Indigenous views of the European conquest of Mexico as encountered in the Cronicas and the indigenista writers
Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)
Authors Ries, Carol Estelle, 1926-
Publisher The University of Arizona.
Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
Download date 08/10/2021 16:35:59
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318985 INDIGENOUS VIEWS OF THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST OF MEXICO AS ENCOUNTERED IN THE CR ONI CAS AND THE INDIGENISTA WRITERS
by Carol Estelle Rles h
A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Graduate College, University of Arizona
1950
Approved: ^ 2 2 , r of Thesis / Date'
mmo^kmmmws
To Professor Albert William Dork, a friend partners and counselor in this undertakings my deepest thanks are offered TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ohapter ; " •' ; - PART I INTR 0D1JGTI0H' @ o 000000000000 © o © ,0 o. © © © © ©v © o © © ©. © © I
'To.gPlElT^ O o o o o p o .O p o o o o o o o p o p.'o p d o
Before the Gbag.mest 000 0 0 000000-0000 0 0000 0 Clim'bing Aboard the Bandwagon © © © © © © © © :© . '© 11 The People Air -their Feelings © © © © © ©.©»© © 14
IT * L: $51. . AFTERMATH' OF .TEE WAR '0 ,0 . 0 O O O O O O O OO P o o ,o .0 .6 0 G-iierrilla Warfare O 0 0 O O O O 0,0 o o o o" o o o o o o o o Under = the Eneomiehdas System © „ ©.© © © © © © © © © 32 Qnetzalcoatl Bows to the Virgin © © © © © „ © -© © 37
gOHOWIOE 0-0 o o o 0-0 o o o o p o p o o o o 6* o o,o_o ao opo © o o. o o
- v;-;: , ,//b PART^ II . - : 1.
IjnROUUOTIUh 00000 00 ©o ooopo o 000 000 0 0 0000 0 000 4 b IIIo LOOKING BACK AT THE 00NQU1ST © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 50 . ' Some Modern Writers View the Conquest Per rod © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©* © © © o © © © © © © ©-© © © © © © © 50 Present.Viewpoint of the Religions - • . Beaetions to the Conquest ©©©„©.© © © .%■■©■ © © : 74 IF „ ... CBBEENT: MBZICAN; PR0BIS1B OAHSED BY THE ^ o o o o c o c o o o o o boo oo o o co o o o o o -o o o o91 o o Status of the Indio © © ©.©.© „ .© © © © © © .© © © © © ©'© „ © 91 Mestizaje © © ,© © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 1.20
SUMMARY ©©ooo©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©ooooooo©0©©p©op 131
iii FOOTNOTES' PA S T I INTRODUCTION
i'll 6 las estrellas die© q.w los. hoffitees nos pai-eeeas, _ - : desd© la soledad del f irmamento, Stomds agiSados por el vientOp gusanos gue se arcastran y pereeen? ■ Ivla,nuel Jose QthtSn
T$ie stars look down upon men 5 Here Is a strange, thought 9 a topsy-turvy one 9 and yet one that is fertile in its sug gest ion o For If the stars could look down upon the face of mans what would they seef If this thought were applied to the Spanish conquest8 and the native people were substituted,$n place of the stars9 then when those native stars looked down upon the conquests what would they have seen? ifhat would their reactions and- feelings have been toward the phenomenal accomplishment that changed the course of their lives so tremendously? The his tories of the conquest have been written by the victoriouss not by the vanquished<, Firsthand accounts were sent back to Spain by the commanders of the conquering forces 9 and these were duly-filed away in musty vaults for the enlight enment of our generation*. Informal letters from Spaniard; to Spaniard g New World to Old Vforld., furnish us with the vivid details of the military ruse# and the hand-to-hand 2 fightingp of the victories achieved and the hardships en dured 0 later* as the priests arrived to carry on their work of evangelizing the pagan people of this new continent* they set down their impressions and knowledge in scholarly works based on careful observation and study* lacking in social perception and definitely one==sided0 How* then* can we,know what the stars might have per ceived? Fortunately* there were some native works written shortly after the conquest" and in the Spanish writings there are some unconscious hints furnished by those authors sympathetic to the, native cause0 It is from the latter two that material is drawn for this study« , fhe;increased attention given the native and the empha sis placed on his importance in the Mexican culture are in dications that thinking Mexicans are trying to understand their national heritage* are trying to resolve the conflicts of the raceso They see their country as a mestizo and a problem childc It Is a problem child which has.: been separated from its foster parents by a war for independence a terrified by its big brother to the north* confused by an allegiance to its native and Spanish bloods* and shackled by its vague • . . 1 , . ■ ' . feeling of guilt or Malinchismo0 Mexico is young* with a brilliant future ahead that can be fulfilled if the internal problems of the mestizaje cam be reconciled, Today Mexico realizes that the native founts of culture flow richly and purely» The Indian blood* so long suppressed* is beginning t© eourse throughthd literature and art9 through the com- mtoal aoti¥iti@So One philosopher^ Jose Taseoncelos ^ is '.alhcere:- Ih M s belief that the mixture of blood is a very favorable element; of Mezleo8a present strength and future growths; ^ v : " ;; :; • ^ ; / - "Bow: doYfiij, 0 AzteeSj, to the great god Tezeatlipoeao : WGrsMj) M s image in yom?, temples'/. invoke his pre senee from - th© peaks, .of>;yomr 'pyr^Mds/ carry M s idols- to your hearths ^ ■ call upon him:as you scatter your maizeseed. for he is oiani=» : potent'-pueh, might ;hayeheeh the ©xhortatidhv Aztec priestas he chanted the ritual devotion to the ardent 'believers In the cult of. fezcatlipoeao -Fear grips the heart
of the mighty Mootezuma as he bends to worship the ?,go u l ©f the world»58 Now his priests have begun to pierce their ■tongues and slash their bodies 1#.'their fr#nzy- to proff er • / /their blood; to the gods. The sacrificial victims are bound to the altars atop. the towering teoeallis while-/their- /hearts "are torn from them and presented, dripping : red- lif e > to the great/and: mysterious powers»/: And/in: Tucatan a t : the / same. \ //’i momentg perhaps-a high priest i s offering his tribute to. - a’: ■ god by hyrtlihg a chosen maiden into the deep cenoteV / / :;. Human life is;judged by its sacrificial value/ otherwise; it / /is' ■meaningless^/-./ g-./') ///: - ;/'' / /’:"//.;■//■ - ;i '/ .: v id/yet this apparent barbarism is only one phase of 5 a. highly-=deirelop@d. civilization0 The Aztee and the Maya ' ritually and materially p as well as- in their contemplative and meditative intellectg were very close to the ancient Greek civilization with its worship of gods and idolss and its high mental growth <, With the Aztec and Mayan, as with the Greek, the intellect exceeded the materialistic in de velopment o Some of their religious hymns have survived which indicate a deep feeling for -poetry of a contemplative
4 : • ' : ■ - or meditative moodo The concept of an after life was one of their chief con cerns » The common people believed in a type of heaven and hell, but the thinkers questioned the existence of an after lifed There was mo "happy hunting groundM for these Latin : American natives= Even death was a type of struggle, for . the warriors who had died in battle were required to help one god return to earth each day and bring light to fight . the forces of evilo To the Indian, life was a futile striv ing for existence, full of pain, suffering and intense dis illusionment o The elements attacked him in their fury, as did the invading tribes with their barbaric cruelty0 He saw disease and pestilence take away M s loved ones, and he knew that death was lying in wait for him at any time 0 Ho wonder that he adopted a type of darpe M e m philosophy, o o o el tema constante de q.ue siendo la Vida.- ©f£mera y teniendo que vivir una sola vez en el mundo, hay que aprpvechar el momenta qu@ pasa con darlo a la alegria Q 5 Yet these peoples were realists in their everyday 6 necessitieso The Mayans had a .well-executed social and guber natorial system with .provisions made for the maimeds poor and hlindo Their lords 0=0 lived in peace with each other amusing them selves with their accustomed pastimes of dancing» • feasts and hunting.00 =« The natives of Yucatan were as attentive to the matters of religion as to those of government o & . . The [email protected] lived hy a well-defined code of rules de termined "by their emperor and his advisers0 Speaking of the Aztec princesj, Prescott says: - 'Their' spacious.palaces were provided with halls for the different councils s who aided the monarch in the transaction of business 0 The chief of these was a sort of privy councilp composed in - part j probablys of the four electors chosen by ■ :: the nobles after the accession? whose placess when made vacant by deaths were immediately supplied as before0 . It was the business t o» to advise; the kingp in respect to the government of. the prov inces j, the administration, of the revenues j and j, indeed on all great matters of public interest <,7 iBOugh has been said's,- however j to show that the Aztec and Tezeuean races, were advanced in civilization very far beyond the wandering tribes of Berth America. In bold contrast to the intellectual level of the na tive culture is the ritualistics. which borders on the primi- tive<, The human sacrifices $, and cannibalism in some eases, seem to-originate in an entirely different part of;the na tive being= When the Mayans and Aztecs had developed such a high degree:- of civilization in their building and scien tific knowledgea it seems, almost a paradox that their ritual should be such as it waso 7
Quetzaleoatl had his counterpart in the Maya religion under the.title of Kukuleane The relationship of these gods in all probability had its origins in the Maya culture» 'then Toltec9 and finally AzteCo According to Roys, there are Toltec traditions among the ruling families of the Mayas which go back to the time of the introduction of the worship of Kukulcan and his identification with the Mexican Quetzaleoatlo . Be he Quetzaleoatl or Kukulcan, there was a fabulous legend connected with his name which was told to wide-eyed youngsters of the' pre-Conquest days, much as the historical,legend of Frederic Barbarossa is repeated today0 Qhetzaleoatl one day left his people, the Aztecss■and sailed away into the land of the rising sun, from whence-he would return to claim his rightful throne0 This was a certainty, for was it not thus recorded on the sacred stones by the . , . 11 ■; ■ : : priests of the temple? Similarly, the Mayas.were await ing the return of their Kukulcan= And thus the stage was prepared for the entrance of Francisco de Cordoba, Grijalva, and Cortes 0 The story of Quetzalcoatl was echoed from the . ' ^ lowlands of Yucatan to the intermountain valleys of Mexico; he was proclaimed ruler of several different peoples, and was' bestowed at least three names, perhaps more0 To the Chichimeeas he was known as Topiltzin, and was confused with the Spaniards upon their arrival <, . • ' »»» yeste Topiltzin, he oho se'&or, al cabo de ciert© tiempo dijo q.ue queria ir a donde salfa el sol (ofreeiendo) q.ue vendrfa dentro de cierto tiempo, y sehald"por su cuenta en hue aS) - Yendrfao la euenta que d©jd fud’ en el afio de ee Aeatln en el eual llegd gente SspaSola.a esta . Wevs.: Sspafe | o <, o y e# el arfo que dijo vinieron S . ■ - esta Huera EspaSa los BspaSoles^ y' desde que'Ids vleren ve&lr de donde sale el solg tenfaa entendido qu.e era TopiltzlBo^ • - Therefore) It is not surprising that vdien the Spanish ships sailed out of the east .'bearing, the whit©~skinned strangers in their- holds3 they were Immediately judged by the natives to be the heats of the returning gods eome to rule again over his subjects* The initial weloome was spon taneous and kindly toward the neweoaerss especially that •Welcome ©©needed to Cortes* in Tueatdhs where the legend carried much less force than in the Aztec Empires a hesitant welcome was extended temporarily9 but was quickly withdrawn and replaced by ambush and attack* That the legend was pres ent in the minds of the Tucatecans is evident by the indi rect question put forth by the Indians of Potonchan upon the arrival of Francisco de Oordoba and his army at that loca- ' tion* - - ■ * * o ;y ■ venlan a ver de. pazp y .por sd&as nos : dijeron que s© venlamos de donde sal© el solg y r©spondimos por seSas que de donde sal© el sol -ven£amos*13 ;• - . The interrogation was pursued no further by the natives* On the following morning they surrounded and attacked the small band of Spaniards9 killing.fifty and forcing the others to retreat to the ships * By their act we may infer they had not been at all convinced that the white men were the true gods * One'Spaniard % Valdivia* was shipwrecked with twenty memo Half dead from starvation9 they were' captured 'by a Tu= "ia6elam eaoigu® or cMeftaim9 who sacrificed Taldliria and four other oompamions to his idols g and gair© their bodies to his people for-a feasto He spared Aguilar and Guerrero and . • five or six others to fatten them. They escaped and fled into the forests and reaehed the eoun- "• : try of another ruler s who was the enemy of the :• first one and more mercifulg who made use of them as' slaves ' .. The reception committee that greeted Hernando Cortes bore little resemblance to the hostile Yueatecan group9 principally because the natives were convinced that the long-a-waited Quetsaleoatl had in truth made his appearance» . Messengers were immediately ■dispafohed to the capital city, Tenoehtltlan, to'inform Moctestima of the glad tidings<, From that first landing until the time that Cortes and Moctezuma : faced each other on the outskirts of the capital^ the two leaders were int..-constant eommunicationo Sven before Cortes disembarked at the. site; of: present. Fera Cruz ^ Moetezuma had - known of his coming through certain auguries c Bahagmi pr@= sent s'-., the signs and omens in detail in Chapter FI, Vole II of his.Historia general de las cosas de Hueva Bspana0 Gapitulo Flo De las sehales y prondstloos q.ue' apareeisron. antes q.ue los espanoles vini-eran a esta tierrag nihubiesenotieia de ellos0 ^y follows o . ' ; ■ lo Comet ten years before the arrival, 2o .The ou"^ of the inside and burned completely^ 3 o Lightning without thunder set the eu of Ziuhteeutli on fire. : 4o Another comet s this one in the daytime $ trair- :-eled. aeross the .skj.« 5> The Ijagima he B/Iexieo raised up in waves al- /though nq wind blew that day. ~ 6« The voice of a woman, cryings was heard in the air o |0h hi'los aids i Ya estaao.a a pimto de :: perdernGs6 o.Oh Mj o s .miosl ; a" ddhde os . - ' ' llevarSfw - : \ . 7o Fishermen eamght an eagle=like bird in their netSo rfhe bird had a mirror in the middle of its head 3 which reflected to Moeteziam the . stars3 and then armed people on horsebaeko • 80 fwo=headed.people were-brought'to Moctezmm3 • and when he looked on them they disappeared <, These omens and the constant reports of Oort6s ” amazing ac tivities inspired great fear in the Aztec ruler and his fol lower s» They held countless discussions to determine their best course - of; actionb Montezuma saw himself in a hopeless positiono To refuse the god his due homage meant certain annihilation3 for the angry god would let fall his wrath upon this ■ helpless mortal <, To welcome the god into his city spelled political doom for the 'Emperor 0 It was at length decided that Moetezxama should welcome Cortes s . 000 porq.ue pensaron que vBnia Q,uetzalcoatla al; cuai ellos estaban■esperando much©3 ahos habias por q.ti@ fu€ senor de esta tierra y fuese dieiendo que volverfa 8 y nunea m6s pareoio3 y hasta hoy le esperabano^^ Mootezuma held a ;conference with his brother Cuitlahuatzin as to whether to admit the Spanish to the city» .Cuitlahuatzin: thought that they should 3 but 3 h® said1
o o o plega:. 6 nuestros dioses : que no metals en vuestra casa a quien os eche della y os quite 11
. ■ ■ / . • el Reyme 8 y q.uiza quando lo tuemls remedial no sea tiempOolf Moteezmsa -|*@l63 @ntro mMehas Teees en eonse jo ^sl ser£a bien reelMr a los eristianos?" Cnitlahua su hermno y otrois SOfiores fueron de parecer q.ue por nlnguna via no eonvenfao Gaeasa fmd d@. mmy eonbrarl© pareeer8 dloiendo q.ue era bajeza de Prfneipes no reoiblr los embajadores de ©tross espeeialmemte el de los eristlanosg q.ue segun ellos deeian era el mayor del inundOg^eomo en ©feet© lo era el esiperador nnestro Senor^ atmoue esto antes de ahora estaba ya edlfleado; y asi otro d£a (8 de'Soviem'bre de 1519) salid Moteezmna eon su sobrlno Gaeama y su hermano Gultlahua y.toda su oorte areeibir a Oortd's 000 =18
Climbing Aboard the Bandwagon
The arrival of Cortes upon the mainland of -the New World served as a panacea for tribal enmities= Contrary to , : popular-belief s the Hew World was not a- homogeneous group of related peoples9 but rather a series of separate warring : states or tribes",; all nursing hatreds for eertain neighbors 9 and all living in mortal fear of the bellicose empire of - 19 ; _ ■ v;; : : the Azteeso; - . Cortes, at the ripe old: age-of twenty»five, was a man of fine judgment and balanoe who knew how to play both ends against"the middleI His primary wish was to avoid bloodshed if at all possible= Diplomatic to the hilt, and a -courtier in actions, the rugged individualist took advantage of every opportunity to gather a neophyte ally into the Spanish'fold = The. eaeique replied, = = = that • he was the tribu«=- v; ■ tary of a powerful monarch also, whose capital stood on a lake far off among the mountains; a stern prince, merciless in his exactions, and, 12
in ease of resistances or any off ence $ sure to wreak M s vengeance by carrying off their young men and maidens to be sacrificed to his deities» Gortes assured him that he would never consent to such enormities; he had been sent by his sovereign to redress abuses and to punish the oppressor; ands - if the Totonacs would he true to hiaij, he would enable them to throw" off . the detested yoke of the Aztecs <, - ' The eaoioue added„ that the Totonao terri« tory contained about thirty towns and villages, which could muster a hundred thousand warriors . <=>-a number much exaggerated» There were other provinces of the empires he'saids where the Aztec rule was equally odious; and between him and■the capital lay the warlike republic of • Tlascala, •which had always maintained its inde pendence of Mexicoo The. fame of the Spaniards had gone before them, and he was well acquainted With their terrible victory at Tabasco<,20 The smaller tribes readily flocked to the banners and pro tection offered them by the Spaniards 3 and their number swell ed the Spanish ranks o They were, to become the. buffers be tween the native forces and the Spanish army<, Simple in their allegiance, they could not see: that in losing one lord they were gaining anothero ' . o o o y alii fallf meaning Tetzeucb]," if pedimento d@ Iztlilxuehitl cornieron CorMs y low suyos de los regales que de Tetzcuco les trajeron^ y eaminaron lueg© a su'ciudad. y les salid h" ' rescebir £sle]|. toda la gente della eon grand© aplaus# etc <, Hineabanse 4© rodillas los indios y adorabanlos por hi|os del sol su diosg y dezian que habxa llegado el tiempo en que su earo emperador Setzahualpitzintli muchas vezes habfa / ' d,lcho<,2l \ . / , :• / • / Los otoiafes de Tlasealtecas que se.essaparon ■' de la guerra eonooieronse eon los. de Teucalhuiean . . porque eras todos parientes 8 y desde el pueblo de Teucalhuiean habfan id© a poblar a Tlaxealas y ; luego todos ellos juntos se hablaron para saludar ; al capitan y a los espaholes 0 Tambien luego todos juntos fueron a hablar al eapitdhj y a los otros 13
■ eapitanes - dloieMolos» tue aquella era su easa9 y su pueblo s•y ellos eran s u b wasallos? tambien s© quejaron al eapitan del. ml SraSaaieato;qu@ . les habxan heeho MooSheett^oma ^slej| y los . . mexioanos 9 oarg^ndolbs muoho tribute y muelios trE.Mlos8 y.dljeronles que si les dejabag ;qti® . mas m l tratamlento les habxand© hacer porqu© era# erueles @ Imhwmmos los - mexieafios®2* - The llaxealans had been unfriendly to the Spaniards and had declared war upon them; and although they fought Valiantlys they were defeated by the Spaniards and so made peaee. They found the alllanee advantageous to their tribe for now they had a ehanee to enter Into war against the MexloanSo Hot . only was - there dissension among the tribes as to the policy .to be adopted toward the newcomers8 but there was violent oivll disagreement within the tribe itself <, As8 during the Olvil War in this oountrys members of one family. took opposing sides in the ensuing confliet0 During the second battle for Mexico Sity9' Ixtlilxu6hitlg sehor of Tescoeog and faithful follower of Oortdsa received this ohastisement from his relatives g los Reyes Guauhtemoe 9 \ ■' Gohuanaeoehtzin 9 y Tetlepanquezatzin0 . . 0 6 b y ©nviaron a reprender mucho'a Ixtiilxuohitl - de estas y otras , oosas pcirqu® f avoreefa a , los ■ hijos del sol y era contra su propia patrla y S 9 0.0 o 0^3 Each person had an individual reaction to : the white . . men’s arrivals each leader differed in his opinion of the strangers| each tribe accepted or rejected the new rulers as it saw fito And their lack of agreement was a thing upon which GortSs capitalized! ■ ■ 14
' The People Air their Feelings
Our next approach in the analysis of the .spirit of the people is the subject of their social reactions when they ruhhed■shoulders with the conquerors0 While the Spaniard implanted his standard in the soil of the Hew World„ the na=. tires had an excellent opportunity to view him under all con® ditionSj and to feel the pressures that were "being.brought to bear upon them by the strangers in their house» A natural resentment was engendered in them whichs for the most parts rumbled deep' insid© like a geyser which could not hold its steam long enough to burst forth in one eruption but rather discharged its potential • energy in harmless jets of vapor <,-' Small-/uprisings' served to harass the Spanish troops a espeei® ally in the regions of Yucatan where the civilization was no V" ■ ' ■ ' - : - . . V . ' ■. ^ 24 longer so highly developed as that at Tenoehfitleou The layan civilizationa one® a mighty empire g had gradu ally disintegrated until at the time of the conquest It was: mainly a loosely knit semi^unity of tribal towns 0 Therefore it did not surrender en masse as the Aztec Erapire did to the northg but battled on against the invaders who came in 1526 to undertake the conquest of Tucafano At Champotdh3 Fran= cisco. Hern^idez 4e Cordoba -found, the lord Sfochcovoh warlike and his warriors fierce and courageous; they entered into battle and the - Spaniards were forced to retreat= The men of Ah Kin Ghel near Chichin Itza offered no resistance0 In faGts the Chel family in Oilasi was friendly-1 to tBe retreat-= ing Spaniards s and gave them safe eonduet to Gaiapeolie so - . that the Spaniards eould leave Yucataiio The Indians might have lacked arms, and skill in -warfare 9 but they had great strength., it was their lack of homogeneity or common cause to unite them that eventually made them easy pickings for the Spaniards o ' ' ; \ - ' ithen Gorti's first landed on the Island of Cozumel g h© was well reeeivedo . . ; . ' Cortes being in this situation 8 and the. . trade and friendship between'his men and the In- dians of Cozumel ever increasing o 0 = 25 . " With,the help of Aguilarwho was a very good interpretera Cortes began to preach again the wor ship oftheorosSg and took the idols from the y templeso It is said that .this;, preaching of Cortes' made such an impression.on the inhabitants of Cozumel that they went out upon the shore calling out to the Spaniards who passed by 9 f?Iiarfa s. Iferfag; . Cortes 8 Cortes.^27 . ,. ■ . . Agradeeido Cortes =o= quiso ©n pago por lengua del • interpret© Aguilar deelararles la ley de Dios 3 y ass£ habiendo juntado a los hermanos ‘ y a'- algunos senores les propuso el easo<, dicMndoles oomo . smpuesto q.u© les habian dicho. com© el ©mperador de los-eristianos los. habla ©nviado de tan le jos . a -tratarles de la: ley de. Crist0$ la qua! les ; : hac fan .. saber que era ^. etc 0 At the time of Monte jo.0 s voyage. to Yucatan a wonder seems to have been the paramount reaction of the natives0 la this way he.went along the coast which was then well-peopled s as far as' Conil 9 a town situ ated on that coastr And the Indians were alarmed. -' at the sight of so many horses and people and noti fied every one of what was going on and waited (to see) what the object of the Spanish was„ The v;. Indian lords of the province of Ghanaea presented 16
themselves to th.® Adelaatado with peaceful in- - tent ions, and war e gra o ions ly received "by, him0 (lianda fails to tell the eat some of this recep-. tion at 0Muaea<, In the night the .natives • abandoned the town,and in the morning they desperately attaeked the Spaniards <, Outwardly the Christians - were accepted by the .Mayans <, A;; certain Mayan priest s Ah Kin Chable R . .. received the foreigners with all his heart. This was the reason they named him Bon horense enable, because he gave w@ll=>roast@d meat' to the foreigners and all.the captains»30 . Through the words of the prophetic G hi lam Ba M a s they came to accept: the religious doctrines of. the Spaniards 0 - And af terwards, when the Spaniards came: and they knew that they brought the symbol of the holy cross,which was like that.which their prophet • • Gliilam Balam had drawn 9 they believed what he " had.told them to ber true and decided to receive . ' the Spaniards peacefully and not make war on them but b© their friendsas they always have been since they settled in these provinces s and they aided them with supplies and warriors and ser- vants to eontuer and pacify-other provinees 6 31 By the above statements s one could easily believe that the situation was entirely rosy in Yucatan, How when the. rose-tinted glasses are removedthe stark realism of the '; suppressed rebellion becomes only too clear, The chief cause of complaints of the Mayans, and a just cause it was„ arose out of the disease which the Spaniards brought to the Hew World,, Hot being immune to the many contagious and inf©6= tious ailments of the Europeans, the natives suffered ex tensive epidemics which weakened them.and embittered them against the eonduerors 0 ' 17
: Then with tlxe true god 8 the true Bios 9 earn® the he ginning of our aiseryoSB . : , " : 11 Ahau whs when the mighty men arrived from the Sasto- They were- the ones who first brought
of' rulers oceured at their arriTalo Ii©w
..... ; ooo but before the coming of the mighty men there ; ."was no robbery by violence, there was no greed and striking down one8 s fellow man in his blood, at the eost of . the poor Ban> at the expense of . :- the. food of each and every one036 ^ : fhe .I&yans., for the most, part, had only disdain for the
Spaniardso We eau feel this seorn in their nickname for the eonduerorss ■ ' They' earae from the east when they arrived 0 They say they: were the first to eat the pond- apple for breakfast 9 this was the reason they.: . . ealled them the foreigners who ate pond “apples; foreigners who sucked pend-appless they.were. ' : ealledo37 : :.' .' . / . ^ i ^ ^ : - handa spoke with pride of the native'self-esteem in the face: of the Spanish conqueror= He described a gun battle between a Spaniard and an Indian, in which the Spaniard purposefully dropped his guard so that the Indian would, take advantage of it and present an"opening for the Spaniard to shoot the native in . the . chest o ; . . . ' . 0 0 0 and the latter, feeling that he was fatally . wounded, in ©rder- that it should not -be said that a Spaniard had killed him, cut off a vine like an osier, and much longer, and hanged him self with it in the sight of alio And there are many examples of these acts of courage038 Later, when the Spanish government was fairly well' established in Yucatan, there was an uprising under Davila and Mont©jo which necessitated the use of troops.against. 19 the aatiTes: ^ ' - - While the Gontadpr Alonso Davila was.engaged in the labors de¥eribeds the Adelantado Montejo did not rest either;' beeause jThe unrest among the Indians inereasing5, . and heing without the ; people whom the gontadpr•’ Alonso Ddtlla had taken with him, the daring "of the Indians having reaehed smeh a point that it was not possible to eat without fighting for it9 they were in great confusion| for every day many Indians earn© s on the one hand to take arms and molest the Spaniards s : on the othera launching severe attacks upon those ■ who were; returning with supplies; »0» seeing9 thenthat all' the people of - the land . were . aroused and that it was many months since he had had any news from the Goniador »000 But the soldiers were’becoming exhausted and the number. . of the Indiansj who perfidiously persisted in driving the foreigners out of the land increased^ from the same source we learn that although the Indians had been living together in their clean and orderly towns9 the wars with the Spaniards forced them to scatter and I. brought discord to their ranks0 ‘ - c. Such for the ISayan- reaction to the invading Spaniards»
tihere there is sung there is. shadow0 Although the sum- light fell upon the ; Mexicans . with warmth and brightness 8 yet there was beside them the shadow of the conquerors <> relent lessly pursuing them along their streets and into the heavy thicketso There wad no escape from this unwanted companion„ Gradually the sum dropped in the Aztec sky, and as it did the Shadows became longer9 stretching out to cover the once glorious empire to embrace within its cold pattern the val ley of Mexico o And for a while there was night, Many had . .20 wat»0h.eS in fear as "twilight ieseended, while others apparent-^ ly had been oblivions to the prooesso If is of the latter oategory that 1 wish to speak now<, . ... The personality.of Cortes acted like a magnet9 dragging , along with him a JEaltitude of followers in his march to the dapitalo. ind the Spaniards ; ' 9 00 viendose eon grandisima suma d@ amigoss y que easi toda la ^tierra era de su parte3 acordd ' ; . de venir sobre Mexico Oi>oo40 . With him marehed the Tlaxealans9 eager for spoilss and the . [email protected] and the Oholulans who had been forced info the retinue after the horrible massaere enacted against them at Oholulao The small towns belonging to Texouoo and ;V Mexioo were rapidly annexed to the arayo Teeoelfzing ealled - Bon Fernando9 and.predeeessor of Ixtlilxuehltl9 knew 'Span» ish and . ': / : ' ■ -.v. r.. . \ o o o as£-easi las mas noehes de spues de haber eenados trataban @1 y Gortes d@ todo lo que s® . ' debia liaoer aeerea de las guerras 9 y por su buen _ • pareoer e indusfria se eoneertaban todas las eosas que ellos definfaiid Tecoooltzin mandd hacer : :iBueha@ eolchas 9 rodelas 9 fleohas3 maGazias8 lanzas ■ arre jadizas. y otros generos de arms y muni cion s ; asi para los suyos .eomo para los Sspa‘holess y . jmtar mueho gallinas y lo demas neeesario" para ©1 sustento de los -ei€r©itos$ t o „ <,41 - . As a river fed with rain^swollen streams sweeps along in \ eyer^inereasing.foroe9 so did the Spanish army0 o 0 0 y por todes las partes que llegaron 9 .(ivet los gspaholes) los naturales los reeibfan eon ■ aueha- alegria [email protected] a in. ninguna guerra ' . ni eontrasfe3 y si:alguho hubos fuS d&ndoles . ©©asl6n para ellOo4-2 • ' - 21
At length, they reached TexeueOs, . ; o o o en donde les salid'. 'a. recihlr' el Rey Oaoama" ofreeldndoles su eiudad de: Texcu.co. .si q.uerfan '" lr a^ella9 los euales3 ^espeelalmente el eapitan Cortes 8 se lo agradeeid’ jnueho9 y le dljo que por entonees no liabfa lugar 3 que para otra vez. . le harla merced9 porque Ihan por laposta a " - ver a Moteeznma; <, <, = »43 . . . Soon after 'their meeting/ Cortes imprisoned Moetesnma and Yisto esto el Rey Caeama y eatendlda la prlsion de sii tic llajnd- a don Pedro Cohmanaeotzin sn heraano y se fuez-on a Tezeuco eon intento d© . j tin tar gent es yarmas para venir contra los espaSbleSp pero no tmro effeeto:respeeto de don Hernando qtie estaha de por medio y atm el - mlsmo MofecuzmD.a did or den com© se le tr axe sen a Mexico al Caeama eomo adeXante se dird 0 44 . Hightfall of each day found the. Spaniards and entourage. just that much closer to Mexico City. A conference m s held with Ghinampamg Zoehiaileo9 Mizquic.s, It%tapalapan9 we. learn from Sahagtm^ at which the Tlaxealtecans spoke in "behalf of ■ Cortes.8 reminding the peoples of the cruel reign of Moete- zuaa and enlisting them to peace.. Itxtapalapan, Mexieatzingo9 Culhoacan9 Yifzilupuzeos all joined with the Spaniards.. So impressive were. their numbers that the Mexican leaders and Mootezuma were seized with great fear and lost their nerve. If they had been frightened by the reports of the Spanish victories over their neighbors 9 they were terrified by the cruelties enacted by the conquerors against their brethren. The fate of Caeama8s brother was yet vivid in their minds. They r.emembered only too clearly how. Cortes had asked Caeama to give some of his men escort into Caeama fs city ©n 22
a type of sightseeing and reeonnaissane® tour. Oaoana had heenflafteredg so he sent his two brothers and a briefease filled with gems and gold to Gorfds6 One of Gortes8 gol“ , diers found one of the envoys in conversation with a servant of Moetezmna and beease suspieious of:a plot against the Spaniardsp He seised and sent the envoy to Gortds 8 and the latter promptly had the Indian hanged* King Gaeama was furi ouss but Moetezuma begged him not to start any trouble so Gaeama sent another brother as envoy to carry a full petaea ■' v . 45 of gold to Gortesp. Tear was responsible for the Aztee collapse* How could they fight the fatess for their downfall had been predicted in the propheeiesi ■ . : ^ Q,ue habemos de haeer vaya por donde fmeref Ta es venido el tiempo en^que hemos de.ser . •' destrufdoSg esperemos aqui la zauerte»4o Sahagdn galls this fear a miracle of Godc Ei&o Dios otro milagro por;este .valeros© " eapitan y sus soldados, que imprimio tan gran, temor en todos los naturales de esta Hueva«= •Eipafia,- oo o que todos se hallaron Gortadbs y desanimados que no. sabfan que'^se haeer» ni osaban acometer a los que venian047 ' Then the causeways were reached, and Gortes made his ■ entry into.the capitalp.: Sn t#d© este treeho no pareeio senal de eosa. de guerra 8' antes estaba Mezieo aomo despobladOp que ni por los eaminos pareoia ■ persona8 y esto era senal no de paz sino de . indignaeidng y que se guardaba para su tiempo3 y signifiGaba la violeneia que se los haofa en entrar en su ©iudad oontra su voluntad04S' . . • 49 Owing the first occupation of the capital 9 antagonism against tli© strangers was kept in leash by the Aztecs 9 largely because Mootezuma requested tolerance on the part of his people» Allegiance"to the ruler was fast ebbings;how ever. With the battle on the eve of the celebration of Tozcat1 9 a state of open warfare was provoked which was to continue until the surrender of Guauhtemoe0 ■' ■ ■ Los Mexicanos y los demas aunque les .daban - . todoJLo neeesariOg con todo estOg viendo que los SspanoleSj, ni se querfan ir de su ciudad, ml querian soltar a sus Heyess jtmtaron sus .soldados y comenzaron. a dar guerra a los Espaholes otr© dia despues que Gortes entrcS" en Mexico, y durd siete diaso - Moctezuma tried to calm them, but his own people ooo le trataron aal de palabras llamahdole d© eobarde y enemigo de su patria9 y aun amenz€ndole - - con las'.arms 8 en donde dieen que unq de ellos - le tiro una pedrada d© lo eual murio^ aunque f dieen. sus vasalios que los mismps Bspanbles lo mataron 3 y per las partes ba jas'. le metieron la.. "espadao ' ' . . ■ • . fhe war which raged in the valley following the Hoe he 5 1 . ^ : • ■ , Trist© was bitter indeed. Cuauhtemoc refused to surrender until the inevitable defeat was upon him, for his people ^ " ; . . " 52:" were saying that **... mas querfam morlr que" no paz.?? Gonsiderando el huevo Eey de Mexico la fuerza que el espanol trafa9 juntd a eons©50 y hizoles representaeidh de aquesto8 7 lo que. ■ ©staba prometido. que d.e Ixt 11 Ixuohi11 habia de sallr la ruina de los . mexicanos a que. se die'sen' ' con buenas condieionesV "pues era menos mal que ■ no morlr a sus manes y a las de los espahbles. Ho quiaieron por tener concepto destos que ©ran insufribles y cudiciosos. Terndles otra vez a tratar aquestOg y aiin otr as dos8 diciehdoles ser entonces tiempo cdmodos dijerbn'que querfan Zk
jaorirs que -Mzerso eselavos d,e' gent© tan mala eomo los espaS’oless y assf’ q.nedd’eonolnfdo .qne era mejor merir;»o053 At length some Mexican negotiators asked Cnanhtemoo to sur render and ; - - : Ooo #1 respondid’ siempre qu.e esto hah fa de Mher sido antes g y no ahora ■ q.ue ya todo estaba per dido o 54
Garefa de Holgufn 1© 11©t <5 a Oortess el eual lo . reeihiS eon muoha cortesfa, al fin com© a Rey^ y. el echo man© al puSal de GortdSg y le dijo: « Ah OapiMhE Ta yo he hecho todo mi poder para . defender mi reino5 y lihrario de vuestras manos; y pues no ha sido ml fortuna favorable, quitadme. ■ la vida3 que sera muy justo a y con esto aeabar^is el. reino Mexieanos pues a mi ciudad y vagallos ten€is, destrufdps y am©rtos<,55. How the twilight has faded and night has descended upon the unfortunate Mexicans0 Much of the native army is dis- f 'banding and returning to its respective homes0 - Los flaxealtecas y otras naclones que no , . estahan hien eon los MexicanoSg se vengaban de ellos. muy cruelmente de lo pasado8 y les ' saquearon euanto' tenfazio Ixtlilxhchitl y les . ; suyosp al fin como eran de su patria9 y muehos sue deudoSg se eompadeeian de ellos y estorbaban ■ P.' . a los demas que tratasen a las mmjeres y ninos eon tanta crueldad, que lo mismo haefa Gortes . - eon sus IspallolesP6 ' . : . : The civil war had reached its"end, and now the pitiless sack^ ing of the city was carried out by the barbaric Tlaxcalte- CanSo The Tlaxealteeas g Huexotzincas and the Gholulteeas took their leave of Cortes 0 ■ * /- ' Asimlsmo se fueron a sus tierras rieos y eontehtos'g „y de eamino los Slaxealteeas , - ' : - ' P" saquearon la ciudad deTexoueo y otros iugares9 robando a los veeinos'de noehe sin ser sentidos9 y a tiemp© que no se pudiesen defender y librar sus haciendas de:elloa057 - . 25
Se ean imgiBe the Tlax©alteeans gathered ahout their tribal eamptireSp while the young warriors beat out their song of victory over the Mexicans? - 58 • 10 o Oant© Tlaxealteea aeerea de la Oonq.uista 1) Hemes logrado al fin.llegar a Temoehtltlan? ©gforzaosg tlaxealteeas y Mexotzineas0 ...• ' 4C©mo lo oir^ el prfneipe [email protected] el v ahoreado? . iSaf esfefzaosS' : - 2) Van dando alaridos el eapit^h Gmauhtencoztli, a61o le dieen el Oapitdn y nuestra madre . , Malintzin? Memos logrado llegar a Xaealteeoz y AeaehinaneO o ' esforzaos?. 3) Esperamos las naves del Gapitan? no bien hayan llegado sus band eras @. la eordillera de Aztahuaean3 a su sola presenoia demudaraji su nostro los sieves mexieanoso ^Eag esforzaos! 41 Ayudad a nuestros s@fereBs los vestidos de hierro3 quo ponen ceroo a la eiudad, qti@ ponen - oeroo a la naol#n mezioana,. |Eaa esforzaos! 5 ) Tane tu tamborilp rfe a eareajadasp oh Iztlil- "xdohitlp ponte a bailar en Cmauhquiahuae 9 el; : ■ d@ MexieOp haz que al girar tu esomd© d@ rosadas plumas aqui en G?emalaeatitlan0 <>Sas esforzaos I" ... 8) For un breve instantes por mn dfa duran las flores del combate; tu mano9 oh Guauht%moo p tus fibres de la nariz heehas d@ oro; envuelta en luz de aurora esta tu Elor^de-Algodottp rodeada de plumas de quetzals oh tu que llenast® de Edmiraoidn al eerro del dolibrfc. i ZEag '' ' ; ' ■ .'esforzaos! 12} Ahp en verdad han pereeido ? ©ye mi canto 9 oh oludad 9 % oh Mexico Tenochtitldn? muy de veras 1© ■ ■ digoy elevo? ya intentamos llegar aquf a. flalteloloop oh AnahuaAatl? lenteaente se hizog sin pensarlo 3 ©h tlaxcalteeas? oantad amigos ■ZaloSo ■ - : . 26
131 Ho he heeho mas que verlo y qtiedar admiradOg yo el prfneipe Anahuacatls eon. eseudos y espadas quleren ir los tlaxealteeas en pos de los hom= tees de Gastilla0. Tinier on a aeosarlos entre . el agua. y les dieron aleance; lentamente si M z g 9 sin peEsaa?lo9 . oh tlaxealteeast eantad amigos m£bs-o ■ . , / - ' ■ 17) Tamblen yo por eierto he logrado llegar hasta aea ^ me he apoderado de maa lanza de los. espanoleSs frente a los qtie estih eon eseudos ante Tosotros9 tlazealteeas y huexotzinoas c ,19) Ya se derrumba la ranralla de los AguilaS;, ya . se' demumba la mnralla ’ d@ los figres d@ l?eeuil«= huitl8 porque llegaron por fin aed aquellos ' ©onquistadores qu© lanzan fuego0 Biee Atoehs Gomienee el balls, oh tla±ealteeas y huexotzineaso , : • ■■20) loo ya se presentaron las naves de los Oastellaaos: los que moran en ehinampas son ; rodeados por la guerra 9 son rodeados por la . guerra el Tenoehea y Tlaltelolea0 21# Ya ©s bien vendida Tenoehtitlan9 ya palideeen ■ -- de terror sua hijoss ya no resta sino Bios y el Gapitaa Gusman en Wxieo: 0 = c« ■ 27) A los nueve dias son llevados a Coyoaean ■ Guaulitemoetzin^ Goanaeooh y letlepanquetzatsin? - y Ya sols entregados9.' oh vosotros prfncipes 0 ■ ■ 28) los oonfortaba llaootzin y les deela: ■ ,80hs hermanos m£bss esforzaost han at ado el oro/ eon ©adenas de 'hierrog ya sols entregados 9 ■ oh vosotros prfheipeso® . .
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOObOOOOOOOOOOOO 0 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 OdODQOOOO W© wonder at the Spaniards'1 ability- to complete sueh a stupendous undertaking so sueeessfullyo" In reflections of Bon Garlos Marfa Bustamante some years later $ he says that Moetezuma could have out off all food supplies and starred the .Spahiards when they first landed0 - Fear that Gortes was - • ■ . ■ ■■<:> ''. 59 ■ ■ Q,uetsale©atl prevented this0 In moments of rancor against 2?
-blie Spanish ingratitude for M s help9 Ixtlilzuohitl repealed that ©Teh after the fall of Mexiee Gity It would have "been possible to bring about the eomplete extermination of the Spanish army on its expeditions to the south» The natives had only to return to Mexieo9- leaving the Spaniards stranded without- guides« The salvation of the Spaniards was the re ligion that they offered to the native<, They were' always , preponderantly outnumbered by the Indians a yet they managed to oome through eaeh battle with few ©asmalties and several. deadj,. while their native allies lost several thousand in eaeh battle o With Gristobal de Olida Spanish captains went thirty^three Spaniards on hors ©back ^ ISO peonesj, and .50,000 60 men of Tziumeohuae and the other provinces of the north» Seen in the light of these figures, the phenomenon of the Conquest becomes even more remarkable0 There is one fact not to be overlooked in the consider ation of the causes of the downfall of Tenoehtitldh, and by that fact I mean the•serious epidemic which occurred after the Conquest, and which helped in great measure to break down the resistance 0 The Jiztees were no mere immune to the European diseases than the Mayans„ Great suffering was .endured by both peoples,'who were temporarily weakened to such an extent that unified resistance against the in vader was.impossibleo; AS;ex@:@fpt from Poes fa Indxgena allows us to feel some of the disillusionment of the natives 9 some of their 28
'[email protected] ion o . ■■■■' : '■ ' ; ' ■ ''' ' ' . ■ ■ 61 9) Ganto de Huexotzinco aoerea de la Gdnquista 1) Solo tristes floras y trlstes cantares restan aquf en. E^xieo Tlalteloleot y sin , • embargo g es allf donde el valor se d@« f muestrao 3 1 Heaos errado y sufrimos nosotros los hom= bres s eomo q.iie hemos "visto M e n dolor que ■ arde alii donde el valor se demuestra0
: 41 Ahuyentamos e invadimos las tierras a tus slervos s dolor, ardiente se ext 1 ende en TlalteloleOj, dolor ardiente se extiende . donde se dd a eonooer el valors 5) - El llanto se extiendes las lagrima.s Uneven ' . en Tlalteloloo: por agua han huido los - Mexioanos ? se aseme jan a mnjeres a la ver= dad porqu© bdyeno |!5©1id@ iremos a pararj, . ohg amigos? ■ 9:| . -(.Ohg amigos infos3 lloradl Sabed^que d@jamos yerma la nao'i \ MTEmkTE m Tm ifm ■ : Guerrilla Warfare : . : ' • " Following the armistice agreed upon by Cortes and Guauh- t6moes a type of restless peace prevailed in the:valley of ■ MexieOo The Hew ‘World Venice was immadated hy the Victoria ous troops g who set up headquarters in the ©apital„ The loose eonf©deration of tribes ©f the aeseta region was • - foreed to surrender en masses but the scattered groups in the baek«=©buntry eontinued to . resist the Spanish domination^ and,a type of ggmerrilla fighting ensued. There was always some little mutiny breaking.out in the outlying seetorso Los espanoles que habfan quedad© en Faiiuoo s y espeoialment® eierta ©antldad de ellos que ©ran de la parte de Garay9 hieieron tantas imsoleneias a los d® Panueo9. que les fue^forzoso . ■ - rebelarse.9 no pudiendo sufrir a los espanoles = OortA would send out Spaniards into the rebellious districts to subdue them and to build up the conquered territoryo Boom Oortes became restless in the relatively quiet en vironment of Mexico Gityg so he decided to take am army into those rebellious sector®» He .called upon the troops of IxtlilxU&hit1 and struck out for the beckoning lands to the southeast o On this trip g, undertaken in 1524-lf 25»: Irfelil- xdchitl proved to be of invaluable aid s for it was customary 30 for M m to send word ahead to the lords of each .village that the Spaniards were approaching3 assuring them that the Span iards, .would do them no harm if. they remained peaceful 0 . Word of the cruelties committed hy the European soldiers at their outposts had reached every pueblo for miles in each direc tion 0 Towns were vacated at first news of the approach of the enemy and for this reason, Cortes and his army found many sites desertedo. ' - IA causa d© que estos lugares estahan despohlados, es aegda las histories, q.ue cerri# ' la fama por toda la tierra d® la cruel muerte que Cortes did a lop Beyes y Se^ores, y as£ estahan - todos espantados, espeeialmente eon saber que . ' Ixtlilxdehitl y los aoulhuas sus vasallos 2 favoreeian y andaban eon Gortes " y susvcompaSSroSo. ' One native lordgEingSpoehpilon, had the word spread that he was dead so that he would not have to receive Cortes in M s land, hut the, truth" came out and he finally came to . meet Corteso He-talked with Ixtiilxuehitl, . y le di8 ©1 pdsame a Ixtlilxuchitl, y lloro'’ con 61, y'Sejexeusd’y dijo , que por la erueldad que . ■ , los Ispanoles habfan heeho s© hah£a mandado megar, pr@vlml€hdele a su hije dljese ser muerto, y pidid a ixtlilxuchitl le perdonas@<,3 Others, when assured that the army of Conte's would do - them no Injury, welcomed the Spaniards into their towns„ Beefanles que les perdonas# que mo osaban venir.porque los aspanoles les habian heoho mil ■ insoleneias, y venlan a rohar hom.bres que los llevahan for^adamente en sus navios'o4 Still others were detained in flight.by messengers of Ixtlil- xdchitl who ." 31 los eaTlo a llaaar ditiidhdoles opo en lo eual se eoha de ver olaramente que los primeros Bspanoles qg.e rinieron a estas partes sin amigosa eran de pooo efeetOg y • , \ siempre llevaban lo peor; lo eual sueedlcf muy a la eontra £■ GorteSg que donde.quiera que el . 1 M a sajetar © tener guerra edm alguna ' proviiiGia9. salla siempre venoedor por tener amigos, los ouales eran losque guiaban la danza y corrfan los primeros riesgoso® \ ' G-radually the resistance of the indfgena people was broken and their spirit erushedo How the government of oceu" ■ pation moved in to set up its administrative and judieial branches for the newly-pledged subjeets of the Kingo" And with the well-meaning officials came a swarm of carpetbag- gers, intent upon making their fortunes in the Hew World, . often at the expense of the native happiness» . Ihen first Columbus presented his gift of dark-skinned slaves-from the strange new Indies to her the Queen off Isabel made quite clear the royal stand upon the subject of enslaving these people c The natives were to be considered as subjects of the crown, to whom the light of ^Christianity was to be carried0 This thought was made offi- cial when it was recorded in the Reoop1lacion de leyes de 10 reyaos de las Indiago Bo Diaz del Castilla presents the position taken by the ordinary soldier toward this question of slavery. He recalls that when Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba was secur lug boats for his first expedition to the continent, he was 33 . offered a ship "by the governor Diego Veldzques op the eondi= tion that he first bring back three ships full of. indios from the islands of Guanaxes to serve as slaves» The proposition was presented to the soldiers? ; ' T desque vimos los soldados que aquello que nos pedfa el Diego TeMzquez no era justo, le respondiaos qme lo que deefa no le manda Dios ni el rey9 - que hieidseaos a los libres eselavoso and Velazquez agreed with them and offered them help without expecting payment« ' The landgOnee seeurely under the jurisdiotion of the Spanish officials, was divided into repartiffiientos of en«= oomiendaSo A Spaniard could request permission to take eharge of a portion of land and the natives that resided upon : ito In return for the labor furnished by the Indians, he as= - : ' ...... r 12- : ' ■' :: sttmed .responsibility for their eduoatioBo . But more important than the Spanish stand is the native reaetioh to this legislation = Did the natives fall upon their knees in gratitude to the Spaniards for eonquering them and parceling out their - land to the white man? Let the [email protected] of Allegiance to Spain answer this question for 1 us: ■ - ■ ■ - . o»» de manera que desde que los Sspanoles llegaron'a eata Nueva .Isp^a siempre y eohtinmamente los obedecierons y siempre fueron y han side leales vasallos.de So M c porque nunca ' ' dimos guerra a los Bspaholes, sino que siempre los hemos obedeeido, y desde @1 primer d£a que ofmos nombrar al Smperador nuestro SeEor, siempre lo hemos tenido por nuestro Hey y Senor, y siempre hemos ©bedeoldo a sus reales mandates lo* etCa^' 34 And after om2? doing everything nice for yous we have been solamente en la eabeeera de Texeneo eon enatro o eineo @uj©tos5 y aun los euales viendo el poeo favor que se nos da y en euan poeo somos tenidos 5 se nos quieren alzar y poner per sis y se nos han - qnitado los gueblos de nuestra ree&aras o o» de lo ©m l hemos reeibido y reeibimos notorio agravl®, y vivimos joiuy pobres y neeesitados sin ningtma rentaB y veaos que los pmebios que ©ran nnestros y nnestras proplas tierras, la gente que en ellos .estaba eran nuestros renteros y tributaries s y los-Galpixques que nosotros tenfamds puestos9 vemos que ahora son Sienbres de doneSp” siendo eomo eran Masehuales^ y tienen renta de los diehos puebloss y nosotros siendo SeSores, nos vemos abatidoSg y pobres sin tener que ©omer« 0 0 0 1.0 ©ual pensamos que So M 0. sabiendo quien nosotros somos 5, y servioios que le hemos heehoB nos hubiera heeho meroedes a y nos hub!era dado mas d© lo que t@nfamos8 y veraos que nos han deposeido de lo nuestrOg y desheredado8 y hechonos tributaries, euando no lo eramos, y que para ' pagar los tributos nuestras mmjeres © hijas traba jan y nosotros asimisrao <, 0 = para tener _ que . . oomer y.para pagar eadaunode nqsqtros dies • reales de: plata y media fa.nega. de maiz a S 0 M 0 porque despues de habernos ©ontal’o y heeho la Nueva Espana tasaeion, no solamente estan tasados los Mazehualesque paguen el susodieho tribut© $, sino tambiSn todo# nosotros deseendienteg de la Real 0epa3 estamos tasados ©outra todo el dereeh© 9 y.se nos did una earga inseportableo13 In other words, the natives of the New World expected 'that life would go. along as It had before the Conquest, and as it had following any of the wars in the past« In accept ing a new ruler, they were only shifting the balance of their, allegianceo That they must give up their individual autom^ ©my and accept an entirely new and undesired social system had never entered their minds„ Now it was too late to change the condition, for they were a conquered and weakened 35 peopleo To placate them,, the Spanish governors of Yucatan issued decrees in confirmation ©f certain old rights and privi leges granted in perpetuity to a numher of na tive families whose members had aided in the conquest and reorganization of the countryo^^ The measure was: a wise one on the part of the Spanish governments : calculated to preserve the loyalty of the more influential Maya families„ and it continued in fore© down to the end of the colonial periodol5 „ ■ When the Spaniards first landed on the coast of Yucatan they were befriended by the Ohel family0 Under the eneom- ienda system9 the people of ih Kin Ghel were not peaceful for l©ng0 And ^ ■ the Indiansj thinking it was unjust for them to serve strangers where they were lords8 began to attack him Ci0e6 the' Adelantado) on all sides, although he defended himself with his horses and men, and killed a great number of theme 1© Many of the Maya villages had fled into the forests to escape the Spanish dominationu Their return to the towns "meant also a return to the regulations governing the In- 17 ■ . ■ dianso" Hot only was their .religious life ordered for them, but their habits of dress were regulated» Many, hav ing lived in the forests for - years, were required to go through marriage ceremonies * The lament of the Mayass was heard throughout the peninsulao In the region of Merida, The Indians received with sorrow the yoke of slavery, but the Spaniards had the towns of the country well divided into repartiaientos c Though there were not wanting men among the Indians who stirred them up, on account of which very cruel chastisements took place, which caused a diminution in the populationc18 36 Zor all the honest Spaniards in charge of enoomiendas in New Spain3 there seems to have been a proportionate nma<= 19 her ©f dishonest men who took advantage of their position. In the region around Mexico. Gity, . Los naturales de HuaxaeaCj, Zihuatlan y otras partes reeihfan hartas pessdumbres d© los Zspanoles quo ea sus tierras habfa, ; espeeialmente de eiertos mineros que salfan a rohar iiidios para sus ainas'j,. y . estahah'. ' rebelados.20 ; Ixtlilxtfehitl declared that he heard some natives attest that ;/ . . . mas querrian ser ©solavos herrados. y no de la manera que hoy%Iven„ porciue de ©sta manera los^lspaH© 1 eb q.ue los fratan mal, tedavfa ;■ tuvieran alguna l&stima d® ellos por no perder sms dineros; y es tanta su desventura 9 que si . uno tropieza- y pa© y;,s@ lastimaa es tanto el gust© q.u@ de ellos reeihen que no s© puede enearecerp y no obstante estog cuahtas . maldielenes les .vienefi a la imaginaoidh les. ' aehan9'vy- si -se' mneren dicen que ya el diable s© los debfa de haber llevado a todos.21 • Sos although the best was meant by the Spanish govern^ mentp yet the lot of the native was a sad one. No longer were the Aztecs the proud rulers of an empire. No longer could the Mayas.?; worship at the sites of their past glory. Now the formidable white man walked the native .streets and trails9 exacted tribute of them in gold and valuable food products9 and claimed the Indian women as their mistresses. .The noble blood of the great indigene empire was intermingled with that of the bearded whit© strangers. Mali.nohismo had its birth in the land of the dominated. 37 Q,u at gale oat 1 Bows to the Virgin ■ In their "black hour of needj, many of the natives found help 111 the quiet willingness and understanding offered them ■ by those friars who were' making am honest effort to under- - ' : • •: ■ ■ 22 ' ; stand the ”alma de la masa indxgenao-ySf ' Xdegaha el misionero al corazon de las trihuSg desafiando el just© reneor de las pohiaeiones reeien of endidas s y tenia, que ‘reneer primerd el pr@juieio $ en seguida la indifereneia9 despues las ineapaeidades de la.gente y los. .. ©bsMdules de la tierrao The gentle and kindly friarss preaching submission and love3 offered their friendship to the bewildered bronze men in ex change for belief in the teachings of Jesuso Tet in these outwardly timid men burned a great flame of religious zeals so great that it whipped them into a blazing inferno in their efforts to destroy the evidences' of all pagan- worship. ■'..■'■■iSiat strong powers did the. Christian men of Cod invoke from their beads and from - their statues great enough to withstand the wrath of the Mexican gods? How-could Bultzilopeehtll/ Tezeatlipocaa and Quetzalcoatl look down upon the shattered stone carvings that one© housed their awful power 9 without letting descend- their rage upon the white intruders'? Surely the new religion was the stronger if it could send the sacred powers of Anahuae into hidings - The representatives of this great new- god were the robed ‘ monks? simple men3 chrs'en to preach the word of the -forgiving ! and wrathful Godo These humans were to be both friend and 38 enejay to the Indian* Yen tiaras s dehe haher .pareeido a, los Indies eomo un lejano e inerefble iHit©025 • In the titoes of the great staff ©rings 8 it was the friars who eonsoled the terrified natives9 who preached the gospel of . teleranee and acceptance9 who befriended the Indians against the wrath of the Spanish soldiery9 and were often forced to take: refuge among the natiYes beeause of the abusive sol= diery» It was the friars who lightened the Indian burdens with the introduetion of the burros who inereased the har= ; vests with the planting of strange new foodss who eared for the young and the .old0 " t - - , , -p . But it was also the men:of Sod who brought great suffer ing to the native: through their disregard for the pain of the body5, and through their machines of torture 9 justif ied by the. Holy Inquisitiono It was-the religios.os who ©zaeted long hours of work from the members of eaeh village in the eon- struetion of houses of - God8 long hours whleh were better : ■' 2 6 . > ■ spent on the tending of'withering: erops0 It was the friars who judged the native vises as . : idolatries and repudiation of their wives 8 and orgies, of publi© drunkennessj and buying and . selling slaves| and they (i«e,8 the natives) ©ame to hate the friars [email protected] tried to ■ m k e them give up: the.s® things * ^ It was a ehurShman who wrote the'following words8 no doubt in sinceritys yet dripping with a righteousness that no self-respecting Maya:;: could swallow 0 - ' , • - . 39 $ M s M s been told mot through hatred for those . poor peoples $, for whoa ire desire the benevolence . of all the men of the world» but In order that the labors of the devil may be seen and in order ■ that we may- understand the wretchedness and mis«=: fortune to which a miserable man may come when separated from God or lacking Eim„ so that there is no reason for us to vaunt ourselves and arise with spirit - of hate and ill will .against ' ■ the poor Indianswith the memory of their idolatries and errorsc Rather we are -obliged to take pity on them and procure for them the road and remedy for their salvationc 28 It was impossible for the churchmen to see that pity was not what the Indians desired, but rather political and religious freedoMo ^nd while the older generation of the indigenous peoples fought for this road to liberty, the younger genera tion attended the friars’ schools and.gradually turned off the path'of the sireso- The trustworthy principle of educat ing the youth of a nation to a new order of things proved invaluable to the conquerors of New Spain0 Winly, there were three' distinct reactions to the new religion presented to the natives for their unquestioning a©= ©eptanee6,; ^ - ;- . ■ 1 • lo Absolut© refusal to follow the Christian religion; or outward . acceptan©© to the Christian religion with inward devotion to the pagan gods 0 . , 2o Forsaking of pagan gods for Ohrlstianity* ' 3o Amalgamation of the Christian and the pagan0 With the introduction of the new religion, many of the natives fled into the forests and mountain regions where they could preserve their auioethonous Mbits and traditionso fhose who did not flee resisted the Spanish domination. In 40 Ywatak during .the first years of the eolonizatlohg uprisings were :e©MH©ho ;•/ ■ ; . . Behold9 bretherSg a great storm is coming and it is fitting;, in order that we m y not be lost 9 that we return to do that which our ancestors were ac= ■ ■eustomed to do? which was to sacrifice and worship the Idoisp and for this it is.well that the two boys whom we haye should die0 . In the.year 1636 there was a general uprising of : the Indians in the district of Bacalar is SbUth«= eastern Yucatan. They relapsed into idolatry8 ' and many of them fled to Tlpu ^.6i30 ’ :- Aguilar tells us that one.day he came upon a native in ear nest deyotion to a figure of. a saint § but that on closer in spection he discovered that the native was worshiping a small stone god which he had hidden in back of the statue = In his report on the state of idolatry in Yucatan 3 written - ' ©arly: in the. 17th: eentury;s: he suggests? . . ’ . . ■furthermors it would be .very adyantageoueiif : : ’ -; V ‘ -books were ■ printed^ in t&- language of' these;'In dians which would treat of Genesis and the crea tion of the world s because they have fables and : histories - which are "very detrimentals Some of" them have had them written dovim.s and they keep them and read them in .their. assemblies 0 1 had .. a copy book of this sort $ which I took away from a choir-master named Cuytun from, the town of SucopOo He got away from me s and I never could get hold of him to learn the origin of this , Q-enesis of ■ his o 32-.' .'Thom-Soystwe also learn that the questionnaire and pilgrimage to the sacred cenote of Ghichbn Itza continued during the ' hi' - ■ . ■ -1 , i ' . . - 1 • " ■ . ' ' 33 colonial periodj without Spanish cognizance of that fact0 .. like apogee and perigee, points one and two cited above stand at opposite extremes» Some natives revolved to the 41 apege© ©f the orbit in their relationship'with the Spanish - missionarieso Their viewpoint has been diseussedo Others swrnig oh the perigee and developed a spiritual closeness • with.the missionarieso It is of these whom we now speak0 W e n Fray l&rtin de yalenoia and twelve of the first companies of relig-iosos were greeted on Mexican .soil by the supposedly heathen Indians s they were amazed to see lighted eandles in the hands of the natives and hear the Pater Noster. upon native lipso .'The strange occurrence is explained by Bernal Piaz del Castilla*, who says that the eommon soldier - . : ■ ' ■ :■■■ /""h . -.V," - . 3 4 had laid the groundwork in the process of ©vangelizationo A traee- ©f the: zeal of the Crusade's; still existed in each • \ Benaissanee soldiero .' Aedording to the early Spanish writers a eonsid= enable proportion of the lfe.ya of northern Yucatan . . , embraced. Christianity quite willingly after the.I ■ : Spanish ©eoupation of the country» •" = 0 0 s the ' " Books of Chilam Balam convince us that their faith -. was genuine 3 once they were converted. ..« un» . '. .mlstakabl® spontaneity in the: pious, phrases with ' - which the Spanish fllos. the Trinity and the Holy ; : Virgin "are frequently invoked. 35 But to the majority of the Indians^ the meeting of Quetzaleoatl and the "Virgin was to be reconciled in'only one.way^that of amalgamation of the two religions. As they sat'about the priest8 absorbing the stream of words that v poured from his lips g the kinship of the religions, began to I take shape in their minds . Has not theVirgin Justanother ' .. - ■■■.■■:. ." ■ '' 36 ■ form of personification for the Barth Motherf : - 42 '; The details ©£,' the erueif ixion of .Christ apparently reealled to the Maya Mind some of the - ceremonies eonneeted with human saerlfiee9 In : whleh the vletim was probably, considered the . representatlye of the god 0 like the erown of th#rns 9 a paper orovm was placed on his head 3 and : .the spear Whieh pieroed Christ1s side.appears to . ■ have reminded the Maya writer of the arrow with whieh the priest struck blood from the thigh of . the sacrificial vlef lm0 ^ It Is also possible that the legend of the stone arrow^points 9 whieh entered the mythieal rooks at -the four corners of • the world9. was associated in the mind of the . writer with the rocks which were-rent at the time ' of the erueifixlond37 - ;• Just so g the Aztecs must have responded to the Chris tian teachings % associating the crucifixion with the celebra tion of Toxcatlp the great pagan high priest with the bishop or Pope; the'deities in the entourage of Huitzilopoohtli, :-; Tezeatlipooa, etc0 with the saints of the Spanish religion= The Mayans \ , ; _ \ ; ; ' siaply superimposed it (10 e o s Christianity}' upon f . I; their old religionooi = They sometimes called their old deities perishable godsy but continued to worship them surreptiouslyo 3® . g And this surreptious worship Caused the' missionaries great alarm. /They -'v " ' ' " f : did their best to prevent this Amerieanimtion of , Christianity. The historian eogolludo bitterly deplores the lapses of the Indians into idolatry$ but he appears to be still more horrified at their attempts to combine the new religion with the old.39 ' \ : . . . Those, friars who, had an ■earnest desire to aid and teach the dark-skinned men9 those friars who attempted to learn the native language and to comprehend its nuances of tradi tions were able to identify themselyes with the native in ;• such a way that their presence in the Mew World accomplished much for the benefit of the native-o And the others 9 those who refused to dig deeply; into the mind and heart of the In-■ diany succeeded only in covering with a thin varnish of European culture the civilization of the great Aztee and Mayan empires» , > \ V - „ • CONCLUSION • Tx-om all outward appearances g the Conqmest was oofiipl©te0 NatiYe laws Lad .'been replaced by European ones; native lead ers yielded their rights to the powers of the Spanish crown; natiYe women gave mestizo sons to the white men; native youth followed the teaehing of the holy friars ° native work™ ers tilled fields now belonging to the Spanish soldiers, turned: #ountry«0ehtlemeha ; ' In- the land of Yucatdh the - deserted temples knew the encroachment of the ubiquitous tropical forest0 The bright ly feathered birds built their homes in the oracks of • the - massiYe pillars, while the creatures of the earth scaled the, mountaihs of broken idolso , " ; In. the Yalley of isahuae 9 the three^faeed towers east barren shadows across the desolation of the stripped plat forms and stairSo No longer were they tinted by the red liquid of the sacrificial offerings. Their scrubbed steps. glared in the reYealing light of mid-day and tried to r©cap ture ^ ih'the.rosy flame of sunset^ some of their past -hues of glory. . ; p . ■ . ■ And during the dark hours of this native night, what screaming voices Of loYed ones» borne on the polluted winds from the scarlet canals and the bone heaps whitened by the bleaehiBg smn ^ reaehed reoeptive ears'? IHiat xmrest 5 what, re sentment smouldered izi the ruins of huts? What disgust : quivered in the native nostrils as the bathless white men strolled the streets of a onee glorious empire? Yes s, the Conquest had been completed0 But had it, really? Bid the fall of Tenoehtitlan earry with it the sur render of the will of the Indigenous inhabitants of this oontinent? Perhaps it did j, but 1; rather think not ? like Bon Quixote j, the Indian elung to his albedriOg veiling it with a mask of resignation and stoic acceptancec The Con quest was part of the machinations of the universe9 as inter /preted by the aortal'mind of the native. The cycle of the centuries was fulfilling itself, and the native had no choice but to continue to live his immediate and trivial little span of .yearss in the only manner with which he was familiar So he plodded his dusty and rocky paths as his father and great-grandfather •had done s and.as his children and great- grandchildren were to. do<> Eis brother married with the foreignerss accepted the new way of life and society, and came to look with scorn Upon the dark9 distant relative0 . The Indian.withdrew to' the mountains where he was able to preserve the simple routine of work and worship; and there we find him today.9 a remnant of an almost extinct race 9 but very much a realityo' PART II INTRODUCTION CUAimTlMOO Jeven^aMelos' esenGhame loarte 8 6nl©© hero©'a la altara del arte, ' AaaGroaiaamemte, absurdameate 5, a tu aopal inelinase el^reeal; a! idleiia del blanao s tS 1© imantas y es aurtlder de eatoliea ftteate q.ue de respoasos llena el vletorial z#©alo de eenlzas d@ tus plantas, ' H© eon© a OSsar el rabor patrlel© t© ©abre ©1: restr© en medio del suplieio s tu eabeza desBuda se nog dueda . //..':hemisf^,i©am.ente$ 'de moneda6:. . - , Effozieda espiritual en que se fragua tode lo qae sufristes la piragua- prisionera9 el azoro de tus erfas, ■ ' -el sollozar de tus mitol©gfas9 : la 1-fe.linehe 3 los fdolos a nado y per emeima s: Mberte d'esatado : , ' : . del peeli© eurTO de la emperatriz . • eom© del peeho de maa cordorniz0 '- - 1 RamSn Lopez .Velarde . Smare Patrias Inter-medi© During the 17th and 18th oenturieSg the Conquest ©on*= V tinuedo It was a natural way of life? followed unquestion- ingly by erioll© and natireo By the turn of the 19tb ©en- turyg the Mexican found himself precipitated into the tur bulent aetirity of the fight for independenees and with eaeh military riotory earn© a su'btle sooial suoeess whieh freed the Mexican from the medieval organization to which he was bound. The last vestiges of the feudal estate vanished and 47 a new religiousj political9 and. economic order was insti tuted which bad wide implications= For the-First time in the history of ffiexie© the dark-skiiined. native had a chance to make himself heard. Today8 in the 20th century3 we feel the rey- ;pereussioB.s" of• his ’roiee in the movement called indianismo 0 ■ Suddenly Mexico has heeome aware of its proud heritage of Indian blood9 and aridly the 'pursuit of things. ??Indian18 has ' taken place0 Humanists9 educators3 sociologists have adopted the Indio as their foster child, showering attention upon him both in writing and material aid. Suddenly the sig nificance of their heritage has loomed up before them, and naturally they have turned to the scholars for help in re- constructing the. ^glory^that once was88 bTeaoCbtitlah, Tebtihuacah's) Monte Alban9 Labna 3 Ghicheh Itsat Amazingly ' enough j they had only to. look in their own back yards f or evidence of the Indian culture for it has survived the cen turies at the protecting hearths of native huts9 and not buried in the ruins of the once great empires, Each mile of strenuous climb into the wild mountainous regions of the Mexican plateau marked off a century of the time which separated the indigenistas from the era of Moctezuma, A stroll through the plaza on market day was punctuated by the surfivlng phrases of the indigenous languagess and il lustrated by the gay native designs upon the earthenware■ pots. But closer still to the avid Indlgenista is his own ; . ; V . ; ' 4 8 / ; • . teaperameiait whioh^ If he is a mestizo (and with the majority of Mezieans he is}„ furnishes him with further proof that •the ."great-: native heritage' is' not deado . / ■ V,- .From the vantage pointof the 20th eentury„ the modern Meziearr can look back upon his; beginnings with the per spective of time and effect. He is hypnotized by the phenom enon of the C onque s t. $. jfhi ©h hold s. him with its kaleidoscopic-; effects— now bloody fed, now yellow with death, now black as the robes of the friars, now bright with the - laughter of Indian maidens * His artistic mind Is captivated by the scene, and he picks up his pen to let his impressions of the unparalleled Conquest- flow in dark blue scrawl across the white folios <, ' ' - - ■ - v ’" "■ . As he writes he records the events of the struggle, the aftermath of the war, the birth of a new people. The songs of-the native mother hum in his ear, and he bends to her as the first mestizo dido His sympathy is with his Indian mother; yet M s 1 pride in his fathers s Spanish name -prohibits a eehsprship he cannot feel toward the European progenitor of: his race6 ' - from the printing presses of Mexico City.come volumes Of novels, semi-histories, poetry, biography, all in praise of the Indio, either with open candor or with subtle infer ence <, fhe literary movement has reached.such.a magnitude that it is not to be ignored. Hot only is it: an-interesting' development „ "but it is a valuable one for it explains in partthe attitude of the mestizo and the indio toward the past _ situation in Mezieo0 o m m m iii : ; , - ' , . LOOKING BACK AT THE' OOHQIIEST TAe subject of the Conquest has been discussed at great length in Part I of this work/ yet its wealth of material" is not exhaustedo We hare looked into the chronicles of the period in an attempt/to ascertain the type and extent of re sistance advanced by the native as he was confronted by the ;conquerorso Now, 430 years later9 let us look at today? s chronicles of this period to discover how much of that re sistance remainso Let us also see What the modern Mexican' writer feels about the Conquest as he looks at it from the 19th and 20th centuriess as he writes about the event which gave him.his birthi Some Modern Writers Tlew the: Gonquest Period An extremely interesting question has arisen within the Century as to the significance of the Gonquest 9 and that question is j 5$Who discovered whom?** The idea has occurred. to more than one writer but it is German Areiniegass a Colombiang who best expresses the thought» ; ^.Quien esta descubriendo a quien? ^ No hay que imaginar que sea el espahol quien %' este descubriendo el indio »<, ? => Al final se queda sin saber ni lo que piensa? ni lo que siente 9 ni . 51 1© quo smeSao El iMi© le pare©© tma i>©stiag. dudaji© que tenga alma, sabe que tlene el valor ' ©©©aomlo© de an aiilmal y eom© animal .1© trata, lo explota9 .lo. deatrwe0 M f no se puede pemetrar • , r la 'Intimldad d:e aer huaiano s, me nos d© im iadio callado y enigma"bieo8 ©xtraSb en absolute para■el earope© reei^n venido0 ’ 11 Indio s en eaablog a© tien© que se le Interponga para - ; desem'brfr el alma del europeOo El earcpeo haPla laasta por los eodosg no oeulta nl su. amble Ion r nl sus designloSo Es el espanolg por exeeleneia 9 nn ser extravertldo 0 Hay m^s que deseubrlr en el espaEol para el Indioa que en el.indio para ‘ / el espafibl 0 »»» Todo este mundo lo pone el espanol ' - a la vista? sobre la supervieie de sus palabras y sus gestos* para qua el indio pueda ezaminarlo a 1 ' ; su anto jOo ; A1 reves, el. indio lo poeo que tlene va eseondiSndolo eada vez mas adentro; lo mueho que va sabiendo lo mete en su alma y lo tapa; : lo que tendria que deeir lo eallSo Ouando en log' libros europeos se babla de la ipoea del deseubrlmientOg la expresion debe entenderse al : rev itage and cultural and r.ntethnological beginnings. trying to 53 relate them to the Conquest0 About that Conquest, the Mexican has a great; deal to. say* , Sntire f ictional works have been dedicated to that period of history, as, well as many non-^fictional studies 0 Several novels show definite pro<= native tendencies, but are not as a rule anti»Spanish0 Others' ire both anti ^Spanish and pro=native<> Belonging to the latter group are Taetzani and Heroes Mayaso Both of these works are vehement in their censure of the Spanish rule0 They see the war not as a banner-waving, drum-beating, heart-stirring pageant, but as a cruel and merciless show of domination by the Spanish conqueror. .Whereas in Part 1 of this paper we had to hunt for hints which might give us an insight into the native spirit, now we have only to flip through the pages of a few books to see the anger strike sparks in Indian eyes and put strength in the arms which took up weapons in defense of a land rightfully bis.v b • Sn el ZVI se hi20 la oomquista: se produjo el cheque brutal entre los europeos golosos y atrevidos y los irndfgenas que apenas salieron de la sorpreaa para eaer en la servidumbre.4 Alba Sandoiz of Mexico speaks with the voice of the , {6puebie elegido1’ when she writes of the Indian of the Con quest. fitter hatred exists for the Spaniard. . Sometimes Alba Sahdoiz is the G-ran Azquelagain she. is the immortal . V- : . 6 . ■ ' / >.'• . ' . ■■ ■ • ; Tayaoppa as she pleads for.the rights of the native. In voking Tayaoppar f v/.'"'. . 54 IMs ftf sabes q.ue no se redujo a esto la osada Irreverenoia del enemigos slno clue llego a mda , @. faueho mas s: llegd' a poner sns. xnanos Impuras aobre el sagra&o cuerpo de Nayarlt, llego a arranear del seno ©souro deTa-lej : ' Huestra Madie3 la hermosa piedra jaspeada sobre la eual resplandecfa ta fas esodlplda en bella . imgea. 0A;0:c /x ^ ~ Bar© lo qae aim n© habfi legrado el InTasor era arranear de auestrds fleles eorazeaes W enltOp nl de nuestro espirltu la voluntad [email protected] llbreso? And tiie voiee of Tayaoppa oame to the Nayarltas c Insensatos % 0»» ^ Hasta donde habeis deseendldo en vuestro orgullo para pensar .que las dadlvas y la fingldaamlstad del adversarlo no ooulta el robo de vuestros blenes$ ia prlvacidh de Tuestras eostimbres de que gozals bajo ml.calor? . (Ah, insensatos^ =Ahs traidores de westra leyl «AhP transgresores de ml dulce eulto vitalI ■ ,Mlrad a los soldados blaneos y barbados oomo ; a tiranos y a sus azqueles oomo a mis myopes enemigos! Temedml dIvina e6lera y sus terrlbles eastlgoSo Volved a vuestros llbres lares sin, - inellnar la frente al yago del bautismo! . Asi hablo Tayaoppa a los nayarltas Infleles y 9 los contrltos9 ulularon su terror apresurando la marc ha haoia el Gran Mayaro" In the strength of their belief 9 the. Eayarltas resisted the advance of the European soldiery* Only one Hayarlt remained a traitor to his tribe-— Taetzanlv he who believed in the Christian god* .1- - . . . :q ' Sapientisimo Azquel9 el ultimo del Pueblo de Tayaoppa9 sosiegue suangustia y eseuehe mi sdplica que es la eublhat de mis dibso Marche : a la Sierra9 desista de su fiera vemganza;' 3a6bleles a los venerables Tatouanes; 9 que no haya toas derramientosde sangre entrehermanoso Tome su^palabra dulce eomo . el arrumaco de las ^ lindas guilotas blaneas que nos han trafdo los 55 - • ' espanoles y q.tie la paz sea liecha entre toios : • - los iiombreSoiO : 'Eventually; even Taetzani 8wSek confronted by the evidence of brutality on the part o#-the turned; away; from M s ' adopted: brethren0 Taetzani is ??el hermanotf in the next few ' linest - ^ " ?/ - ' \ Y el heraano Jose Marfa de Guadalupe se dijo fue los espaholes eran verdaderamente odiosos .eon sumanera habitual ydetonante de ezternar sus brutales emocionesotl : . . , - #ar eame : ; ■ ■ X entre sus ineontables hazanas memorables ; . para.orgullo de todos los Azqueles por alentar9 d quedif aq.me 11a gloriosa en la ■ que a en su propio suelOj, infligio derrota al enemigo bianco y . barbado., o0o0^-% ; - - PueSj, reoibiaos notieias por uno de nuestros .:fopiles2-3 de que g en el poblado de TonalixG09 se estaban reuniendo las huestes enemigas al mando de:unos tales llamados don Franeiscos^donTomas y don Juan de Braoambnte Goh la intension aparente de haeernos una visita de paz0 ■ : ' Gonooiendo que s a la sombra de tan espeeioso pretexto lo que en realidad pretendfan era subyugar nuestros lares y eoloearnos en yugo de ' su ley y'la de sus dioseSs, deeidlmos enviarlesg por respuesta s el que si tanto eneareefan el amor que deefan tenernosa la major muestra de ; ' pureza que podian dar era volver camino per doMe . ' habfan venidoy <,.«' : .The Spahiards .eontinued. .their adranGeo . ■ Per© de nada sirvid que el enemigo pus less ■ ' ; .an marcha su astueia en gratas dafi'TaSo Hingun . ' indio cacique bajd de la sierra a eor-tejar al . : ;Gobernador; dellos blan©os0f5 ' . f , - •Los. yalientes nayaritas a af ortinados en la . - sagrada Hesa9 estaban resueltos a que no -qmedase 1 tm espalol con vida : ■ % propids padres :»=»0 ' ‘ ■, ' ' ; Su oomunidad forzada con log matadores d e , , ; sns deudos,,. los trajes de esolarros que el . . conquistador habfaimpuesto a sus cuerpos de mxfseulos antes desnudamente litres s los riles aliment os arr.o jados a sns bocas en pago de su r ; esfuerzo manuals erantodos motives sufioientes para recordarles eternamente su soberbia „ - \ amargurao^9 :r. ; , - In the patio after tiie battle lay the bodies of the once- active Indians9 The survivors regarded them in anguish$ for they were prohibited giving proper burial to these soldiers who had fought so well in defense of the pueblos 0 Debras de las jarillas eontemplaban9 eon miradas impotentes, los numerosos cuerpos . sangrantes de los jSvenes nayaritaso ■ Ho desconoc£an9 por.pasadas experiencias s que ios espanoles no tardarfan en arrojarlos a los perros y a las aves de rapina en el lejano barranco9 para que sufetidez no ofendiera sus delicados sentidoso: T aquella segunda muerte , de los. suyos les dolfa, aim mas, que el haber ■ visto eomo habia huldo la vida de los j6venes " miembroSo ^Desgraciados heroes, muertos lejos 1 . . del Mueehita .y a los euales no @ubrir&s siguieras el velo ligero de tierra con que los espafioles aeostumbraban eubrir a sus propios 'muertos I " . .p : - jhhg dolor de doloress el mas duro dolor de urn oorazOh nayarital^u ; ... - . The cry of Alba Sandoiz is not a literary creation^ but is a lament'which springs deeply from her inner being. It is a lament bred of her years of contact with the subjected HayaritaSp a true expression of the Indian’s woe. Mice Sophocles 8 Euripedes 9 and Aeschylus; she is able to adjust the story of the fall of the Hayaritas into its proper frame of reference^-the tragic fall of the hero® 0 58 foci©s los smfrljalentos del alma y del . euerpo de mmestro pueblo. palpltarians un die., eh" ; la .grandega ..^raglea de su destluo .hei?olcoo . v Sntonces y solo entonees^ el Pueblo Elegido ‘ - lograrfa evadlrse de "su presente agonfa en el , • eontinuo morlr del humillante sometimiento y : ' as^ podrfa esGapar de oonvertirse en una ■: > r . .' desdlehada remlnlseenola gloriosa de loc que- ha • . " side y no volver^ nunoa a ^sero^]-,' " ^ - v ' ■ Alba Bandois M s her om: ©ojaments to make on the faot of the mixture of the raoes0 To her mind, the strength of ■ Mexico might lie in the mestizoo The Gran Ahau is speaking t E© me eonvences,. no Divino Taetzaai'g. :el mas . valiente y fuerte de los nayaritas„ To solo se de euk©ritantzi2%-escalonados en todos los reales da los espamoles y en ellos agonizan nmestros Mocetones, gimiendo tristemente por su secular y ■ perdida:libertado Y© solo s@ que los blaneos ■ " noi arrancan nuestras mujeres y nuestras hijas para -haeer de ellas miserables maneebas y ya estdh todas las. rancheria.s pletorleas de : ; Tiyaotzi^S deseoloridos y de carnes crudaso El joven Taetzani desprendicf de las ultimas palabras del. Azqmel algo asf como una ilmuinacidh, : y di jog : i / " : , '' /i: . ; ■ : . : 1 ' . : • Tenerable, ellos, esos ninos de earnes crudas, forjar€n la mmlOh y el liberado future de nuestro pueblo ' Thus does one author view the Conquest, and thus does she ref late it to the Indian .situation today in Mexico0 ■ lust as vehement in censorship of the Spanish partici pants of the Oonq,uest is Srmili)© Abreu- O-omez, ■ and just as strong in support of. the natIves« . He has to his credit a collection of tales, allegedly true, which he has gathered into a small volume entitled Heroes Mayas o It is a con quered Tfaya tribe., living under the thumb of Fray Biego de 59 lianda in which he is interested^-a tribe dedieated to stole • aeeeptatiee of the yoke of slavery which the foreigners hung ^.^uponvtheia^-a tribe in which there is an undercurrent of \ subeonseions- rebellion with potentialities of being 'easily < varoused^ - \ : \ ' . His;tale about laointo Caneks spokesman for the captive Maya9 is particularly rioh in references to- the status of - ■ the Indio under Spanish: doMnationo ; : : - ' No se contentaran. lbs biancos con lo suyo 9 ni eon lo que ganaron el la guerra0 ’ Querran -I: , tambidh la *miseria de nuestra .com!da y la .niieeria . - d® nuestra oasad Levantaran suodio contra . ; • nosotros y nos obligarhn a refugiarnos en Ids : - . ; ; monte s y en los lugares apartadost^S -i _ / , -- ; ; En ella— {i»e0 9 the Chronicle of Ah - Nakuk .. - ' ■ Peehl|7 se explioa .00110 los biancos busearon en - el norte 9 en el lugar .de los eheleshombres que les sirvieran eomo eselavos 0 Fui asi porque ; . . en ag.uellos parajes los indios9 sin agua.^ sin tierra ni animales 9 pereefan de hambre y-.-s© dabaUg llenos de flaqueza de animo$ al que ■ : primero los toraabao Ofra fud’ la furia que • . ; ' tenian: para defenders® los indies del sura porque aqua, . enoontraban alimento. para vivlr y para . . . . bobrar poder de coneienciafZg . _ ; ; ' - . ; Los hombres biancos he saben de la tiefra ni " del mar ni del viemto de estbs lugares „ <> 0i Silos gazar* sin embargo, de todo lo que producer la tierra9 el mar y el vient© de estos lugares d Ahora nos toea entender, c6mo y en qu© tiempo. • debemos de iibrarnos de este m l = 29 ' Los blaneos hicieron que estas tierras : . fueran extranjeras para el Indio; hicieron que ' : el Indio comprara con su sangre el viento que respira = For esto va el Indio, por los ©aminos que no tienen fin, seguro de que la meta9 la dnica meta posible g la que le libra y le permite enoontrar la huella perdida, estd donde esta . la muerteo 30 - ■ ' - Oanek: speaks; In tlie next passages s . ■ .> ■ . ■ =. o,o existen 6iudades; que s@ ven y eiudades qu© no ■ - ; so ireno En las que se ven viven los blaneos, que , imnilazi, y los ind.ios que. obedeeeiio Son eiudades. - de gnerna yjcle esc&idalOo Huye de ellas„ Si . entras en ©Has renegar& de los tuyos 9 de tu :; : ^ nomfore y viviras ©on holgtira de mldado 3 1 S©nv;tiia- "©Ities: whieh one does :nbt see are those of the here after-0 Oanek ©ontinues in his philosophizinga and disomsses' the matter of choosing soldiers for war', H© con eludes that the hest soldiers are those wh© fight for something they ::ioveh' ; : ' .y:d ; '. . : v y : /'h : ■ " ■' Y asi pienao y dig© fue entre nosotros sueede 1© mismOo ^Gdmo quieren los sehbres blaneos que usemos las armas eon energia 9 si las tenemos que usar tan s61o en benef leio de v ' -.ellos y de sus haciendas y nunoa en favor de .. ;>Buestro espfrifu i?:3 2 . . . ' - ; -y V From the last esoserpt of the hook we glean the following picture of father and son in thethumbnail sketch which Abreu Qoiaez; draws for us0 : ' ;, - - : Padre e hijo trahajahan en el campor en las tierras de un sehor que vivfa lejos, en la ciudad 0 :■ Tod© el dfa duraha la faenao Yolvfan easi siempre sin nada 0 El hi jo no tenia, edad para tobr-ar <, Eada m^s haofa m#ritOSg Y el padre pagaha la • ©uenta que su padre al morir dejd sin pagaro Si ' " ■ alguna vez tzaaian algo— mazorea.s de mai’z--era , ’ ; porqne las rohahan de alguna trojeG33 . . The picture is anything hut bright0 Perhaps it will reach receptive eyes and make ©hough impression to ameliorate the situation by convincing others that they must work for a solutiono • - , ■ ■ ; The, Mayas were^ in a way8 trying to safeguard their - tribe when they set down their laws and customs in the ■' : V Qhllam Balam de Ghum.a.yelo Ganek is explaining- this to the little boy Qny^ : ■ v ;: - ’ ' . v- : ; Asi' he#08 t@nido%'§_me gnardar nuestro espiritu . - - para qh#'no lo destrnyam los que ban dejado que la aTarieia entmrbie sns ©j©So34 Under the title of ??Nachi Gooom” a story is related by Srmilio; Abren GSsmzp speaking in the person of the friar Pedro -Ohe„, about the bestial punishment given several Indians who discovered a cave with jewels and skeletons in it» Pray Diego de landas probably out of fanatic zeal and hatred for the .Indioa accused the Indians of lyings blasphemys treach ery, and had them tortured to death for no reason other than apparent lust for eruelty.o Machi 'Goe©m9 spokesman of the Mayass appeared at the scene and called down wrath upon Tray •Eanda-e Throughout the narrative the natives are described as innocent and blameless<, Tray Diego de landa se eubri<5 la eara 0 El Indio aquel jurd’ que los indios eran inocentes - y que sin maldad habfan of r e e ido su e or a 2 on» . ■ Apenas dijo estoj, el: Tribunal se pus© de pie y ‘ comentd’; ' ■ ■ ' — Sea hecha la justieia,, los reos fueron entregados a la autoridad , civil que representaba el doctor Diego de Qnij.adao Iste reeibicf a los reos con visajes y eon guinos 9 com© si se tratara de asunto a l e g r e 0 35 The poor bewildered natives did not know what was occurring« They called upon the name of 1esus for his help6 Pedro Ghe: looks on.g •, powerless to help them0 . V ' \ ;;; ■ I 62 . v'" : ' - ' ' \ H© slzvio de' mad&- la' imvooa#!Ai- M e © S@ , .. JesiiS:V. .S,© . ©er '© jesipls 4© tioadad^ . . ' . :. • : /-''•:H© dejar-on tampoeo g;ue se aeerear-a. el frail© que v log habia enjugado0 Todol© hieieron eon tal ' iHfamia que aun ge me llenan los ojos d@ sangr.e0 - ■ - ; ■ Dieron irueltas -a los cordeles con inteneidh de " qde los presos Mllarazi,,:'A;dada JTuelta. gritaban? ^ : ==“HaMag p.erro9 hablao^ - . : . Abreta. Gomez writes with, sincere concern for the Indian w M stiff ©red under the Spanish 0 jEe admits that not all -th©r i religiosos were eruel8 yet insists that the majority were . either eruel or unfeelingo Their* zeal for the propagation of Christianity was not reinforced "by a corresponding zeal for helping the native and for. understanding him. Their lack of hmmahitarianism was responsible for the spiritual impoverish- ; sent ©f the natives0 With faith in the pagan gods destroyed . by the preaehihg-' of the friars ^ and with faith in the Chris tian God weakened by the poor examples set by the friarss the unfortunate native was left to his own devices to find some sort of philosophical system by which he eould liveo Gonzalez Hurtado has written a novel in which he has enjoyed setting down the details of life in the pre-Conquest days of:the Valley of Mexicoj or Anahuac 0 Before the read- er8 s eye he raises the great pyramids on their former sites, peoples the streets with the motley crowd of merchants • .venders3 high priests9 noblemen» visitors0 As a subsidiary theme, he introduees the arrival of the Spanish army and the consequent impression which that arrival made upon the 63 inMMtants of, said -valleyo His heroe is a young=-ands . ■nataradly^:;:;HaiLaSo^^S^i&de-of .;Papaatla.; swo2?n eaejaiy of the ■ dictator Mootezumac Thus Gonzalez Hurtado is able to pre sent his interpretation of,the native reaction to the ineom- iaag ,Spasiardg Wile:;ooneentrating: his concern upon the ^ Mexican culture» During the time span of the novel; the . Spaniards land at Tera Oruz and,begin to gather ■about them • the tribes which will be their allies0 t ' ■ ; • Those who have .climbed, highest have farthest to falio ■-: 1: Thus does Moctezuma see his position in regard to the unrest and uprisings which"are a daily occurrence in his tottering . kingdom.o : The'strange Spaniards are one more menace added to ' ^ Imke his.; nights sleeplesso Speaking to an- assembly of satel lite princes and forced allies about the arrival of the Spanish on the coast, he says:! \ . _ v ; ; ; ^-entes son que rinden eulto a un dios : . : deseonocido5 negando a los dieses tutelares de . , ; esta. tierra; ;:q,ue" atropellan atlas tribus nativas : .' . I en sus personas $ quemando sus pobladoS; ultrajando a sus mujeres s y exigiendoles fributaciones .. ’ . prineipalm§nte en oro 3 por el que tienen extremada eodieiai SI; Mootezumag hallase alarmado ante el teaor de q.ue las slniestras. prof ecias de los ' ■ ‘ ,; tonalpouhpue s sus astrdlogos s' y'los hechicerOS j; ' ' '■ se eonsumen0 ooo-Sabe que los Jefes de algmias ; . tribuSj, cuyos.noabres prefiere oallar, hanse ya .. v : acercado por cuenta propias y sin consultar su v parecerj a los extrahj eros? buscando su amistad y su al ianzs, ^lo que const it uf a uma traicihn ■ a est a,. • patria del Anahuac y una deslealtad a su • • BraperadOri = =»1,37 • ; p ■ - : ■ v. " .prince Itecupinqui regarded the Spanish army as a pos sible strategic military ally, in his revolt against;Moctezuma0 6 4 Seoretly^ he made alliances with the tribes- dissatisfied with the Aatee. rule<> Finding that _el Tepozteee felt the same as h@ 9 he discussed the possibilities of Spanish- aid against ' Moctezuma with that prince0 'In their conversation el w Tepozteeo asked s ■. «=-=" ^Creeis QLUe son gentes de fiar? • “=“Temo que no; ptaes he sido inf or mad© que v son despiadadbs eon los natives y hombres eodiclosos que bus can oro a t'oda eosta0 Per© son poderosos y podemos utilizarlos en bien de nuestra eausa libertaria y despues s ouando seamos '.V fmerteS;, eliminarloi03p All of which is most indicatire of the author’s feeling to- - ward the eomquerors« - ■ - i " Iteeupinqui ^.0 b medita en la necesidad de ' - robusteeer/su elereito.j,. de sublevar .eontra el ' despota a todas las trlbus eselavizadas por la orgullosa raza■azteea y busear la poderosa ayuda de los hombres blaneos llegados de allend© los mares5 para emprender una eruzada libertadora y redimir aquel pueblo sumergido ©n la 39 lamentable ineonseiencia y en la mds negra maldadc ' . As a portent of the black time which is to follow the beginning of the Spanish rule«, Gonzalez Hurtado speaks through the ¥oiee of the old prophet Iztahuehuetl^ . El fin d© mi existir hallase proximos eomo proximo se ha11a el ocaso del poderio de ; Moetezumag el fanlCtieQo las profeeias son leyes que fatalmente se eumplen. dentro del tiempo porque los pueblos 9 eomo los hombres ^ los Srboles y todas las eosasg adoleeen d© la ©alidad del©; efikero oooo Otros hombres y otros dieses : yienen ya a ensehorearse del Amhuae, Correra mueha sangre9 la muerte danzara’triunfadora por todas partes; nue.stros templos serah arrasados y sobre sus^ruinas se alzardh otros templos en que V se rendira cult© ya al Dios dnieoa y luego-9 en una mahana mds lejano adn9 vendran ©frois pueblos barMpds que ba jap^n del Morte a extepminar a - ' - estos5 oomo lo haoen las hormigas euando asaltan a sixs oongeneres para deapojaplos de sus. bienes - _. ' . terrends ^..40 •- - he buiids up' the glories of the. joint Mexioan aeeomplishrnents 9 Gonzalez Hurtado at the same time is de tracting fpom the Bp'ani.sli reputatidn0 Therefore it might be possible to classify this novel as belonging to those : :whieh are pr©-native9;:anti-Bpanishc, : , <. It is also possible to be pro-native wlthont besoming anti-Spanish in judgment; and as ah example we offer Perez yMartineza anthor of Gmanhtemooa To this biographer ean b© . applied the phrase of the : philosopher Matthew Arnold— he ;■ %sees life steadily^ and sees it whole0 His .is as near an .ahthehtia and balanced picture of the rise and fall of the; great Azteo.warrior and his kingdom as one can find0 His earner a is almost always in sharpest foens as he‘points the aperture at. the multitude of scenes to be recorded0 ^ - v- ’ Bl grit© de la muerte y del odio llenaba los . . : Bmbitos de Anahuaec El cetro azteca era el del . • renoor y la opresidnp . Bu relmado 'el del despojo, -_: la ^ eselavltud y la sangre 0 Gon este relno s " . \ mdiiro. para la desintegraeiSng se enfrenta Herndh GorteSo Hste cetro ^ dlfieil y ardiente, • serai .. . : empmnado pop Guauhtmnoe 6 41 ' " ' . The camera moves to take its record of the magic rites of the witch-doctors, while during the same night the Spanish consult their' authorities of prognosticationo o io el soidado Botell© era el augur del euartelV. : Ahvertfa a sus compafferps el influjo de las v eonstelaciones sobre el destino del hombre^ la 66 ‘. suerte de sus empresas 9 el porvenlr d© las batallaso , H© era diferente delos heehleeroa aberfgenes que ' ^. / miraban eonsmniirse en el fuego un edrazdn htmano o a'tiseultaban @1 nodbnrn© misterlo para regir la vlda del pmeblo azteeacA^ . v . .. . : ^ :: The siege of Tenoohtltlan is eompleted and the city has fallen to - the Spanish p:.:', CMa.uJit€moe s captain of the- Aztecs s is the last to leave the defeated capitalo Crowded Into a canoe with. -his nearest - of f amily9- he is' intercepted. by. the enemy. ' ■ and- taken,captiv@o ' - ..yy 1 y.:■. : - : ' - ' Aqu£ Ouauhtemoc lanza. un reproehe a Ids espanoles„ Esta tierra sobre la que hoy los teules . - posan la plant a, es.de los mezi canos: el los la . eneontrarozi, la engrandeeiaron9 la hieieron. riea y I poderosay y solo ellos han. de gozarlao Per© arrasada TenoGhtitldn, destrnido Tlaltelol.cOg . cafdos tempi os y palacios s no les qneda a los ‘ ■ indios sin© esa tierra^desnudaj que tampoco es de : ellos sino•de;los espaSoles 0 Los caudillos le van tar an sus viviendas para -servir :a l©s;;teule@t3 . Los :@spafioles eleg&n a las ■ mjeres mas bonltaSj las que tenianelarala color0 Algunas eaand© vieron qme lbs espaloles las eoglanj se •. nntaban el rostro con lodo9 se envoivfan las eaderas e on trapes vie j os s se vest fan eon trapos ; ■ swios y :rotos para eseapar.o'' Loa espahbles eogian . i, ; tambiSn hombres jdvenes y fuerteso Los lleyaban p • inmedlatamente- donde estaba el fuego| saeaban de las llamas @1 hierro9 el sello ardiente/y se los : ' . ponlan eh la boea8' en la mandibtila9 alrededor de los labios-s, en la frenteo44 • i ; ", J iuego este pars eonquistadOg rumoroso y . . ■ v ,} contradictor!© ^ Impenetrable para los espa1foless con el faudto de los yestidos Indfgenas P la - .. exquisita sensibilidad de jefes y caudillos9 el imperio de la locura sagrada9 los. sanguinarios ■ I saerificios 9 la diferencla de los sentimientos morales derivada del choqne d© dos reiigiones • : ant it et leas que. eonf ormaban Is. conducts del h ombre - de decidente y del mexieano; la rara.y maeiza arquiteetmra; iiativa^ ©1 esplendor de los campos s v; ; la • lengua. :extraSa,s ■el: ambient©. :de grit os a de ‘ - ' dolor 5r§@ muerte ? todo lleno do mist ©rid y • aagia.45 . 1 . v : from the passages eited ahov© 9 it wou3A appear, that : - fei?ez Martinez is as anti-Spanish as. the other novelistss yet- he. is merely presenting both sides of the Conquest as he sees it <, He pmlls n© pmnehes for either the Mexiean - or the Span- isha He writes as an historian, making truth his model0 - V During the actual aecomplishment of the military con- - q.nest ,of' ■'Mesieos.'- thd;',;rough and ruddy: soldiers of Spain flashed'their’swords .and ‘exploded their, guns in the f&ee of the amzed and; terrified IMianSo. ' fraise'sprang from their lips for the valiant defense which the natives offered» Then the frontiers disappeared and the soldiers were dia=> .; ehargedj making way for the colonizers who came from the mother country= Only then did the feeling of superiority . . oyer the Indian become apparent c Sanchez quotes Lipschutz as saying that the conquerors such as; Oortes felt no repug nance nor scorn for the’, natives-^only pride -at the success ; of the fight— and adds that the other feeling followed with • . ■ v" - ■ • V ".i- . -I-" ^ ' ■ 46 the new Hur ope an “Araer lean who made his home in.-the Few World - from ficOn-Salas».Chapter IT9 we learn that the Spanish im-; pulse in Mexico died out as it had in Spain3 and that wheh ; the regular troops took over for. the conqueror@r who knew the ropesg then the sedentary and static prevailed» The super- - men who had carried out the Conquest -made, way ..for., the : . #r.a.imary mem w W picked'up the staff of governments . Although the geographical'frontiers had been pushed Melp f r;6m oeean vtOrVpeean new psychologlca 1", eeohomie and mural frontiers opened up and oompli oat ions developed 0 The - ■ clash which developed in the mental processes of the natives was more fierce than the open warfare had heen. Their ex ternal life patterns might have suffered little change; new . landlords ©f Spanish bleed exacted tithes from them as the old paghn Mexican lords had dome; hut their inner life, their ideology was. hhanged radicallyBew and foreign thought pat terns were rudely substituted for the established ones; and the Indian mind, insufficiently plastic to make the adjust- , ment, floundered in the mire of confusion and depression0 It has taken many centuries and a great deal of effort for the Indian to pull himself out of the bog0: Becently he has had aid from the imdlgemistas, from the men interested enough in the situation to extend a helping hand<> It is to these men that we will now turn for their statements on the adjustments which the Indian made through the centuries0 1 Qn opposite sides of the philosophical platform sit the thinkers Luis Alberto Sdnehez, a Peruvian, and Jose Yaseoncelos v; a Mexicano, Prom a quotation earlier in this section, it is clear that the former writer 'recognized that America had a well-defined Culture before the Spaniard landed on the eon- tinento The latter will agree to a certain extent, but.will add that the aboriginal culture was ■decadent and insignificant 69 ia’tiie face of the Conquest 0 In his analysis of the agrari- an ati3. 'iHfelleetual regimes of ; Azt,a#s^a.nlInaaa^^ v lv ; Wsooneelos a.tatest ; .. . : v . - Pero -:el regimen propiamente eonvenoional que r; " : / eorfesponie ;al • segmndo per&So de la eiirilizaei6na -- al peribdo . inteleetual se esiableee- franeamente " ' vv : -.oon :la llegada Se ;los; aspaS^leSo.: £os' : - oong_nis%adef:e8" ylAieron a dar rienda suelta a los mas desenffenados apetitos, pero no cab© duda ; .. q.ue in.trodujeron tan regimen sistemgftic© de ' \ ' : ■■ propiedad s tan regimen de dereclio derlvado de la tradieidh'romana =*.0. La interpretaeidh espafibla. \ ' de tal regimen did la propiedad a la corona y ■ fundcf en seguida la propiedad privada ©n. la ' : . ' ": merced real.o^?' :'': ' ^ : ' .. Bn miestras tierrass por desgracia9 no habia p:: elementos para eompetir? mucbo menos para. vv;-' " - sobraponersd a tina oivilizaoion cristiana.o’ Lad " " ;. > / tdenlsa nnla y la ideologfa inf alrbil de nuestros ;: mitos indigenas no podfan retenef mlla euriosidad ;: d.e■ :l6s; inyasores -'o eS . . ' . v ’v ; • , ' :: In nuestro continente g la conq,uista material ': : : fue aeompan&da de la destrueeidh de la ideplogfa d indfgena; pero esa ideologfa destraida fme"’ : . : feemplazada.$ y no creo q.ue nadie nieguep en serios que se la reemplazd* con ventajao"--8 - ^ Rising to present the opposing view is Luis Alberto : SS.nehez0 pHe counters that it was an . > error tremendo de la Oolonia el de querer borrar J5por, deereto” la imnensa t radio ion aborigen, en ■ IvVves ;de absGr-berlad^ : : i -'. y. ' " Gontinning in his analysis of the phenomenon of the Conquest he adds.i 1: ■ " t ;. - .x.f- ; . v -■ " ■■ t : i" - - Gierto que los espanoles habian triimfado ripida y rotmidamente sobre los hombres de 'cobra % pero•ell0 no aousaba sino un solo hechos que los habfan derretado milltarmente0 En cambio, desd© el campo inteleetual, no se proveyd' a alfabetizar en el nueve idioma a los naturales; en el : ' : eeondaieev no se me jord’ el laboreo de la' tlerf a, sino que se avasallu al peon con el propdsito de 70 oMener gananeias inmedlatas; en el moral 9 se la; :: ' ha'bltud=>=y ahi la queja del P 0 Aguilar^-a ^lvlr bajo ; ■ . la injustlalao Si sufricf opresidh ba jo sus V : • candillos paganos, estaba muy lejos da eneontrar - beaeypleneia bajo el de los conq.uistadores r, . :i:„ - ^ barbadoa^ , ' ' ; : :: ; S"vjfjV': 'a.' j" Tkai which the eonqtierors did was substltute the native reli ance on the tiaria or'land for a reliance,., if you will, on the. sonlp ; . ■ - ' / - ' - ' . ' 7. La caraeteristica sustaneial del" americano ;'i ha sido y es sti apegamiento a la tierraQ La coniiista hlahca snptltnyd la tierra con el almai • ■ Para el americano native s el alma oarecia de ' : ■ ' sentido sin el apoyo de la tierrao ■ . .. V ;. V La eonquista . (historia europea) rompicl aq.uel fntiino. consorci© entre el hombre y la tierra— entre la historia propia y la geogra.f £a „ 0 0 o-51 v In other word si, the Christian conquest tried to etherealize the. concept., of the soul3. .tried to .separate it from its earthy . base o' • To the Indian s religion and the soul had been insepar able from daily life, just as art and aestheticxvalmes were , h':\ /1v- ;v; ".::v i inseparable— and again he felt lost and ent off from his At the same time that the' Spaniard: attempted to disso«= ' :ciate the; concept of the soul'from its base in la tierrae he rooted the1 mobile native to. one ©onfined spot of grounds to- one sphere; of.environment» Sanchez says: V v v Ise rasgo' f eudal d© la ' familia: y de la / . v-" ciudad inf Inyo" d e o i s i vameht e en la a'etitud de . ■ . .. indi© y mestizos' 0 0 o El indio Odiaba la ciudad ’ hisphnica que lo empujaba al )$efido3 R; la / \ v. . ; : - ' ■ ’le&uccidhgn el ;”cereado 0M . La ciudad nativa ; que, Seguh el arqueologo Tellos era la mejor . organizada 9 habla sido destrufda o fundamentalmente h / ■ llterada; per. la'col©niao53?:; .j; ■/ 71 Speaking. on the same sub jeo19 German Areiniegas sees the. problem,in.thls manners • V In los- •biempos precolombinos el indio era : , extraordinariamenie m6vil La llegada de los >; . espaSbles los eontuf:Oo El ideal era ,?redu.eir??: : ;:s' al indiOo Eijarlo en nn sitiOj ©n iorno al eneomender© o , el regider 6 Hasta ese instants - . @1 Indio Labfa visto su mundo en sentido korizdntal »o.o« Gon el nuevo regimen hubo de : . ■ : fijarse en un sitio y mirar vertioalmente0 Del hoyo en donde se 1® mantuvo al rostro de ene©menderO j, al eielo del nuevo dios 9 trocando . • la ambieidh:de medir la tierra por un anhelo • de evasiono : : ' Lo propio OGim;e±cf al espdEolo 5^ : ' • . . / The freedom of. tbe native to move about without restraint in his own land was ihhibited by the eolonizationj his free dom to make a living was curbed, and his freedom to worship and think after his own manner was abolished. Oommenting in a caustic and succinct manner upon the subject of Indian liberty, Eraneisco Bulnes of Mexico offers that • • if , during the .centuries of the eonq.uest, the coun try had enjoyed just as much freedom and good diet . as the Russian serfs got, it would have sufficed totransform, the inhabitants into a great people.55 - And continuing the; theme of freedom is Areiniegas with these paragraphs•in Este Pueblo de America: , ; i El easb del europeo q,ue se americaniza eorre parejo eon el del indio %ue reoibe el mensaje de Europe. Para este todo lo que muestra , el reeleh llegado es una sorpfesa. Per© mayor. auh es la sorpresa de perder su antigua libertad, dejar a sus diesee y cacitues, doblar la rodilla . ante una irndgen tan extraha■ como la de Gristo y pagar tribute a un rey le jazio tue la faeundia de sus soldados describe en ton© mayor. El earActer • de los indios debM transformers®. Ho se - • atr'egieron a descubrir su alma por temor ■ a los - 72 . eastigoSo: Y dominados por una fuerza superior se - ' refmgia^on ©1 la aaliola y el dlsisul© para sBlvar a im mism© tiempo el alma y el pelle jo 0 o 0 = 56 : Wslng tke symbol of a broken cup to represent the broken ideology of tke Indians Arelniegas records the effect of the Gonqnest ?' ' v ■ . . J - - , ' ' - . :''f : . El hombre a q.uien se le interrumpen brnseamente stis eOsthmbres tradieionaleSj a q.nien se le da nn nueTO destine en la vida ordinaria, qne pas a de ser el dneho de su tierra y de sus monte.s a siervo q.ue se^toma per ladroii si saea leSa de les que fueron sus arboles para eneender su fogdh,, que debe ©eultaf sus dioses y rendir culto a los que le'han traido de paises remotes, tiene que sufrir una transf©rmaeiSn tan-radical en su espiritu y en su caMcter que el sikbolo de_la taza rota es de una exaetitud incontestable^?/ Gould the native retain a smiling face when confronted by such a defeat? Garibay, in his introduction to Poesia Indigenat thinks not. 11 sacudimiento de la Gonqui.sta abaticf por largos anos la alegrfa,de las razas y disloccf su manera de vida. social. : ; ,, For algim tiempo persistio en las memorias ' y en los labios de los supervivient es al desastre de las tribus; pero» poco a poco, por muy varladas ; causes j, fue murien.do .5e v ; '" In the following century, the Indian found the adjust ment a trifle easierThe new generation of indios lacked the memories of a past they could not know except through the laments of their elders| the new generation of mestizos was the present reminder that a new;culture and race were, being formed., Once again the creative ability of the native was able t© flourish. - ’ . ' - ..p?or: qu®: 8@ atrevio a tanto el pueblo en- el siglo jCYII? Habfa pas ado: el. e stupor de la eonq.ulsta que paralizo la mano del indiop y los de abaj o hab£an confundldo las sangres de sus ' razas en unrnudo cordial que leg permit£a entenderseo 59 :' . ' ■' . The Gonquest of Mezieo was hot only a military feat9 but &vreligious oonquest as well, •entailing, a victory over the Indian whieh spun him around in the middle of his stream of life and sent him -eareening madly on the waves of the Spanish Christian eurrentb All this has been diseussed at some length in Part Ip using the primary sources of chronicles as authorityo' Now it remains to discover the attitude of the modern Mexicans toward the religious conquest0 To do this and to gain first an understanding of the revolutionary changes which had t© occur in order to enable a new religion to gain a foothold in American theology9 let us look at a p statement about that very religious conquest by a North .American; a citizen of ©tir United States:who has travelled widely in■ Mexico and;studied that country® P®S>G® .Northrop speaks of the legend of Q,uetzalcoatl which 3 he says s • y ooo enables us to understand why the Spaniards won • the souls @s well as commanded the bodies of the - Indians a even: to the extent of enticing them to make the language's art a and religion of Spain their y own. But it does not explain why the coming of Oortes resulted in the complete destruction of the yvery 'high Astec- culture rather than merely in its . enrichment and fulfillmento; y' ; ■ The rigidity of the Aztec; aesthetic and re- , y; ;■.:• llgious forms has been advanced by many a s.-the y:'-': y eausey of. their'decline o . o o 'ylven if the rigidity for them be admitteds it" is hardly sufficient, to aecount for the reduction of their remarkable ."acliieTej@©nts;: to pulverized5, buried fragments 0 ' .. . Only an enemy of the Aztec culture could produce sueh terrible effectsQ The enemy appearedin two v t ; t ;; . forms: .the conquistador’s' sword and the Christian . > '■ religiono - Of the' two the latter was. the more ■. : \ devastatingo .It is d'ouhtful if anything done .to ■ v ■ \ the lews or the Poles in our time compares with ■ ■ ' it in the thoroughness and the ruthlessness with . which it wiped out Aztee civillzationo Por.9 ' : :t '' . : whereas.-Sortes and his soldiers-merely defeated' ' the:Indians:to jlace them nnder the weak political domination.of a distant Spains the Christian ' pfiests and their religion remained to bury and : • . ■ well=nigh destroy Aztec culture 0 . .: ■ .This should reveal the danger in bringing to= gather differing moral ideals and religious v V i Wlues »0 =, It takes ideals and religion to enter into the imaginations and emotions of all and lay waste to their very soulsV Hot until man98,eher= - ished beliefs are captured can his culture be destrdyedc,;"0' u: :'v : yv: . .. .-v, : : V"- : -; If is this last paragraph which is outstanding in its 'elarity and meaningo : Although written by one not Mexican, it expresses exactly and with deepest .understanding, what the Mexicans: wish to say in their many writings on the subject of the religious eonquest«-. Using this admirable. statement of man8 s inner oonsoiousness as a springboard, let us plunge Into the stream of:Indian religious adjustment as presented by modern-Mexican'writers o- ’ Present Viewpoint of the Religious f . . ; ' . ■ Reactions to. W e Conquest : With - the advent of the new rule in Mexico In 1910 came the dissociation of Church and State, and the relegation of . - ■ --> 6i Oathollcism to the background of political isportanee0 75 PerMjps,tjae iifiltfation into Mezie© of aew philosophies, , born of European/ and Anglo-Ameriean protestant ideologiess -opened the field for more objective study of the religious aspedts of the Conquest 0. The evangelization of the Indians . assumed its proper shadings of greys <, running the- scale of intensity from white to black« The various shadings can be detected in the works of Mexican writers of this generation, or century9 presenting an interesting arid profitable analysis of their opinions concerning the religious conquest 0 V It. is , upon these men that the attention of the writer is now eem= . - « :'v r ^ . ; . '■ ' Wielding a brush heary with black'pigment is,the author Henestrosa, in an article entitled MHebelion de Indies^ in hetras de Mexico0 ■ Concerning the Indians of Yucatan he writes? .V : : . , V , ' . , • Mientras los misloneros destrufan los fdolos . ' y todo rastro de las re.ligiones indigenas ^ los eneomenderos los reseataban de entr@ los eseombro's y las eenizas para detrolverlos a los indios 8 • mediinte dinerOo . " ■ . - Y twf creciendo en la mente India mna conf usion . tals, al rer que hombres de igual religion »= „ ; obraran tan opuestamente ? los unos llamando al espiritUg los otros responiendo a sus apetitasg que : - . llegaron- a ereer que ; los curas- reelamaban y :' buscaban fdolds Sblo-para que los eonquistadores pudleran aprovecharse del oro de que.estaban heehoso Porque /Si-- ellos adorabah las f Iguras, los ; - ' V - , 5 ■ • espaSaies el- ©r©' eon que las forjaban «,t o 4 G060 pbdrian" los indios ver elaros ni movers© eon : aeiertOg entre aquella- maraifa de eneontrados - . . proeederes? Mo hemos de culpar a los aborfgenes ' que llegaran- a identif iea.r; al espahol con el af ah' . ■ del ©fOg'/Si que 'recalaran en el convencimiento de que los Castellanos9 a^s tarde o mas tempran© 9 se v . volverian a sus tierras, toda vez qne el oro •> ; v aeabaria por agotarse 9 sin contar que sus dioses habfam pr-edieho q.ue la presencia de los . / extranj er os en. estoa pueblos, no pa sari a de los .'T'-p «: fteien • ^ anoSo\. ’ ' ° ' - ' %p.: : . ' ;« :p‘ \ ' p ; >■;' duandp.. [email protected].$,rid'9 -es: dedir s euando se p P pus© en dud a la - bondad de Ids dlpses er-istianosp . -P ■" , - euando la eondueia de los. espaCoies los - conveneio^’ . . : d© que no tenian otro dios que' el oro, los p: r , .P : ' : ;• indios cayeron en la idolabrfao. T eso fud" eomo ' ; p p ; salir de las brasas para eaer en las llamas; laPP. piedad eristiana exager :• \ v .t - WS1 aemisr©; de el^,^ . ; : V " . . \ - „ Son ;IiGj$ib3?eBs padrelw ■; " V.^ ' : / ’v : ' ' . " :" ’’Hom'bres somos tam'bie'E nosotroso1^^ ' : / ;At length Taetzami forsakes.his people for the Spaniards0 His love for a Spanish woman has strengthened his belief in- ' the conquerors5 religiona which he accepts without question« : To hls-trihe he has beeosie an outoasto ^ • : 6 60 Alla esta% per© ya no es mds nuestro • - Taetzanig el Predesf inadOo Ahora va- vestido de : ropa talar j,: eon eseapulario hlanco al peeho s \ en to,do pareeido a uno de nuestros hermanos - ', eoronados del puehlo de Tuito 3 a.quel que est< V I situadti al Sur del Valle d© Banderas0 Solo que : ; , no lleva en las manos la cruz de earrizos sino 1 , ■ ■; otra d© teonce j enredado a. la muE’eca un eollar : - , de esos que los hombres blanoos noinbran V . ... rosariOo . ■ ■ . /. .On a return to the village s Taetzani is greeted "by the Azquel with these words: ' / " 1 \ : . / . Hi jo del Aguila3 acuerdate de los tuyos si todavia / es tu sin©. ealentar tu euerpo ©on los benignos - - ' rayos de Tayaoppa. j volver a entrar en los . dbmlnios de tu suelo patrioi Bien es verdad que no toBBste nmioa parte en la ruda lucha libertaria de tu puebloo El adversario ;se apodero de ti y ' / te ha transformado en despreeiable vy eobard©. . iaujerzuela0 ^ »Oh,a Teeuas implacables del alto Tahapoal Tus el Predestinadoa tengo que sabert© vest ido eon los ropajes os euros de los mendigos vergonzantes.eon que el enemigo envuelve a los suffiisos O o = d .70 ■. I. . I ' / . Taetzani?s joy in his ; newfound- religion is short-lived o'; The Gran Oura has discovered, his love for the Spanish woman-' and takes it upon, himself to punish tlae body of Taetzani s scourging it until the blood flows; in deep channels a or os s the Indiana's back<, The ■superficial love whichg until this . timeg he has shown toward the lad 9 vanishes before each /whip lashg and the disdain whleh the dura as a white man holds, for the- native rises to the surfaee0 . '• / / . / : . Has delintmido contra el honor de Dios„ hermano Jos^’ Maria de Guadalupe.o Yo puedo - - : - mostrarme benign©, y miserioordloso y a.s\ lo he demostrado toda ml vidaa para eon los idSlatras : y toda la gents de tu raza suiaida en la igaoranela y ^resa en' las sombfas del demonlo0 - Her©' nnneap ■ ©yelO hlens .podre’ .serl©' para un ' here jes para un homfere que.s eonooieMo la ImZj, ' h se ha deseafriadOo . ■ : ■ „ . / The paln=raeked body of the'Indian twists and writhes beneath the fnry of the gran Ourao And them9 from his innermost be ing works forth .the native lore for mature and the eoneern for the physical well-being9 rebelling against the ascetic Spanish disdaia. for the body0 ' / ' Todo sn ser sah© .y fuerte se resist fa a aeeptaf'el dlctado dean mistxco deaden per la earne 9 asi como ag.mella mala rolnntad, aqnel prineipio profnndamente hostil hacia el cnerp© hnmanoo Bentro de 61 seBtia rebeladas toda la incdmpatlbilidad s toda la repngnaneia del hombre primitirOj, legftimamente natural; y se dijo que 61 m m a a atentarxa contra si raismo072 Ihen he regains consciousness s he flees to the mountain? - ; 0om© ana bestid primitira qn©^ de pronto, reeupera . sn libertad y hnyes Taetzani echo a eorrer hacia ...el momteo?3 :; : / . ■ The fight between pagan and Christian is ended with victory for neither opponent =, Each has left its indelible stamp mpon a being which will merer be the same0 Taetzani is/a traitor both to his native, ideology and to his acquired ; one/ proclaimed an outcast by both. There is only the voice ©£. tlae wilderness to eonsole him in his plight, so heturns tp\itSgS©litnW^ f or^as^lhm<, \ . ,v ; ; / So/Tolverxay ;tampQeoa a relntegrarse a sm. • pueblo y elertamente no porque tuxrlera presente : - y temlese la amenaaa- eondenatoria del Azquel que de sobra reoonoexa efedtiTa, sinoporque~sedaba :: euenta exacta de que im ablsmo de eoneeptos nhe'Fos lo' separaba d® I©® 8u.yos»74 ■ The keynote of the novel is contained in the one sentence advanced by Alba' Sandoiz which' sets ■ forth her stand on the subject of the Oonquest better than all other arguments0 ..; Tiyir para el propio pueblo es muchos vivir para el subymgador es nada07S ; . Having considered the opinions of Henestrosa and Alba Sandoiz on this quest ion of tlieir viewpoints of the reli gious conquestjitmight be Wise to look into the work of Ghdvez Camacho as he interprets the Taqui fight against Ohristianityi . : . - , ' gajeme, although •written as a protest against the eco nomic and political domination of the Spaniard over the Taqui, presents a • modern:writer9 s..appreciation for the good engendered by the evangelizationo He says, in the words , 76 of a Pima Indian speaking to a tribe of Taqui: - Pero un dia Uegd el "Gran Padre Blanco0 n Hos tratd como nunca yori alguno nos^habia ■ tratadOtt Hos quiso y, lo quisimos o 331 hos organize y nos enseho a vivir mejor0 T nos . hizo saber que despues de la muerte hay otra - vida,. donde habremos de recibir lo que nos • corresponda segtfii hayamqs vivid o en la tierra0. Con el wCran Padre Blanco” erecimos,.fundand© ■pueblos y ciudades, aIgunas de las cuales ya no - pertenecen a.MexicOo ’ i- ;.,i • / . . 82 " :' ;'ijaeira^ somds Ma." triW :hiiB£Me que vive de' . / v im gran reeuerdo0 Y $ eomoustedesg sufrimos las ; ve jaoiones de log yaris077 - ; . _ ■ Perez Martinet 8 In his novel CmaiahtemQe „ looks at the ' religious as.peots oi* the eonquest from the more objective, milltaristie poiht of iriew0 He attributed to Gortes the slj=> ' ue ^ reason dne him as the leader of the rugged ; Spanish army and the oonqueror ef an entire people. - - .Gorteshahil politico, sabia que la ' . eonTersidh del•iddlatra a la fe cristiana era una arma tan efiea'z para lograr el sometimiento d© - ' los ind.ios$ oomo el area "buz 3 la ballesta olos bergantineSo No era lo primordial la ereeneia . en su sdlo diosp sino la reeeta para alcanzarlo ' lo que importaba con apremior el perdSh de"las : ofensaSg la eontemplaoion del dolor humano eomo una medide. para ezaltar la humildads la vida de saerifioio j priraeiones; ello ayudarfa en la grande obra aeometida, porque estas predieas quitarian al indigena los arrestos de orgullOg : la sed de irenganza ? el desea del desquite o7S Perez Eartlnez9 is a eause and effeet study which recognizes the•speial aspects:as they fit into the entire factual pic ture o . V . . ■ , V . Our presentation of'todayrs interpretation of the re ligious aspects of the Conquest has run the intensity scale from black through white0 Although many Mexicans censor their forebears for the harsh manner in which Christianity was Imposed upon the native, many others defend the Spanish missionary for"the good which came from his hand0 Belonging : to. the. latter category, is lose TasconeeloSo. " Be ha aeusado a los misioneros de que destruyeron los monumentos del arte indigena y , . g . ■. de que ext ir par on las tradieionesg las ereenoias " 83 , i@i pmefei© YeaeMOi, Si mueho destruyo la..L ' , ' millela ignorante y el fanatism© estreeho/ todo ’ lo q.ue. se salvo lo salvaron los predieadores0 79 • A ;logieal: follow-up to the above seation would require a brief mention of the■extent to whieh the pagan religion Is still observed, ^b^ ^Mexleans todayo , ; v A glance at Mexioan newspapers is enough to eonviee the japst skeptical person that the. cult of Quetzaleoatl is still Agoing strongly” in that country0 Illustrations9 stories,. aneGdotes-==all reflect a.• bit. Of the - pagan; spirit 0 liven the Mexican preoccupation with death is a carry-over from the Ante© religion o Should one put down the newspaper and walk oyer to the window^ he would surely see silhouetted against the blue Mexican sky the tower of some cathedrals, erected by loving Indian.hands in the days when the Conquest was just ■ completing ’itselfo And in the baroque carvings of the brown saints g he would see the touch • of the native culture, /inter-= mingled:with that of the Spanish0 oUna especie de tradiciOn iadfgena esotdfica que afe aeeptando las exteriorldades del culto . cristiano mantiene cierta- profunda corriente . ; religiose locale8° . ' i ; " - i: • . - .t ' ' On special church days 9' the Mexican Indians „ / / 1 • h debian adornar los exterlores y los altares de - la mnzanillawy menudos girasoles del campOo Gen ellas debian adornar los exterlores yllos altares.de la vieja cap ilia erigida por los ' primeros frailes dominicanos pooo. 84 •Hardly a Mexican festival exists which is not colored hy the hues of both the native and Spanish religions» Then the streets are>-de6ked with the gay cloth and paper decora tions,, while the people dance in' wild ecstasy 3 ■ sonhding the hatire instrumentsi with' a breath laden with the odor of ha- : gnilla or pml(ihe,o i ;:n . y . •: yfrente a mn templO; batolieo bailan todama , : imestros indios sus danzaspaganaso^^ lAmong the Opata tribe there is a festival which is called . . . 83 ■ t:-., ... . '"»o o; y a la propia fiesta' de la cual es el numero , central la nombran de la mism. manera6 .; ' Bole una vez al ano se celebra s y con ella ' : conmemoran la, fecha en que los opatas fraternizaron . w ycon los espanolesoy ‘ : T' •; ----Los . eonquistadores reeogieron la .danza de ' entre las costombres 6patass y la elevaron de eondicion al instituirla como prenda de buena 'fe - : . . , : : - - Often a Very serious note underlies the native fiesta, especi ally among the Taqui and the Tzotzil tribeso The latter celebrate the Q,uin=tajimoHie, meaning a carnival or festival of the Tsotzil people 0 - ;• v- En medio de esta torturante, confusion la sorprendierdn las grandes fiestas del wquin~ - ; tajimoltic g * euya solemnidad y resonancia trastornan el ritmo normal de la existencia de > '• la tribm t z o t z i l •; Eer. the quin-tajimoltlcthree men are elected to be the actors in the ensuing; dramatization«- They also - are the presi dents who regulate the activities and keep order In the ©rgy0 v i. la - vea q.ne presidentess estos tres sujetos ' ' ' son actores prominentes en-las farsas que lo . V amenIzan3 puesrepresentan a otros tantos ipersosaJes - de. la historla © la leyenda g.ues por lo q.ue s@ inf iere de sms vestimentas , 8on dona :: Malinohe 3 mn:oonqmiatador espaSol que se smpone : sea Gortes y mn alt© dignatario: indio d@ la epoea :. -; de aqmellos c S5 : \ d;- ... i / v ' :Tlie Yaqui s too9 lia're their serioms religious eelehrationo Armando Chavez Gamaoho describes it in the following manner in his novel about the Yaqui struggle for independence„ - Bfa de f iestao " L ; . v 'Para los Indfgemas, la mas solemnede todaSg oomo que es en honor de Muestra Senora del Gamine«. ; ' • Guriosa mezela de cristianismo y pagania c ^6 - - _ A description of the dance follows 9 and then an interesting footnote by the author explains: :• ' . : . . V, Se'cree que este bails9 originalmenteg eiitranaba una shtira para ©ensurar y ridieulizar . los yieios y los ©ostumbres de los yoris0&7 ' iSaoh: .©ountry or religion in the world has its own funeral ceremonies which are re-enacted at each passing of a being from.this eartho For. Perez Martinez 3 the funeral"process : has this signlf icance: ; , .1.: . ; ■-I . . - Huestro despreci© per la vida es la forma :en ■ que major se expressnuestro amor por ella0 El - cult© que rendimos a nuestros muertos no tiene un sentido eristianos ellos. viven a1ma estdn : presentes» se mzelan:y alientan eon nosotros eoao : "alentaron "y viyierdn. antaSo' nutrlendo- la; comnovida aventura de los dioses de piedra <, SS %- And Perez Martinez, a noted "author» is- speaking for the Mex».: loan people in their entirety* 86 -: Ameiag a specific tribe "-the Tagui-^the In seeula ; seoulofma is intoned over the "body of the deceased . while busy hands place food and Water'in the grave to aid the : i:. ;t: ,: ■■■ :A-- . - ' 89 -v ' " . . spirit on its journey to *eaven" ot- td the devil*-; - / : Ohristianitys, to the Indian, is a simple theology0 His- • illiterate and Tmefercised mind mnst irednce the Christian concepts- to their most elementary form in order to be able to assimilate them* His ears sort out what his eyes cannot : read* ;ihile he is Christian, he follows avidly the Christian practieesi but when his invocations to the white man9s God bring no response, he will turn readily to the gods of his ancestors for consoiat ion o' . Aeaso hubiera algun dios ofendido que " - tratase de manifestarle a la tribu de esa manera . ;; su Indignacidn*;' ' -' t - : , X bajaron al templo de Ban Juan Ghamula en largas peregrinaeiones, para adoraarlo eon frescos ; eargamentos de flores silvestres, llevarle. ofrendas al saeerdote eristiano y pedirle oonsejo9 .;que el no les supo dar o * . <, : : . Ouando apareeio un cuarto borrego muerto9 ; desesperados de la inutilidad de sus invoeaeiones- ' crisfianas, deeidieron subir hasta. la emabre del' monte sagrado de fzontehuitz, temiendo que fueran sus antiguas deidades las ©fendidas, oIoo98 Sometimes he cannot distinguish clearly between the two reli gions, their- having become so intermingled in his thoughts0 X huy© por el pinar abajo, hasta donde eneontrS unas eruces solitariess para humillarse ante ellas y enmatar s e de spues en unas malezas, ■ - ' llorahdole al Bios eristiano y a sus deidades paganas la- honda .eonsisteneia de su vergohsante pena*;91 V''f :l/: ; ; :• .. ■ -.'I .Having been taught by the first missionaries to re- speet.teh utilize the sheep for its wool9 the fzotziles gradually carae to feel that the shedding:of the- blood of a , sheep ■■•was'-'a sin against ’Christianity - in general. and; against' ■ Saint Matthew in particularo They were therefore aghast when ■ they learned that the plantation priests in the distant Til lage watched the butehering' of lambs and sheep with no emo tion. Evidently Christianity was something far bigger than . they had ever realized: : ‘y : - ■ ' " • . ; - : . . Bln duda,' estos sacerdotes no debran ser " -/ : eomo Ips qii-e administraban las humildes iglesias _ d'e sus’ pueblos9 que jamas los ©fender£an ■ , ' probando earne de borreguitOo Per o' a juzgar por- sus:sermones y rituales ? representaban a la misma ■ alta voluntad divinao. Ellos despues de todo9 podia servirle de : ■ oonsuelo. a los remilgos r-eligiosos de su r QOneieneiay: y evitarle la neeesidad de sentirse ; saerllego ante Ban Mateo 3 quo era el mas elevado 'J • patriarea’bibiieo de su retorcida devocion oristianao92 y . - ;:: V i. : .:,o ; V The attempt of a Taqui to explain the death of Jesus gave the following result: : ■ . ■ Paha Si todo se redujo a esto:' que a Oristo/. el M s bueno de los yoris que ha habido j lo mtaron los yoris sane or a s. Todas las eonversaelones son de indole . ; religidsa3 como permeadas por el influjo de la , - yirgen del BaminOo^l ; . ■ •. ^ ' \ ■ At • the -close of the last century there .was a, series of explosions in the region of the Hid Taqui which culminated : in 1880 with the uprising of Gajeme» This leader tried to consolidate the. Taqui and related tribes under one banner 88 $o resist better the. policy of extermination which Porfirio was dire^ thQm„ Ahoht /JoM Mar.m; Leyva (Cajeme), the novelist Ghavez' GsinaehoV.writest ; Bos de las.^ms esenoiales oaiaoterfstieas - de sti raza s en: el se enearti.a"baat el vigor f fsieo , y la gran energia moral. 95 . : . ::h,. As the Sexiean soldiers eondueted their: search for the Taq.nl chieftain, Gajeme travelled the hack paths eluding them„ and set mp fort if i cat ions. - - t :: . ' \ Bif rase" qne' aqnel: espeetr©' q.ue vagaba no era ’ ■ OajemeV ni el ©spectre de 0ajeffle5 sino el espectro / del, Taqni » 96 ; ; : ■ . ; v While maintaining many of their autochthonous habits, the Taq,uis had adopted Christianity and the Mexican govern ments Therefore 9 at the time of. the armed resistance s. con.™ flicting:currents•naturally deEeiopedo The figure of Cajeme epitomized the conflict<> The .active, military resistance be~ gan8 and'the General Gajeme fortified M s stronghold against the Tori & 'y -: y .v -. " i; ' v-:; • i-v; ' /; y_;' • .Alii transported el Generalfsimo todas las exiatenGlas disponlbles de granos y ganados s y para mejor arrastrar hacia tal sitio a los remisos, . hizo llevar les gantos de las Iglesias. el mS.s . . alto motive de veneracidn d.e la tribUo 97 At the same time that this show of allegiance to the Chris™ tian. faith is'taking places the initiation pledge of a sol™ dier in the army of the Yaqui is being given in another part of . the encampment, ^ ^ . el puesto que se te designe3 allf v : .. tBe4aras para, la defensa de tu naoiozig d@ tu .pueDl'Q.y' de tu, raza9, de tus eostumbres, de tu ;;:; v : v - ; : ; ./v;: v / ' v , ; ; ; . ;.7 >: ..;7; :., Bntonees otro ekpitaa s aotuando cpmo, padrino 9 Wtpoii& sms manes sobre^los hombros de alii jadeV. saeaba* de su eareaj>, unas de aguila y eon ellas ieprasgaba la piel.en el peeho9 la espalda.y los muslos:o '■ ' \ ,- Ituego le entregaban las insignias mill tares! un penacho de pltimas con su piel de eoyote0 98 . It has been said that the strength of Catholicism in the dfew Wonld had - at. its base the flexibility of the religion0 That it allowed the natives to simplify the;doctrines,. that i_ it adapted to the needs of the Indians in some eases is part of the flexibilityo But evidence shows 'otherwise0 The reli= . gion was not flexible enough to save the native culture, nor to spare the Indians the suffering and evils which they en~ dured at the hands of the Chureh0 . ' ,' Having, undertaken the discus sion. of ■this seetion on -re^ ■ ligibn with a q u o t a t i o n from F>8oC0 Northrops it is approprl- ate to turn to him for the conclusion: . . , i o.y Only a merging of civilizations which proceeds from the knowledge and appreciation of the diverse ideals and values of all parties to the undertaking ■ can escape evils so terrible and; extreme as these ) wrought by the Christian reiigibn in Mexico» ... ;■ . Fortunately, its destruction of Indian values was not complete. Certain fragments- of the native : : insight $ especially in the aesthetic sphere j, per- sistedo:. -To these were.'added certain superior, more :humane feligious practices of worship and the ' ecclesiastical^ architectural forms which the . ' ; ;. Ghristlan Spaniards brought. The product was a , ■ , . ■ 90 .seeoni culture in Mexico^ termed the Spanish . ■ colonial„:which g in copying Europe y added Indian elements that sake it something precious and unigge, It must be emphasized also that even when the l^ the Spaniards, by following . them, in their language, architecture:;, and religion, they did this at most points with a spontaneous rand free movement of their spirits, as the care and devotion which they gave to the building of the Catholic churches in Mexico unequivocally indi= ; eate<,99l . - . i ‘ f v : :- -;-\ : om?Tm lirtvV ; " :, ' - : r o m m m T iMiSKZCGi&Bi jREiGasiZEaasr o# S 3 D w TEE g o n q u i -s t - ■ ' ' ' - ' Status .of the Indio . : ' "/■ " • ;: ^ : A glance at the character of the indio might be propi= ttous hefore a discussion of the status of the .indio is under= takeno ' How much, in the passing of the centuries5 has: the . native personality ohangedt :The understanding of the intan™ gihle character of a race has tantalized, thinkers since : v: time *s "beginning, and it is no easier to comprehend the In= \ dian charactero-' fhe indigenistas have for some years pur-. ; sued the elusive character of the Mexican Indian as it . slipped airay from them in the. marshy . lowlands of Yucatan or on the volcanic highlands of the •plateaui/ Gontemporary aft : has found; it in the natiye.uareas, spreading itself on the ■ Indian canvas, Contemporary literature has found it in the • novels and poetry of the;pure-hiooded native o , . • ; ; /Pessimism and melancholy have always been a part of the.' native make-up« Heightened by’ the Conquest, this feeling ' ^ permeates the literature of Mezi00" today „ It is the aire- . indio to which Picdh-Salas :refers0 Even in out-of-the-way -• phrases one can find allusions to this spirit0 Er.om a lit- erary criticism concerning the- poet Hrbina comes the fol™ ' . lowing A ;. I - } v ; ' : i:/.: ; : 92 " Tiembla @m am alma la vie ja d#l, ■:f4ol<52?. aaeestral. de. su 2?agao2 ■ ' : ,v : V:: ; In ion to pessimism and melaneholy is the humbleness . :whioh is another feature of the native oharaeferc .' :: - Felipe, no; pare 01a eapazs a primer a vista detU'.'. ' realizaf hingtma oosa extraordinaria 0 Tenia esa v ; , aparieneia hum!Me de todos los indios de la > ■ A' ;;i:a.ltiplanieie.:mjieanao3- i. , t i-. Reheilioh has fermented in the humble heart of the In dian down through the centuries of Spanish domination0' It - has.manifested, itself /both openly and passively0 Active ■ : warfare has necessitated the calling out of troops at times /to subdue the 'rehellion; but the most part, the. rebel lion has been held .within the Indian8 drivinghim to the / ; stimulant of drink and tobadeo in his attempt to escape from ; the’realitya. Among the ft©tzIles of Mexieo thene-is a ©ele- ’ bration which has as its end the state of Gomplete drunken /stupor/ \ ; . . • / ■ ; ' - / :.-; - //■ ’/ . 00 o T s al eabo 3- la "ba canal continuap' Esta, liega a adqulrir earacteres espeluznantesa . : / y no es -nada remote ; que degenere : eh feroces ;-/■■■■ /■: • pendencias9 pues aparte -de lo eozmfnmente irritable ; gue es de suyo el temperamento de los indios/ las f uertes bebidas ylngeridas y el .-mlsmo inf ernal - - - - : tabaduill© que eontinuamente mastiean para A adq.uirir un vigor qu.e entonces les re sulfa : superfluOg los exeitan d® tal inanera que 9 a la . primer/rencilla/. se desmandanp^ ,;// /' As to the feeling of rebelliong Sanchez says: - r . ..Lo que no dice ninguna de los detractor©s /■ involuntarioS j . y.s sin embargo/ sistematieos. de .1© /Indio; y mestizos, es que bajo la violencia. barbara ; .0 ;.pagana9 ferment aban vie jos r encores provo cad os por la dureza con que el bianco ejercio nu • • ; dominioo5 "/; :;//;■' .:i: ' ' ■ ',/ /•./■ /■■ •■/•■/■,■-//■■■ • /-■/./ . , / Today the Indian Garries a . 'burden on his personality, whieh ©an he attributed to his Miserable eeonomic situations : for the most .part 0: However s - mueh of the burden was laid up-' :■ 'oh.him-by the Oonguest;,,. ; r ■ ; < ' v . 1, ':;d : , ; : .117-indio. eonteMporaneo> -:Pongo por oaso, v • revelara seme janzas de rasgos f isiees oon sus. ’ - ;; :7' : antepasados precoloinbianos? »= = pero la ; : r: - . .IndioBinefaGia del indio Be ha modificado radiealmente. eon el adyenimiente de la cult nr a .. europea'o© ■ ■ • ' ; Mirrored in the eyes of each indio is the resignation to the ■ yoke whieh the Spaniards so long ago laid upon hiii| and mir rored there also is the accumulation of wisdom which is the ‘ heritage Of his. racev r ■ : . • . . • ; ■ : - iMi eomphhero aemaulaba en su mente la 1 ezperienoia ancestral» la sabidurfa -de su" raza 1.: tua' snpo eontar; el tiemp© major que ninguh ©fro ; ; r pueblo="”Sabidnrla aquilatada por una ela.ra . inteligencia y por el.constant© contact© ©on las . : fuerzas de la naturalezao? , ./ i ; 000 abismos contenidos en la puplla del hombre rojo' du’e sup© tanto9 haoe t ant os miles de e&os y , ahera parece hue se ha olvidado de todo>' Se pare©© su alma al viejo eenote mayas de agues' .' yerdes 9 profundas s inmoviles 9 en el eentro, del. ; bosquey desde haee tantos siglos a que ya hi su ■ .leyenda perdura:,® ' :, - \ ; h nace of 'great: potentialities 9 the Indians have been recognized only recently by their fellow-countrymen0 Their predominant need at present is eeonomie betterment in con junction M t h ; education, ' ' : > ;. : ; Io o dne tanto neeeslta de la educaeidn el indio, : . Como el mestizo que lo rodea y el sistema de ' confereneias da encelentes resultadosi al indio s v... para ineulcarle animo y enseharle a defender sus 1 • ' dereohos | al Mestizo j- para' despertar simpatia por - : ' ' la raza indigene y ensenarle a 'ser humanitarlo y a oomprender el porvemlr ^ la grand©za de sa patria^ demandan la plena- ineorporaeion a la naeionalidad de esos millones. de: seres:, ouya olara intellgeneim y maravillosa dispGslcidn para j v : la. marnafaetura y para el arte 8 se embotan en la aetualidad en el'fango del ale olio 11 sme, la .. , mlsepla- y la enfermedad<,9 ■ - v.. I. : 1 : -Rather than a bridge ©f understanding between the Span- liandrand. tha $ ■ the mestizo often has served as a : - ■: eanyan of1- ©dnfliet^. His presende might be of great help in furthering good relations between his two brother- s, if he eould bring himself to support either- side. However, his eeonomie position requires that allegiance be given to the side whidh fnrnishes him with his meal ticket, namely, the ' w@Il“t©‘=d©8 educated white0 At the same time, he is.forced. by. an inward: compulsion to place the pure Indian in an un= . favorable eomparison o But rather than ameliorate his own situation, the mestizo-, is only complicating matters' for the three parties concerned= v . From the native point of view, the mestizo is as much - an enemy as the white man. The Indian is accustomed to hearing slander and criticism from mestizo lips as he pur sues his goal of meager -. existence @: If he can . expect no assistance from his half-brother, how can the Indian believe that help oah come from' his centufies-old enemy,; the white The situatloh looks dreary for the native,;for the above statements apply to the majority of the Mexicans =- Yet the minority is making itself heard with increasing force= % e jadigeiiista movememt; has grown steadily^ like a snow° ball itiiieb aeemimlates size as it picks up a ■ following, on its lowubill courseo f Many thinkerss■ Mexican and South. Amer- iean9: hay© interested themselves in the status of the Indian. I&tny educators have -attempted to bring literacy to the iso lated native. -,,Jaad these educators and thinkers are nativea mestizo $, and. white themselves'o They realize that to be strong^ Mexico must rid itself of the: plague which has con tinued to infect it ever since the Conquest0 With under standing as their medium and the pen as their toolg the writers have attacked the disease, . Shat their f indings have . beeng what remedies they have prescribed,' are presented be low. The best approach to,, the -problem would seem to be to - : offer the respective views of each author interested in this g.uestlonv . ' - _ • The classic novel on this subject is El Indio, written by Cregorie Ldpez y Fuentes in 1935 = For it he won the Na tional Prize in Literature. He pits his-protagonist, la ' - fribu nahoa, against the outside world of white and mestizo dpmination with perspicacity,-with kindly understanding. ; The setting for the novel is as follows ilhite strangers., eyes gleaming for gold, came- to the mountain village on a pretense of selling wares and looking for curative herbsi The village appeared deserted until an old man came forward to satiate his euribsity and to satisfy 96 : their ,req;iies'b -for water0 1 ;;; ' . v- I.© preguiito quienes eran sus amos 9 quS bmseaban s para ddnde i'ban y si aGaBo no perteneefan a quienes ; /'e-ii; btras ocasiones les 'aausaran muehos maleSoiQ : -r Not wahting to rash itto the subject of the hiddengoid3 the; 'interpreter chatted a bit and appeared to be interested in . the trib©;and the reason for-its isolation in the;back conn- - : try ot the mountains. - ^ : ; ' : . El viejo dice que la tribu no tiene jraehos v- a£bs aqufo Sus abuelos, que eran muy poderososy /b Tivieron. en el valle s donde seSbrearon a otros b pueblos^ Huyendo de los blaneos 9 que los^ ' perseguian 2 _dejaron las tierras buehas de los . Talles por ^stas ique^ aanqne ingratas$, le ■■ ©freeen mas proteccibholl Soon the anxiety to begin the search for the precious metal overcame the momentary interest the white strangers might . have felt for the tribe.. Plunging into, the business at hand they presented a request to the old man of the tribe for a guide to aid them in their search for "medicinal plants„n The old man knew that they were lying and tried to resist3 but the unintelligibie:black.marks, on the hypnotizing white of the paper made him realize that an horder15 was given him0 El antigua temor„ almacenado al cbrrer de ; los; slglos de ^sumisiong hizo que el viejo hablara, - ' b; por -fin« o o 0 ei era sabedor _ de las Gonsecueneias que para sm raza hatenido siempre ©In© atender b; _ una'©rden0l2 ; • ■■■b. -b-, - The old man asked for time to pick the guide^ and after nightfall he called an assembly of the tribe for the purpose of deciding a course of action to be followed„ It was. a serious matter==this obedience to the written order, lost 97 were ©f the that the tribe should eomply with the white men's wishes and furnish the guide. Others felt that it would be subjecting the guide to too much danger to allow him to go along into the forest with the strangers. Bubo airadas ©hjeetoneSs de parte de los menos viejos, dloiendo due no era de accederse, sino due mas : bien deberian ser Hamados todos los hombres y darles muerte a los coyomes, es decir, a los - blancos 0- Otro de los exaltados expreso eon ira - due. cuantos extranjeros pisaban el lugar sol© era paru .eausarles dafiioS j* a pesar de due ellos siempre ’ los habfan tratado hospitalariamente y hasta con . . . .' respetOo Al. viejo solo se le. conoefa ©1 violento estado de dnimo, p©r el sentido de sus palabras y por un ligero ^temblor de. las manos, per due su •oara .permaneeia _ tan inalterable como la de un Idol© de teiontieo . ■ . . P A pesar de todo;s se impuso la. orden es.erita en el pap el, El rods Tie jo hizocon palabras i . pu : : ' tranduilas el relato.de los pasados sufrimientoss . - de las fugas por la montana3. de los ahhs de -. . r hambref todo porque la tribuhabia desobedeeido.y proTocado el ©Bo jo de lbs blahcos, T se edhriho1 .. v.:. en proporeionar un guia para que los forasteros reeorrieran los-monteso t ; B : i. : y: ip' l-P:.: w Eue designado un joven. que por su estatura, eonformaeidh; y air® de altiwez, era un digno Yestigio de una raza que fuSgrande y fuerte0^3 The tottering peace.between the strangers and the tribe rapidly crumbled when " one of. the white man was- hit by a - stone and.killed0 There had been justification for the act9 but the men from the Talley would neTer listen to an explana tion when, that explanation came from the Indian, - Around the old man the frightened tribal members gathered, PEI Yiejo dijo due, adh euando la razdn ' - estaba de parte de la rancherfa, los del pueblo iban a cobrarse la-Tenganza, Como en otras , , ocaslones s la muerte del bianco serla el pretext© para aniduilarlos, para despojarlos, Bxplieo que era llegaa.o uaa nmeva epoea de sufrimientQs de la que s6lo podrfan librarse si presentaba una aoeicfn eonjunta toda la tribu, oomo eonjmitohabia sido el castigo aplieado al - blaneOo»oo . "V Y aoabd por expresar su plan&e . eaapa'Ea t o o = ■ refugiarse, en los montes, eomo en pasadas epoeas de perseeueiones; que siempre han saoiado sms ' odios aliamdose aon los forasteriosj y jmtismo V absoInto por parte"dequienes oayeron en manos - de los blanoos > o o o V : ' - Al amanecer fueron los ancianos los qme desfilaron$ despues de haber pasadb la noclie reunidos 9 lamentando las interminables tribulaeiones de la razao2.4 . ■ en word of the tribal notion had reached the valley* a posse had been organized to go into the momntalns and sab- dae and panish the wayward Indians. Among the posse were ■ three men who represented the. white man 5s world==el seeretario.c el presidentsa and el proYesbr. As they stood in thecenter of the vacated town* they began to discass the prdblem of the" Indian in:the mestizo-white system of life0 - • 1' . - El secretariOg que pareeia no resignado a qae s@ le arrancara del paeblo donde a esa hora: acostambrara jagar al hiliar ? comenzd a decir que los indigenas son i'nsabordinados * holganzanes* borraehosy, ladrones 0 El presidehte * hombre de las mismas ideas, agrego que los natarales son an verdadero lasfre para @1 pals» — %De qaS sirven si son refraetarios a todo progress? |San heeh© bien los hombres progresistas ■ y practices de ©tros parses, al exterminarlos? ° Raza inferiorI ;Si el gobierno del centre me aatorizara, yo entrarfa a sangre y faego en todos los ranchos, matando a todos, comb se mata a los animales salvages! •; ; 11 profesor, reeostado contra el tronco del arbolillb, habfa oidb con paciencia todos los desahegos <, Oomenzo a decir ? . ^ 99 -~=-Fues 9 jo opimo de di stint a manera „ Sobre . ©sta euestion de loa naturalsshay muohas tests= ooo Unos oreenque esneoesario colonizaroon raza blanea los oentros mas oompactos de indigenasp para lograr la ertizao Los partidarios de-esta medida se fund an en q.ue d© esa eruza hemps salido BosptroSg los mestfzoSp qu@ somos el factor irfs important© j progresistao Hacer com ellos 1© misao que eon los animales deseastadoss eruzarlos . eon ejemplares superioreso oop Otros eonsideran que el problema puede ser resuelto por medio de la 'eseuela0. Funder eseuelas pop todas partes0 T hasta se ha dieho que ya se ha logrado mueho, pero-es que en la etudad se eonfundeg en la sola paiabra "eampesinOgi? al Indio y al mestizo 3 sin •pensar que §ste8 pop su lengua y por- su inelinajcion, estS eon nosotrbs, mientras que a quel esta mas alia de una fuerte barrera, la del idioma ; y sus tpadieloneso v " 31. aloalde refuto: ' " ' d':: o o oBe no extermiharsele-3:;..es necesar iode jarlo en el estado en que se hallas tpabajando para los : que ffsiea e inteleetualmente somos super!oresoooo The professor answered the presidents • ' • =«=3i heeho de que: hayan huido a lo mas abrupto de la sierragdemuestra que no nos tienen .d eonfianzas ooo = ' Bsa es" la verdad: nos tienen una ' profunda deseonfianza almacenada en siglos„ Siempre ’ log hemos engaSado y ahora no creen irSs que en su desgpacia6 In eada un© de nosotros ven.un verdug©0 o o o Ouando ellos ©pan libres vivieron donde no.sotros vivlmos ahora o A medida que se leg explPtd y se . les enga^o fueron sublendo por la sierra9 como si huyeran de una inundaei6n5 hasta llegar donde creen que nosotros 8 heehos a la holganza9 no podemos 'llegar1 -Y ;su teorfaf Mi teorfa radica en eso preeisamentea en' reintegrarles la eonfianzao iColao? A fuerza de obras ben€fieaSo pues, por fortune, el indio es agradeeido ^ o o o o J-5 810.726 Tlie words of the professor echoed away in the heavy silence whleh followed his spoken thoughts 0 The first to express a spirit of change Was the president 8 and this change was noted by the secretary* ; - % Wo puedo mends qtie extranarme del eambio registrado en ustedj,. sehbr alcalde,, solo por las • palabras del profesori oTambien usted habla ya de la razEs, de nuestra razal %Berd la de usted, porque yo notengo nada de ellaS ^Bohde estah las caracterfsticas de esa raza? |Son tribus! \S£} seSor, tfIbus.aisladas, aunque numerosasI ' . ' And the:professor had’an answer for the secretary? .o>-o la^ raza, . eon;:sus tradieioi^s;, tal vez desvirtuadas, eon sus rasgos' fisBiidmicos, con sus eostmabres y:oon su espirltu, atihque un mucho debilitado por la servidumbre y el tutelage explotador, . existe y s6lo le falta qua se la ;; V.h. ■ redltiiav ■ : . ' h " ■ . h' . ; o 0 o Deseendientes de tin solo^troneo: una raza, . • aunque hablan distintas lenguaSoTo - - o»» Sntre si, podran estar divididos, pero . ante nosotros siempre' estarah juntos t ' The secretary countered: % ; ■ . , - — ~Pues la hlstoria de la conqnista dice otra v eosa o ’ Los me jores aliados de los oonquiStadores ftieron los hativos laismos, contra sus hermanosl ^-“Sso ful otra ©osa, como ftieron distintas las eireunstancias o 17 At long last a truce •was agreed upon: between the natives and the townspeople, and the Indians began, to move back into their village from their hiding plaoes on the heightsc : Ese" mlsmo dia comenzaron a regresar a sus .casas, ho sin sahumarlas previamente con copal, para afro jar"de ellas los:malos espfritus que se •htibieran posesionado durante la prolongada atiseneia de-los moradoresoi^ 101 With the eoQperatlon of those interested in the problem of introdneing the Indian to the modern world in whieh he lived, the professor made plans for the education of the tribesmeno The old. men of the village appeared skepfieal when informed of. the plans he had in store for themo - ^El maestro, al ordenar sus programas de ensenanga, pensaba, mds bien, .en ordenar sns programas sooialeSq ■ / / El maestro explied a su.manera el espiritu - ■ - de las nuevas leyeSo Y, para^infundir confianza a- los snyos, les dijo que los mas altos funeionarios del gobierno estaban por salvar a los-oampesinos todos, espeeialmente a los indigenes, =10=^-9 The professor was of the opinion that . p . .;; ;;■ las carreteras jsnseS’an el idioma, me jor que la . ‘ escuela; de spue’s el maestro, pero. elmaestro que oonozea las eostumbres y el sentir del indlo, mo ' el que venga a ensenar eomo si enseftara a los w blancoso^O f t ■ pyp — p' - .f-p p,pp.p ' rip- . v. ; By the time of the writing of El Indio, the indigenista movement was beginning to penetrate into a few recesses of the governmental buildings of Mexico Action was taken for the education of the- illiterateo It was realized, however, that in order to present even the barest outlines of. a for- - eign language and culture to the bewildered Indian tribes, a sort of social understanding must be developed first, for these backward peoples were still living in the shadow of the Spanish Conquest of the 16th century.* Persecution and domination by the white and mestizo were all they had known of the outside world, and fear of the:enemy was instilled in them from generation to;generation* The particular village 102 wlth 'whish Lcapez y Fuentes concerns himself in this novel is one of the most isolated:" of the. native settlements0 It has managed through.retreat into the uninhabited/wilderness to retain Its stamp, of individuality and $ in a way9 to repel the eivillzed worlds whleh it feels is seeking to do itharfflo . La difer.encia esta en los niveles de las v rancherfas; entre log oriollos.y los indios media ; el panie.o tradieional. sembrado' per las perseeueiones / y la explotaeidn9 algo asf eomo el termdhetro de la . desoonfianzao^l * 1/ . . " Ignacio Altamirano was not interested so much In the In dians of the isolated tribes as he was.in those natives Who " mixed daily with the white and mestizo populations in the • metropdlitan. areas - ©r the. small rural . towns<, A pure-blobded: Indian himself , Altaairano naturally 'was concerned about the struggle pf the native to make a place for himself.In the v-/ social strata of the community. Aeeordingly he projected his own;feelings, into his defense' of the Indian by assOGiating / himself with the protagouist of his novels. It is believed / . that In the novel Olemencla., the .heroe Fernando Valle repre sents the authorj, bbth as to appearance and psyeholbgyo : . Valle era un muchaeho. de veintieinco a nos :/■ oomo Vlores ^ pero de cuerpo raquftieo y endeble; more no', pero fampoeo de ese moreno agradable de los espaholes ,ni de '-ese moreno os euro de los . : mestizos s sino de ese color palid© y enfermizo • que revela o una enfermedad crdniea o Costumbres ' ; desordenadas o. . lenia ojos pardos y regulares, nariz. un poo© aguilena, bigote pequeno y negro, eate1los lacios, / oseuros ycortos, manos flacas y tremulas. Su "booa regular tenjfa a veces un pllegue que daba . • a su semblante un aire de altivez desdeSbsa que . ofendfa, que haefa aalp22 Throughout the hovel there is a thread of sympathy and under standing woven - about Valle s indieating that:the author -wishes to support the side of the nativee His throbbing•theme ask ing for equality of recognition for the races appears over and over in the dialogue of the characters of his novels and in his descriptions of the Characters0 ' ’ v ' ' In El Zareo <, Alt amir ano openly supported. Nicholas s whom - he stated to be of Indian blood= Again the h^roe is the pro totype of the author and very much the underdog in the plot Situation <, ■ - A ' . . : ; ^ioholaS was.an-IndiahibiaGksmith in-the small town in which the mestizo Manuela and. her mother livedo His deep love for Manuela was approved and encouraged by the mother, - yet Manuela. ref ms ed- to accept him be cause t he was: an Indian s : a blacksmith> and. a prosaic.: person* While Filar s her girl ■ friend9 suffered a secret love for Nicholass Manuela de- .. voted her affection.to.the romantic bandit,"El Zarco, and ; eloped with him to his dirty and .unromahtie mountain strong- \ - ■hold* - There she heard praise accorded Nicholas by one' of the■bandit women* . ooo aunque le hablare a usted franeamente, ninguno ■ de ellos valia nada en comparacidn de don Nieho.lds el herrerOo El, el"pobreeito es triguetfito, es feo, es desairado, com© indio que es, y artesamo, pero dieen .que es muy trabajador, que tieme ya su dihero y que le quieren muchOo23 104 Her mother also hah praised, Hleholas to her. ■ \ No 3 °nunoa9. mama I inter rump id” "bruseamente Manuelag ■*=>»«* estoy deeidida; no me easare aunoa eon , ese indio horrible a quien no puedo ver "0«, Me ehoea de una manera espanta9 no puedo aguantar su presenoia. — Preflero oualquier eosa a juntarme eon ese hombreo " ' : , - - ■ ==Prefier0 a los platead©s9:; ==«=amadld' G#m - altanera resoluei<5n0 dijo la madre, arrojamdo su eostura8 indignada 9 •==-= ^prefieres a los plateadosf Pues mira bien lo que diees9 porque si no quiere® easarte honradamente eon un muohacho que es un grano de oro de honradeZg y,que podrla haeerte diehosa y respetadag ...o ^4 . < As in 81@meneias the Indian is more noble in aetion and sentiment than the mestizo or oriollo, and therefore worthy ■ . ©f the praise and def en ^ aeoorded himQ "i/-- - Hieolas o'. , era un joven triguenos eon el tipo indigena. bien rnar-eado s o0 , Se eonoefa que era un indio; perono un Indio abyeoto yservll ■ sin© un hombre eultos embelleeid© por el trabajo y que ten£a la eonoieneia de su fuerza y de su. valero25 . - - - : The mestizo bandid leader,.El Zaroos molded his thoughts to the traditional manner of thinking in regards to the Indian====to speak ill of him: - =-=-=§BahI Esto no le da miedo mds que a .los indioSg eomo ..el: herrero de Atlihuayan; yo soy . ' . blanoo y huero . o t, a jeI no me haee nadao^o And so ponditioned was he by sooial eritieism that Hieholas . aeeepted publie opinion as true and natural$ and spoke of • himself in the same terms which Manuela and El Zarco had used. o«o y yo9 aunque humilde s aunque obrero rudo p aunque indio sin edueaeirnio^? Siaee 1060 the situation has Inpr-oved >as"bly3 thanks to the efforts of Altamirano and others of his- kind who were . eoncernedatout the native and tried to better bis status. These people were aware that'the Conquest still imprisoned .the freedom of the Indian and complicated his relationship . to mestizo-and white,: . v ' ' V .1 - v . Bhort but pertinent reference i's made to the economic status of the Indio in the novel by Ramon Sender entitled Mexieayotl,■ Healths family, and strength have deserted an - old Indian who struggles to find sufficient food to prolong his purposeless existence. In .his aimless wanderings about the' streets, ■ he halta to look into the window ’Of;aistore„ His presence molests someone very much in a hurry to pass, \Bal de aquig pelao, i f 1 ; Llevaba prisa, El indlo' To. ve£a raarchar: s?Tuf \ no tienes ■ hambre . per©' tienes iiiedd a tenerla r v ■ - maHana," 'Be acereabaa un puesto donde vend tan : mas a -de: ma6^ ; V ' / ' ~==lMrehate.s peladitos si no vas a eomprar, ; • ="--Y @1 indio se marchaba, - Miraba a su alrededor, Todo tenia hambre y la suyas en medio del hambre ' ■ de todo el fliundo g era de tan poca importancia que , llegd a ereer que nadie repararfa en 61 si robaba, : El d£a que robd masa de rnarz lopersiguieron y l e pegaron, He rompieron un diente y le salid mueha sang're, ; Era rar© que su-sangre ftiera tan foja,- En medio de la verguenza y el dolors aquel . 'eolor de su sangre le dio alegria, : Lo metleron un mes en la earcel, Habia que andar. en fila con otros y a veces pasaban etiatro : *d£as. sin que viera el cielo, Asomaba un hombre con piatolap le daba un empelldh por cualquier cosa ■ y le ordenaba ; ^pelao barre. aquelloyn,,, El 106 indio no pedfa olvidarl© y cuan&o salicf se abstuvo de rebar hasta que un dia Id reeogleron eaido en la oalle3 medlo muerto de haiabreo Lo llevaron a ub asllOg pero a los^ ooho dfas, hablendo ya comldo y dormldOg.se eseapo’o Era igual que la oar cel," habfa que andar en f 11a, eon otros9 j ;a veees ' . / ' • : • : pasaban euatro d£as-sin ver el solc28 . The Indio tried to find works but his weakened muscles would • not cooperate with his efforts0 At last he was foreed to sell all he owned in order to plaeate his hunger» • Hasta loshuaraehes lbs habfa tenido que vender en dos eentavos0 Iba desealzo y easl desnudo029 Pursued by his fellow-humanss the unfortunate Indian fled to the mountains where he diseovered that his Good Samaritan was an' eagle whieh shared: its meal with him. Sender s with un= .Usual symbolism9 reprimands humanity for its careless and cruel oblivion to the needs of the lowly or suppressed, stress : ing that'the Indian belongs to this latter oategory0 • . .. vEere'' is another example of the effeets' of the eonquest as they apply, to the 20th eentury (Mezieayotl was published in' 1940)9 as presented by a modern novelist. The guns of war sounded, along the Yaqui River of Mexico.. It was the decade of the 1880?s and the Yaqui tribes were in arms against the new Mexican government0 This was not a war for gloryg but rather a fight for lands and rightful owner ship 9 for independence and fair relationso The Yaquis had fought in the past? ' 107 The 77 years of earliest eontae'b with, the Spanish began and ended with hostilities<, A show of foree on the part of the Yaquis against Diego G-uzman when he appeared at the southern border of Taqui- territory in 1533 was sufficient to turn the Spanish back without a real battleo From then until 1608 there was no fighting between ■ : Bpanish and ’Taq.uiSo In that year Hurdaide at tempted to carry his sueeessful conquest of the - west eoast of Mexico into the Taqui country« His soldiers were routed and he was forced to retire0 The Yaquis remained unoenquered, but nevertheless ■ in 1610 requested voluntarily that some priests be sent to them* 30 Mot essentially warlike by nature, the Taqui went,to war only when his liberty was threatenedo But when he foughts he did it with skill and endurance9 backed up by his fervent belief in the right of his actions« ' Taqui military interests: were ‘centered9 not ' : around plunder and fighting exploitss but rather around ddt^n0d to tills qiaestloii in the novel with, which we are already familiar, Oajerne„ In 0ajeme9 there is a keen analysis of the' workings of the Yaqui loyalty to the tribe and to the landc Gentur'ies of, liirihg beneath the governmental jurisdiction of the Spanish have not been able to dislodge the Yaquis from their stand... In Oajeae we -hear echoed again and again the . theme of dislike for the Yori*' '• - . f. - estamos impuestos- a q.ue nos dominen los yoris. Durante mueho tiemp© nos han dominado $ per© - nunea con '.nmestro, consentimiento. ’ : . . - "Era el yagdi dnien hablaba. ? ' :: t Oontinuo: - ’ . -="=>Por eso hemos peleado siempre, y por eso ■ seguimos y seguiremos peleando. Haee ya muchos . ; , ' - anbs. =-=-dieen que fu6 a pr.ineipios del; slglo . . rY ■ ! ' “"“hubo un yaqui que estuvo a punto de darnos la . : libertad. Se llamcf Juan Banderass por apodo , Jusaeamea. Tres revoluciones enoabezo, llevando r como ensefia a la Yirgen de Guadalupe, que era quien . ; ; vlo inspiraba. P . . ' \ Su"idea eraestas la reeonciliacion de todas . las tribus, la, union de todas bajo un gobiern©: ' .• ■ ;. propib::.y unieo3 y el exterminio de los yoris .33 . ===Yo no se si Jusacamea3 -ademas de intentar ‘ la independencia de_ los indios, tambieii querfa ; ddminar a los yoris. Pero si esa hubiera sido su ' intenoidh, y si la hubiera realizado/ apenitas estariamos a mano s porque" a nosotros ya nos han . - ’ ;. dominado. muehos anos los yoris .34 . ; The voloe:of the tribe continues to speak. p ■ p Pasaron los ados. Yuestras quejas contra los yoris se fueron amontanando. tJn dia fueron tantaa s hy como .el Gobiernador no nos haefa easOj, que. resolvimos enviar a dos represehtantes de la tribu p. para essponer nuestra situaoion al Yirrey. A todas ■ las puertas toeaiaos an demanda de justieia, y ninguna se abrid. Y nuestros enviados ni siquiera ■ ; ■ pudieron ©onseguir: que el Virrey, los - reciblera. ■■ 109 No q.uer£ktaos reetirrir a la violenelag pero ya no nos g.uedaba otro aamlno o Fne" entonees euando Oallxto se levantOo Yildcfsola era G-dbernador = La Oomisidh de. yaquia gne fue"a la oapital habfa regresado y le pldld gue le permitlera gestlonar la pazo - ' ■ \ " : ; Oajeme interrogd; ■ " ; ;; v / , \ ^ ~~~|0omo nos pago Yildosola? : “““Con la traleldn =■<==• oontd el indio que habfan eontestado Inmedlatamenta todos los ©obanabnasc T agrego: ‘=>“«®staban enogadoSo SI Generalfsimo removfa en sus almas todos los ©dios gue el yagui guarda para el yorio . Oajeme dljo? ”«»Vllddsola hlzo promeses de generosldad3 pero tnyleron dl- mismo . valor gue todas las promesas de los yoris«, es decir s ninguno0 Porque en el ' pueblo de"'T3uenavista fusilcf a Galixto y a sus 8egundos&3%, ’ n : Hatred for the yori has. not been softened through the ■yearsa,. Bather$, the combination of the grievances has served only to heighten the Yagui .distrust for the outsider„ The yori has grown to such dimensions as the bad genii that it has ©ome to be aG®.©pted as the pi etur es que boogeyman of the tribe. • ' ■ ; :- Porgue no hay gue olvidar gue esa lucha-- desde el puhto de vista indigene— fu# entre yaguls y yoris. : n Asf- se explica gues aeaso sin mala inteneion y desde luego sin correeto diseernimientOj se generalizara entre las madres yaguis esta frase eomo forma de arrullar a sus crioSj asustdndolos? r— -Te ©ome el yori 3 6 110 As far back as the Yaquis can remember s they have always heen plagued by the fear of the Spaniard. But there was a ' time before the".great usurper of their lands was. known<, That, ■was. when the Hago 0hapul£a lived, and when his magie killed the mythical monster„ Ih the dim years of the Yaqui past, there. came a monster out of the north country, writhing over .. the lando All the Yaquis fled for protection before the ad vancing menace, until the secret powers of the Mago Ohapulrn vanquished the monstere As the hideous beast died, he gasped a warning to the Yaquis.to beware of the coming invaders6 “==Yo no. pude exterminar al, yaqui porque ■ . • ■ :fuf veBcido^pdr;el Mago Chapulin0 Mi propdsito era reinar sobre ustedes„ Pero como me derrotd^ . ahpra te invito a que se Gulden mucho, porque ' . ' te advierto que9 pasando los afibs, .vendrah Vdel .u'd;!: 1 :;V . - Oriente y del Sur unos hombres biancos con armas . poderosas que vomitan fuegOo Si quieren salir avantes en la lueha, quitenles sue armas y . I ; . eombatahios sin miedo y sin deseansoo Be 1© ; ' eontrario todos.seran esclavizados y los despojardh : de sus tierras0 37 v uY-v-■ v: i'- ' . - IVhether the legend was a presage of the coming of the Span- .. ::lard or "whether it was a fabrication of the mind of a ' con- : quered people, its greatest value lies in its existence alone as an indication of the Yaqui antipathy toward the. .Spanish- : Mexican world o God" gave the Yaquis the .region in which they live, and God will help them defend it against aggressors»: A nosotros, los.yaquis§ nos habld’ conduciendonos a esta tierra. Porque Dios puso a los hombres en cada regi#., y a los yaquis nos puso en el valle038 God and Gajeme, that is, will work together to preserve that land.which is rightfully Yaqui. Ill Seguia ©nearnando el amor yaqnl por la tlerra de sus aayores y el nmnca.satisfeeho anhelo de eoaser¥arlay per© llbre de dominios extran©s0 Y en su gran eorazdn no eabfa la desesperanzao Por el eontrarlo s el Infortimio estimulaba su orgullo y le mantenfatenso el brazo defensor de su raga„ siempreenlos mas altos niveles del herofsmo <,3 7 Cajeme @e puso a pensar en eso0 Y siempre entendlo que^ cualquleraque fuera el desenlaee de su gigantese© esfuerzo por darle . Independenoia a su tribu, todo podria pereeer en el desastrey menoa el arralgo--del yaqul en su . tierra* menos su earlKo por ella que llevd al indlo a por 1 os. mas variedos eamln.os9 siempre que : . fu€ neeesarios al saoPlfiolOoW , v So the wars of the 1880's continued to ravage the eomi™' ' try between the Yaqul and- hiayo -Elver confines, 'and still are going on today in a manner of speaking„ Oajeme held out as long as the strength of his fortifications endured. At times it was only the .spirit of the great leader which weath> ered through the' onslaught of Mexican attack = The force be~. hind his ; words was fuel for the Yaqul. fire0 ' '% :,-: y -=»Ssta guerra no es nuevao-; Is-la misma,, Ya eterna, lade siempre9 la que desde haee siglos V \ ■ venimos librandOo Y estoy seguro que ustedes 9 eon - - toda su influencing me apoyaran para continuarlao41 Y siguib la guerraa terca y eneonada9 como es el indlO) eomo es su afan de irs© aeereand-o-— ■ no importa lo:euantioso del tributo .que en sangre ; -- se le reclame— * haeia el destine de libertad'que se rebela a gritos'en su corazdno^^ Armando Chavez Camaoho has illustrated for us in a most lucid manner the struggle that still exists between the Yaqui Indians and the Spanish Conquest =; Relations have never been/ 112 really aMeable between the two peoples or races» Their 'estrangement ean be reconciled through efforts of understand ing ahd cooperations, if the traditional fear which the Taqul holds for'the -Mexican can be abolished0 Another work of fiction which deals with the status of the Indian ia SI Callado dolor de los tzotziles by Rubfru Wnlike the Taquis9 the Tzotziles have succumbed to the domi nation of the mestizo and Spanish„ They live in their own pueblos? relatively free from Immediate rule of the land lords s but.when they go down to the hacienda they surrender . all personal liberty to their social superiors 0 - la eivili'zaeidn oceidental o cristiana: libro : : : ’ ' a los indips del esclaylsta para, traerles el \ - eneomenderoo Luego los librd \del enodmendero•- pero les .trajo el hacendado. -q.u:e se q.uedcf eon tpdas i . : : las tierras «, 0.vlv .Ahora trataba de llbrarlos del ; ' - .haeendadp.y st>lo Dios podia saber l.o hue les . traer£a0^3 - . ; t- h - ^ 1 ,.4 .-^ / Many of the Tzotziles were forced by economic necessity to go down to the' plantation to work. They lived apart from the other workers of the plantation.in an attempt to preserve a trifle of their,tribal liberty and esteemo' Mientras no los vencxan. el eansaneio y el sueSo5 pasaban silenciosos y coneentrados sus . largas veladas9 y s6lo se revolvlan con los blanoos en los domingosv, para rezar en la iglesia o para darse a la borrachera en los expendios de . -: 'aguardiente de los :aledaSos.0,; . Atih entonces se aislaban en grupos s y perxaameeian. con su-eterno receio expect ante s 4 eiudiendo el departir eon los otros hasta donde les era posible mientras log mestizos parecfan 113 : reerears® eon el neeio prwlto de haeer "burla Tzotziles o - : ,1.-; ■ y \ : .. ; 115 Dn vano el a jam, mi Indio jovea y eariredorido oco trato7 de sotoreponerse a las nieblas de su , embriaguez y de imponer su autorldad esgrimlendo en alto su eorto y labrado "baston de ebano s s imbolo incontrovertible del mando q.ue detentabag para serenar los animos y darles un tramite legal a las desasy de aouerdo con las exigeueias del Sombre , bianco q.ue refrendaba su iaandatOo^® The first and rlast Wrds for-the Tzotzil are dictated by the "bianco0”■ Like puppets on fine strings, the tribe Sembers are -controlled from; afar in-accordance to the regula tions of agovefnment foreign to them, of a code of laws not harmohious to their;owno Although most of their lives are - passed without Open interference from the "biancoa," yet they are cognizant of the strings' which hold them. Ramon Rubin . is dealing- with a. current problem ^existing In Mexico „ . : in addition to the hovelistie writings on the subject ■ , ofithe 'Status, of -the; Indian, there have been non=f ietional ;r works published; which deal with It also 0 Foremost among them is Este pueblo de America by the Colombian, Arciniegas s published in 1945= Discussing the Indian at length, he saysi 11 Indio:del siglo.XIII es el mas sumiso que ' - '.fecuerda la historiao Su coraje se agofd' en la . : lucha cohtra el conquistador y l a voz de su - rebeldfaquedd guardada debajo de los slete sellos. ' ' de su.silenciOo .Apenas en el:siglo XFII1 volvera’ a:hacerse orr cuando inieie las primeras revueltas contra el rd’gimen espa1iol> Per el momeuto, cuando - i. se, dirige al encomendero, le dice "mi ami" con uha voz que es una caricia» Obedece seryilmente 0 Apenas cuando en las madrugadas sale a reeoger el ganado, • cuando se acurruca sol.itario ba jo el alero - del^raeho, cuando sueha8 le viene la imagen de un : - Sueno m^s remoto, la nostalgia de una vida que - ; ■ pareclS hundirse en el pasado mhs lejano0 . T el ' . 1X6 . no pmede menoS g emtonees, d© seatir g.ue ^ aun sin \ quererlo s hay en su interior una palabra que se . lasiaim: lihertad,49 Areiniegas explains that the world of the Indian was narrowed by the Conquesto Highways.©nee free to his passage.were made forbidden roadso The vast extent of mountains and valleys whieh was his hunting ground shrank to the tiny village and its immediate environsi For . the Indian, only the market - plaoe is lefto - ■ . • Xos ©aminos que iban hasta el mar ahora solo condueen a la plaza del pueblo6 Se supon© que un naeiente entusiaamo por la nueva doetrina religiosa mueve los pasos de los o&mpesinos que de las ' estaneias remotas, andando muchas veees un dfa entero, se dirigen al mer©ado, a oir la misa y a asistir a la doetrinao Pero el meroado tiene una signifieaeiSn muy distinta0 El mereado es para 1: el eampesino su periddico, su teatro, su eorreo, • ' : su tertulia, su eseuela, su■ mniversidadc50. It is the market or the plaza that gives that freedom of ex pression necessary to the Indian if he is to find life pro-. fitable in the white man8s world„ "He sets up his stand in h the shadows of the ©hurohes built by his uncles andgrand fathers » There he exhibits the work of his hands— a synthesis' ;of the Indian and the Spanish„ . ' ■ 'r: ' ;: v - Digamos de paso qtie esto. d© ir al meroado ' no era nuevo para ©It Las ferias ocurrfan desde antes de la Conquista y tenfan el misa© signifieadOo SI indio ffsieo no gand gran eosa con el heoho de que los espaloles vinieran a Amdriea, „ „ c :Sn el caso del indio lo que oourrid fue un ©ambio de destine en su traba joo... Elltraba jo tomd” otra ’ direeeiSn, otra finalidad, pero siguid siendo el ■ . mismOo . ; ' ' ; .• ; ' Todavia hoy, a euatro siglos de distaneia, en las region©s donde los indios perduran9 la 117 tierra slgue lateandose con los mismfes instrumentos . de la ©poea preoolombina6 La casa es la misma ' Ghozao La oama la misma tierra, Los- pies aun no se. llan calzadOoood La misma easas la misma eamas la misma mesa, el mismo pan, la misma ohieha„ La misma teeniaao^^ Qmien eomprueba estos Lech os acaba por preguntarse con alguna in^uietud s ^ Hubo algun progreso para el indio cansado por la Oonquista? ^ Sis lo bubo. : T eonsisti^ en poner al indio en relaeion universal, ■ en darle la sensaeidh material de que mas alia"de los 'mares.. Eabia .otros bombres y otras razasa 52 - Tes, the Indian is well aware of the otros hombres y otras razas the men who regulate his Ilfe0 Whether this universal relationship of which Iralnlegas is speaking can ^ be said:to have been of tangible benefit to the Indian may be questionedo Surely the Tzotziless the Yaquis s the Mahoas s the'other.backward tribes of Mexico have not reaped the good; from;that''sowing. Nor has the poor Indian woman whom G-abriela Mistral sketches with the following silhouette: , ■ - - They might have been a joyous race; God put them in a garden^ like the first couple 0 But four ; - .'hundred .years of slavery have dulled for ; them'the w,' : very glory of their sun and. their fruits; it has i, ' made the clay of their roads hard beneath their : ... feet,', yet it is as soft as fruit pulp<, . • And this.woman, whom the poets have never , sung, with her Asiatie . silhouette, must be like \ ...... Euth the Moabitess who labored so'well and whose A ’ : cheek, bent,over.the. sheaves, was bronzed by the sun of a thousand afternoons 053 ' In her concern for the Mexican Indian, G-abriela Mistral in vokes the aid of the maguey plant, source of livelihood and ' oblivion for the native0 118 • ' . . Maguey of Mexico 9 give the poor Aztee and. liaya Indian, Instead of the madness you bear hidden . .in your heart3 a hundred leaves for, the sheltering ‘ eave of his house; give himthe ropes and'the.sails ; ; for the ship in which he must carry away the prod ucts of his land to enrich others 0 h. -h" V; And while the men sail the Pacific in quest of the markets of the world, give the woman the -h sweetness of your delicate fibers that her hands may weave- from it her wedding dress 0 Let her.not hear along the roads.'she travels' the aftertaste of, , y ■ sadness which makes the corners of her mouth droop : in resignation' v;;: • h. Nor does Perez M a r t r n e z " feel that the■Indian has reaped good from the sowing of the Conquestf To him the•natives ap pear as: ■■ ;; Hombres de una ;!?cultura asesinada, al decir ■ - de . Spengler j en plentitud de su desarrollo9 - ' h. destruida eoino unaflor que nn., franseunte de capita : ■ eon una vara 9 n fueron afraneados a un mundo , . h sensible y delicado 9 sangrlento y exquisiteP • tradiclonal y rutinario cortandoles el cordon umbilical que i o s ^ -rutina^; esa.-sensibllidad y. esa pasivldad de su 'espeeie3 de su tribUj de su clan y de su dios s - de jandolos implacablemente solosg suspendidos rt-^ y @n- el" airUo wX esto cohfOrma :esa’rara;; mezclah . -de extasis y hosqtiedad, amor y pesadumbre3 ansiedad -y.fatalism© que hace de los indios'de hoy/esGS.,. ' seres que asisten sordos a la vida a llenos solo con ■ el rumor de la muerte.55 , v ^Suspended in the air5? the Indian has watched the world spin below him on its orbit of progresss yet never has the. . > native been able to touch his feet on the ground so that he could enjoy some of the material and mental benefits of the centuries o Vaseoneeloss:the Mexican philosopher, comments■ ,v upon the fact?■ . ■ , , ■ y ■ ; . y _■ ; 119 , . De.-esta suerte pasan los siglos y los slstemas &e oultlvo mejoran y se introduce el- arado de motor - y las grandes maqulnarias de beneflelo; pero el pedh y el braoero no de j.an de ser esclavos de su x , mlseria; porque los jornales aumentan, perb eon ellos el eosto de la vida y de alii resulta la sltuaeion inhumana de que majoran los implementos y se enriqueeem^sel'proprletario y aim las mismas bestlas de labranza engordan$ pero el oampeslno . asalarlado sigue tan bprlmldo. y tan paria* eomo' en los dies del desembareo del primer eonqulstador; . como en los dias de Moetezuma o del Inca ^ ouya : presenela h.ae£a temblar<,5y BeToid of material benefits * the Indian also experienees a dearth of spiritual. ones.0 In the words of Gonzales Pradaq the PeruTian ,; - known as the f irst ehampion of the native races 9 The physieal decay of m n inspires much less pity than his intellectual and moral porertyo$7 The position of the Indian cannot be..:attributed, to racial /. dlsoriminatlong but'rather to eednomie exploitation0 The question Of racialxprejudice has been debated by Mexicans and the common opinion seems to be that Mexicanss per se, do not harbour such toward' the darh-skihnedraGeo' . W suma 5 -el eoncepto de raza sufria y sufre ■.' ' x v x en. America Latina Una ■ interpretacldh raria y - hast a Qontradistorlag raza b-ioldgica, raza social; ^ - (idehtif1cando a la gente porsu posieibn ecbudhlca) or raza legal {por su Gondiolbh social : . . y politica) c Usta HTtiEa 9 por lo demab ©onstltuye un estamento antes que una clase o ima rasas pero r el uso ha consagrado el ultimo de estos terminos 8 y es as£ eomo se la reeonoee en el lenguaje xcorrienteo v - \ queda ya de los fundament©s teoldgieoSs, ■ jurfdicos y politicos del racism©^ sino un mero espantajo que se desvaneoe a cambio de unos euantos x'doblonesf ^En quo se funda la arrogan.eia de las : llamadas f*razas super lores si un puEado de oro basta para aclarar el color de pardo y atenuar$ si no borrarg el s?tprpe (orlgen) de la eQ , ' ilegltimidad” y el ?,infame de la esclavitudn? 120 Sahehez feels that it would be relatively simple to free the Indian from M s suspended position in which he swings out of touch with modern civilizationo La integraeion del indio a la nacidh3 como -suele llamarse a tal maniobra, representa, en otras .palabraSg solo la coordinaoMn del esfuerzo de todos los pobladoreSg el abandono de los prejudicios europeistas exclusivoso60: . To Tascon'eelos, the situation appears a bit "more complicated0 $1 eirculo Ticioso Jnalditd de. toda la tierra se ve en el camp©9 se ve en los barrios pohres de las.eludadeSg en Puerto Eico como en todas partes*. . MucM. gentes poco pan y una ofganizaeiSn social " estupida y cruel y por eneima el barniz de los " caminos ylas eseuelas; pero siquiera hay el barniz« f hay "tamblSn el empeno sineero y deeidido de los ' funGtdnamlds;; de educaoidn y de higene y de agriculture por me jorar cada vez-mas las oondiciones socialeSo°"L .-. Although the problems are still very much the same„ there has been s since the time. of Yasconcelos1 writing, a ^ A concerted effort on the part of Mexicans to ameliorate the Indian dilemma» Proof of this is the establishment of the :Instituto Indigenista InteramerIcano3 and the publishing of its official magazine> Americana Indigena, to which the readi er may refer at his conveniences . ■ Mestizaje iach gust of wind puffed the limp sails into plump cushions„ and blew foam from the mischievous wares into .Pedro’s hairo Never before had he seen so much water! The torrents of the Guadiana In floodtime diminished in his mind’s 121 eye wbtl he saw them as the trlekles of spray that ran . aeross the deok. If Ana Maria eould only see this oeeanl Pedro straightened his shoulders and turned a salty face to ward the east, and toward the girl who had promised to wait for his return« lost in his reveries, he was abruptly jerked haek to reality by a rude wave whieh washed him off his feet and set him down on the warped deok, all in one -.motion* Pedro'sensed from the top of his unoombed hair to the bottom of.his dirty shoes that he would never return:to Ana Maria„ - The talk of the ship was of the rieh new world whieh lay ahead of them„ 0limbing to his feet, he went below for a game of cards with the rest of the men* : '#1 advenimiento del europeo Greo’el problema :- racial en Amdr i ca Latina o Eso signified' una - ; r express negaeidh del oristianismo, a euyo ampere, sin embargo ^ se desarrollaba la. OoncLuistao Como _. - {elvvarcSn iberioo vino sin mujeres== o muy pocos-- tuv© q.ue mezelarse con las ind^enaSo Bara vez f u€ un mest iza j e de amor * ; ; Pero Con.la ilegada de los espaholes se :': abri6 un abismo. Stnioo infranq.ueable cuyo puente acabd’'siendo ©I mestizo *63. ; . ' • : Pedro reached over to touoh the head of his sleeping son* His pretty Indian woman stirred faintly on her mat and slipped again into deep slumberV Oh, Pedro, where are your dreams of glory and riches? You will continue to pursue them .over the mountain ranges of''the Sierra Madre, blazing a , trail over which you will never return, little realizing that 122 as you travel you are leaving behind the only riches yon will ever claim—=those. small golden mestizo jewels held against some.broken Indian heart« Pedrog father of a new race, halt your steps to . look awhile at your oreation« Ganek dijo: %1 futuro de estas tierras depend© de la fusion de lo q.ue esta^ dormido-en. nuestras manos y de lo que este^ despierto en las,, de ellos . (i»e0 s Iqs blancos}0 Mira a ese niSb: tiene sangre India y eara espaSola0 ' - . MiralOybien: fljate qua habla maya y escribe . castellan©o En el.viven las voces que se dicen :V y las palabras que•se eseriben= No es ni de la : ' tierra nl del vientOo En el la razoli y el : sentimiento se trenzan„ Mo es de abajo ni de ■: arribao Sst£ donde debe' estar.s Is eomo ©1 eeo ■; que f unde, con nuevo nombre en la altura- del espfrithj las voces que se dicen y las voces que se callanW^ . ^ : ■ [ . ' . And the lonely Indian mother put 'down' her burdensome child and rested for a moment alongside the highway into the Gapitalo .This pilgrimage to market was a regular part of her ■.life,; but lately it had become an overwhelming ordeal. Her baby son was still too small to walk the distance into the city, yet his ever-increasing weight .upon her back was almost more than she could bear, But not only was he a physical burden; his growing mind required constant food of instruc tion 0 He was her responsibility alone, the unknown Spanish father sharing no part in the baby’s support nor upbringing <> The only - spiritual nomrishment which she had to offer her son was the store of native culture her people had given hero' 123 la a©©ion de la inadre imdfgena aoentuo los" rasgos psieoldgieos en su prole; la ley^ en eambio, trata de asiMla^ al mestizos Eeonojaloaiaente „ iste tratcf de inclinar-se haeia su raina paterna y ^ suboonsoientieflient© no pudo evadirse de la maternao65 As the Indian wound his dark way into the eavernof sub missions the mestizo began his ascent into the "bright day? light0 . ' PerOg volviendo al asunto de la raza, ohserreinos que la mas a de nuestros indigenas V eonstituye una raza antigua y retinada que ha oonoeido d£as de ©splendor y atrafiesa ahora per tin largo eelipse Hen© de amargura., Al • ponerse en Gontacto esta gente eon el invasor espaSol se prodnj© el fenoaen© aas oaraeterifstieo de nuestro aetual situaeidh etmogrdfiea: la mezela iliaitada. Irrefrenada de lorn eonqnistadores . y los TenGiddSoOO' Gomienza a advertirse este mandato de la Historia en esa ahundaneia de amor qne permitid’ ■ a los espanoles crear raza ntieva eon " el indio y • " eon el negro; prodigarido la estirpe blanea a trave's del soldado que engendraha familia indfgena y la eultura de Ooeidente por medio de la i ^ doetrina y el ejemplo de los misionenos qtie pusieron al indie en eondieiones de penetrar en la nueva etapa, la.etapa del mundo Uno0 la Golonizacidn espaSola ered' mestiz&je; est© seSala su oar^oter, fija su responsaMlidad y define su pofvenir* It has been an object of wonder that two such diverse ideologies could mix as readily as they didg and withsuch good results in some eases» Of Gourse ^ much adjustment had to be made by both Indian and European parties; permanent adjustment in the character qf the two peoples was, needed„ El nuevo tlpo humana apareee porque en el erisol deAmeriGa el espanol que llega deja.de ser espanol a se eonvierte en el_ windiano,i de que hablardh luego las er6hicasb El antiguo ■ habltamte de este lado del Atlhntieo tambi€h deja de ser lo qua era^--digamos azteeai, ehibeha 124 o q.ueeliua”—=-para aonvertlrse en el Indio de la colonia s q.ue se difereneia de sas progenltores. ooma im blanoo de mi negro0v8 Lo indisautlble es q.ue las dos razas, q.ue l se mezelaron para formar lo que hoy es el substratum de la poblaeldn Iberoamerleanag representaban dos polos Stnlcos$ y el heebo de • su Intermixidn parece jmade esassorpresas del tiempo y uno de los mas curiosos, de los m£a transcendentales ensayos fisloldgioos que se ban . produoidOoW - ■- ■■ v • At the fork of the tributaries the two streams poured .;out their waters into the.main river which, as it flowed over the Mexican countryside, irrigated the artistic and cre ative fields of the mestizos. Whereas each smaller tribu tary had. been able to support only the vegetation growing ;■ ;along' its, .hanks s the new. river could reach , out to water the erops of the new race^ at times producing a veritable gardeu- .of blooms» The Mexican culture'of the Spanish Colonial period was . V . • : . ' v not a mere copy of Imported European forms but; an original and spontaneous creation of the In dian spirit 9 70 One outstanding product watered by this river was the archi tecture which sprahg out of the soil all over Mezico. La fusion de los eonceptos y las / superstie iones se produ|os sin embargo en la forma curiosa y abigarrada que observamos en : . . la decoraci6n y en la arquitectura de los templos del estilo ehurriguera mexicano;,*.*71 .In other fields of endeavor the fertility of the river was evident. . 125 ■: y ' . La amalgam de llerieos e Indigenas fue neeesa2?la j feo\mdaV pruibanlo CJareilasQs Sor . . Juanas Ispinose Medranaa ooo 6tc0 • .v : o»,6 deELiiestran que alar If es ydeoor adores indios y Mestizos adoptaron el'estilo de los jmestfos etiropeos / pero sin perder el vfhomlo ; q.ue\los at aba a las tradieiones de aquellos V; insignes eonstruetores de las pir^iides de , Ohielidh=ltza . y TeotilitiaoaS 0 0 6 <,72 : Outstanding among the cultivated was the mestizo^.Inea G-arcilaso de la Tegao Although- a produot of the Peruvian soil $, nonetheless he stands, as an example of the.finest of the hybrid blooms* w ' r\ coo su alma fue el primer puente tehdido entre ' las razas antiguas y la raza. nueva de la Aro.erica ' espaffola poo este mestizo Garoilaso de la Vega • ’ que tom6 en su eoneienoia la tarea de haoer una sola .alma eon 'el eonflioto; laeerant©: de las . dos’ < : eivilizaoiones ’rivaleso?!:: ■ v .p - The course of the ;Hiver of Mestlzaje did not-run smooth^ lyp Downstream from the fork tends and obstructions pre= , sented themselves; soon the violence of the restrained flood broke overthe hanks and Inundated the fertile fields* Qne obstruction to its course ban he said to-hate been : .built by the mistreatment which the Indian maids:: received, at the hands of the conquerors0 Too often the Spaniard failed - to treat the: native nobility with the respect due it s and when this occurred only resehtment and trouble resulted: Intre los muchos hechos que la historia feeoge al respeeto quisiera destaear. tress la ' espantosa ingratitud de Hernan Oortes para con Malintzin-g o ' dona Marina 0»=, ». mu jer de" real ■ estirpes o o p | la deslealtad del eapitah Garcilaso de. la Vega y Vargas^ . o o o para con. - 126 Isabel eMfflpuGeclOp d©neella de sangre real, . = = o; la de Pedro de Valdifias, o o o qu@ despmSs - de haber'se sostenido a costa del herofsmo y la - ■ • abnegaclon de su conetibliia Ines de Suarez, la ; ■ pospuso para no perder sus prerrogativas de - Gapitdn y riephome<,. ' -i ' . : - " I- z.b El.mestizaje nacio3 pues9 sino degradanteg ; - " degradado•por la aetltud' nada oaballeresea b ! v - ■ cristiana-, nada espanola s de los eonqulstadbres ■ :;: Manboso74 ; . i In ills novel Cuauhtemoc „ Perez Martinez sees particular™ ly well some of the obstacles that are hindering and have hindered the river of merged culture as it. drops on its • gradiento- With Gortds representing the symbol of the Span= iard and Cuauhtemoc that of the Indian, he relates,their eon*" fliet to Seziean lifeh ; Ea terminado la pelea sobre la tierra; \ ' perb \el conflicto entre Cuauhtemoc y Heriiln ■ •. Cortes vive en nuestra sangre sin que alguno ' :‘de los doa haya podido veneer c =,0 ' 1- : ■ v ; t: Psasx como se recreaen nosotros en nuestra , actualidad, la vieja pugna entre lo que cabe, en * nuestraa manos y el ensueno ? que caracterizS’ a ; " ' lo- indfgena y a 16 espdhol, dando mas ricos e ‘ ' imprevistos eontenidos a huestras ooneepciones y _; a nuestros actoso -W. . : . SI euerpo de Cortes, eaido en sedas y desgraeias| Cuauhtemoc,, vuelto eenizaa en la . , . selva, for man.: ■nuestra , epopeya 0 Ambos fueron ■■ - ; hoiabres de dos mundos que en nosbtros se eoneilian y luehano fales nuestra estirpe. Y a tal liriaje, : tal escudb 1 ' In la supgBvivencia de Cuauhtemoc y Cortes - ; descansa al mismo tiempo que nuestra capaeidad de abstraceion y nuestro estbieismo, nuestra disideneia frehte a todo 1© estableeido; las alegrlas ezageradas y las hoseas y negras ■ soledades a que de pronto nos damoso 127 Hasta en nuestras negaelones aflriaamos el falor de las fuerzas q.ue presidea el-Hestlzaje • mexicanOo Esouchad a uno de loa nuestros negando a los indlos, Asf se pretende reprlmlr y eensiarar la eternidad de lo Indigenab T ouando jmis lo- .n'egamo:sy euando mas se dice que Mexico no puede ^r-p esperar nuevos signos del indio, ©s porque lo indio nos late con fuerza mayor en la earne y el ' ■. espirita075 , : 'Even since the revolmtiom the Spaniard and Mexiean are Still at sword’s point9 beeause the Mexican does not want to recog nize the Spanish background= The Mexican is happier if he need show allegiance to neither side of his parentage, but rather,, to himself alone,, to his mestiza je«,. He would rather follow his course between Mexican banks with never a thought of the tributaries at the fork of the river0i l hyE -Arciniegas is blind to the unity which.is eontained in .. the mestizOp To him the - mestizo is: . , ■ . • : like a confused plan of a man, with a white , , soul not Spanish--and a'coppery soul not Indian*7° Yasconcelos is able to see both the tributaries and the total river, and is able to ascertain the rate and direction of flow0 His summary of .the mestizo problem is. presented below: - I ; '■ ' . : , Se explican tambien estas abemadmmes porque' el elemento indfgena no se habfa fusionado, no se ha fusionado a tin eh su totalidad, con la /. sangre espafiola; perq esta discordia es mas aparente, que real 0. Hablese al mas. exaltado indianista de la conveniencia de adaptarnos a la latinidad y no opondra el menor reparo; dfgasele que nuestra cultura es espa*Siola y en seguida formularC objecioneso. Subsist© la huella de - la sangre vertida: huella maldlta que ho.borran ; los siglos, pero que el peligro comiS debe anular. T no hay otro recurso0 Los mlsmos indios pur os estaii espafiblizados, estdn latinizados, como esta latinizado el ambiehto. Dfgase lo que w se quiera s los' rojos 3, los ilustres atlantes de qulenes viene el indlOg se durnleron hace millares de afibs para no despertar Los dfas^de. los : blancos puros$ los veneedores de hoy estan tan cohtados como ' lo .estuvieron los de sus anteoesores 0 ill eumplir su destlno : de' mebanlzar ' ' el, mundo9 ellos mlsmos ban puestos gin saberlos las "bases - de un perfodo n.uevoa el peribdo de la fusion y la mezela de todos los pueblos0 SI indio no tiene ©tra puerta haeia el poryenlr que la puerta d@ la oultura moderna.g ni otro camino que el eamino ya desbrozado de la ciirilizaoidh latiiiao TambiSh el blaneo tehdra ■ que deponer su orgullo 3 y buscara progreso y redeneldB. posterior .'em el alma de sus b.emanos de las otras oastas ■ The waters of the Hirer of Mestizaje piled Up behind the obstructions which would not permit a free current until they had accumulated sueh height and'for,©e that they spilled over the walls and dams as a. 'mew race . of man in a new world 0 . ... d£n Americag como en todas partess: solo hay • una razai la amerieanas esencialmente mestiza oomo lo fUe slempre todo porvenir he ©ho earn© - o espfritu»7§ : The synthesis :©f the two founts of culture was oomplete Los mundo.s contradietorios? un© objective^ individualista y direeto que. era tambien el aetivo mundo medieval espaffol de las eruzadas0 Otro3 el de la imginaeiSn atormemtada3 subjective y en el ©ual el individuo desapareeia bajo el peso de la tribUo Dos mundos opuestos que iban luego a oo^xistir p a f eeujidarss y a eonformar el : \ .mlsteries© perfilde una naeion surgidade entre las ruinas vital©s de lo autoctono y la simiente. hispama.79 ; ^ /.i: ; \7 - p p -.;:" : . : , • ' -'Si primer brote autdctono se manifiesta en; ■ . • el aoviaiento. de emancipaeidhp pero auto'etono ©n euanto a la nueva raza mestiza, no en euant© al . - .. indfgena que ya no volveria a obrar pop su auenta. ■■ . SI nueyo patriotismo persegufa fines econdmicos y politicos mSs bien que etnieos0 Hi podfa haber sido un movimiento de libera©ion del indio j. 129 seneillamente^porqtie el Indio ya no existxa; no existio qnisas nmioa eom© etitidad naeional y ya no exist fa espiritualmente 3 puesto q.ue todo lo que sabeg todo lo que piensag todo lo que hoy es9 prooede de la invasion europea6 Lo suyo se " disgnegd'j tal y oomo se ban disgregajlo todas las antiguas. culturaspara no vdlver ma» T en el eentro del .eonfliet© para coneretarlo y .para : ■ .sintetigarloy qnedd la enorme masa de la . poblae ion mestiza# la.primera.raza realment© nueVa que eonoee la historiao^O fbe broad river bed into whioh the blended watersflow is the ; land of Mexieo and the: eontinent of: isieriea— the ehannel for the fifth 'raee of the world0 To Yasconcelos we owe the eonoept of the ^Raza Quinta?i or $rRaza Gdsmica0{8 •• El objeto del continent® nuevo y antiguo esmucho mas importante/ Su predestinaciong " ■ obedeee al designio de constituir la cuna de una raza quinta en la que se fundiran todos los ; n1 pueblos ^ para reemplazar a .los cuatro que ■ ;'ai:SiddiBent4:''^h;:Tehido for jando la- Historia0°i . Wherever,Vasconcelos has travelled, he has been greeted with enthusiasm as the man who can best save the new race of man0 He is its fOster-parent, so to speak, because he has #n- eOuraged its development in the Americas =J Describing one of his lectures; he says: •> . ' j ; TJn poo© mis decicuatro mil personas llenaba el reelnto, cuatro mil conciencias dvidas de ' escuchar un mensaie que levantase Ids dnimos de toda una raza que se slente en riesgo0^2 Todo el mundo eomprende los problemas vitales de la raza y la. neeesidad de saeudlr la indiferencia . para; eaprender la maroha unida haeia adelante 0 ®3' Speaking.of: the lineage of the Amerieansr ' , . .: : ■ - No hay, por' lo mismos hi que hablar de i estirpes condenados, ni tampoco de estirpes , privilegiadaSo ' Donde el signo es lo universal. 130 no cabe m s $ue nna ternera/ la misma.y fraternal para todos los eoldres de la piel y todos los naprlehos del teJi.pera.Bento0®^ >, o entre nosotros no hay. mas q.ue un idioma, nn terrltorio eontinmo y una rasa eompletament© . hofflogeneaoS5 'ind, as if in support of Vasoonoelos, Luis Alberto »S^hohez adds, to elinoh and close the diseussion of mestizaje; " Oualesfulera que hayan sido y sean los irioios de la conquista y el ©oloniaje, ya estah inoorporadosa nuestra^personalidado Song nadie puede negarloSo^o SUWST , ' ■ , Our problem;.was' to Interpret the Indigenous reaction to the Conquest of Mexico as seen in the ohronicles anh.the : early writings of; Mexico ? as well as in the present-day .; ': . iniigenlsta writers f , ■: . i:.-;: ;l::h : : i . ; ; - y. ^ I -; Through a study of the chronicles and the early writ-: ; ings; we' found that to .the indigenous inhabitants of . this con tinent the Conquest was- not a banner-waving affair of color and excitement f but a grim fight to preserve their/national culture s pride.,. and - unity . They saw their land overrun with 1 the conquerors, their rulers demoted and imprisoned,'the ; ’ figures, of their gods hurled from the sacred pyramids and replaced by structures and symbols of the Christian religion^ Some ' tribes put their trust in the' European army 9. expecting to reeeiye the protection Spain offered them against the aggres site Aztec Empire. Their trust betrayed, with melan choly they resigned themselves to their fate«. . , With the cessation of warfare, there came a period of , amalgamation of raceSo The.union of European soldier and Indian woman produced a new race— the mestizo0 Rather fhan ; a link between the two racess the mestizo acted as an hiatus« From his.first entrance; into the Hew World he was burdened by the complex of Malinchismo3 priginating;in:the feeling that Dotiia i&rina had betrayed her - people. This . guilt complex ^ v:--;^ 132 joined with the ■ anci.en'b resentment of the conquered natives s causing much friction between Indians mestizo 3 and EuropeanV The teaching and kindly understanding of the Catholic church# men served to smooth out much of the disagreement among the three o Yet the reaction of the tactics of„the church state upon the native, ideology promoted much strife within the Indian psychology, f . / ' - Through a study of the present-day Indigenista writers we found the attempt to present the Conquest and its impli cations in the light of modern scholarshipo Definitely pro- native in sympathy^ the indigenista writers, have offered a- defense of 'the Indian as a person and as creator of a great ,- hut now almost extinct cultured -True, the:;Mexican Indian ’ s daily routine of life has been modified little by the Con- : quests but his Ideology has undergone a radical changec The land system; of the: Spanish,confined the Indian to one spot ' of earth, nafrowed. his world3’ and compelled him; to turn to those who dominated him for his intellectual and spiritual leadership »■ The gift to the Indian from the powers in eon- - trdl was- so. negligible that 9 deprived of the fruits of modern science and learning, the native withdrew into his own little static world» ; The mestizo fused the European and indigenous ideolo- , gies; thereby creating a -new national culture and a new race of mano ' It Is to this new race that'ios^ Vasconcelos refers when he "speaks of the,advantages'which:will-accrue f rom \ '.'^6:'^.: , 132a ; .la. raza odsmioa»; He .and; his • fallow philosophers' are in agree™ when they Say : thah -through edncaiiion, understandings : and ' ■ mutual cooperation'^ Mexico will achieve. its greatness as the . cuna of a fifth race rand.-an outstanding civilization»V INTRODUCTION lo MallnchigBio0 RubSn Salazar Mallens who writes for ' tile Mexico City newspaper BxcelsTor., in 1943 wrote an article . in wiiioh he diagnosed the national psychology of his country as dominated hy a complex which he Galled el malinchismQo The theory^ .as. would; he deduced from the term Itself/ ims to do with the complexity of.psychological make-up growing out of the repetition of the lore of la Malinohe and Cortes many times in the history of the nation0 La MalinehOs, baptized Bona Marina s was, as is well known, Cortes? interpreter and mistress„ Their son, born . -Out of wedlock, was BohiMart& Cortes:, Comendador de Santiago who Was-the conquistador6 s favorite and later was tried for treason and< tortured * - Bona Marina was so highly regarded by the-Aztecs themselres that they called her Malintzin, which " is a title of respect and also indicates noble origin» ' Later Do^a Marina was wed by Cortes to one of the other con- quistadores, Don Juan daramillo (Zaramillo}0 La Bfelinche was thus the betrayer of her own people through her lore for Cortes, and later suffered rejection by him, although she was rewarded with mercedes de terrehos and was held in the highest regard by the Spaniards for her part in.the Conquest, and respected by the Aztecs because of her intercession for the conquered people in many.instances0 The:complexes and feelings of guilt which arise from many thousands of such situations combine to form a national com plex which Salazar Mallcfh calls el malinchismQo The theory or idea has met with wide approval in Mexico'; and with almost as complete opposition0 It has been the ob ject of much comment and discussion in the editorial pages. Of the newspapers of all Latin America as well as many maga zines, and has attracted writers of all typesi , V 20 La raza cosmica« See Bibliography. > . 134 GHiJPTlB I • 3 o. 'William H0 Prescott 9 History of the Conquest of Mexicog Chap0 111; hereafter-eiteh as Prescott0 4o .See Foes fa Indfgena de .'la. Altiplanleie; and Fres- ©ottj Yolo 1 9 p 0 1796 ' . i ' . ' Teooallis were the pyramid-shaped temples of the Aztecs their "houses of God 0” Genote was a deep well in the karat region :of Tucattfn. employed for religious saerifieial rites <, . 5o Anger Maria Garibay K„i Poesia indfgena de la Altiplanlojei Introduction9 Po xiv; hereafter cited as Poesia Indfgena. / ■ ; 6o .Fray Diego de handag handa8s-Relacion de las cosas de iueaMn3 ed. Tozzers p 0 .27;' hereafter oTted as Handa8s mmimr • p ; ' ' 7.: Prescott,: % l f I, pi 52'. ’ " ; - \ So Ibid, 3 p'o 71 o Yasconcelosj in his book ;indologia9 offers the following valuable interpretation of tEe~Aitec™ civilization at the .time of .the discovery of ..America t.,. . - hos azteeas tenfan estableeido lo que hoy : : , liamarfa un regimen Bilita.r t el soberano dehfa ! , \. :@1 poder a la victoria ■ de las armas y las tier res ' 'le perteneefan per ddminio direetoo por medio del tribute implies to a cada subito „ Habia cierto ' eomunismo primitivo alrededor de los poblados; per© las , tierras me jores estaban en p)6der de los seifSreSp parientes o favorites o generales afortunados de la pandllla del monarea0 Y eon la doetrina propia.de todo autoeracia s no habfa . derecho de propiedad, ni derecho de vidas ni ' ' eosa que: no estuviese su|eti al capricho del . dlspota0 ■ ; ...... - 0oo los- puebloa que no pueden darae gobierno propio ' pr.ef ieren dar much© poder a un solo hombre y vivir . . - ; sometidos a uh gran • soberano0 Bo .55« - .■; Eodos sabais CuAn eseasos sen 16s datos que - poseemos sobre la ideologfa indfgena = Se ha ' - - culpado a los espdnoles de haber destmfdo documentos y cons true clones; lo c iert o e s que ya Cuando los espanoles llegardn al eontlnente la civilizaeiidn autSetona. se encontraba en eompleta cLecadeneia; de otra.jaanera ni hubiese side posible la ya Ineredfble Mzatia de la eontulsta,, Los azteeas rlvCan dentro de una eultura^estimable para un pueblo bdrbaros rero nl el regimen de la tierra sometida a seSbrlos ma’s absolutos que el feudalismOg ni el regimen politieo autocratico, ni los hSbitos sanguinarios? les hubleBe-m’. : permitide eleTarseo : ■ Ouando los espaSoles llegaron a la Amdriba diei^hdose portadores de.la eiTillzaeidhs en realidad- la. eiTlliiaeiduV © por lo menos una de - las Ws- grandes manifesbaeienes de la civilizaoidh liumana s no solo se^habfa manifestado9 sino habia ya pasado 'en la Ameriea0 Fo 116? : " 9= Q,uetzaleoatl is identified by Prescott, Vol? 19 pc SO as "god of the air / a. divinity whos; during his resi=- .denee on. earths instrueted the natives in the use of metals9 "in agriculture ? and ih the arts of goverraaento” 10q Qhilam Balam de Chumayel, ed? Ralph ,Lg Royss:p0 193 hereafter elted' as Roys,: Ghilam Balam? . 11» Rreseotty ¥old 19 ppQ 80-=Sl reeords the myth as fol lows: '1.1^ i , 1 : /n •; . \ : From sorne causes. not explained^ Q,uetzalooatl - inGurred the wrath of one of the principal gods5 and was compelled to abandon the country? On his • ■ way, he stopped at.the 1eity of Oholula9 where a temple was dedieated to his worship9 the massy ruins of which still form one of the most interest- . ing relics of antiquity in MexieOo "When he reached : the shores of the Mexican Gulf 9 he took leafe of his followers, promising that he and his descendants -would revisit them hereafter? and then, entering his wizard shiff's, made * of serpents' skins s embarked on the great ocean fOr the fabled land of Tlapallan? Se was said to have been tall in stature9 with a white skin s, long dark hair j and a flowing beard 0 The Hezieans looked confidently to the return of the. benevolent deity? ' ' ■ 12o -Fernundo de Alva Ixtlilxuchif13 Obras historieas de don Fernando de Alva Ixt 1 iIxuohif lo Publlcadas. y anotadas por Alfredo GEavircTs Po 731 hereafter cited as Ixtlilxtfehi11 o . b ; : " . ‘ : . : : : : For. complete identification of Ixtlllxuehitl g see ;-i Rresco11, - fol? 1 9, pp ?. 20.5=207« He was; a descendant of the ; royal -. family of . Tezcueo 9 interpreter to the viceroy g 136 eolleetor of Indian manuscripts0 Tor identification of Eukulean to Q,netzalcoatl, see Landa8 s Eelaoioh „ pp = 22-23 „ 13o Bernal Diaz del Castillo9 Historla verdadera de la conqnista de la EueVa Bspana; Yolo I, pi 18; hereafter cited a¥' Diaz del Oast TU F T An interesting note by; Roys s p. 164a, has this to offer on the subject of the ^Prophecies of a Mew Religioniit • . These are fundamentally prophecies of the re-, turn of'Kukulcan3 or Quetzalcoatl$ the Mexican ■eulture-hero $ but after the arrival of the Span iards they were believed to "be prognostics of that erent and were in some instances adapted in later times to fit the facts of the"actual occur- renceo . :-- ’ .■ ' ■ . 14o Landa?s Relaoion , pa 80 d 15i From the'Piccionario general de Amer1canismos^.edc Francisco Jc . Santamaria, p 0 414 s We learn tEa?t~a cirTsT ■ ' En Me jieo3 adoratorio de Los ? duos- - , : ' ‘ u - ' . antiguos. aztecas ^ generalmente em forma de ' ’ \ monticulo t ' ; ;, ^ The word-ls ku in Mayao ;" ' ;h ^ : 16>. Tray Bernardino de Sahagtm, Historid general de . las cosas de IMueva Ispaffa9 Yol0 II, p 0 290% hereafter cited mmrvMO or-en w j * . ;w ■.■c-mra .n>Kah. - 49o The Spaniards first entered the eapltal of Mexieo on EoveBher 1519. and occupied the seat of the government until the night of July 1, 1520, known as the Moehe;Tr1ste , when they were put to rout on the causeways leading out of Mexico City as the climax to the hostilities which had raged for several, months<>; The second occupation of Mexico was ef fected August . 13 s 1521 o . ^ v : ; :• '50, ^ IxtlilxuShitl, :'P 0;: 341» * 3 . ■ : ' ' ' : ; ; 51o See note 49? ahoireo • v ’ \ ' -i - .;v ; , • 52o ' Ixtiilxiichitl, p« 375<> '• :' , 53 o TezozK&oe, p:» 147. : / " "54o Ixtlllxtfchitl/ p„ 375 o , ' . , : Xi. 5^^^ .:■ ’v.7: ■ '; y ' ■:; i .57i p, 379^'': ':y V;y; ;V . : - , -yyli:::' yy t'y;; ; 58o Boesfa Indfgena^ pi.57°: ; t . i :;; : • 59 o Carlos Maria Bustamantes;' ^ cited by SahagTfii,' ' PP o 115^127 o ' p : ... - . . ; . ' > 60o .. Bee -Ixtlilxuehitls p 0 353= :,. . ■ . 1 ? •; '6l. ; Poesia Indfgena, Pbo 55"-37. > ; > . i i , . ' i\.:: ^ : g h i b t e r '11 : p _ '. t y:■ ' 10 Ixtlilxdchit 1, pi 390. i ; ." ' 2. Ibid.s 'p. 420. . / . p : V ■ - 418. y . \ p \ p ' i/4.- ibid.. p. 42#. ■■■ . p:-% ■ - " 5q Ibid. 402. p 'y :/ p' . ' ■ : ' ■■ 6.: Ibid., p. 4 2 6 . / ' .i. ■ / i i' :".'p -i 4 # y y : -y:-y:ip 140 : • ;So'; llldo a po . 389o - ; . /;:; v ■ ' y • 9o. . ^essottV'i'olo ;lg P<> 215.6' y - y - . ; The cruel system of repartimierrboa 3 or di-s™ . ' y tribution of the Indians as sl‘aves"”amorig the eon- ■ querors s had been smpKessed. by. Isabella c Although . . subsequently countenanced by the governments It : was under the most careful limitations» 10a Beeopllacl^h de 1 eyes ' de les reynos de las Indies, mandadas Imprimir y publTear por la magestad eaf6lica de el Bey Don Oarlds II. Vol. IIs Llbro VI, Tftulo Segundos "De la libertad de IbsyindioSjl* 201; Titulo Tercero, "De las redueelones 9 y paeblosy de indios 9 n p 0 207o • lie Dfaz del Castillo, Vol. I, p6 9.- •• ; ' •: 12o In- regard to the encomienda system, Vaseoncelos . says (indoiogiaa p 0 57) ? ’ _ \ yyy ' yy /y^y''/ 0')% yy,-" 7:7'- ' -y ■ Desde el principio, el. rdgimen de ' . py yeneomienda legalizcf de hecho ;la e.sclavitudo: ; :pyp y: p % y Ademas, la teorra mismade hacer derivar el y," ’' " do#inio de una mereed de la Corona era humillante . . ypara la dlgnidad humana, humillante, puesto quey - :: el hombre por, serloytiene derecho a sacar de la p; - 7 tierra don su trabajo ei fruto neeesario a su subsistenoiao y ia teorfa. de la graeia del soberanp traia consigo el peligro de la desgracia; loque el^rey da el rey quita0 Ssto conduce en la praetiea, a la abyeceldn o a- la rebeidfao : yp' 7 Dpon -the same subject Sanchez offers (pSxiste Ame'f-iGa Latinaf. P » 5 6 ) ? , : u '' 7.py p ; : y :.7:y' y 7Pp: p. y 7 p y . 7. y Si bien las leyes de Indias establecxan , proeedimientos humanitarios uniformes para la poblaeidn, nativa," no se puede negar que rara vez 7se eumplfan del, todOo ;;:yy.;y p :7 y . y ,, y Asjf eomo, ein la aotualidad, existen campos: : y >de eonoentraoldh en los pafsesraoistas, entonees - exiatfan en,las afueras de las eiudades "eercados” . 7 donde obligetoriamente debian residir los indios, 7 7y.7 eostWbre que ya^ h tenldo' - los romanos y que -7 ; -did origen a esa palabra de antagSnleo eentido y 7 yyima sola faizi yhdstil’ y . hostelerb o . . ;7 - 7 7 ■ 7y - 1 ? .Lo.Cq - citps pc 2017 Bn octubre del mismo /p p y^afios,: y^flTe-o 1503 ) Oyando decr-etd algo parado jico ?: ' y; y . v giie los indios traba jarxan ??eomo hombres libres, ; pero 6ompulsoriamente y con salario f Ijado. por la ; •- ' atitioriaad., ' - ' T ' ^ : P \ . ' v ^ v: " - ^ ^ - • 14° Roys, Qhilam Balaap p0 191, Appendix- $6 - Mo , EtiSo 5 p.. 192, p : ■' '16o Landaus Relaoion, p0 .52, ' ; P P-. : >: 17o Roys, Qhilam Balam, Po 1:59$ note<, • r 180p Zaiada’s: Relaeion, p. 59» P ' 19 o JoseYasooneelos comments (La raza cos mica., ps 10} Pero a medida que la eonqu.ista se consximaba, toda la nueva organizacidh iba quedando en manos : p P' de cor-tesanos y validos del mon'arca0 Hombres P incapaces ya no digo de conquistar, ni sifquiera : - Pde defender, lo que otros conquistar on. oon talentom P>- > : ; y arrojo 0. Palaeiegos degenerados, capaces de ' p ; oprimir y humillar al native pero sumisos al poder real, ellos y sus'amos: no hicieron otra cosa .que eehar. a -perder la ©bra del genio: espanol en . " Amdricai P P :-p:-; . "P . . ..pv:Pi- ' ' . . 'vP- - 20P, .Ixtlilxdchitl, p. AOg. : 21», Ibido P p» 420 o - - P:PP 22o Mariano Picon-Salas s, De la conquista . a la inde- pendenclai' tfes sigios de historTa cultural KTspanoamericana. PP/ F ^ a r R F - Z i t F d as" PTddn^Silab: — — — — 23o Ipse VasGOnceloS', Imdologia: una interpretaoion de la cultura ibero^amerieanaa pi 141. ■ . . ” - 2A«. :Plc#-Balas^ p.17yip . -p-,- P ,wP. PP-; - -P:- P; -p Que en nombre de la religidn se cometieron erueidadeS y errores intfbiles en la conquista de p ' Amdrica; que sobre la vida de aquellos paises pesa , P v como escdhdalo y oprobio un sisterna tan in- ■ justificable eomo el del oomerclo y trata de eselayos negros; que en el deseo de huaillar y - proletarizar. a las poblaciones indigenas se olTidiK una Utopia tan generosa yptaa: practica compP . - P: P: ■ la del gran • Obispp ¥as co de Ouiroga , son terns . en - . p. ' 142 que;, Inslste el $adre jJLegi-e tion xaiiy- xlespierta V • ' : , : ooncieneia de criollo [email protected] ;S.s?: ’ - : ; intele@tnalmemt@g como uno de los primer os representantes de an pensaiaiento religios© modern© " que ya no se satisface con lo tradicional jr - .. existentea sino que desea ineorporar a la drbita de lo cristiano la sensiMlidad politica y social _ , d,e 8% movidp tiempOo 'v; u v ; ' V 25= losS fasooneelosa Indologiaa pQ 119o 26= Laada®s. iEelacionc I’rom a note by Eoys "based on the lelaolgn of Dohot (RT 2:30-31). ‘ .. 27c Landaus Eelacion, pp= 72-73. : f / ' - % ‘ V 1 28=: lomae Lopeg Medal, gelaoidn (1612) | dlted in Landa8 s . Eelaoidh,, Appendix B = :' . : \ 4 % V ■ •; 29= ' Landaus Relaoion, p= 44$, BOte 21?; quotation from_ , Re la cion of Sotuta^Xltf 1 = 97-98) = . ^ ' : ". , , 30= ■ Royso CMlam Balam, p= 202= ' ' : : ' - 9 :9: 31o, Inia Alhefto Sanche2 =^Exists America Latina! p= 262: 4 : El cronista Sanchez de Aguilar euenta como ; .9 “eastigd’a un Indio may a . que enoontrcfrezando 9, . :■ ante una •cristiana ifflagema Sfande parecfa la: < - .9 . : deToeion (del witajdo^ pero @ra9que detrda de la ■ ■ imagen ocultada.la de su idolOon ' • 32= , Hoys9 Chilam Balam^ ed= note9 p= 98= . ; ' . •; 33o Ibld=\ pp= 98= 175= ' :99 ’,9. : '/ .:34= Biaz del Oastlllo, Tol= 11, Oap= OOIZ= 9 \ : 33=- RoySg Ohilam Balam, Appendix G= 9 ' - 9' ' ; :';369:'9 9r.oS»:Oc' Northrop, The Meeting'of East and West, 9. quotes Frances Toor for her statement bnthe origin ofthe . Tirgin of ;(iuadalupe = •. 9 .'9 999 99 99. - .. 9 . '99 .9 9- Before the Conquest, the hill immediately . .9 9 :9 behind the present Sanctuary9 known as the Tepeyac,. ; ■ 9was the site-of an Aztec temple,, in which - 9 Tenantzin9 Firgin, Whittle Mother^ and Aztec god-9, dess of the Earth and Corn, had a wide cult==== It was on the site of the.pagan shrine that the9 ' ; j Virgin of Guadalupe appeared for the first time on ' . • the American'continent s to a humble Indian = a d 1&3 37o Roys, Ckilam Salaiaj, pj 127,, note jU : Eiride'Boe .'from the text m y be eited. as , : f ollows:- Y: , : Y \ ^ ; ■ x ■ ■7 : y "Wat entered into his thigha Fathers it was . the red arroWstone^" -y, y.; ■ ^Son.g have you seen the green water-holes in the roek? Were - are two of/ them; a eress is ; raised between them. They are -a mah’s eyes0 M ' ‘ • ' . "In the middle of the town of Tihoo is the' ; eathedralj the fiery houses the mountainous houses the darh house9 for the benefit of,God the"Father9 . God the Son and -Sod the. Holy Spirit ^ From Ohliak Balam, Antonio Mediz Bolio s. p 0 kOt "He aqui el. oorazoh' de Dios: la sagrada piedra preoiosa0" : ; - 3S0 Hoyss Ghilam Balam, p0 201 s Appendix Go - y' 39o Loco eito y'.y: : y€'''' '"7 ' . sy7;:y^.;;y- - xy '-jy PARI II GHiPTlRylll y.y: lo Sermdn Aroiniegasa Fste Pueblo de Amdriea» pp0 35“ 36; hereafter eited as Areiniegas:. y ' 20 Luis Alberto Safichez9 jEXiste Ameriea Latina?, p 0. ,2135 hereafter eited as S a n e h e 2 0y y. ■ . .. ■ : " x. . ;3° lose Vaseoneelosa Indologia, pp„ 72=73o ' " x V o Areiniegas^ p 0 4 9 0 - ^ yi . " - y ' ; 5 o Azquel may be translated as eaudillo-gaeerdote0 60 Tayaoppa to the Wayaritas was they"Dios reneoroso de la‘Justa Golera cn See Alba Sandoiz, Taetzani a p0 58= - Also called "Gran Padre de los TivientesV’ loo ° oit 0 9 p.o 59 = y >y 7o - Alba Sandoiz» Taetzani s p 0 59 ° ■ y ' :: y ' : So- ' ibido s p o AO o y , : r " y . - ■ ■ . y , ■ ■ x '- x ■■ y - v ■ • - 9° Tatouanes, /from content signifies the ."high-ups" : of the tribeo : y y x x x - y' y , x x - J t ' " ' ■ y ’ yy y- - : - ’ lOv Sandoiz/Taetzanig Po 95= ? : - : • -; llv -. 2kM.0 9v R° : 151 o - / : . ' i20 i M a , , po M o ; V ^ ■ v;: ' : 13 o■■ Topiles-=t»En Me jico9 Indio 'que desempena las funeiones. de algtiaeil en lod aydritamieirbds y juzgados inferlores de los: pueblos0 rt from Santainaria, Dicoionario Seneral de AaiericanlsmoSo 14 o Sandoiz8 Taetzani5, ;po 30 o 1; ': - : ■ • ; ■ "i:; i5o ibido, po 420 - v : ■•.■■■ r.- ■: : i : ■. ' ■ 160 : Ibldol Po 49o . ■ ; .. ; -• " / -i; l. - ' • "V ;; : ' 1 7 0 Ibido s Po 6lo- : v: : ; V ' . ." .;v a : 1 . ; . 180 Ibid p., Po 63 o - l'v;: ; V '7 ‘ ■ ■3.7 7 ' 197 M l d ov Po ■'67V:- 7- ; 7":7/ :■ '773-7 ■''% 377: 7 ; 20o Ibid., p 0 100» 3 ■737.'77^; -; ‘ 3" . ' ' {ip 7 ; '2io:; ibido 7 po 680 3 ;..33' 3; 7 3 3 i. 3: 3-: . 7 7 ■ 220 Sukeritantzi is translated as presidioso 7 :3 - 7 •' 23 o' Tlyaotzl is translated as hi job deTamjereSo ■ 7 24o - laetzanls, - p0 92» 7 3 i: : .u . ,7 3 7 •. 25= .Josd Attolini,MLos Guentos de Abreu G-dmez9n letraa de Mekieo, Tol«• 11I9 Numo 19, lulio, 1942o As intro duction to Abreu Gomez9 article of Heroes-Mayasj lose’ Attolini {comments: ■ . . ■ 7 ; 7. { { 3 ,{’ 7 ..p\ Ermilo no se toma el placer por el placer xaismo de escribir 3 cuando en sus obras se palpan ■ y ■palpitaa ansias de .rebeldfko In OAMEE le { ■ 7 7. 7%abremos de seguir en ese proeeso que va de su. - { afan de: belleza a 'su-.-sed de justicia c Jacinto 7 Oanek es el precursor--no en el tlempo de la ; > {M.'st©riail.. sino en el propio .de Abreu Gomez--. : : ' de esa plentltud qua babla de alcanzar en Eachi : " ■ Oooomi 7 - 7 :: •" '7; " , -7 7 .- ■ ■ 77 : : :.,7 .' 7'; 7:7.7. 7 7 •: 7 Oocom es la protesta imperecedera en contra de toda 'injusticiao No importa que por razones 7 ',de saria honda y genuina s esa protest a haya 7 7 ; 7.7, quedado limitada enel tiempo y el espaeios por que- 145 su t o z rebasa.la tlerra de l©s mayas y el slglo de I'ray Diego de Lauda y cunde por todas las ■' tlerras y por todos los slglos en que se eomete orlmen de lesa humanldado 11. - - All .Chume.oero „ Review of Heroes Mayas by Abreu G$mez, Lefras de Mlxieo’, Vol. Ill, Humo SO, August9 1943t Wo es Jacinto Canek un personaje privado$ sind un nuevo ser con la vida plena, una slntesis ; de lo. tue un pueblo quiere para sf, una eneendlda ' y modestalucha en eontra de,si mis mo y de los hombres, una posic.idn del valor de toda una raza ouando como raza debemos definir una clase soelalo : eanek viene a^ser algd m§s que lo q.ue es por si mismo y tam.bien un reflejo de Ip q.ue su pueblo es. &n este sentldo es posible.donodef a un : :: pueblo a traves de la imagen;de- sus heroes.! „ „ 1 ' ; :. Por ello mismo 9 este nuevo libro revoluoionario ■ recoge la hereneia de las mas entr-anables oualidades ^ . V las que- se dan enr la dureza y el liambre- que la '. injusticia de los hombres alimenta, y las eleva a v -paiahra de poesia9 es deoirs a palabra d@ justicia. 6. 6 sdid un oorazdh violento, hundldd en una gran t.ristezas es lo que ha quedado de su raza. a-; 'h.Per© dpor qud no tener fe' enla- sombra de Canek? Q,uizds de ella, y no del heroe propiamente, hemos - de esperar que surja el espfritu de nuestros pueblos *«. o n ' ' . , ;;. Hay algo mds que simple palabra bella en el : libro de Abreu; algo mas que el buen espanol y:el sabor de la region da donde surgen sus heroes mayas 5 ■ 1 eon t o ^ s sus fesabids de hombres opresos y sus rebeldias, qua.intentan uha inutil resisteneia eon //-i :Vias; apla; libertad. 6.oP . ; v : p ; . d pHa Abreu eseribfa alguna. ves sobre este teroa, '. " matizando muy elaramente -las difereneias;entre un ooneepto y otro, fundamentales hoy, que han side : p tan superpuestos sin mhsordenamiento que su 1 donfusldh. ' ;p i % / . - u'. - - ■ 26o: Irmilo Abreu G-omez, Eeloes Mayas: Zamndo ' Ooeom. Canek9 p 0 109; hereafter cited as Abreu GdBteZo : 271- ; See bibliography: Pech, Hakuk. . 28o ^ Abreu Gomez, p. 89o i p 30o Ibido, p0 S3| see also gp, 162-103° . 3 1 ° I b i d o , p. 8 6 . ■ ' • : ; / : ■ ' 32o Ibido 9 p° .91° ' : . • ; J ; . ' ' 6 • 33° Ibido 9 p0 231j see als© p° 228 = 34° . Ibido , po - 76o •;, : : . • 4 , 35° Ibidos ppo 54=55° lor source material on the story of AWeu Gdmez about Pedro Che and Bishop Larida, see Lauda8s Relaci&a., po. 76, note 340° ; 360 Abreu Golnez, p6 49° 37° Rodolfo G-onzdez Hurtado8 Nimbe: leyenda del Andhuac, pp. 84^8.5; hereafter eited as Gonzdlez Hurtado0 38° Ibido, p, 178° 4 ■ \ 39° Ibido 4 p ° 135° ■ 6 ' . / , / , . , ■ - . 40° Ibido, ppo 163^164° 41 ° Hector, Pe'fez Martinez, Cuauhtemoc: vida yauerte de una, cultura, Po 45: hereafter cited as Tdfez MartYnez0- : .... 42o Ibid., p. 123o . . ; 43° Ibido, p o 211a Santamaria defines Teules as ^nombre que los . indios azteeas dieren a los espafioles con- quistadores al conocerloss ereyendolos dioses o hijos del ■SOlo” ■ V ; ' • ' ’ , " ' - " I- - 44° ibido a-pod23o y - : ; ■y'v: 4 45° ibido, po I8I0 ' . ' 460 .Sanehez, p0 93° 4- ; • . 47° lose Vasconcelos, Indologfa, po 56° 4 , 48° Ibido, Po l44o. 4 .4 ' .... ; •■'.4 49° Sanchezp o 242 o • ' - - - 147 :; 5'2o ZoSoGd KCorthropj The Meeting of- Bast and West; an Inquiry, Concerning World Understanding; hereafter cited as 5’oScOc lMortiirop0 '"This reference offers a valuable analysis of this pointo " ;/ : .444^:;- . : v- Obviously the artsociology g, and religion • ' of the Indians were not independent subjects, • ’ • artifleially robbed of their proper vitality by ■ ■ being cut off from each other and their sources - in.nature; instead5 they were defined as to fheir ...... values and aims as well as to their instruments3. : \ by a seienee 'which was geometrical and astronomical . in its emphasis.. 19»' ^ ;.' . i . I ■ ; Evidently the purely aesthetic was - a value in • and for itselfand hot, a ■ mere 'appearance .to be ; dropped:as .if■it did not matter, or added merely as . an afterthought' .n g n-. : ' . u. . - fhis second •distinctive trait we shall find \ d recurring again and again.throughout the entire his- tory of Mexican art and culture. P. 201• - g; - : 11 ; ’’ ' : . ' - . For the' Mexicans $, art is a .necessity of lif e , . ■^7:l'-'lhot'id..':luxhP.y;.'religion- for them, if it" is anything, : i li.is a passion, a moving emotional experience„ The • culture, of the Aztec period satisfied both these n.-ill - requirements0. Bo 37i .. l . I1 . -d : . ; 5 3 o : Sahehez;, p p 0 l9S=-i9 9 := 'if ■ - >.'l , •: ;54 =.;Areiniegas.a: p 0;; 62 0; •: ' -; 1111" - ' ‘ • l-l ' i - ; ;. - . . ;$5o William Rex Crawford, & Century of hat in American 1 - Thought,.■ p q 253-; •hereafter cited, as. Crawfords : Quoting : Bulnes, 11 porvenir de.lasnaciones hispano-americanas^ ante las conquistas’ reclentes de lurFpa y ids • Istad'os ilhidos .-7®xieo7 .W T T T p p T i F T g r ^ ™ ;™" — . ,; 56o: Ar clniegas,;p„ 5B0 ’ ,1:- 1 ^ --I r:.; i :57>:. Ibldd, P» 591 il l:. '-I .1 .. i i .yl.i - ; 5g6 Bossfa Indrgena, Introduction, p& vill, ■1 ^7. g: po 104„ l ; ii " ', •' 111 1.1' 1 60o , 1 bS00O Hdrthfop0 ■ The Spanish philosopher, Dr- Jose l Qeos, has just published, an analysis and criticism of the work of lorthrop: luestro Tiempo, Mexico ? Guadernos 1 .Americanos^ 19503 - .: : 1 • - -1 i . 1- 1 148 v- Mariano Picon-Salas in His Huropa^America (Mexico i Gualernosvtoericanos, 1950} also- treats aspects considered .' iti ."bHe:'present thesis0 Neither study was available to the . writer. d<,ZdR0 ' ;;V-; : - /: ; : 8lo Almost from the Independence (1321} to IflO* the fight between the clericals and the ant 1-= cler 1 eals .had• been • .continmous. It was by the 1357 Constitution that the legal separation took placeo v ■ v ; 62. Andre's Henestrosa s f?Rebeiidh' de Indies „n Letras de MA-icO, Vol. Ill, Enm. 12, Dect , 1941... v : 63. Santamarfa defines ITayaritass -y -i , . ■ . Nayaritas i ( cor-as) Indios cuyos origines son deseottocidos, aunqne se'supone qne rivfan ya en . la sierra del Mayarit, en tiempo de la peregrinaeion ' : de ios’ aztecas. En 1616 pareoe q.ue . se tuvo la ; primer a noticia de que la. sierra delNayar.lt :: v: ' estaba habitada , pero pasaron mi.s. de eien - alios 1: para que sus habitantes fneron redneidos por'los ; espanoles 8 pues lo abrupt© de losmontes les ■ : prestaba faeilidades para, def enderse. En ;la: ; historia del Nayarit es. notable, la expedicl6n que •' v ; hlzo. a - W jlco. el. snmo sacerdote' de los coras, en ' V- . tiemp© del IferluSs de Valero n.d. , para ponerse : \ : bajo la obediencia del Rey de Ispdna, sin.querer adopter la religion catdlica, q.ue fne la causa de qpe. se separase de los espanoles . - ' 64. Bandoiz, Taetzani, p. 52. ■ v . /: 65 = Bee note 5,' p. 143. - 66. Bandoiz, laetzanl, p. 60. - 67. Ibid.,'p. 91. Ta=Te is referred-to in the novel : as Nnestra Madre, and -seems' to "imply Earth Mother.- . Zeueat is ‘translated™as El Sol. • '- . : r- ■ ■ : 1- ■ ■ 68. Ibid., p. 94. : "’.i' ’ ' p - 'i/ , \ 69. Ibid., p. 121. - /-M.y'} ■ . 70. Ibid., pq 146. ', '1-4 ; H :V . : 3^’° ' £MS° S p.: 168...... /. I ' . 4 72. ibid. , p^ 170. - . /y.. ■;; - i 1 149 v::;" 'V'; ;vV .,; :';;i ; ;: ■■'■ * ...' ■ v/ 74o Ibido, p 0 175o 4%/' ' ; f ;; ;':i 7 5o Ibido s p 0 113o - ' i I:' 7; v: .:- 760 Zollpwing; ileat if ipat $6n of the Taquis from the 4 ; Enoiolopedla Universal Il-ds trada „ ~ edit ores Madrid 5. Barcelona: Espasa^Oalpe' B <, Ao 4 ' '4 4 ' /-I . I - < ,;:>- •4 . 4 .irihna nacidas de Me jicOt, que habita una de ■ : . las Gomaroas mas rioas y f€rtiles del Sonora y de : la:-Beptiblloa ;Me jleana0 Pertenecen al troneo pima • . - q j se dividen en Taquis s propiamente diohos 9 mayos ,• ■ . 4 tehuacos y vaearegues, yresiden enseis poblaciones. al Ho :del rfo Taqui0 p4 o : .:4-";: . ■ ; 4 Xa organizacidn.social de los Taquis es en la 4 . aetualldad. una mezcla o oonfusi6n de sus primitives ,4 7 tradicionales costumhres j los habitos adquiridos “ por el eontacto eon la raza blanoa o Han adopt ado el, Oatolioismop pero tod avia ejeroen inf lueneia r v ., qeonslderahle en ellos los brajos o agoreross que . ;. los dominan y les explotanV’ ' Estos se : sirven de ; ' ; ; subs tan eias esceitantes y tSxieas que prodmeen. . : embriaguezg para'dominar mejor.a los yaquis3 que, . • :' : como todos los indios, son imydados a ese vicioo " •Oonservanaun restos de las antiguas eostumbres; ■ de tribe eainentemente guerrera-y eazadora y i todavla some ten a los jdvenes auna ed.ucacidn que -los: ponga en aGtitud de pelear o V • • ' ooo Xos yaquis sepultan a sus muertos vestidos Gon las ropasde usoeomun, pero sin encerrarlos en ataddes oooo \ ' . 000 Uno de los earaGteres de los yaquis essu % amor, a ■ la: Independenola 4.. que , eon su" valor indomable , ■ ^4 y eon.su inextinguible odio al bianco, al que llama 4; yori, han mantenido la guerra durante varies siglos., t . q eon> interf upeiones'md’s o me nos largas 0000 Desde 44 4 41609, feeha en que se les :meneiona por primera vez, ban vTvido en eonstante turbuleneia, Todavia se • reGU.erda la gran insurreeeiSn de 1868,; asi como la 44. de 1880, euando su jefe Cajeme se sostuvo contra ‘ : , las f uerzas allf enviados« 4 . . • 4 .4' p: ’ : 77c Armando /Chavez Oamacho,' Cajeme, p0 35; hereafter ■cited as. Chavez GamachOo Eor explanation of the .term Tori1 • see the preceding ..noteo . '. 4 : . .. ; 4 - - 150 Bdrez Martinez,ip, 202. ' 79v Jose" Tasoonceios, Indolo^ia, p.0 1440 80.1 Ibl&b, pa. .119* - ^ ' 81. Bamdh:Rubfn, El callado dolor- de loa tzotziles, p. 161; hereafter ’cited as RuMn. ' , • , , v82. Rerez. Martinez;p. 25b. ’ 83. : daguinaineea; means dame y te dar€7 Chavez. OamaehoV- .200-201= :: ; . : ; v'' A : : _■ ' 8if 0 Rubin, p o 156. The author eomraents on the. word n tzotzilt ; : ; La palabra tzotzil signif ioa "hombre v 1 ; ■;; JtiirelSlag^ u - ”hombre . varapiro,n debido a cpie esta; - trlbu tiene por ’’totem” a un q.uiroptero de esa.;: t:eapeel.e= ■ p.. ;140o f' ; ; :'R : / , ■ / ; P n : v;1 Bantaimr^ supplies: - , . .V.:.. . - Indio de la tribu nuraerosa de los tzotziles, 4ae"habitan todavia hoy, parte del oceldente de . .. Guatemala y del oriente de Chiapas, en Md'jicOo ; 85 o Rub inp. 168=1 See also p. 169 for further, detail on the fiesta and on the dramatization of Malinche = 86. Ghdvez 0arm oho, p. 263. ; / ; :87o ^Ibid..,; ,p. 266. : ^ /i: - i-: ; ; 1 p .: 88.‘ : Pdrez Martinez,. pp. 256-257<, , ' .89 = OhaVez Oamaeho, p. 85. ' - , : SO. Rubin, pp. 139-140. ; 1.7 . ; .^li , 1 1 91 ° ibid. s p. 50.. . -. . . 92= Ibid.s p. 77o- In explanation==the protagonist of . the;novel has been forced to aeoept. work in the slaughter house to fend off starvation. n ■ ■ '=. 93= Chavez Camacho, p. 268. Yoris sdhcoras is trans lated as blancos malos. ; l v ' 151 . 94o Edward H c Spicers (Pasoua; A Yaqul Tillage In Arizona! an authority on the TaqmTJ says; y .. ; - Their presence in Pasc.ua Tillage is : a result ; of the series of events which stirred Sonora from 187.5 to 19123 beginning with Cajeme8s first up-, rising and continuing until the-Revolution put an end to Porfirio Diaz’s campaign of 7aqui extermina= . tiotto.; . - ."-h;' , p •.Vy-. ' . ■■tv/'-; . ' • > : : Phehe - Mo Bogan, Yaqui Indian Dances, adds:' ' - 7 y . ; ■ ooo wars between Spanish and Yaquis which : - continued .when Mexico became a Republic and reached , it# height.when Diaz attempted to exterminate these Indians with wholesale deportations to Yucatan; and it was during this period that many of these Indians fled to the: United States = 95. Ghavez Gamachbg p. 290° ■ ,y: ' ' 96. ' Ibid,, 299^:V : yh'i : : Ibido , mgho- y - ; ■ . ryy;:-' y::- ' ''I:' 7 ' 98. Tbido , ppo 107=l08o . y t. " yiy t 7\"y y y y p -y 99o EbSo'Oh'Worthrop, Po 22o: h; y . y- ' ■ - , 7 % im&PTm it I, Piedn^Salad^y pi 23 = . ■ - ;:y7 p . 2c dulio limdhez Buedas Historia de la literafura Mexicana9 ■ Po 2 1 3 t. .... y 7 o Dro Atiy Cuentos de todos coloress Yolo 1^ ,’’Felipepo 380 .: "yyV ^ ' : ^ ■ y' -,'.‘y ■ - ,■ y 4. Rubin9 Po ti?!.: V: ', . / y:>.■ : . - ■:. . ;.:f. 7.5.0, ,#a#ehe&gPo%ylODpy - / : - = %: 7 - : 'p . r ;,' 7 ;. - y 60 :dose Yasconceiosp7 Indologfaj, po 72o' : ; 7 : ' / 7o ' Dr. AtlOuentos de .todos ooiores, Yolt 1^ ' ’’Felipe,;”.:Po -Aohy V ■ y /v'-y ,8o’.'' losd" Yasconcelosy La raza odsmica, p0 19. y 7 ; : 152- ■ 9«lavler Uranga E* s ^ Q,u© es Indigenlsiao??% Am e r 1 oa ^In d i g e n a , Vol. I„ Itoo' I., p., 55o 1 - 10= Gregorio- idpeB y Tuentesa 11 Indio, pc 11; h.ere-= • aftei* elted as Lopez y Puentes. ; . . : ; .. ; 11. Ibid., p. 13= . 12.- ibid. „ p. 53. : ;‘ ; - 13-o I b i d . 9 pp. 33=34° Tezontle means "piedra de. color n©jizo>lToTo3Ei&a:an ; : d ifv. > b; ; ; : 7.-;. . ' 14. Ibid., pp. 57-59o baib 15. Ibid., pp. 67-69. : ' i ' \ , ' <; ■ ; ; : 16. Ibid., pi 16v ^ v :' f- - - 17° I b i d .i,: ppo; 73=7A. V :: >::: ■ % <:/'/ : • ' ' ■ 18. I b i d . , pa: 83. ^ - 19. Ibid.',: p. 250. . - / ...- ■; V'v .- : : : a. ' 20o Ibid., p.. 69o b ' ";: 'b ;b- , b b : ; 21.:- Ibid., p.: 250. Tv i i- ' . I. , , 22. Ignacio .;AltamIrano:s O l e m e n o i a . p. 22. :: 23. Ignacib i.ltamirano, 31 Zarco t edisodios de la vida Mexieana en 1861-1863» p. 108; hereafter cited as Altamirano« %1 Zarco. ' / - . --:': 24. I b i d o ^ p. 11. Plateados are Mexican bandits with -; silver trappings. i .-. ; . 25. Ibid. ? p. 13. : ; . - _ . - T 26. ; Ibid., p. 58.- : /tT b-:T - 27-. Ibid.,: p. 84^ : ' T T v : .b.j - i - A 28. : Ramon Sender s Mexicayotl 9 p 119. . ' A 29. - I b i d ., p.. 120.: --'AT: b-A -; ;Tb AA: 30. Sdward H. Spicerj, unpublished manuscript on the Taqui military society. , r 33 = Olaavez 0 asaeiio ^ 0 5o' : • • ■ : ■■ 34. - ibid. . 35o ' Ibid. , p. 123. \ \; \: . ; 3 6 o i b i d . , pp o .222°223.. : ' / 37o Ibldo y po: 135o : 3 7 r ; 1 :: . : :\ ; \ ; 3;:71, 38o . Ibid., p. 30W : I : " i - : ' ; - 39o. I b i d . , p, 290. v; .3: . ' 77 3'‘:V; 37 ■' ;: . Po 305. 73" .73:-.3-^:; :'7 ;7 7 :- ; ;v ;^;;7 ' 3 , ;- 3 -:-.:;:;41o7! V ■ / 7; 73^ ^-' : . ;7:"; . 7 - 4 2 1 ' , Ibid., p., 180; see also pp. 125-126. ; 7 ■ v' ; • ' ,7 7 :743.37#b6i:, .p>7 3i:o: i'::! 7-;; 7 : .; ■; : :7; ; 3;7/.i.7 ■ f 44d'< ■ ibid. g ■ p» - 74. 7 v ; . : • 7 :7;; i ^ - 7 453 .'ibid.:, :pv^i44.^7.^'r437.; 77 -7^ i7;37 : ; 77 /:7;.;. - ; 7;7'7 ^ : '747. 7 ibid. V p.; 166.. 7 7 ' ; ; 48. Ibid.p. 1810 Ajau is defined by the author as l,el supremo gobernador indio cle la tribu tzotzil.?J 4 9 o 7 3 =:7 ' :' 7 . . . i '7 . 77:7 7 Bb^i lbld.4 P.'69° 3 ■ • :l; 7 . ' -' "-7'' : :'/47 513 ibid.7 p»77lo 7 77:777 7 : 7 " 7: 4 . 7- . : : 752.77; Ibid., p..d7.:72d7 3': . 7 7 '77. ; ' ' 7 : - 7 7 53. The~ Q3?een Ogntlnent, edd German Arciniegass p. 78 549 - Ibid. * p 79o' : - also pp. 146, 280 f or inf orma- tion on the Andean and Paraguayan Indians. Articles "The Arzay of the Andes" by Ricardo Rojas $ and r?The Waterfalls of South Amer 1 oa" by los6 Was o one elos. . . ; : 4 :4 ' 7. 55 <=. Perez. Sfertlnez, po:': 2 7 r . : \ : 56. Jos^ YasGonoelos, Indologia^ pp. 60-61. ' ■ 57o CraYjfordj pp. 181-82, citing frora Gonzales Prada, ilueTas paginas litres {1931}, pp„ 112-113V : : ’ 5S. SCnoIiez, pp.. 54-55o : : ■ '; ■ 59. -Ibid . , t p 0 60. ' : ' : - ; : \ : ■ " - ';,;■ : 60= : ' Ibid.:,; p. 105. ’ ' : :,;r v ;. . " ' ' • - 61. los^ YasQoncelcs, Indologia, p. xxiii0 ; ' ' 62:. . Sanchezs: p.. 63= ■ ; ; -V 63= : Ibid.v p=75dv ' 4; : V. 64. : Abreu. Gc5mez, p. 84. : : ■ J '; ; ’3 ': :: ’ 65. Sanchez, p= 63= ::' / ' :5 /: ' ^ :;• 66. Jose',Yascpnceloa, Indclcgia;; p= 86 = . A - v ' 67o lose Yasconcelos s La r a z a .. cbSmica, p= 14= ■ :: 68. Arciniegas, p= 50= ' . " y ■■ . 69= Jos© Yasconcelos, Ind.ologia9 p= 74. : 70= F = S=G= Hortbrop^ p= 21= 4 - \ .■ - ■ . ' 71. lose' Yasconcelos s Indologia, p= 120= : ...... : 72= Mnehezj> p= 243= Y " ' , 73= Jose^ Yasconcelos, Indologfa. p= 87= •; ; ^74= .@aiiob©z, p= 137=-. : - . ‘ 75= Bdnez Mart Inez,' pp. 256-257; .:: 76= lb© Green Continent 3 ed. German Arciniegass p =. 182 : ,;::V:77i\Y!3Qs;© ' Yasconcelos,. La raza cosmica, p= 15. : ’ : : . - 7B= ;,, Sanchez, p = 137=' : Y., V; ■: . - i ' ■ ' . ■- - ; : ,' :.y . 79= • Perez Mart^iez, p. 87= . : Y Y 155 80o Jos# Yasconcelos, Ind.ologfas . p,» 77 = 81 o Jose Ifasooncelos9 La- raza cdsmloa, p 0 15 82o Jose Yasconcelos„ Inlologfaa pc xlili« .- 83 o Ibidc, p o xxviii= . ' ^ ■ - V 8V0 Ibido S. pi , 9. V 85 c Ibid o p p 0 . 20 o ■ i ; : ^ ■ - V-"": . / . : . ; - - ’ ' ' 8 6 o B a n c b e Z p p'o 2 7 6 o . . . i: ; ; . ; BIBLIOGRAPHY fibres. Gd’iaeZ j Brmilo „ Heroes1 Ifayas;i Zamng«- Oooq-hu Ganeko .. Goleccioh. Mirasol7~~Mezicos ■ D,P.: GorgbaETa™general : 1 editora, 8,1., 1942, ' . ; ' ; ; H-GH Altamxraros Ignaeto Mo Glemenoiao Coleccimi de eseritores ; Mexioanos „ iidxicos~^SdTtorlal Porrua s SoAo „ 1944= ■ - - - _'4'_ 4 ' -SI Zaroo? Eplsodlos de la vida • en 18FT-=1B'53', Edo PaYmoad_ .4'o Grlsmer and : ■ ■ Miguel Sue las New York tv1f o'W„ Horton and Go, „ Ine o s- 1 • . 1933=; ;. . Alvarado Tezozdmoc3 Hernando0 Gronica Mexicana0. Anotada . por - Manuel ■ Orozco y Berra =; Si^%dse So "flgil 0 . Mexico : iJMprenta -y Litograf £a de Ireneo Paz „ 18?8 = ' ' : A:: ■ America Indigena: Organo ofieiai. del instltuto Indigenista '11 Inter-amen cano.o Mexico 8 D=P.: Oct. 1941--= : . ■ Areinlegas:s; German. ;Sste; Pueblo de 'America. Mexico: Hondo ' de cultura econdmica!)”T%64' :; v :. .: . . V ' - ; „ ed. Phe Green Oontinent. - Trans, from ■ : / tiie 'Spanisii1! and Portuguese by Harriet De Qnis and others, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 19446 - Bogan, Phoebe. ' Yaq.ui Indian Dance s., /Tucson: Archeological pociety, 19254 / '. 'n / ;/ v A - Bustamante, Oarlos/lferl’a. Hotas in Pray Bernardino de : Sahagltii:, ' His toria general de las eosas de - Hue va' Bspana Oervantes^de Salazar, - Pf anciscOo- 1 In Gronica .de la Hueva ; 1 Espana'. 11, Gaps»' KiyiKKIK. Pray. Diego de Landa, A V Landa/s re la cion de .las '.cosas de Yucatan,. Ed. Alfred Tozzer, pp. 110=122 o A ;; A A Ghaves Gamacho, Armando. Gajeme. Mexico: jus, .1948. Chilam Balam de Chtunayelo Biblioteoa del eatudiante ■anlversltaTiOo- Prelbgd f tradmeelon por Antonio Media BoliOo Mexico: Bdieibnee de la Universidad .I'Tacional • Antdnoma, 1%1A . - : ^ ■" •': - ; .' Vl - . 1 edo Balph - Bo Boyav Oarnegie Xn“ AtXtuiionofWasEington: November, 1933° Crawfords William Bex0 A Century of Latin 'American Thought0 Cambridge: Harvard UniVers ity Ares s, 1944° Dfaa,del Castillo9 Bernal« Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Hueva Espdha„ ' Segunda edicidh. - Ma'drTdi Espasa^ Oalpe, 8.A, ,:1942. A, Diccionario.general de Amer1can!smoso Bd« Brandsoo-Jc Santa= - mar fa o ; 'TMx Tgo 8 "TJoSA: I’dit or ial Pedro Bobredo^ 1942 „ Bbotor Atl0 See Murillos Gerardo0 Bneielopedla Universal■Xlustrada. Madrida Barcelona: Espasa- : ■■ : ' Calpe, S.An ; ' g ' ;: W ■ • i. ' Saribay Ki $ Angeli See Boesia Indigena de la Altiplaniclec. Qrillmor 9 Zranoes 9 Elute of the Smoking Mirrbr. Albuq.uerq.ue:' : , A Bniversity.of New MexTco Press3 1949, , d-onzilez Hurtado 6 Bodblf o i Mimbe: Ley and a -del Anahuac0 ' Mexico: EDI APS Aj. 1947- • — — — — — Herrera y Tord'esillas» Ant Ohio = Ddeadas, o Hlstoria general : de los hechos de los Castellanos en -las~Tslas y Sierra"” f irma diT'Bar QobanOo (1601), Decada I?/ Libro X- ; Fray"Diego de Landas Landa ?s relacidn de las eosas de Yuoatdnj ed. Tozzer. Appendix A - : - j"im^nez_ Bubda, Julio 0 Hlstoria de la literatura -Mexioana- ; ; Mexico: 1943- - g .. ..." . Landa9 Bray Diego de. Landa8s relacion de las cosas de Yucatan: A TranslationQ HdAlfred“M0 Tozzer0 . Cambridge;, Mass 01 The Museum,; 1941 - • - , Letras de Mexico, gaceta literaria y artrstloa,. Mexicos . ' Lopez y Puentes5 Gregorio0 El Andie- Segunda Edieidh - . ; Llustrada- 'Mbxioo,. 1937w ; ; . v : ; • 158 Medels Tomas L€>pez„ Relaeions (1612) o Papeles de Munozs ■ Tomo 42o. Madrid: Aoadeiaia de Historiao In Pray Diego de Landa, landa8 s relabidh de las oosas de Yucatan, ■ ed. Tozzer, Appendix B* Northrop, TiS.0. The Meeting . of last.'1 and West: An Inquiry ■; -Goneerning World Understanding0 New York: Babmillan -Co^ 19kbX . Qhras histdrioas de Son Fernando de Alva^Iztlilzmchitl«. Puhlicadas y anotadas per Alfredo Ghavero, MWxieo: . ;Ofioina Tip. de la Secretaria delomento, 1891= Peeh? Nafeuho' Historia j Qrdnlca de Ghac-Zulub-chen0 Prdlogo „ vers'iSh' y notas de Hietor,P^ez",'IHrtYhez. Mexieot Talleres GrS.fieos de la Nacidh, 1936. Pe'rez9 .Mfertinez} 'He'etor. Cuauhtemoc: vlda y muerte de una , culture. Mexico: Editorial,Leyenda? S.A., 1944 = Picoh-'Salas 9 Mariano. De la conquista a la independenciag Ires'siglos de historla cultural hispanoamericanao ' ' EexicG: Eondo de ■ Gultura ..ScohoQTcaj .1944^ • ■' . ■■ . Poesia Indxgena de la Altiplanicie. DiYulgacidh■Literaria. . BihTioteea del e.sfudiante: uniYefsitario. 1 ZI1 Seleocidn, version9 introduceidh y notas. de Angel feria Garibay K„ ; Mexico: Ediciones- de la Universidad Naeional 'Autdhoma s 1940 c ; : : :\V :U'V ' Prescott, William E. History of the Conquest of Mexico: With, a preliminafy View of the Anelent Mexican Civiliza tion and the life of the conqueror Hernando Gortes. Chicago: Hooper, Clarke and Co., n„d.■ • Reeopllacion de leyes de las Indias, mandadas imprimir y ; puhlicar por la magestadeatdlica deRey Don Carlos 11= - Yolo IIj Libro VI, Iiftulos Segundb y Tereero> Ifedrid,: : . Por la Vluda de D. Joaquin Ibarra, 1791= Belacidh of Merida, edo Alfred M. Tozzer, in Landa? s relaeTofi "de las eosas de Yucatan« , Roys,: Balph 1 . 8ee Ghilam. Balam de Chumayelc - PubIn, Ramon= El calledo dolor de los tzotzlles. Mexico, 19490 - . . ■ ' ' Sahagtih, Pray Bernardino de. Historla general de las oosas - de Nueva .EspaMa. Mexico t'' Edit of iai Pedro. Robfe"do7~T9l"8o 159 Sanehez, Luls-AlbertOo Anxerloa Latina? Mexico: J’ondo d© Cultura Scondraica, 191-5 = ■ ' Samdolz, Alba* Taetzanio. Mexico: Editorial Ideas» 1946„ Seiider, Bamdii Jo Mexicayotl, M^ico? Quetzal s 1940» Spicer s 'Mward Ho A Taqui .Tillage in Arizona0 Chicago: . -. ' Bhiversity of Chicago !PFess7~"l9^0 0 " ; . -i - o Unpublished mnusoripi. on the Yaqni mili tary society in possession of the author;at the Univer sity of Arizonao 1/ - TaseonceloSj Joseo Indologia: una interpretaoldh de la cultura ibero-amerieanao Barcelona : Agenda MmadTal de ' ; HbrefTa, n0do 193_J? ‘ : d ; " I 6 La raza'; cdsmlca: Eisidh de la raza : Kberoa^ericana o / Paris': ' Agehcia Mundial de~TibrerfaV Wilgus,: Ao- Curtis o Latin America in Sfeps o Hew York: Barnes ' : and; $ipble:8gl94^0 : . v ' ' ■ ,,- /' . V