DOCSLIB.ORG

Optimal Geological Environments for Carbon Dioxide Disposal in Brine- Bearing Formations (Aquifers) in the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optimal Geological Environments for Carbon Dioxide Disposal in Brine- Bearing Formations (Aquifers) in the United States Project Evaluation: Phase II: Optimal Geological Environments for Carbon Dioxide Disposal in Brine- Bearing Formations (Aquifers) in the United States GCCC Digital Publication Series #00-01 S. D. Hovorka M. L. Romero R. H. Trevino A. G. Warne W. A. Ambrose P. R. Knox T. A. Tremblay Keywords: CO2 Storage- Brine Formations, Brine Formation Identification, Geographic Information System (GIS), Data Digitization and Integration, CO2 Storage- Site Parameters Cited as: Hovorka, S. D., Romero, M. L., Treviño, R. H., Warne, A. G., Ambrose, W. A., Knox, P. R., and Tremblay, T. A., 2000, Technical summary: optimal geological environments for carbon dioxide disposal in brine-bearing formations (aquifers) in the United States: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, final report prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, under contract no. DE-AC26-98FT40417, 232 p. GCCC Digital Publication Series #00-01. TECHNICAL SUMMARY Brine-bearing formations have great potential for long-term storage and disposal of greenhouse gases, especially the large volumes of CO2 produced as a byproduct of combustion of fossil fuels. Extensive industry experience in underground injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), gas storage, and deep-well waste injection demonstrates that disposal into geologic environments is feasible by using existing technology. It is also feasible that residence time for injected CO2 would be adequate to prevent significant negative impact on overlying potable water or the atmosphere. One underway and several planned projects show that underground-injection technologies are transferable to injection of CO2 for the purpose of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, brine formations are generally unused; therefore, documentation of the properties of the subsurface are generally not compiled in easy-to-access format. Realistic and quantitative information about the relevant characteristics of the subsurface is needed to assess feasibility, costs, and risks of various types of options for CO2 disposal in brine formations. In this study, we have compiled and integrated a data base of realistic properties of brine formations. This data base is designed with a geographic structure in a geographic information system (GIS) so that it can be use to match CO2 emitters with prospective sinks. Brine formations are an attractive option as CO2 sinks because (1) brine formations underlie many parts of the U.S., reducing costs and infrastructure associated with pipeline construction; (2) assuming a hydrodynamic trapping mechanism, with structural closure not required (Bachu and others, 1994), storage volumes are adequate for almost any greenhouse-gas scenario; (3) residence times are long, and accounting for volumes sequestered is straightforward; (4) scenarios for negative impacts and unintended consequences are limited; and (5) brine formations are largely unused and subsurface rights should be available. Benefits of selecting disposal into brine formations as a greenhouse-gas-reduction method are limited by costs implicit in this method. Unlike biomass storage and various iii reuse scenarios, costs of CO2 extraction and injection into brine formations cannot be offset by any derived benefit. Therefore, one of the critical issues to consider in the brine- disposal option is cost. This data base provides input to model or assess a number of potential costs. For example, distance between emitter and injection well, which leads to pipeline costs, can be assessed for various sites. Distribution of exiting pipeline right-of- way may be a practical as well as a financial consideration, and the GIS format is ideal for this type of assessment. Formation injectivity, which controls the rate at which CO2 can be pumped into a well, impacts construction costs. Low injectivity might require property acquisition and construction costs for more wells. Site-assessment studies are smaller but more immediate costs; basin-scale characterization provides an indication of the site-specific issues that would need to be addressed in site assessment. Brine disposal has the potential to provide the longest residence times, as compared with other sequestration methods, on geologic time scales. However, various scenarios for leakage through the low-permeability seal above the injection horizon must be included in evaluating a candidate injection site. Leakage scenarios include (1) catastrophic escape of CO2, producing an asphyxiation hazard; (2) high fluxes of CO2 from the injection site to the atmosphere, reducing the benefit of the injection; (3) displacement of large volumes of displaced brine upward, impacting potable water; and (4) other unintended negative consequences. Evaluation at a site-specific scale is required to determine seal integrity, although the basin-scale evaluation provides data for preliminary evaluation of issues involving seals. Comparison of brine-formation properties shows that although they are present over large areas of the onshore U.S., sinks vary considerably in geological properties. Quantitative data in this data base permit future assessment of real variability impact on costs and the effectiveness of injection selection of one formation as compared with another. The GIS data base quantitatively describes some of the important geological properties of saline water-bearing formations in the U.S. and where geological conditions promote the greatest probability for success of pilot CO2-sequestration projects. This data base can be queried to match geologic saline-formation resources with critical economic iv and infrastructure variables to determine the optimal locations for subsequent demonstration phases and full-scale projects. We see this data base as a proactive response to the rapid evolution of knowledge about the technologies that can be applied to CO2 sequestration because the data-base format facilitates experiments and improvement of conceptual models. Furthermore, it allows stakeholders to assess multiple variables to produce a best-fit plan that unifies all land-surface variables with properties of the underlying geologic host formation. In our phase I pilot project (Hovorka, 1999), we identified significant geological attributes that impact the feasibility of injection and containment of CO2 (depth, permeability, sand-body thickness, net sand thickness, percent shale, sand-body continuity, top-seal thickness, continuity of top seal, hydrocarbon production from interval, fluid residence time, flow direction, CO2 solubility in brine [P, T, and salinity], rock/water reaction, and porosity) that can be determined for saline formations by using a variety of approaches. In well-known formations in hydrocarbon-producing areas, many variables have been determined by previous researchers and can be extracted from oil and gas data sets and from previous deep-well injection studies. For other areas, more limited, direct information can be acquired from studies of basin evolution, inventories of fresh-water and brine resources, and from deep-well injection studies. The phase I pilot project determined that data sets can be compiled to determine the range of engineering characteristics of brine-bearing formations. In this study, we compiled available quantitative and spatially indexed data for 21 onshore basins. We have been seeking venues that let us distribute these data. Identification of high-quality targets may spark interest from stakeholders in using geologic storage to reduce emissions. Stakeholders who have expressed interest in receiving the data base include oil and chemical companies, research groups and “think tanks,” and power- generation-equipment manufacturers. We expect demand to increase following release of this data base. v CONTENTS Technical summary ............................................................................................................iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 2 Methods............................................................................................................................... 3 Task 1. Brine-Formation Identification..................................................................... 3 Task 2. Literature and File Search for Geological Attributes of Regional Brine-Bearing Formations ............................................................................ 7 Task 3. Data Digitization and Integration ................................................................. 8 Task 4. Geographic Information System Construction............................................. 9 Task 5. Brine-Formation Evaluation....................................................................... 14 Task 6. Reporting .................................................................................................... 14 Results – Target Formations ............................................................................................. 14 Results – Limits of Study.................................................................................................. 17 Results – Data Base........................................................................................................... 17 Results – Geologic Parameters.........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Structure of the Yegua-Jackson Aquifer of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain Report
    Structure of the Yegua-Jackson Aquifer of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain Report ## by Legend Paul R. Knox, P.G. State Line Shelf Edge Yegua-Jackson outcrop Van A. Kelley, P.G. County Boundaries Well Locations Astrid Vreugdenhil Sediment Input Axis (Size Relative to Sed. Vol.) Facies Neil Deeds, P.E. Deltaic/Delta Front/Strandplain Wave-Dominated Delta Steven Seni, Ph.D., P.G. Delta Margin < 100' Fluvial Floodplain Slope 020406010 Miles Shelf-Edge Delta Shelf/Slope Sand > 100' Texas Water Development Board P.O. Box 13231, Capitol Station Austin, Texas 7871-3231 September 2007 TWDB Report ##: Structure of the Yegua-Jackson Aquifer of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain Texas Water Development Board Report ## Structure of the Yegua-Jackson Aquifer of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain by Van A. Kelley, P.G. Astrid Vreugdenhil Neil Deeds, P.E. INTERA Incorporated Paul R. Knox, P.G. Baer Engineering and Environmental Consulting, Incorporated Steven Seni, Ph.D., P.G. Consulting Geologist September 2007 This page is intentionally blank. ii This page is intentionally blank. iv TWDB Report ##: Structure of the Yegua-Jackson Aquifer of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain Table of Contents Executive Summary......................................................................................................................E-i 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-1 2. Study Area and Geologic Setting.......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download Vol. 11, No. 3
    BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 11 Number 3 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) Pierce Brodkorb M,4 * . /853 0 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1967 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 800 pages and are not nec- essarily completed in any one calendar year. WALTER AuFFENBERC, Managing Editor OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JA, Editor Consultants for this issue. ~ HILDEGARDE HOWARD ALExANDER WErMORE Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida. 82601 Published June 12, 1967 Price for this issue $2.20 CATALOGUE OF FOSSIL BIRDS: Part 3 ( Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes) PIERCE BRODKORBl SYNOPSIS: The third installment of the Catalogue of Fossil Birds treats 84 families comprising the orders Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, and Charadriiformes. The species included in this section number 866, of which 215 are paleospecies and 151 are neospecies. With the addenda of 14 paleospecies, the three parts now published treat 1,236 spDcies, of which 771 are paleospecies and 465 are living or recently extinct. The nominal order- Diatrymiformes is reduced in rank to a suborder of the Ralliformes, and several generally recognized families are reduced to subfamily status. These include Geranoididae and Eogruidae (to Gruidae); Bfontornithidae
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Oil Resources of the Western Puente Hills Area, Southern California
    L: ... ARY Geology and Oil Resources of the Western Puente Hills Area, Southern California GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 420-C Geology and Oil Resources of the Western Puente Hills Area, Southern California By R. F. YERKES GEOLOGY OF THE EASTERN LOS ANGELES BASIN, SOUTHERN CALifORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 420-C A study of the stratigraphy, structure, and oil resources of the La Habra and Whittier quadrangles UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1972 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 72-600163 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract __________________________________________ _ Structure _________________________________________ _ C1 c 28 Introduction ______________________________________ _ 2 Whittier fault zone _____________________________ _ 29 Location and purpose __________________________ _ 2 Workman Hill fault ____________________________ _ Previous work _________________________________ _ 29 3 Whittier Heights fault __________________________ _ 30 Methods and acknowledgments ________________ .,. __ 3 Rowland fault _________________________________ _ Stratigraphy ______________________________________ _ 31 4 Norwalk fault _________________________________ _ Rocks of the basement complex _________________ _ 4 31 Unnamed greenschist ________ . _______________ _ Historic ruptures _______________
    [Show full text]
  • California State University, Northridge the Geology Of
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE THE GEOLOGY OF THE INNER BASIN MARGIN, NEWPORT BEACH TO DANA POINT, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology by Stephen Charles Sterling January, 1982 The Thesis of Stephen Charles Sterling is approved: California State University, Northridge i i CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1 General Statement 1 Geographic Setting Bathymetric Setting 2 Previous Investigations 2 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 7 General Statement 7 Navigation 10 Velocity Analysis 10 Velocity Functions 11 Depth Migration 13 Ac know l edgemen ts 13 GEOLOGIC SETTING 15 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY 23 General Statement 23 Basement 23 Superjacent Rocks 26 Jurassic-Early Miocene 26 Middle to Late Miocene 27 Pliocene 32 Pleistocene 36 Holocene 37 SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY 38 General Statement 38 iii Page Basement 38 r1i ocene 39 Pliocene 43 ONSHORE STRUCTURE 48 OFFSHORE STRUCTURE 52 General Statement 52 Faults 52 The Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone 52 Other Faults 58 Structural Highs and Lows 61 Correlation of Onshore-Offshore Geologic Features 63 NEOGENE EVOLUTION OF THE INNER BASIN MARGIN 67 General Statement 67 Pre-depositional Events 67 Neogene Events 69 Depositional History 69 Structural Evolution 73 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 75 REFERENCES 80 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page .,.. l. Location of study area 4 2. Bathymetry of the inner basin margin 5 3. Tracklines of common depth point seismic lines in the study area 9 4. Major structural blocks of the Los Angeles basin 17 5. Location of geologic features referred to in text 19 6. Composite sections showing regional correlation of units 24 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology and Paleontology of the Late Miocene Wilson Grove Formation at Bloomfield Quarry, Sonoma County, California
    Geology and Paleontology of the Late Miocene Wilson Grove Formation at Bloomfield Quarry, Sonoma County, California 2 cm 2 cm Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5021 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER. Photographs of fragments of a walrus (Gomphotaria pugnax Barnes and Raschke, 1991) mandible from the basal Wilson Grove Formation exposed in Bloomfield Quarry, just north of the town of Bloomfield in Sonoma County, California (see plate 8 for more details). The walrus fauna at Bloomfield Quarry is the most diverse assemblage of walrus yet reported worldwide from a single locality. cm, centimeter. (Photographs by Robert Boessenecker, College of Charleston.) Geology and Paleontology of the Late Miocene Wilson Grove Formation at Bloomfield Quarry, Sonoma County, California By Charles L. Powell II, Robert W. Boessenecker, N. Adam Smith, Robert J. Fleck, Sandra J. Carlson, James R. Allen, Douglas J. Long, Andrei M. Sarna-Wojcicki, and Raj B. Guruswami-Naidu Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5021 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Jared VanMeter West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation VanMeter, Jared, "Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 634. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/634 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Jared VanMeter Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology Richard Smosna, Ph.D., Chair Kathy Bruner, Ph.D. Tim Carr, Ph.D. Department of Geology and Geography Morgantown, West Virginia 2013 Keywords: Marcellus, Petroleum, Sequence Stratigraphy Copyright 2014 Jared VanMeter ABSTRACT Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Jared VanMeter The main purpose of this investigation is to define the distribution of organic-rich facies of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Southeastern Ventura Basin Los Angeles County California
    Geology of Southeastern Ventura Basin Los Angeles County California By E. L. WINTERER and D. L. DURHAM SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 334-H A study of the stratigraphy, structure, and occurrence of oil in the late Cenozoic Ventura basin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEW ART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ____________________________________________ 275 Stratigraphy Continued Introduction.______________________________________ 276 Tertiary system Continued Purpose and scope.------_______________________ 276 Pliocene series..._________------__---__----- 308 Fieldwork __ __________________________________ 276 Pico formation.____________-_----_-_-_- 308 Acknowledgments. _ _----_-_-.________________- 276 Stratigraphy and lithology___________ 309 Geography. _________________________________________ 278 Newhall-Potrero area__________ 309 Climate- ______--_-__-_-__-_--_-_____________-_ 278 Newhsll-Potrero oil field to East Vegetation.____________________________________ 278 Canyon____________________ 310 Santa Clara River______________________________ 278 Mouth of East Canyon to San Fer­ Relief. __.._.._._._________---_-_--_________ 278 nando Pass__-----_-_-------- 311 Human activities----_------__--________________ 278 San Fernando Pass to San Gabriel Physiography_ _____________________________________ 278 fault..____-__-__-_------.--_ 311 Structural and lithologic control of drainage______ 279 Santa Clara River to Del Valle River terraces and old erosion surfaces-__ _________ 279 fault.___----.--_-_---------_ 312 Present erosion cycle.___________________________ 281 Del Valle fault to Holser fault__ 312 Landslides- ___--.-------_-_--___________________ 281 Area north of Holser fault- ______ 312 Stratigraphy.______________________________________ 281 Fossils..
    [Show full text]
  • Redacted for Privacy R
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF DAVID WAYNE HANSON for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in GEOLOGY presented on June 1, 1981 Title: SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE SIMI VALLEY AREA, VENTUR COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy r. Robertt'. Yeats Surface and subsurface mapping are combined to deter- mine the structure and geologic history of the eastern half of the Simi fault in the Simi Valley area. Upper Cretaceous rocks exposed south and east of the Simi Valley are overlain unconformably by the nonmarine Simi Conglomer- ate of Paleocene age. The Marine Paleocene unit conform- ably overlies and is locally interbedded with the Simi Conglomerate; it is composed of Simi Conglomerate clasts that were reworked during a marine transgression. Silt- stone of the Santa Susana Formation conformably overlies the Marine Paleocene unit, disconforntably overlies the Simi Conglomerate, and was deposited in a deepening marine basin. The overlying Liajas Formation was deposited dur- ing a marine regressive-transgressive-regressive cycle. The latter regression continued in late Eocene time with deposition of the overlying nonmarine Sespe Formation. Extension and normal faulting followed deposition of the Sespe, with the early Miocene Vaoueros Formation being deposited unconformably over the Sespe. Formation of the Sirni anticline and Sirni fault occurredafter deposi- tion of the Vaqueros and prior to the depositionof the Conejo Volcanics, and resulted in 3850 feet(1173 m) of separation along the Simi fault in thewestern part of the study area. The Conejo Volcanics were erupted into a structurally controlled marine basin in the Santa Monica Mountains-Conejo Hills area during the middleMiocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Index to the Geologic Names of North America
    Index to the Geologic Names of North America GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1056-B Index to the Geologic Names of North America By DRUID WILSON, GRACE C. KEROHER, and BLANCHE E. HANSEN GEOLOGIC NAMES OF NORTH AMERICA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 10S6-B Geologic names arranged by age and by area containing type locality. Includes names in Greenland, the West Indies, the Pacific Island possessions of the United States, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.G. - Price 60 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Major stratigraphic and time divisions in use by the U.S. Geological Survey._ iv Introduction______________________________________ 407 Acknowledgments. _--__ _______ _________________________________ 410 Bibliography________________________________________________ 410 Symbols___________________________________ 413 Geologic time and time-stratigraphic (time-rock) units________________ 415 Time terms of nongeographic origin_______________________-______ 415 Cenozoic_________________________________________________ 415 Pleistocene (glacial)______________________________________ 415 Cenozoic (marine)_______________________________________ 418 Eastern North America_______________________________ 418 Western North America__-__-_____----------__-----____ 419 Cenozoic (continental)___________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Pliocene Mollusks and Echinoids from the Los Angeles Basin, California
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mcndenhull, Director Professional Paper 190 LOWER PLIOCENE MOLLUSKS AND ECHINOIDS FROM THE LOS ANGELES BASIN, CALIFORNIA AND THEIR INFERRED ENVIRONMENT BY W. P. WOODRING UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1938 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ------ Trice 30 cents CONTENTS Page Abstract._____________----______-_-_-- Inferred environment of larger fossils Continued. Introduction __________-_-___-___---_-_ Inferred depth range of larger fossils______________ 13 New systematic names proposed_______-_ Interpretation of fossils of deep-water facies----.... 15 General features of Los Angeles Basin____ Distribution of fossils of different depth facies...... 16 Repetto formation of Los Angeles Basin __ Paleogeographic implications_____________________ 16 General features.___________________ Bearing on geologic history of Los Angeles Basin.__. 17 Outcrop localities._-_--____-_-_____ Comparison between Los Angeles Basin during Subsurface section.________________ Repetto time and modern deep-water basins on Larger fossils from Repetto formation____ Continental Shelf of southern California._________ 18 Outcrop localities._________________ Age relations of larger fossils.__________________'______ 18 Subsurface localities.---______.__-_- Fossils of deep-water facies__-____________________ 18 Fossils. _ _-____-____---___-_-______. Fossils of intermediate and shallow-water facies.____ 20 Inferred environment of larger fossils..... Descriptions of species_____-___--__-_-____-__-_.____ 22 Depth range of allied modern species. Index.______.________________________ 65 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Page PLATE 1. Relief map of California showing principal areas PLATE 7. Pliocene mollusks from Los Angeles Basin_____ 62 of marine Pliocene formations._____________ 2 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Paleontological Survey
    Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Paleontological Survey Alison L. Koch, Vincent L. Santucci, and Ted R. Weasma Technical Report NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-04/01 ains Natio nt na ou l R e M c a r c e i a n t i o o n M A a t r e n a a S Paleontological Survey United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service - Geologic Resources Division Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Paleontological Survey 29 Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Paleontological Survey Alison L. Koch Vincent L. Santucci Ted R. Weasma Geologic Resources Division National Park Service Denver, Colorado NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-04/01 2004 30 Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Paleontological Survey 31 Dedicated to Norma Agusta Steiner and Margaret Llewellyn Koch 32 Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Paleontological Survey 33 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................................................1 SIGNIFICANCE OF PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES....................................................................................................................1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................................................................2 ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY...........................................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Methods Used in Studying Modern Pyroclastic Deposits
    APPENDIX I Methods used in studying modern pyroclastic deposits 1.1 Physical analysis The methods used to measure these, and the major uses of these measurements are set out below. Geologists who work solely on ancient volcanic rocks often have only a limited conception of the techniques 1.1.1 THICKNESS employed to study Recent unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, and so may not fully understand how the data Maximum thickness of a pyroclastic fall deposit is are obtained or expressed. Many of the problems measured in centimetres or metres, and the measurements encountered in the study of modern pyroclastic deposits are used to construct an isopach map. In the figures are similar to those found in sedimentary rocks, where accompanying Chapter 6 there are a number of examples grainsize, grain shape, geometry of the deposit and of such maps, which in many cases, are a meaningful internal fabric must be the tools used to determine the indication of: physical processes controlling their formation and de­ (a) the vent position, position. The pioneers in this type of approach were (b) the dispersal, which can be related to the type of undoubtedly Japanese volcanologists (e.g. Kuno 1941, eruption, and Aramaki 1956, Katsui 1959, Murai 1961, Kuno et al. (c) the volume of the deposit. 1964), whereas G. P. L. Walker (e.g. 1971, 1973b) can be credited with extending and developing the approach. The following are properties that are now routinely Construction of an isopach map entails mapping out measured in the physical analysis of modern pyroclastic the deposit, sometimes over large areas.
    [Show full text]