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El Colegio De México La Asimilación De La Tradición Romano 1 El Colegio de México La asimilación de la tradición romano-germnica y su efecto en el modelo de familia (Ie) japonés Tesis presentada por Fernando Villaseñor Rodríguez en conformidad con los requisitos establecidos para recibir el grado de MAESTRIA EN ESTUDIOS DE ASIA Y AFRICA ESPECIALIDAD JAPÓN Centro de Estudios de Asia y África 2009 2 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCI N…………………………………………………………………….... 5 CAPTULO I. El contexto histrico del Cdi o Civil Meiji………………………….10 I. La creacin de bases jur)dicas a la manera occidental……………………. …. 11 II. La Constitucin del Imperio de ,apn -1..90…………………………….. …...11 III. La propiedad privada como motor para la codificacin……………………….13 CAPTULO II. Personajes clave en la creacin del Cdi o Civil Meiji…………..…..20 I. PRECURSORES -1.6071.6.0……………………………………………………22 II. PRIMEROS ACTORES 8 Traductores -1.6.71.310……………………...........25 III. SE9UNDOS ACTORES 7 Asesores Extranjeros -1.3171.910…………………2. I:. LE9ISLADORES DEL C DI9O CI:IL MEI,I 8 La Tr)ada -1.91719000….12 CAPTULO III. La recepcin jur)dica en ,apn……………………………………….13 I. Recepcin jur)dica: Teor)as y un intento de definicin……………………….. 13 II. El caso japonés………………………………………………………………. ….. 42 10 La recepcin a partir de los Cdi os…………………………………….42 20 La multinacionalidad de fuentes y la preponderancia de la do m?tica alemana………………………………………………………………. ….46 10 La recepcin extra7tard)a de la tradicin romano7 erm?nica……........49 40 La recepcin pr?ctica hasta el Cdi o Civil Meiji y la posterior he emon)a de la pandect)stica alemana………………………….. …….52 III. A manera de corolario…………………………………………………….......... 55 CAPTULO I:. La invencin de la Ie …………..53 I. La invencin de la tradicin……………………………………………………...53 II. Las distintas familias en ,apn……………………………………………. ……59 III. La invencin de la Ie como familia tradicional japonesa…………………. …..62 3 10 Tenno Meiji/Mutsuhito (明 治 天 皇 / 睦 仁 ): Proclama del tenno de la restauracin mon?rAuica -1.630……………………………………. …..64 20 IwaCura TomDmi ( 岩 倉 具 視 ): Propuestas para la construccin del Estado -1.300……………………………………………………….. ……66 a0 La situacin de los obernados respecto de los obernantes…...6. b0 La situacin de los obernantes respecto de los obernados…...30 10 Motoda Eifu ( 元 田 永 孚 )/ Tenno Meiji/Mutsuhito ( 明 治 天 皇 / 睦 仁)/Tetsujiro Inoue (井上貞治郎): Los elementos para la educacin de los jvenes -1..20E Edicto sobre la educacin -1.900E Comentario sobre el Edicto Imperial -1.910…………………………………………….. ….31 40 FoGumi HatsuCa (穂積 八束): Con el nuevo Cdi o Civil se desmoronan la lealtad y la piedad filial -1.910………………………………………..35 CAPTULO :. An?lisis jur)dico de la Ie y sus instituciones conforme al Cdi o Civil Meiji...……………………………………………………………………3/ I. La Ie conforme al Cdi o Civil Meiji…………………………………………... .4 II. La creacin, conformacin y extincin de la Ie…………………………… 91 10 La Creacin de la Ie……………………………………………………….91 20 La Conformacin de la Ie…………………………………………... ...94 10 La terminacin de la Ie……………………………………………… ...93 III. El koshu -jefe de la Ie0……………………………………………………….. …..99 10 Obli aciones y derechos del koshu -koshu no gimu kenri0……….........101 Obli aciones a0 Llevar y mantener el nombre familiar o apellido -Art. 346 del CCM0 ………………………………………………………………………...102 b0 Mantener a los miembros de la Ie -Art. 3430…………………. …..101 c0 Facerse car o de los instrumentos y prose uir con el culto a los antepasados -Arts. 9.37990 del CCM0……………………………...101 Derechos a0 Fijar el domicilio de los miembros de la Ie -Arts. 343 y 3490……..101 4 b0 Consentimiento para la aceptacin de hijos ile )timos -Art. 3150 …………………………………………………………………...........106 c0 Consentimiento para el matrimonio o la adopcin de un miembro de la Ie -Arts. 350, 336 y .490…………………………………….. ……10. d0 Consentimiento para Aue un miembro de la Ie forme una bunke o restableGca el honke (Art. 743, 737 y 738)…………………….. ……109 e0 Exclusin de al Kn miembro de la Ie -Arts. 344, 349, 3500…..........110 20 Terminacin del estatus de koshu………………………………............111 I:. La importancia de la sucesin para la Ie………………………………… 115 10 La sucesin de la Ie y la sucesin de la propiedad……………………..116 20 El heredero necesario y la ficcin del Lprimo énito varnM…………..11. 10 La adopcin y el muko-yshi………………………………………… 120 :. De las instituciones de la Ie en la LtradicinM y en la Ley……………………..121 CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………126 I. Para la Ie como construccin…………………………………………………...129 II. Para la familia en la realidad……………………………………………...........112 III. Perspectivas sobre el futuro prximo de la tradicin romano7 erm?nica en ,apn………………………………………………………………………….114 NINLIO9RAFA………………………………………………………………………...116 APONDICE: Libro I:, Cap)tulo II del Cdi o Civil Meiji Lsobre la IeM……………141 SECCI N I. PRE:ISIONES 9ENERALES…………………………….……141 SECCI N II. DERECFOS H ONLI9ACIONES DEL,EFE DE LA IE H LOS MIEMNROS DE LA IE………………....………………..……………141 SECCION III. EPTINCI N DEL ,EFE DE LA IE……………………...…..144 5 INTRODUCCI N En el Japón de la posguerra, los estudios dedicados a la familia en general y a la 家 (Ie) en particular han sido muy numerosos. Los enfoques y las disciplinas que han tratado este tema van desde la sociología y la antropología, hasta la administración de empresas y la psicología organizacional. Inclusive en mi campo, el jurídico, se ha escrito una extensa bibliografía en torno al jefe de familia, el registro familiar e instituciones como el matrimonio, el divorcio, la adopción y la sucesión reguladas por el Código Civil japonés de 1898 (Código Civil Meiji o CCM). Al mismo tiempo, el encuentro de Oriente y Occidente así como el subsecuente proyecto de modernización Meiji, es quizás uno de los puntos más estudiados tanto por japoneses como por académicos y legos extranjeros. Dentro del ámbito del derecho, este fenómeno implicó la importación de instituciones jurídicas occidentales en lo que se conoce como la recepci n de la tradici n romano-germnica. Los trabajos publicados sobre este tema, aunque no alcanzan el número de páginas dedicadas a la Ie, son también numerosos y extensos. Visto lo anterior, la pregunta obligada es: ¿Por qué escribir otro texto sobre un tema tan ampliamente estudiado? Las razones son varias y se vinculan directamente tanto con los objetivos como con los temas de esta investigación. En primer lugar, considero que en la gran mayoría de los análisis precedentes, se trata a la Ie como una institución inmutable, absoluta y carente de historicidad. Como demostraré, esto conlleva al análisis de una multiplicidad de construcciones políticas, sociales y jurídicas como si se tratara de una unidad real y concreta. Dicho en otras palabras, 6 considero necesario deconstruir a la Ie, así como a los distintos elementos, facultades y funciones que se le atribuyen. En segundo lugar, por lo que hace al estudio netamente jurídico, si bien aparentemente se ha escrito mucho sobre la recepción de la tradición romanoDgerm?nica, en realidad esto se limita a la importaci:n y adaptaci:n de las codificaciones francesas y alemanas, soslayando la recepci:n académica que debera acompaarlas. Como demostraré, la raz:n de esto es que en un principio se importaron dichas codificaciones sin que existiera una teora del derecho, una metodologa jurdica, ni un grupo de especialistas que las respaldara o supiera siquiera c:mo interpretarlas. Esta es una particularidad japonesa que no fue debidamente estudiada a lo largo del Siglo EE y que implica una anomala sin paralelo en el mundoA una recepci:n con una dogm?tica jurdica1 a posteriori. En tercer lugar, como en la mayor parte del mundo, al categorizar el derecho familiar como derecho privado, se ha menospreciado su importancia como discurso de poder e instrumento fundamental para la ideologa estatal. Si bien los polit:logos no dudan en calificar a la Constituci:n del Imperio de Jap:n 1Constituci:n Meiji2, como un mecanismo de control y organizaci:n poltica fundamental 1equipar?ndola incluso con la creaci:n del Estado Japonés2, el C:digo Civil Meiji suele ocupar un lugar accesorio. Como demostraré, el CCM debe ser revaluado desde su funci:n de propagaci:n ideol:gica, de organizaci:n estratégicoDmilitar y de control de la propiedad y del propio pueblo japonésF caractersticas todas fundamentales para la militarizaci:n japonesa que tendra lugar en los aos siguientes y que terminara con la derrota en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. 1 También conocida como Doctrina. Significa el conjunto de opiniones suscritas por uno o varios autores de reconocida autoridad sobre una materia de Derecho. Implica siempre la idea de un cuerpo de dogmas o HverdadesI organizadas de forma consistente. Cfr. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurdicas, iccionario Jur"dico Mexicano, Editorial Porr@a/Universidad Nacional ut:noma de México. 1087. p. 1103 7 En cuarto lugar, la mayora de los estudios supuestamente crticos adolecen de uno o varios de los siguientes defectosA a2 Utilizan una metodologa de derecho com@n 1common law2, para analizar un fen:meno eminentemente de derecho civil 1ius civile2. b2 nalizan la Ie a partir de su formulaci:n por los ide:logos de la época como si se tratara de una realidad concreta. De esta forma, fallan al no distinguir la Ie en el papel 1como se menciona en la Constituci:n, los Edictos Imperiales, los libros de texto oficiales e incluso el C:digo Civil Meiji2, de la Ie en la realidad 1con sus m@ltiples variaciones seg@n clase social, regi:n, época, funci:n, etc.2. c2 Hacen generalizaciones sobre el efecto que tuvo y 1sigue teniendo2 el C:digo Civil Meiji en la conformaci:n de pr?cticas familiares y sucesorias. d2 Hacen crtica sobre fuentes secundarias que est?n afectadas 1expresa o t?citamente2, por las opiniones de los autores. e2 Dejan de ver a la Ie como una realidad compleja e interdisciplinaria que requiere estudiarse, por lo menos, desde la perspectiva hist:rica, sociol:gica y jurdica. Teniendo en cuenta los anteriores problemas, mi propuesta de investigaci:n pretende superarlos con una metodologa socioDjurdica, hist:rica, crtica, integral y que en la mayor medida posible se sustente en el an?lisis directo de las fuentes.
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