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September 1881 iI&i tlliø-D iji ID 1m", Re. Albe B. BlmpeD, L Edt. J Vol. IV. No.8. Be. ltgono R. Smith, J ' SEPTEMBER, 1881. t BIble Hons, New .york. THE PEOPLE OF INIA, AII MISSIONS AIONG THEI GENRA fiTIOLS, MISIONARY iæs, ETO, ~~~~ J.__-;~-- _ ~ ..~.,_.c .-.= ~-,-~ -" ___:..-0_--""--.-_ -'.-. ~- . ~ .. __"'_--~__--~~-- ___~ -d__~_~_ --~ HINDUS DB!G6ING JUG6ERNA'C'S CAR. Bram'a. YMlbll. Sli.. THE THREt CßJEF msnu GODS. ~j 98 THE GOSPEL IN ALL LANDS Lieutenant-Governorship of the North-West Provioes, with whioh is permanently united the Chief-OommissIon- . India. ership of Qudh; (3) the Lieutenant-Governorship of the Punjab; (4) tbe Governorship of Bombay; (5) the Chef- The Country nnd Government or India. Commissionership of the Central Provinoes; (6) Barar; India is situated in the south of Asia. "From the port (7) the Governorship of Madras; (8) the Chief-Commi- of Ka.rachi in the extreme west, to the eastern borders of sionership of British Burma. To these may "at present Asm, is a distance of about 1,800 miles; a like distance be added (9) the Chief-Commissionership of Mysore and separates Cape Comorin in the Bouth from the northern Coorg; but the State of Mysore has only been provis- extremity of the Punjab; and the area between these ionally administered by a British offcer, ,and is about to limits haa been estimated at about 1,500,000 square miles." be plaoed directly under the rule of the Maharaja of My- British Burmah is a yrnvince east of India proper, the sore." -"'~--..'.~..-.. -"r_~-.,' '" .~_ _ ~ _ -~_ -~ _~,~ Y" VIW OF CJ.LCDTA. lattel" beiug I,OOG mies iu length from uorth to south, The other States of the Indian Empire ar ruled by and occupies the fine maritime districts of the peninsula native princes, under the protection and general control Furer India. It oontains an area of 88,556 square of the Supreme Government. These States are bound by mies, and a population of about 2,750,000. treaties, in return for this protection, to render oortai India. is a Federation of Governments and States, all feudal servces to the Paramount Power; as, for innce, in more or les direct subordination to the central Supreme in some cases, to furnish a certa.in number of troops in Government emhodied in the Viceroy and Governor- time of wa.r. The prinoes are usually au'tratlc or nealy General in CounciL, representing Queen Victoria of Eng- so within their own limts; but by their engagements to lad, the Empress of India. the Paramount Power they are generay bound to good " Some of these Governments are direotly admitere government, and to submit the condnot of their extrn by British offoers, imedately subordinate to the relations to the Iinperial Government. Inclnding all the Supreme Government of India. These Governments petty feudatories, there no less than 460 suoh States in oonstitute what is oommonly called Briti India. They various part of India, compriing an area estimted at are now nine in number, compriing an area of about nie 60G,000 square miles, and containing a population esti- hundred and forty thousand square miles, and contain. mate at 50,GOO,000. The intimacy of the relations with ing a population of about one hun1red and niety milions. the Paraount Power varies in the dierent States. In In these provice the hea of the Government is called, the more important a British offcer, called a Reident or in some a Governor, in others a Lieutenant-Governor, In a Political Agent, is sttioned, whose funotions broadly others a Chef Commissioner, and in one exoeptional oaae are, to act as the medium of communication between the- (Barer) a ~ent. The provinces of British India are: Price and the Supreme Government, and to advie the (i) the Lieutenànt-Governorship of Bengal (with which Price in matters of moment. is temporarily reunited the Chief.Commonersip of Ceylon is geographioay a par of Indi but politically AR ouly severed from Benga in 1874); (2) the it is ruled by the English Government in London tliigh THE GOSPEL IN ALL LANDS. 99 a Governor. It has a population of uearly 2,500,000, I minded persons." Practically, the most promient The native namo is Singh ala, and the Singhalese spea dogma of philosophical BrahmaiiIBm in the tran8Iigra- Singhali, a language immediately derived from the tion of souls, ending onl)' with absorption into the Sanskt.. Supreme Being, One of the most interesting d""tr.. There is a vast system of publio instruotion in India, of BrahmaIsm is that of Incarnation; Vishnn, as the Per- from the petty vilage school up to the great U uiversities vader and Preserver being believed to have passê into (If Calontta, Bombay, and Madras, The schools aud men to deliver the world from the power of evil demons (lolleges supported or aided by the State numbered, in and the incamations being .KrIBhua and Rama. The ,I878, no less than 43,000, with an average daily attend- triads of chief gods or emanations of the SUl'reme Being .snce of 1,200,000. The total cost (including receipts consists of Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, the Presen,er from fees, endowments, etc.) was about one-and-a-lialf and Pervader; Siva, the Destroyer and Renewer. The milions sterling per annum. worship of Brahma has falen into neglect and most of ~-'- --~--:._~~:~-%-~~~ '- - -~, - . ~ -,"-~ '~ "" ~.,~.:, '- -~..- - -~: ~~- -~:--e-_-:~ ~_"- - ~ -'~~~'~-~~~~~=î~~~L~~~:'-~~- '-=-- - -- -"- . Tn FORT .iT !GR! IN INDIA. The Bell0DB of India. the Hindu seots are followers of Vishnu, or of Siva.. Brani or Hiduiin is professed by about 185 of " A large proportion of the popnlation of the Punjab, the 240 millons who inhabit the Indian Empire. Brah- inclnding most of the upper classes, ar Bil"". The I"sinill had its origi in the simple doctries of the nae is Siksha, a discipline, and means aU disciples of Vedas but became developed by continual additions and the Guru, or spiritual teacher-the title specially given ilretioDB until it has become a very powerfnl system of to the Apostles of the Sik religion. The set incul- religi6n. It has two sideo-one esòterio, phiosophical, ,cates the worship of one god, in a form resembling Mo- the ,religion of the few-the other exoteric, popular, the hammedanism in some-points, but it isespeciaHyremark- relion of the many. Philosophical B¡ahniIB teaohes able for the exteme reverence paid to the saored ani that nothig really exists but the one self-exitent spirt the cow." called Brahma; nothing exists but God, and everything " Within the limts of the Indin Empire BnddhIBD1 exg is God: "Men, animls, plant!l stones, pass is mainly confied to British Bura, Nepal and to the thugh innumerable existences, and may even rise to be Hialaya Monntains. In strictness it is an atheiaical gods; but gods, men, animals, plants, and every con- religion, and its domit dogma the transmigration of ceivable emanation from the Supreme Soul aim at, a:ad souls ending only (by merit) in extinotion. still ther mus end by, Absorption (or rather re-absorption) into ia evident a tendency to exalt reverence for the memory thei sour, Brahma.n The nnmerOUB gods, represnted of Buddha into a worship; and temples are ereote o';er by images, are regarded by the highest teaohers among hi relice Buoh as a tooth or a hair. Whst Bnddhim the Brans as simply manifestaionø of the one uni- !i not any prayers properly so caled, nor any olerg versal Spirt. They say, "worship bifO'e imges, not to for the offering of prayers it IB remarkable for an elàbo imge is prae by us Il a condesceon to ..oa- rae and gorgeus ritual and for the.enormous numbe óf 100 THE GOSPEL IN ALL LAND~. monasteries in which the religious devote themselves t? India "have made great progress in ed noation and en- the pursuit of Nirvana (extinotion) by the suppre..ion lightenment; they have a great College in Caloutta and of passion. The rosares and praying-wheels of the there are many literary asliooIations of Moha.mediina in Buddhists i;e famous; yet the form of words unceasingly the ohief oities of Northern India." tured round and round in their praying-wheels-which The Parses are a small but very prosperous and in- ,$ , ~"C-l .l Hind1l .'iililr. A. ParMl of Bombay. sometimes are even turned by machinery-are devotional tellgent part of the inhabitauts of India, and are setted ejaculatioDB rather than prayers. The religion has a ohdy iu Bombay. Their numbers are estimated at lofty morality of universal charity and benevolenoe." 70,000, of whom"about 50,000 are resideut in Bombay. Jairiism is professed by a considerable nnmber of the City. Their religion is described as a sort of Monotheis- people in Southern and Western India. It lays grea tic Pantheism, aud regards Fire, Sun,.Earth,and Se as stress on the doctrine of the tramimigration of the BonIa, the pricipal manifestatioDB of the one Supreme Being. a.nd as a conseqnence, it enjo'ms a great care for animal Hence they are called "Fi~e WOlBhippels." lie. "A noh Jaina pilgrim wil have his path swept hefore hi lest he shonld sin by crushing a beetle or an The Caste System of India. ant unknowig! y." Mr. Roper Lethbridge, of Inaia, gives tbe followig There arWd to be abont 41,000,000 of the inabi- account of the o.at system: "The cas system of Indi tats of Indi who. .¡re MWlalmm¡; Their doctries ar, is somewbat difcult to be underetood by foreigner be- " There is but orie God, and ,Mohammed is hi prophet." cause it is pary a relious, partly a social system; aDd It is ,iid1lMthe Mohimedii.of Bengal andN o.rthein foreignersfinaccit dicult to diingnhbetween theae THE GOSPEL IN ALL LANDS.
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