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Skywatching in the Ancient World: New Perspectives in Cultural Astronomy—Studies in Honor of Anthony F

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SKYWATCHING in the Ancient World MES OAM ERICAN W ORLDS From the Olmecs to the Danzantes GENERAL EDITORS: Davíd Carrasco and Eduardo Matos Moctezuma EDITORIAL BOARD: Michio Araki, Alfredo López Austin, Anthony Aveni, Elizabeth Boone, and Charles H. Long After Monte Albán: Transformation and Negotiation in Oaxaca, Mexico, JEFFREY P. BLOMSTER, EDITOR The Apotheosis of Janaab’ Pakal: Science, History, and Religion at Classic Maya Palenque, GERARDO ALDANA Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, NANCY GONLIN AND JON C. LOHSE, EDITORS Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan, PHILIP P. ARNOLD Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures, Revised Edition, ANTHONY AVENI Encounter with the Plumed Serpent: Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica, MAARTEN JANSEN AND GABINA AURORA PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ In the Realm of Nachan Kan: Postclassic Maya Archaeology at Laguna de On, Belize, MARILYN A. MASSON Invasion and Transformation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico, REBECCA P. BRIENEN AND MARGARET A. JACKSON, EDITORS Life and Death in the Templo Mayor, EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Madrid Codex: New Approaches to Understanding an Ancient Maya Manuscript, GABRIELLE VAIL AND ANTHONY AVENI, EDITORS Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, E. CHRISTIAN WELLS AND KARLA L. DAVIS-SALAZAR, EDITORS Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, DAVÍD CARRASCO, LINDSAY JONES, AND SCOTT SESSIONS, EDITORS Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror,” GUILHEM OLIVIER, TRANSLATED BY MICHEL BESSON Rabinal Achi: A Fifteenth-Century Maya Dynastic Drama, ALAIN BRETON, EDITOR; TRANSLATED BY TERESA LAVENDER FAGAN AND ROBERT SCHNEIDER Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún, ELOISE QUIÑONES KEBER, EDITOR Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands, TRAVIS W. STANTON AND ALINE MAGNONI, EDITORS Skywatching in the Ancient World: New Perspectives in Cultural Astronomy—Studies in Honor of Anthony F. Aveni, CLIVE RUGGLES AND GARY URTON, EDITORS The Social Experience of Childhood in Mesoamerica, TRACI ARDREN AND SCOTT R. HUTSON, EDITORS Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, KEITH M. PRUFER AND JAMES E. BRADY, EDITORS Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist, ALFREDO LÓPEZ AUSTIN Thunder Doesn’t Live Here Anymore: Self-Deprecation and the Theory of Otherness Among the Teenek Indians of Mexico, ANATH ARIEL DE VIDAS; TRANSLATED BY TERESA LAVENDER FAGAN Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl: The Once and Future Lord of the Toltecs, H. B. NICHOLSON The World Below: Body and Cosmos in Otomi Indian Ritual, JACQUES GALINIER SKYWATCHING in the Ancient World New Perspectives in Cultural Astronomy Studies in Honor of Anthony F. Aveni EDITED BY Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO © 2007 by the University Press of Colorado Published by the University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of the Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State College, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Mesa State College, Metropolitan State College of Denver, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, and Western State College of Colorado. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Skywatching in the ancient world : new perspectives in cultural astronomy studies in honor of Anthony F. Aveni / edited by Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton. p. cm. — (Mesoamerican worlds) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87081-887-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Archaeoastronomy. 2. Astronomy, Ancient. I. Aveni, Anthony F. II. Ruggles, C. L. N. (Clive L. N.) III. Urton, Gary, 1946– GN799.A8S59 2007 520—dc22 2007029308 Design by Daniel Pratt 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This volume is the product of a symposium held in the fall of 2003 at Colgate University, New York, to celebrate and honor Anthony Aveni’s contributions to a variety of fields of study, and particularly to what has become known as “cultural astronomy,” during a forty-year-long academic career. This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword—Davíd Carrasco ix Preface—Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton xiii A Partner’s Perspective—Lorraine Aveni xvii Acknowledgments xxi Editors’ Note xxiii Introduction—Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton 1 1. The Correlation between the Colonial Northern Zapotec and Gregorian Calendars—John Justeson and David Tavárez 17 vii PCREFACEONTENTS 2. Kirchhoff’s Correlations and the Third Part of the Codex Borbonicus—Edward E. Calnek 83 3. When Was the Dresden Codex Venus Table Efficacious?—Harvey M. Bricker and Victoria R. Bricker 95 4. Moon Woman Meets the Stars: A New Reading of the Lunar Almanacs in the Dresden Codex—Dennis Tedlock and Barbara Tedlock 121 5. Astronomical Cycles in the Imagery of Codex Borgia 29–46—Susan Milbrath 157 6. The Measure of Man—Clemency Coggins 209 7. A Multi-Year Tukapu Calendar—Gary Urton 245 8. Solar and Lunar Observations in the Inca Calendar—R. Tom Zuidema 269 9. Cosmology, Calendar, and Temple Orientations in Ancient Hawai‘i—Clive Ruggles 287 10. Calendrical Cycles, the Eighth Day of the World, and the Orientation of English Churches—Stephen C. McCluskey 331 11. High Fashion—Edwin C. Krupp 355 Contributors 375 Index 377 viii Foreword ANTHONY AVENI: A PIVOT OF MANY QUARTERS I met Anthony Aveni in 1982 when he was visiting the University of Colorado to lecture on his recent book Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. This book fascinated me because of its significance for my academic discipline, the History of Religions. At the time, scholars of religion and anthropology had been showing increased interest in the religious significance of the sky, sun, moon, stars, and celestial phenomena, spurred in part by the publication of Mircea Eliade’s Patterns in Comparative Religion. Paul Wheatley’s magisterial The Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City had posited that urban genesis in the seven areas of primary urban generation was undergirded by cosmo-magical thinking that integrated the mathematically expressible regimes of the heavens and the biological rhythms on earth. Aveni’s work on the sky, stars, calendar rituals, alignments, and the close-knit relation- ship between ceremonial centers and celestial patterns seemed to advance the ix FOREWORD work of these scholars by providing specific data on skywatching and archaeo- astronomy, a new method for understanding the ways humans and their cities were oriented on celestial events. Aveni’s work resonated with my own on Quetzalcoatl and a series of cities associated with the Feathered Serpent tradi- tion in Mesoamerica. Through meeting Anthony Aveni my own work was “re- oriented” in a productive direction. Our initial conversation struck mutual chords and I invited Aveni to spend a semester at the University of Colorado working in the Moses Mesoamerican Archive so we could team teach a course and teach each other about archaeo- astronomy and the study of religion. That fall in Colorado, Aveni and I held a series of public “conversations” about religion, ritual, astronomy, cities, and calendars in the Aztec, Inca, and Maya worlds, and these talks were turned into a small but appreciated publication titled “Conversations with Anthony Aveni: Archaeoastronomy and the History of Religions” published by the Mesoamerican Archive. Aveni’s breadth of knowledge, engaging teaching style, and willingness to collaborate ignited a series of new questions about the relationship between science and religion, Old World and New World, calen- dars and cosmovision, and ritual and myth and also the similarities and differ- ences within the archaeoastronomies of the Americas that helped shape the future research agenda of the Mesoamerican Archive and influence students at Colorado. This was the beginning of a career-long collaboration that has been deeply beneficial to my own scholarship and the overall productivity of the Moses Mesoamerican Archive and its publishing program. What I then recognized about Aveni’s particular form of genius has now become clear to scholars in many parts of the world as evidenced in this excel- lent book of essays. As Clive Ruggles and Gary Urton write: Tony Aveni is one of the world’s great interdisciplinarians, having contrib- uted to a variety of fields of study during his forty-year academic career. He is widely acknowledged as America’s leading archaeoastronomer as well as the founding father of Mesoamerican archaeoastronomy. Over the years, he has moved from studying “ancient astronomy” to broader issues of cosmology, perception, and indigenous concepts of space, time, number, and other related concepts. Rather than remaining the astronomer working on the fringes of anthropology, he has constantly moved forward, ensuring that his work is increasingly contextualized in anthropological and archaeological theory and practice, with the result that he has created entirely new ways of comprehending ancient cultures through their knowl- edge and perceptions of the skies. x Foreword In other words, Aveni has become a “pivot of many quarters,” a scholar who has achieved a powerful grounding in his own scientific/humanistic world view and is able to face in many cultural and academic directions and enter into productive dialogues with other people, places, horizons, and centers. Unlike James Thurber, who as a young student in chemistry class was only capable of seeing reflections of his own eye in the microscope, Aveni has increasingly been able to put on a variety of academic and cultural lenses and utilize them to help organize new knowledge about how human beings achieve sophisticated orientations in time and space.
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