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Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE DERECHO Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Derecho Internacional Privado TESIS DOCTORAL Los sistemas del derecho internacional privado japonés y europeo desde una perspectiva comparada MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Etsuko Asami Director José Carlos Fernández Rozas Madrid, 2013 © Etsuko Asami, 2012 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE DERECHO DEPARTAMENTO DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PÚBLICO Y DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO LOS SISTEMAS DEL DERECHO IN- TERNACIONAL PRIVADO JAPONÉS Y EUROPEO DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA Tesis Doctoral que presenta la Licenciada ETSUKO ASAMI Bajo la dirección del profesor Dr. D. José Carlos Fernández Rozas Catedrático de Derecho internacional privado Universidad Cumplutense de Madrid Madrid, junio 2012 SUMARIO INTRODUCCIÓN 1. Objeto de la investigación y el status quaestionis 11 2. Objetivos de la investigación 19 3. Metodología aplicada y dificultades de exploración de las fuentes 22 4. Descripciones esquemáticas 24 PARTE PRIMERA DERECHO MATERIAL CAPÍTULO PRIMERO CONFORMACIÓN HISTÓRICA DE UN ECLÉCTICO SISTEMA JURÍDICO 31 I. Introducción 33 II. Evolución histórica 33 1. Periodización en la historia del Derecho japonés 36 2. Evolución de Derecho japonés antes de 1868 36 A) Sociedad temprana 38 B) Régimen de Ritsuryo 44 C) Feudalismo dual 48 D) Feudalismo unitario 53 3. Modernización de Derecho japonés a partir de 1868 53 A) Etapa de preparación (1868-1888) 58 B) Etapa de establecimiento (1889-1913) 60 C) Etapa de reorganización (1914-1931) 61 D) Etapa de colapso (1932-1945) 63 4. Democratización del sistema y reformas 4 LOS SISTEMAS DE DIPR JAPONÉS Y EUROPEO: UNA PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA A) Bajo la ocupación americana 63 B) Gran crecimiento económico 66 C) Burbuja económica y década perdida 68 D) Reformas reguladoras 70 III. Características generales del Derecho japonés 74 1. Influencias extranjeras 74 A) Antecedentes 74 B) Influencia del sistema de Derecho chino, Ri- tsuryo 75 C) Primera obra de adaptación del Derecho ger- mánico Constitución Meiji 76 D) De Traduttore, traditore a Oyatoi gaikokujin 78 E) Proceso de codificación 82 F) Creación de Universidades 87 G) Controversias sobre los nuevos códigos 90 2. Derecho privado actual 94 A) Introducción 94 B) Código civil 95 C) Código comercial 98 D) Código de procedimiento civil 99 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO RASGOS GENERALES DEL ORDENAMIENTO JAPONÉS I. Fuentes del Derecho japonés 101 1. Introducción 101 2. Constitución 102 3. Seis códigos básicos 109 4. Ordenanzas 113 5. Reglamentos 114 6. Costumbre o Derecho consuetudinario 116 7. Jurisprudencia 117 8. Jori o principios generales del Derecho 119 9. Tratados internacionales 120 II. Peculiaridades del sistema jurídico japonés 123 1. Introducción 123 2. Nuevo término “Derecho” 126 SUMARIO 5 3. Mentalidad jurídica japonesa 128 4. Conflicto vecinal 136 5. Eclecticismo jurídico y conciliación 142 PARTE SEGUNDA DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO CAPÍTULO TERCERO EL LARGO CAMINO HACIA LA CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO JAPONÉS I. Introducción 149 II. Proceso codificador japonés 153 1. Antecedentes inmediatos del Código Civil japonés 153 2. Motivaciones y contexto del proceso codificador 154 A) Firmas de los Tratados desiguales de Amistad y Comercio de Ansei y la Restauración Meiji 154 B) La traducción del Código Civil francés y la llegada de Gustave Émile Boissonade en 1873 156 C) Elaboración del Código Civil japonés por Boissonade y la Comisión de Codificación 157 3. Aplicación y abandono del Código Civil de inspira- ción francesa 159 A) Promulgación del Código Civil de Boissonade 159 B) Cambio de orientación hacia el modelo germá- nico 160 C) La controversia doctrinal respecto al modelo del Código Civil 161 D) Manifiestos en contra y a favor del Código de Boissonade 162 4. Elaboración del Nuevo Código Civil japonés de 1898 164 5. El Nuevo Código Civil japonés desde la perspectiva del Derecho comparado europeo 166 A) Modelos en presencia 166 B) Incorporación de disposiciones de otras legis- laciones civiles 167 6 LOS SISTEMAS DE DIPR JAPONÉS Y EUROPEO: UNA PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA C) Revisión actual de la influencia del Código Ci- vil alemán y del Código de Boissonade en la redacción final del Código 169 D) La regulación del DIPr japonés en la ley 97/1890. Ley General de Aplicación de las Leyes, Horei de 1890 171 III. La regulación del Derecho internacional privado japo- nés en la ley 10/1898. Normas de aplicación de las le- yes, Horei de 1898 173 IV. Últimas modificaciones al texto del código civil japo- nés 176 1. Reforma de 1947 176 2. Últimas reformas y situación actual 180 V. Modificaciones significativas al texto del Derecho in- ternacional privado japonés, Horei de 1898. Reforma de 1989, ley 27/1989 183 VI. Última regulación del Derecho internacional privado japonés. Ley 78/2006 Normas Generales de Aplica- ción de las Leyes 188 CAPÍTULO CUARTO LINEAMIENTOS GENERALES DEL SISTEMA JAPONÉS DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PRIVADO (NORMAS REGULADORAS) I. El sistema japonés y las normas de Derecho internacio- nal privado 195 1. Codificación estatal del Derecho internacional pri- vado japonés. Sistema basado en una Ley Espe- cial 195 2. Ley sobre las Normas Generales de Aplicación de las Leyes 196 A) Diferencias estructurales entre la Horei y la Nueva Ley 196 B) Particularidades desde la perspectiva analógica 198 C) Disposiciones nuevas o modificadas 200 SUMARIO 7 II. Características esenciales del sistema 201 1. Introducción 201 2. Cuestiones de técnica legislativa 204 A) Antecedentes de la Codificación 204 B) Técnicas de Codificación y Modernas Codifi- caciones Estatales. Ley Especial vs. Código Civil 207 C) Dispersión Normativa. Ventajas e Inconve- nientes 211 D) Tratamiento de los problemas del tráfico ex- terno 222 3. Características de las normas reguladoras 225 A) Ámbito de la especialización normativa 225 a) Derecho marítimo 230 b) Personas jurídicas 233 c) Propiedad intelectual 238 B) Preferencia del sistema hacia la norma de con- flicto bilateral 241 C) Sistema de conexiones 243 4. Características de las normas de aplicación 248 A) Problemas particulares de aplicación de la norma de conflicto 248 a) Reenvío 248 b) Orden público 254 c) Interpretación del Orden público 261 d) Exclusión de la Ley extranjera 263 e) Jurisprudencia relativa al Orden público 265 f) Remisión a un Sistema plurilegislativo 271 g) Remisión a un Estado o Gobierno no reco- nocido 276 h) Estados divididos 277 B) Problemas generales de aplicación de las nor- mas de DIPr 281 CAPÍTULO QUINTO LAS SOLUCIONES A LOS PROBLEMAS DE DERECHO APLICABLE (NORMAS DE APLICACIÓN) I. Introducción 285 II. De las personas 286 8 LOS SISTEMAS DE DIPR JAPONÉS Y EUROPEO: UNA PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA 1. Capacidad de obrar (art. 4) 286 2. Resolución judicial de constitución de tutela, etc. (art. 5) 290 3. Declaración de ausencia (art. 6) 292 III. De los negocios jurídicos. Obligaciones contractuales. Contratos especiales. 296 1. Elección de la ley aplicable. Autonomía de la vo- luntad (art. 7) 296 A) Voluntad tácita 297 B) Dépeçage 301 2. Ley aplicable a falta de elección (art. 8) 303 3. Cambio de ley aplicable (art. 9) 308 4. Validez de los negocios jurídicos (art. 10) 311 5. Contrato de consumo (art. 11) 313 6. Contrato laboral (art. 12) 321 IV. De las obligaciones. Gestión de negocio ajeno y enri- quecimiento injusto. Obligaciones extracontractuales 326 1. Gestión de negocios o enriquecimiento injusto (art. 14)/Cláusula de excepción (art. 15)/Cambio de la ley aplicable (art. 16) 326 2. Hechos dañosos generales (art. 17) 328 3. Responsabilidad por productos (art. 18) 335 4. Intromisión en el derecho al honor (art. 19) 339 5. Cláusula de excepción (art. 20) 341 6. Cambio de la ley aplicable (art. 21) 343 7. Limitación por orden público (art. 22) 345 8. Cesión de créditos (art. 23) 348 V. De los derechos reales, De la familia, De las sucesiones 354 1. Derechos reales y otros derechos de inscripción re- gistral (art. 13) 354 2. Matrimonio (arts. 24, 25,26)/ Divorcio (art. 27)/ Relación con hijo (arts. 28, 29, 30,31)/ Relaciones jurídicas familiares (arts. 32, 33, 34)/ Tutela (art. 35) 355 3. Sucesiones (art. 36) / Testamentos (art. 37) 362 CAPÍTULO SEXTO LOS TRATADOS INTERNACIONALES EN EL SIS- TEMA JAPONÉS DE DERECHO INTERNACIO- NAL PRIVADO Y SU APLICACIÓN JUDICIAL I. Tratados internacionales en el sistema del DIPr japonés 367 SUMARIO 9 1. Consideraciones introductorias 367 2. Criterios generales de aplicación de tratados inter- nacionales 369 II. Participación de Japón en foros internacionales 372 1. Tendencia actual de Japón 372 2. Relación de tratados internacionales ratificados por Japón 373 III. Conferencia de La Haya de Derecho internacional privado 378 1. Consideraciones históricas 378 2. Entorno crítico contra Japón 382 3. Protección de menores en el plano internacional 387 IV. Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los contra- tos de compraventa internacional de mercaderías, Convención de Viena sobre compraventa internacio- nal de mercaderías 387 1. Postura de Japón ante la Convención de Viena de 1980 387 2. Camino hacia la adhesión 391 3. Adaptación a los cambios en el ámbito empresarial japonés y asiático 394 V. Convención sobre el reconocimiento y la ejecución de las sentencias arbitrales extranjeras y nueva ley de ar- bitraje japonesa 399 1. Convención de Nueva York y Japón 399 2. Nueva Ley de Arbitraje japonesa 400 3. Ámbito territorial de aplicación 403 4. Ley aplicable a acuerdo de arbitraje 404 A) Determinación de ley aplicable y objeto del arbitraje 404 B) Protección de consumidores y trabajadores 406 5. Normas aplicables al fondo de litigio 407 A) Autonomía de la voluntad y ley no nacional 407 B) Acuerdo de ley aplicable a reclamación de he- chos dañosos 409 C) Ley aplicable a falta de designación por las partes 409 D) Decisión ex aequo et bono 411 6. Reconocimiento y ejecución de los laudos arbitrales extranjeras 412 A) Convención de Nueva York y la ley nacional japonesa 412 B) La nacionalidad de un laudo arbitral extranjero 414 C) Decisión de ejecución y un laudo arbitral ex- tranjero.
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