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Africa and Liberia in World Politics
© COPYRIGHT by Chandra Dunn 2016 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED AFRICA AND LIBERIA IN WORLD POLITICS BY Chandra Dunn ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes Liberia’s puzzling shift from a reflexive allegiance to the United States (US) to a more autonomous, anti-colonial, and Africanist foreign policy during the early years of the Tolbert administration (1971-1975) with a focus on the role played by public rhetoric in shaping conceptions of the world which engendered the new policy. For the overarching purpose of understanding the Tolbert-era foreign-policy actions, this study traces the use of the discursive resources Africa and Liberia in three foreign policy debates: 1) the Hinterland Policy (1900-05), 2) the creation of the Organization for African Unity (OAU) (1957- 1963), and finally, 3) the Tolbert administration’s autonomous, anti-colonial foreign policy (1971-1975). The specifications of Liberia and Africa in the earlier debates are available for use in subsequent debates and ultimately play a role in the adoption of the more autonomous and anti-colonial foreign policy. Special attention is given to the legitimation process, that is, the regular and repeated way in which justifications are given for pursuing policy actions, in public discourse in the United States, Europe, Africa, and Liberia. The analysis highlights how political opponents’ justificatory arguments and rhetorical deployments drew on publicly available powerful discursive resources and in doing so attempted to define Liberia often in relation to Africa to allow for certain courses of action while prohibiting others. Political actors claimed Liberia’s membership to the purported supranational cultural community of Africa. -
Post-Emancipation Barbadian Emigrants in Pursuit Of
“MORE AUSPICIOUS SHORES”: POST-EMANCIPATION BARBADIAN EMIGRANTS IN PURSUIT OF FREEDOM, CITIZENSHIP, AND NATIONHOOD IN LIBERIA, 1834 – 1912 By Caree A. Banton Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY August, 2013 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor Richard Blackett Professor Jane Landers Professor Moses Ochonu Professor Jemima Pierre To all those who labored for my learning, especially my parents. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to more people than there is space available for adequate acknowledgement. I would like to thank Vanderbilt University, the Albert Gordon Foundation, the Rotary International, and the Andrew Mellon Foundation for all of their support that facilitated the research and work necessary to complete this project. My appreciation also goes to my supervisor, Professor Richard Blackett for the time he spent in directing, guiding, reading, editing my work. At times, it tested his patience, sanity, and will to live. But he persevered. I thank him for his words of caution, advice and for being a role model through his research and scholarship. His generosity and kind spirit has not only shaped my academic pursuits but also my life outside the walls of the academy. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the members of my dissertation committee: Jane Landers, Moses Ochonu, and Jemima Pierre. They have provided advice and support above and beyond what was required of them. I am truly grateful not only for all their services rendered but also the kind words and warm smiles with which they have always greeted me. -
What Role for Ethnicity? Political Behavior and Mobilization in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 5-2010 What Role for Ethnicity? Political Behavior and Mobilization in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia Fodei Joseph Batty Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Political Science Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Batty, Fodei Joseph, "What Role for Ethnicity? Political Behavior and Mobilization in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia" (2010). Dissertations. 501. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/501 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHAT ROLE FOR ETHNICITY? POLITICAL BEHAVIOR AND MOBILIZATION IN POST-CONFLICT SIERRA LEONE AND LIBERIA by Fodei Joseph Batty A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Advisor: Jim Butterfield, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan May 2010 UMI Number: 3410394 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI 3410394 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. -
World Directory of Minorities
Minority Rights Group International : Liberia : Liberia Overview Page 1 of 8 World Directory of Minorities Africa MRG Directory –> Liberia –> Liberia Overview Print Page Close Window Liberia Overview Environment Peoples History Governance Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment The Republic of Liberia is located on the Atlantic Coast of West Africa and is bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. Liberia has a 560-kilometre coastline and mountains in the north and east. The country contains vast timber reserves and substantial deposits of iron ore, gold and diamonds. Peoples Main language groups: English 20% (official), Bassa, Kru (Klao), Kpelle, Gola, Loma, Mann Main religions: traditional religions (40%), Christianity, often mixed with traditional beliefs (40%), Islam (20%) Main minority groups: Kpelle 487,400 (15.2%), Bassa 347,600 (10.9%), Gio (Dan) 150-200,000 (4.7- 6.3%), Kru (Klao) 184,000 (5.8%), Grebo 222,000 (6.9%), Mano 185,000 (5.8%), Americo- Liberians/Congo People 160,000 (5%), Loma 141,800 (4.4%), Krahn 126,400 (4.0%), Kissi 115,000 (3.6%), Gbandi 100,000 (3.1%), Gola 99,300 (3.1%), Vai 89,500 (2.8%), Mandingo 45,400 (1.4%), Mende 19,700 (0.6%), Kuwaa 12,800 (0.4%), and Dei 8,100 (0.3%) [Note: Percentages for religions are taken from the 2007 US CIRF report. Total population est of 3.2 million is taken from the 2007 CIA World Factbook, as is the estimate for English speakers and total for Americo-Liberians/Congo People. For most ethnic groups, figures are taken from Ethnologue numbers stemming from various years: Kpelle (1991), Bassa (1991), Gio (1993), Kru (1991), Grebo (1991 for two sub-groups, 1999 for two others, and 2000 for a fifth), Mano (1995), Loma (1991), Krahn (1991) Gola (1991), Mandingo (1991), Kissi (1995), Vai (1991), Gbandi (2001), Mende (1991), Kuwaa (1991), Dei (1991).] The forest belt in West Africa that covers large swathes of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria has always been populated by a large number of ethnic groups. -
Liberian Studies Journal
VOLUME XXV 2000 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts intended for consideration should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and-a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors must, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work, preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title ofthe text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style (the preferred style), or the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA). All manuscripts intended for consideration should be mailed to: Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6306. -
Home Office, United Kingdom
LIBERIA COUNTRY REPORT April 2005 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Liberia April 2005 CONTENTS 1 Scope of the document 1.1 2 Geography 2.1 3 Economy 3.1 4 History 4.1 5 State Structures The Constitution 5.1 Citizenship 5.2 Political System 5.4 Judiciary 5.7 Legal Rights/Detention 5.12 Death Penalty 5.14 Internal Security 5.15 Border security and relations with neighbouring countries 5.25 Prison and Prison Conditions 5.28 Armed Forces 5.33 Police 5.35 Military Service 5.38 Medical Services 5.39 People with disabilities 5.46 Educational System 5.47 6 Human Rights 6A Human Rights Issues Overview 6.1 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.4 Journalists 6.11 Freedom of Religion 6.16 Religious Groups 6.24 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.30 Employment Rights 6.35 People Trafficking 6.38 Freedom of Movement 6.41 6B Human Rights – Specific Groups Ethnic Groups 6.44 Mandingo 6.46 Krahn 6.48 Women 6.49 Children 6.55 Homosexuals 6.61 6C Human Rights – Other Issues Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 6.62 United Nations 6.70 Humanitarian situation 6.73 Annexes Chronology of Major Events Annex A Political Organisations Annex B Prominent People Annex C List of Source Material Annex D Liberia April 2005 1. Scope of Document 1.1 This Country Report has been produced by Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, for use by officials involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The Report provides general background information about the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. -
Risks of Corruption to State Legitimacy and Stability in Fragile Situations Sarah Dix Karen Hussmann Grant Walton
U4 ISSUE May 2012 No 3 Risks of corruption to state legitimacy and stability in fragile situations Sarah Dix Karen Hussmann Grant Walton Anti- Corruption Resource Centre www.U4.no U4 is a web-based resource centre for development practitioners who wish to effectively address corruption challenges in their work. U4 is operated by the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) – an independent centre for research on international development and policy – and is funded by AusAID (Australia), BTC (Belgium), CIDA (Canada), DFID (UK), GIZ (Germany), Norad (Norway), Sida (Sweden) and The Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. All views expressed in this Issue are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U4 Partner Agencies or CMI/ U4. (Copyright 2012 - CMI/U4) Risks of corruption to state legitimacy and stability in fragile situations By Sarah Dix Karen Hussmann Grant Walton U4 Issue May 2012 No 3 This U4 Publication is a revised version of a paper produced by U4 and Tiri for the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under its Research for Development initiative. Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................. -
Masters Thesis Final
ABSTRACT CASPER, CLIFFORD JOHN. Tragic Pragmatism: Liberia and the United States, 1971- 1985. (Under the direction of Dr. Nancy Mitchell). The thesis focuses on the US-Liberian relationship from 1971-1985, a time when the cold war entered Africa. In 1975, Cuban troops poured into Angola, and in 1977 more Cubans entered Ethiopia. These events affected US relations with Liberia, long considered a dependable and stable American ally in Africa. William Tolbert, who governed Liberia from 1971 to 1980, strove to raise his country’s profile on the continent and to put some distance between Monrovia and Washington. In 1980, he was overthrown and murdered by Samuel Doe, the new leader of Liberia. Doe, who would rule for a decade, was a ruthless dictator who led his country to the onslaught of civil war. Nevertheless, during the Doe years, US aid to Liberia increased dramatically; under Reagan, Liberia became the largest recipient of US aid in sub-Saharan Africa. The cost of this aid was relatively low for the United States in comparison to its benefits: leverage over a pro-American ally in a strategic location. Newly declassified documents from the Carter Library, the Reagan Library, and the Declassified Document Reference System, as well as interviews with State Department officials, and the US press enable me to present Liberia’s special relationship with the United States in a new light. This is a case study of the attempt of a client state to stake out an independent role despite its dependency. It is also an example of how US foreign policy is governed by a cost/benefit analysis. -
Unit 15 of 19: Launching Liberty – Democracy in Liberia
Curriculum Guide: The President’s Travels Unit 15 of 19: Launching Liberty – Democracy in Liberia 441 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA, 30312 | 404-865-7100 | www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov Launching Liberty: The Carter Center Strengthening Democracy in Liberia A billboard welcoming the Carter’s to Liberia during their historic 1978 visit A Brief History of the Republic of Liberia At a quick glance of Liberia’s flag one might mistake it for “Old Glory”. The Republic of Liberia’s history binds it to the United States. President Carter's personal commitment to Liberia began in 1978, when he made the first state visit by a sitting U.S. president to sub-Saharan Africa, to meet then President William Tolbert. Since then, “The Carter Center has worked to foster peace and democracy in Liberia since March 1991, when invited by all sides in Liberia's civil war to assist in the peace process.” (Carter Center, 2005). Liberia’s turmoil began much earlier in the 19th century. Liberia’s turmoil-infused story begins with the indigenous people of the region, a mixture of native tribes such as the Gola, Kru and Vai - cohabitating for centuries. Liberia was unique in that it was one of only two countries not colonized by Europeans during the scramble for Africa; Ethiopia was the other. Instead, Liberia’s borders were infringed upon by The American Colonization Society. The American Colonization Society (ACS) or The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, was an organization supported by an eclectic group of white Southerners who were fearful of freed blacks revolting, white Northerners who were paranoid of being overrun by an influx of black workers that would deprive poor and needy whites from economic opportunities, and some who did not want slavery, but also did not want integration. -
Liberian Studies Journal
VOLUME X)0( 2005 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Mary Antoinette Brown Sherman 1926-2004 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, politi- cal, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opin- ions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publisher of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts submitted for publication should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors may, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work preferably in MS Word 2000 or WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a cover page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, e-mail address, and affiliation. Anonymous referees will review all works. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style, or the American Psychological Association (APA), or Modern Language Association (MLA). Authors should send their manuscripts for consideration by regular mail or e-mail attachments to: Amos J. -
TWO CENTURIES of US MILITARY OPERATIONS in LIBERIA Challenges of Resistance and Compliance
TWO CENTURIES OF US MILITARY OPERATIONS IN LIBERIA Challenges of Resistance and Compliance Niels Hahn Two Centuries of US Military Operations in Liberia Challenges of Resistance and Compliance By Dr. Niels Stephan Cato Hahn Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Director, Air University Press Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Lt Col Darin M. Gregg Names: Hahn, Niels, 1973– author. | Curtis E. LeMay Center for Managing Editor Doctrine Development and Education, issuing body. Dr. Christopher Rein Title: Two centuries of US military operations in Liberia: chal- lenges of resistance and compliance / Niels Stephan Cato Project Editor Hahn. Other titles: Two centuries of U.S. military operations Dr. Stephanie Havron Rollins in Liberia James Howard Description: Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Copy Editors Press; Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Sandi Davis Education, [2020] | “Published by Air University Press in July Carolyn Underwood 2019”—CIP galley, title page verso. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: This book reviews the his- Cover Art, Book Design, and Illustrations tory of the United States-Liberia relations from the early Daniel Armstrong 1820s to 2015, with particular attention paid to the role of the L. Susan Fair US armed forces. Contrary to most literature on the genesis and development of Liberia, this book demonstrates how US Composition and Prepress Production military power has been the primary influence shaping Libe- Nedra Looney ria’s history. This includes the role played by the US military in Distribution the founding of Liberia, the protection of the country during the Diane Clark European formal colonial era, multiple covert operations in securing US-friendly administrations in Liberia, and direct military interventions when necessary to secure American interests in the region”—Provided by publisher. -
New Tools for the Analysis of Political Power in Africa
New Tools for the Analysis of Political Power in Africa Ilia Rainer and Francesco Trebbi∗ April 2012 Abstract The study of autocracies and weakly institutionalized countries is plagued by scarcity of information about the relative strength of different players within the political sys- tem. This paper presents novel data on the composition of government coalitions in asampleoffifteen post-colonial African countries suited to this task. We emphasize the role of the executive branch as the central fulcrum of all national political systems in our sample, especially relative to other institutional bodies such as the legislative assembly. Leveraging on the impressive body of work documenting the crucial role of ethnic fragmentation as a main driver of political and social friction in Africa, the paper further details the construction of ethnic composition measures for executive cabinets. We discuss how this novel source of information may help shed light on the inner workings of typically opaque African political elites. ∗George Mason University, Department of Economics, [email protected]; and University of British Columbia, Department of Economics, and NBER, [email protected], respectively. The authors would like to thank Matilde Bombardini and Patrick Francois for useful comments and the many external consul- tants who contributed to the ethnic classification. Tom Cornwall, Mara Goodman, Lisa Wang, and Yilei Yang provided outstanding research assistance. We are grateful to the National Bureau of Economic Research Africa Success Project and to the Initiative on Global Markets at Chicago Booth for financial support. 1 Introduction The study of autocratic and weakly institutionalized regimes has long been plagued by scarcity of reliable information useful for furthering their understanding (Tullock, 1987).