareSystemsthatRelyonthePrivateSector 79 2. PublicFinanceandBudgets 133 (3) BeneficiariesofSocialSecurity 81 (1) IdiosyncrasiesofPublic-FinanceActivitiesinJapan 133 3. GlobalizedWorldandSocialPolicies 82 (2) MechanismofBudgetCompilation 135 (1) EconomythatGoesbeyondtheFrameworkoftheState 82 (3) CompositionofEducation-RelatedandScienceandTechnologyPromotion (2) SocialExclusionandInclusion 83 ExpenditureandChildLearningCosts 138 4. TheRelationshipbetweenEducationSystemandSocialSecurity/WelfareSystem 3. BalancebetweenBurdenandBenefit 144 fromthePerspectiveofInternationalComparison 85 (1) SociologyofPublicFinance 144 (1) ComplementarityoftheSystems 85 (2) PublicWorksthatUtilizeFiscalInvestmentandLoans 146 (2) EducationunderSocialPolicies 86 (3) ConsideringtheBalancebetweenTaxBurdenandReceivedBenefit 149 (3) PositionofEducationPolicyintheOverallPublicExpenditure 88 (4) DistancebetweenEducationandEachPolicyAreaandtheClassification CHAPTER6 Post-WarHistoryofRisingEducationCosts 153 ofCountryBasedonDistance 92 1. FoundationofPost-warDemocraticEducationSystemandBurdenofEducationCosts 153 (1) TheGapbetweentheCenterandtheLocalAreas 153 CHAPTER4 TheStructureofJapanesePeople’sAttitudetowardEducationand (2) TuitionFeeRisesDirectlyaftertheWar 158 SocialPoliciesfromthePerspectiveofInternationalComparison 97 2. EducationCostsfromtheHighEconomicGrowthPeriodtotheStableEconomic 1. AttitudetowardWelfarePolicyandSocialSecurity 97 GrowthPeriod 161 (1) RationaleforFocusingontheAttitude 97 (1) StudentMovementsandtheRiseinSchoolCosts 161 (2) CompetingInterestsforPublicSpendingonEducation 99 (2) IntroductionofBeneficiary-PaysPrincipleand (3) TheLowLevelofTrustintheGovernmentamongtheJapanese 100 IncreaseofNationalUniversityTuitionFees 162 2. DeterminantsofSocialPolicy 103 3. InstitutionalizationoftheHeavyShareofEducationCostBurden
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