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Emergence of Tamil Nationalism- a Socio- Political Study Dr.T.Umarsadiq Assistant Professor of History, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620 020

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Emergence of Tamil Nationalism- a Socio- Political Study Dr.T.Umarsadiq Assistant Professor of History, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620 020 SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies ( SSRG – IJEMS ) – Volume 4 Issue 5 May 2017 Emergence of Tamil Nationalism- A Socio- Political Study Dr.T.UmarSadiq Assistant Professor of History, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620 020. Abstract Tamil Renaissance was the revival of Tamil Tamil Nationalism could be defined as the language and literature. It also denotes awakening and earnest political aspiration of the Tamil elite who advancement of the Tamils in all spheres of life. It was wanted to carve out a state for the protection and the not a sudden outburst but an evolution. It was a promotion of their cultural ethos as well as their phenomenon of the nineteenth century mainly due to material interests. But Tamil Nationalism had westernization. The European contact with the Tamils experienced ups and downs in its journey. The Non- and their language dates back to the sixteenth century Brahmin movement sowed the seeds of Dravidian or A.D 3 when the Portuguese began to establish trade Tamil Nationalism. However the Tamil renaissance, factories on the westernseaboard. The English, Dravidian consciousness and the Non-Brahmin however, ultimately superseded all the other European movement are regarded by some scholars as „distinct commercial competitors and later became the and separate political forces‟.1 permanent ruler of the land. They, therefore, naturally During the second decade of the 20th century exerted the greatest and most lasting influence which the term Dravidian gained a racial as well as a linguistic quickened the process of westernization and fertilized meaning. From the time of the formation of the Justice the Tamil language and literature as no other foreign Party the term Dravidian applied to non-Brahmin castes contact except that of Sanskrit had ever done before. in South India and Dravidian nationalism emerged as a defence of these castes, against Brahmin dominance The zeal and enterprise of a few earnest and a reassertion of cultural identity. Therefore the term European missionaries, introduction of printing in Dravidian may be said to have been brought into Tamil and publication of works, periodicals, lexicons politics as a rallying point for South Indian non- and the new education system became effective agents Brahmins. of westernization, led to a creative urge among the Tamil eliteand impelled them to adopt and assimilate This research article is made an attempt to similar methods in order to improve and enrich their trace the emergence of Tamil Nationalism with socio- language and literature.4 political background of Tamil Nadu. The Tamil press, comprising periodicals, The twentieth century was eventful in the journal, magazines and newspapers was an institution history of Tamils and it was due to ever increasing which has stimulated progress in every phase of social, articulation of new political identities based on political and public life. It has quickened thought, linguistic consciousness and regional interests. 2 moulded opinion, modernized tasteand given a fresh However they remained in a low profile as the nation orientation outlook. Their extensive circulation at once was pre-occupied with political freedom. But the provoked discussion and catered for a newly aroused political identities began to take shape and could curiosity and hunger for knowledge. generate mass energy in the mammoth Madras Presidency only after independence. The British deliberately set out to strangle “Native language” ever since theyinduced English as The Tamil elite focused language and brought the official language of India. In fact, the Tamil it to the centre stage of politics and of course it has language and literature was neglected and ignored in come to predominate as a political determination in the every field of human activity. At the same time Telugu, politics of the Tamils. Tamil Nationalism became a one of the Dravidian language, arrested the growth of force to reckon with factor such as delay in the Tamil, more particularly in the field of music the finest formation of linguistic State, inter-state territorial of fine arts. The Brahmanical ideologist who had made dispute, imposition of Hindi and the demand for inroads upon the Dravidian society could attempt separate statehood strengthened the forces of Tamil successfully to infiltrate into the field of pristine Tamil Nationalism, the product of the Tamil Renaissance. language and literature, and thisinfiltration of Sanskrit on Tamil paved the way for the emergence of a newstyle called Manippravalam. 5 In fact, Tamil not ISSN: 2393 - 9125 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 4 SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies ( SSRG – IJEMS ) – Volume 4 Issue 5 May 2017 only lost its pristine purity but also its rightful place V.G.SuryanarayanaSastri (1870-1903) despite its gloriousness rich antiquity. famously known as ParithimarKalaignar and DravidaSastri12 wrote History of Tamil language in ten Thinkers play a significant role in every chapters. He was also a joint editor of the Tamil movement and they have shaped the destiny of people. MontlyGnanPothini. KnagaSabaiPillai who died in Tamil Renaissance movement was no exception. 1903,wrote the Tamils 1800 years ago was an eye- Religion, no doubt, has a place in history and politics. opener to many of the richness of Tamil literature and No wonder, the intellectual spark of the Tamil Tamilian Civilization. 13 Renaissance came from two contemporaneous but distinct religious personalities,St.Ramalinga and Rev. Having effectively brought back to the Robert Caldwell. St.Ramalinga(1823-1874) was the memory of the Tamils their ancient glory and rich forerunner of theTamil Renaissance which resulted in heritage, Tamil Renaissance kindled the latent spirit of the emergence of simple verse from the ethnocentric and linguistic consciousness of the Tamils. „Manippravalam’ style. Teaching spiritual language, he The findings and theories of the Tamil renaissance, stressed the greatness of Tamil language. 6 He wrote scholars revealed the antiquity of the Tamil culture. It Thiruvarutpa, consisting of 7000 poems. His message ultimately resulted in sense of cultural self confidence had contained the seeds of awakening the Tamils. 7 of Tamils leading to Tamil Nationalism. Robert Caldwell (1819-1891), the Scottish missionary and author of “A Comparative Grammar of the The intense love of the Tamils of their Dravidian or South Indian Family language” “Mozhi”, “Inam” and “ Nadu” is called Tamil propounded theories about the origin and nature of Nationalism. Tamil Nationalism is the product of Tamil Tamil or Dravidian culture that later helped the scholars renaisssnce movement, is a blend of few sensitive who sought to prove the antiquity and purity of Tamil factors such as „InaUnarvu’ (ethnic sentiment) language. 8 Emergence of Tamil consciousness to „MozhiUnvarvu’ (Linguistic sentiment) and retrieve and foster Tamil language and literature was „Nattunarvu’ (Nation sentiment). These factors are the largely due to the impact of Caldwell.9 effective symbols. Mozhiunarvu was the most powerful of all the symbols which united the masses and was the St. Ramalinga and Rev Robert Caldwell the basis and bedrock of Tamil Nationalism. two contemporary towering personalities left open the field for both the contemporary and the future scholars Tamil Nationalism took shape as a political to sustain the spark and percolate it. Both the Indian identity only after protected events and experiences. and the Western scholars who lived in the later half of The formation of socio-political organizations namely the nineteenth century continued their work. the Justice Party, Self-Respect Movement, DravidaKazhagam and the Tamil ArasuKazhagam Among the Indian scholars, fanned ethnocentric and linguistic consciousness of the VedanayakamPillai (1824-1889), the munsif of Tamils that was already kindled by the Tamil Mayuram, opened his school withPen MathiMalai, renaissance scholars. With Periyar‟s demand for NeethiNul, SarvaSamayaKirtanas. Though a Christian Dravidastan Tamil Nationalism reached high convert, his ideas were not sectarian.10 He left many watermark in the politics of the Tamils. masterly prose works among which PrathaMudaliyarCharitham and SugunaSundarydeserve Tamil renaissance and Indian National special mention. TamotharamPillai (1832-1901) a movement were contemporaneous events. The inter- retired judge of Pudukkottai did significant contribution play between the two led to mutual influence benefiting to Tamil literature by editing ViraSolium, each other. Some of the prominent leaders of the Indian IraiyanarAhapporul, Tholkapppium, IlakkanaVilakkam, National movement were Tamil Scholars and poets. Sulamani and other classics. He was a pioneer editor of There scholarly works not only roused the Indian the Tamil classics. 11 In the work editing patriotism 14 but also kindled Tamil consciousness, U.V.SwaminathaAiyer (1855-1942) stands aloft head leading to the rise and growth of Tamil Nationalism. Bu and shoulder has unearthed many a literary nugget. He the separatist tendencies of the Tamil Nationalist began has edited Chinthamani, Silappaadikarm, Manikekalai, to clash with Indian Nationalist leading clash of Pattupattu, Purananuru, PerumKathai and identities.15 PurapporulVenbamalai,P.SundaramPillai (1855-1897) wrote Manonmaniam a Tamil drama in five acts on the Most of the Congress leaders of the Indian Shakespearean model. His poem Tamil National Congress were English educated or western
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