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Liberian Studies Journal VOLUME XX 1995 NUMBER 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL 1 10oW 8°W LIBERIA -8°N MONSERRADO MARGIBI -6 °N RIVER 6 °N- MILES 1 1 0 50 MARYLAND Geography Department 10°W 8 °W University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown I 1 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor r LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts submitted for publication should not exceed 25 typewritten double- spaced pages, with margins of one -and -a -half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables, and appendices. Authors may, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work with information about the word processing program used, i.e. WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, etc. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings (e.g. Notes; References). Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is pub- lished in June and December. Deadline for submission for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All research work will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English or French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of the latest edition of A Manual of Style (University of Chicago Press). All manuscripts submitted for consideration should be mailed to: D. Elwood Dunn, Editor Liberian Studies Journal Department of Political Science The University of the South Sewanee, TN 37383-1000 All book reviews should be mailed to: Alfred B. Konuwa, Book Review Editor Liberian Studies Journal Business and Economics Department Butte College 3536 Butte Campus Drive Oroville, CA 95965 Cover map: compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodie Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor l VOLUME XX 1995 NUMBER 1 p LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor D. Elwood Dunn The University of the South Associate Editor Similih M. Cordor Florida Community College Book Review Editor Alfred B. Konuwa Butte College EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bertha B. Azango Lawrence B. Breitborde University of Liberia Beloit College Christopher Clapham Warren L. d'Azevedo Lancaster University University of Nevada Reno Henrique F. Tokpa Thomas E. Hayden Cuttington University College Society of African Missions Svend E. Holsoe Corann Okorodudu University of Delaware Rowan College of New Jersey Edited at the Department of Political Science, The University of the South The Editors and Advisory Board gratefully acknowledge the contributions of The University of the South (particularly the Office of Print Services Staff) in the production of the Journal. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS SOME PROBLEMS OF WRITING IN LIBERIA AND PROSPECTS FOR LIBERIAN WRITERS by Robert H. Brown ........................................................................... 1 EVIDENCE IN NIMBA by Peter Sevareid ............................................................................... 15 ANTI -INTELLECTUALISM: A VIRULENT IMPEDIMENT TO SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- AFRICA'S EXPERIENCE, LIBERIA'S LESSON by Sakui W. G. Malakpa ................................................................... 37 ARABIC AND ISLAMIC LITERACY IN TWENTIETH CENTURY LIBERIA by Augustine Konneh ....................................................................... 48 PHANTOMS OF THE HINTERLAND: THE "MANDINGO" PRESENCE IN EARLY LIBERIAN ACCOUNTS PART II [unique contributed photograph of Benjamin Anderson featured Editor] by Warren L. d'Azevedo .................................................................. 58 BOOK REVIEWS Browne, George D., The Episcopal Church in Liberia Under Indigenous Leadership: Reflections on A 20 -Year Episcopate by Bertha Baker Azango ........................................................... 98 Gifford, Paul, Chrstianity and Politics in Doe's Liberia by Wilmot T. Merchant, II ........................................................ 99 Human Rights Watch /Africa, Easy Prey: Child Soldier in Liberia by Ayele Ajavon Cox ................................ ............................... 101 RECENT PUBLICATIONS AND THESES ............ ............................... 103 NEWS AND NOTES ................................................. ............................... 104 DOCUMENT ............................... 108 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE ......................... ............................... 192 A referee journal that emphasizes the social sciences and humanities, the LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL is a semiannual publication devoted to studies of Africa's oldest republic. The annual subscription rate is $30.00, $15.00 for students and $45.00 for institutions, and includes membership in the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. All manuscripts and related matters should be addressed to The Editor, Liberian Studies Journal, Department of Political Science, The University of the South, 735 University Avenue, Sewanee, TN 37383 -1000. Subscriptions and other business matters should be directed to The Executive Secretary, Liberian Studies Association, Albany State College, P.O. Box 31222, Albany, Georgia 31705 -2791. Copyright 1995 by the Liberian Studies Association, Inc. ISSN 0024 1989 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Some Problems of Writing in Liberia and Prospects for Liberian Writers Robert H. Brown Introduction Literature is a body of writings in prose or poetry. In essence, it is an imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic merit or value. Just as history reveals a nation in action, so too, literature shows a nation feeling or undergoing an emotional experience. The paucity of creative fictionl in Liberia seems to indicate that Liberians as a people lack emotional experience of any kind. However, a careful scrutiny of the Liberian Weltanschauung or comprehen- sive worldview discloses that Liberians do, in fact, feel intensely and, conse- quently, respond to challenges that confront them in their struggle to improve their existence in an otherwise "restless universe." In other words, every Liberian-either consciously or unconsciously -is concerned with the three fundamental questions of man's existence: (1) Who am I? (2) Why am I here? and (3) Where am I going? Thus, the paucity of creative fiction in Liberia can be attributed to other factors. Essentially, the dilemma of a Liberian writer can be reduced to one terrifyingly clear principle: Is the principle of freedom of thought and utterance to be abolished by leaders and other government officials who claim to be offended by the words of a Liberian writer simply because he /she depicts the "Liberian experience" or authentic Liberian sensibilities, or will the intelligentsia of Liberia and other concerned Liberians institute a firm action to defend this most fundamental tenet of democracy? The discussion that follows will examine some of the problems of writing in Liberia and Liberian government's notion of what constituted good national literature before the coup d'etât of April 12, 1980. It will also examine some of the problems that writers -including journalists-encountered in post-coup Liberia, especially those created by the Doe debâcle. Then it will list in chronological order the works that have been published by Liberian writers as evidential proof that the restriction of freedom of thought and utterance by Liberian govern- ments in the past accounts for the paucity of "creative fiction" in Liberia. Some Problems of Writing in Liberia In the past, Liberian writers began writing with the fear that if their writings were critical of the government either in tone or content, sooner or later, they would provoke the government and, consequently, go to prison. For example, during the Tubman era, the late Professor Tuan Wreh, a former dean of the Louis Liberian Studies Journal, XX, 1 (1995) 1 PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor 2 ROBERT H. BROWN Arthur Grimes School of Law of the University of Liberia, was imprisoned for an article he published in the Liberian Age, the precursor of The New Liberian. His book, The Love of Liberty ... The Rule of President William V. S. Tubman of Liberia 1944 -1971 (London: C. Hurst and Co., 1976) gives a potent and unforgettable expression of his imprisonment and the indignities he suffered languishing in prison. This is just one example of numerous cases in which journalists, writers, and opposition politicians dared to speak out in their writings whenever there was a case in which Liberians' human rights were abused and their civil liberties were violated. Although there was clearly a greater freedom of expression and of the press in the initial stages of the Tolbert era than in the Tubman government, however, in the latter stages of the Tolbert regime, he too, began restricting
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