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Skiveøksa Langs Vestlandskysten UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN Det humanistiske fakultet Skiveøkser frå Vest-Noreg: ein analyse av teknikk, klassifikasjon og distribusjon. Av Tina Jensen Granados Masteroppgåve i arkeologi ved Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur - og religionsvitskap (AHKR). Våren 2011 (Framside: Skiveøks frå Risøy II: B6827a, avspaltingside og motside. Foto til venstre: Forfattar. Foto høgre: Shetelig “Primitive tider i Norge”, 1922:64.) I INNHALDSLISTE Innhaldsliste .............................................................................................................................. II FIGURAR I OPPGÅVA ...................................................................................................... VI TABELLAR I OPPGÅVA ................................................................................................ VIII TAKK! ................................................................................................................................. IX 1. Innleiing ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Geografisk avgrensing ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problemstillingar ......................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Målsettingar i oppgåva ................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Definisjon og Terminologi .......................................................................................... 4 1.5 Periodekarakteristika ................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 Skiveøkser i ein skandinavisk kontekst ................................................................ 6 2 Forskingshistorikk .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Tidlege klassifikasjonsarbeid på skiveøkser .............................................................. 12 2.2 "Nyare" forsking på skiveøksa i Noreg ..................................................................... 13 3 Teoretiske perspektiv ....................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Teknologi som studiefelt ........................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 Praksisteori: eit utgangspunkt ............................................................................ 15 3.2 Teknologiske val........................................................................................................ 16 3.2.1 Kunnskap og Know-how .................................................................................... 17 3.3 Stil og funksjon .......................................................................................................... 18 4 metodar: undersøking og analyse ..................................................................................... 21 4.1 Søkemetode og datainnsamling ................................................................................. 21 4.2 Eksperimentelle Forsøk ............................................................................................. 22 4.3 Gjenstandsstudium..................................................................................................... 22 4.4 Klassifikasjon som metode ........................................................................................ 23 II 4.4.1 Intuitiv og objektiv klassifikasjon ...................................................................... 24 4.5 Chaîne Opératoire- den operasjonelle prosess........................................................... 27 5 teknikk og klassifikasjonshistorikk .................................................................................. 29 5.1 Littisk reduksjonsteknikk .......................................................................................... 29 5.1.1 Generell framgangsmåte .................................................................................... 30 5.1.2 Flatehogging, kanthogging og eggoppskjerping ................................................ 30 5.1.3 Faktorar som avgrensar forskingsresultat .......................................................... 33 5.2 Klassifikasjonshistorikk............................................................................................. 33 5.2.1 Symmetri og ikkje-symmetri: Troels-Smith 1937 ............................................. 34 5.2.2 Andre klassifikasjonsarbeid med utgangspunkt i Troels-Smith ......................... 36 5.2.3 Welinder 1971 og Andersson et al. 1975 ........................................................... 38 5.2.4 Johansson 1990, Fischer 1996, og Fuglestvedt 2007 ......................................... 40 5.3 Diskusjon av klassifikasjonskriterium for vestnorske skiveøkser ............................. 41 5.3.1 Troels-Smith som hovudklassifikasjon .............................................................. 41 5.3.2 Egg- og nakkeparti som viktige attributtkomponentar ....................................... 42 5.3.3 Problem med symmetrisk klassifikasjon og klassisk typologi ........................... 43 5.3.4 Metriske og deskriptive omsyn .......................................................................... 43 5.3.5 Oppsummert ....................................................................................................... 45 6 Presentasjon av vestnorske skiveøkser ............................................................................. 46 6.1 Generell presentasjon av skiveøksmaterialet ............................................................. 48 6.2 Råstoff ....................................................................................................................... 51 6.2.1 Flint som råstoff ................................................................................................. 51 6.2.2 Bergartar ............................................................................................................. 52 6.3 Presentasjon av eit utval lokalitetsområder med skiveøkser ..................................... 54 6.3.1 Rennesøy-Galtahalvøya ..................................................................................... 54 6.3.2 Hundvåg-Austbø ................................................................................................ 55 6.3.3 Bratt-Helgaland: Breiviksklubben ...................................................................... 56 III 6.3.4 Sveio:Tjernagel .................................................................................................. 57 6.3.5 Bømlo- Hovland ................................................................................................. 58 6.3.6 Spissøy-Litle Skiftesvika lok.142 ...................................................................... 59 6.3.7 Sotra: Risøy og Toftøyna ................................................................................... 61 6.4 Presentasjon av klassifikasjon og vitalmål ................................................................ 63 7 Distribusjon av skiveøkser ............................................................................................... 68 7.1 Funnfrekvens og representativitet ............................................................................. 69 7.1.1 Strandmodell ...................................................................................................... 69 7.2 Ei utviding av Bjerck 1983 ........................................................................................ 70 7.3 Kva bilete danna spreiing av skiveøkser frå analyseområdet? .................................. 72 7.3.1 Område 1. ........................................................................................................... 72 7.3.2 Område 2. ........................................................................................................... 73 7.3.3 Område 3. ........................................................................................................... 74 7.3.4 Område 4. ........................................................................................................... 74 7.3.5 Samandrag av geografisk spreiing ..................................................................... 75 8 diskusjon og tolking av vestnorske skiveøkser ................................................................ 76 8.1 Komparativ diskusjon ................................................................................................ 76 8.1.1 Freundt 1949 og Møllenhus 1977 ...................................................................... 76 8.1.2 Kva likskapar og ulikskapar har Fosnatradisjonens skiveøkser, til samanlikning med samtidige kulturkompleks frå Sør-Skandinavia og Vest-Sverige? ........................... 79 8.2 Datering og Kronologi ............................................................................................... 81 8.3 Funksjon .................................................................................................................... 85 8.3.1 Skiveøks, skiveskraper og skivemeisel .............................................................. 87 8.4 Teknikk og chaîne opératoire .................................................................................... 89 8.5 Kyst og fjell som erverv ............................................................................................ 92 9
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