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tion between the Cordilleran revolution of eastern California and the post-Franciscan revolution of the Coast Ranges. It is clear, how­ ever, that at some time not far from that of the Cordilleran revolu­ tion Coast Range rocks were intruded and extensively metamor­ phosed by basic volcanic rocks. Perhaps the two events were con­ temporaneous ; perhaps the latter antedated the former. By the beginning of the Cretaceous or a little later, at any rate, all of Cali­ fornia had undergone a series of profound diastrophic changes ac­ companied by vulcanism of several different types ; in both Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, moreover, and to a great extent in eastern California as well, the structure of the rocks had become intricately folded and faulted. The structure was mountainous, whatever the general elevation may have been. If we may judge from the distribution and lithology of later sediments, coastal Cali­ fornia was of mountainous height only locally and temporarily if at all, while eastern California became an upland underlain by so rigid a basement that it did not again yield to orogenic stresses until middle Tertiary, and has never since, except locally (Death Valley and Colorado Desert), sunk below sea-level. The Cretaceous subsidence was very widespread in western California, and was locally extreme-30,000 feet or more. It seems to have been distinctly variable in amount, however, since there is much change in thickness from place to place. These changes have not yet been mapped in satisfactory detail, but the available evidence suggests strongly that the variations in subsidence were related to the growth of folds which, in many cases, have exercised a dominating influence over the entire later structural history of the Coast Ranges. The conditions are particularly favorable for a study of these relations on the eastern flanks of the northern Temblor and southern Diablo ranges.l At the close of Cretaceous time there may have been a mild period of folding and uplift; there was at any rate a partial displacement of the loci of most rapid subsidence during the succeeding Eocene epoch. The Oligocene epoch as a whole seems to have been a period of emer­ gence and of continental deposition, but some of the subsiding areas of the southern and western San Joaquin Valley were more or less continuously under the sea. During the Miocene the sea spread widely over coastal California 1 Chapter VI, Fig. 14 A and B, and R. D. Reed, "Structural History of the Coalinga District," abstract, Bull. Geol. Soc. A mer., Vol. 41 (1930), p. 150-51.

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and advanced inland in a few places farther even than the Eocene sea had spread. There are great differences in thickness of deposits from place to place, however, and some of the upfolded and upfaulted areas were above water during much or all of the epoch. About the middle of the Miocene came the culmination of a very important volcanic and diastrophic period. If batholiths were intruded into the crust of California, they have so far failed to be revealed by later erosion. Vulcanism was widespread, however, in the southern Coast Ranges, the Transverse Ranges, in the Sierra Nevada, and over the eastern desert region. The exact dating of the flows, intrusions, and erup­ tions is not always clear, but there is a great accumulation of evidence tending to prove that they became prominent during the Temblor and died out during the Monterey-Santa Margarita stages, with a culmi­ nation at about the close of the Temblor. In the eastern California region the volcanic processes gave rise to great lava flows which interrupted the drainage, heretofore continuously westward-flowing since the Jurassic. They were accompanied also by faulting which has been far less studied than it should be. Perhaps the faulting was sufficiently widespread and intensive to account for the interruption of drainage without much aid from the lava flows. Both phenomena are demonstrated, however, and the only problem remaining is to determine their relative importance in creating the basins that became the sites of deposition of the widely distributed and variable Rosa­ mond series. Some of the faulting was normal, and much or all of it may have been so. Recent studies in Nevada suggest, however, that part of it may have been of the reverse type, or perhaps that the dominant normal faulting of this stage may have been preceded or followed by a period of reverse faulting. This is one of the many fascinating problems still awaiting solution in the Mohave Desert region. So far as the Coast Ranges themselves are concerned, there is good evidence to prove that some of the geologists of an earlier day exaggerated the amount of diastrophism during the later Miocene. Local folds developed in the Santa Monica Mountains, in the Devils Den region, and elsewhere, but they are far from constituting the post-Mont;e�ey revolution of the text books. They belong rather to the subsidiary- phases of the great diastrophic period which cul­ minated before Monterey time, and which had as the scene of its most important and far-reaching episodes not the Coast Ranges but the old land areas of Mohavia and Salinia. The northwest end of the

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latter sank beneath the sea at this time and has never been resurrected since. Part or all of Catalinia, which had been high and rugged dur­ ing the Temblor, sank also during the Upper Miocene, but some of it rose again during the next succeeding epoch. On the whole, the middle Miocene diastrophism embraced local folding, widespread faultingand basin development, and the extrusion of a great variety of lavas at many different centers. The lavas of the Columbia River region belong to the same great epoch of vul­ camsm. One of the most striking features of the Cenozoic history of Cali­ fornia is the rapidity with which the approximate conditions of pre-Miocene time were restored over southern California after the middle Miocene diastrophism. The Pliocene sea spread somewhat more widely than that of the Oligocene, and was supplied with detritus similar in texture and in general lithology to Oligocene or Eocene detritus. This fact seems to mean that the basins of Mohavia were filled and that the interrupted drainage lines were beginning to be restored by the close of the Miocene or soon afterward. Since a high proportion of the coarse Pliocene detritus of many districts seems to have come from the Coast Ranges rather than from the old eastern land, there were probably higher land areas in the Coast Ranges at this epoch than there had been in the Oligocene. The rate of subsidence of different areas was again very variable during the Pliocene, the total amount ranging from 15,000 feet in the middle of the Ventura Basin to a fraction of that amount a few miles away. As a matter of fact, some Coast Range areas seem to have been rising intermittently throughout the epoch. Possibly "primary faults" were already in operation here and there, but the favorable evidence available at present is not very cogent. Toward the end of the Pliocene most of the basins ceased to subside so rapidly as before, and became filled to or above sea-level. In the San Joaquin Valley, for example, the dominantly marine Etchegoin beds are succeeded by the nonmarine Tulare formation, 2,000-3,000 feet thick. In the Paso Robles Basin of the Salinas Valley district the Paso Robles beds are an approximate equivalent of the Tulare ; in the Sacramento Valley the Tehama formation is another; in southern California the Saugus formation is a third. In the more important basins marine or nonmarine deposition continued until some time within what is now considered Pleistocene. Then the folds that had been growing gradually since the early Tertiary, or even since the

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Cretaceous, suddenly began growing at a vastly increased rate. Many of them presently became overturned and even overthrust. Old faults in some cases probably suffered so much movement as to mask the evidence of their earlier existence. New faults were cer­ tainly formed all over the State, however, and some of the known old ones did not move at all. The uplift of the Sierra Nevada be­ came so strongly accelerated that half of the present height of the range dates from this time. Probably even more of the present height of the Coast Ranges dates from the same time. Strong folding and reverse faulting were the order of the day, with normal faulting as a casual accompaniment. In contrast to the conditions of the late Jurassic or middle Miocene diastrophism, that of the Pleistocene was not accompanied by much vulcanism except in the Cascade Mountains and locally in eastern California or elsewhere (Table XXV).

FOSSILS Coast Range paleontologists are faced with two serious difficulties: one is the occurrence of great thicknesses of barren strata in many formations ; the other is the poor preservation that has resulted from the widespread folding and faulting that have affected all formations except those of the uppermost Pleistocene and later. The barren strata are largely siltstone or sandy shale, though partly sandstone and conglomerate. In recent years careful search has shown that many of the formations classed as barren are really well supplied with small fossils. The importance of this discovery is now well known, and has been mentioned on several of the foregoing pages. It has greatly reduced the number of formations and parts of formations that can be correlated merely on the basis of lithology and strati­ graphic position. The problem raised by poor preservation is less easily solved. For most formations it is nevertheless possible to find portions that lie upon a foundation sufficiently rigid so that even the Pleistocene diastrophism did not seriously affectthem. Near Chico, for example, in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Cretaceous strata are highly fossiliferous and less disturbed than many Pleistocene strata of southern California. By mak:mg as much as possible of the fossils in such exceptionally favorable localities, and by comparing the less well preserved fossils from other localities with them, paleontologists have succeeded fairly well in working out the paleontology of the

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Coast Range formations, and even in correlating them in most places where they occur.

TABLE XXVI DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSILS IN CALIFORNIA FORMATIONS

>zj..., 17'1 () � � r � 3! 'tl 0 '0 " I" 1:! ::r l':. � :;; 0 � 0 OCl " '0 "o· 1:! ;:;· " " Vi'..... � 0 cr. 1:! 0" ..., ..., o. 0" "rn 1:! ro 1:! � ro 1:! ro " � � ro I" I N ro 1:! 1:! o·" o· ro ro hl 1:! 1:! ro ro ------Land Plants ...... 0 0 • 0 0 ------1------Diatoms (siliceous marine or-

ganisms ...... 0 0 0 0 ) ------0 0 --• -- Calcareous small fossils ...... 0 0 0 0 • • • • ------Echinoids ...... • • • • Mollusks ...... 0 0 ------• • -- • -- • • -- • -- •

Marine vertebrates ...... 0 0 0 0 0 ------1------Insects ...... ------Birds ...... 0 • ------1------Land mammals ...... 0 0 0. 0 1 • 1-e Common, often well preserved and stratigraphically useful. 2-0 Between 1 and 3. 3-0 Present but rare or not often well preserved. 4- o Present but rare or chiefly unidentifiable. * Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., "Quaternary Myriopods and Insects," Univ. California Pub. Geol. Vol. 5 (1908) , pp. 207-15.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 58 The fossils illustrated have been deposited in the collection of type material of the California Academy of Sciences where they bear Nos. 5,744-5,762. The original specimen of Pecten magnolia is at Stanford University. 1.-Turritelta cooperi Carpenter. No. 5756. Loc. 93 (C. A. S.). Dead­ man's Island, Los Angeles County, California; lower San Pedro Pleistocene. Length, 39.5 mm.; diameter, 11.5 mm. 2.-Dendraster diegoensis Kew. No. 5752. Loc. 105 (C. A. S.). West side Crown Point, north side of Mission Bay, San Diego County, California. Pleistocene. Height, 84 mm. ; width, 84 mm. 3.-Pecten circularis Sowerby. No. 5746. Loc. 105 (C. A. S.). Pacific Beach, San Diego County, California. Pleistocene. Height, 65 mm. ; width, 70 mm.

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4.-Turritella imperialis Hanna. No. 5759. Loc. 684 (C. A. S.). North side of Coyote Mountain, Imperial County, California. Pliocene. Length, 52 mm.; diameter, 23 mm. 5.-Dendraster gibbsii Remand. No. 5753. Loc. 2188 (C. A. S.). Sec. 32, T. 21 S., R. 15 E., M. D. B. & M., near Coalinga, Fresno County, California. Etchegoin Pliocene. Height, 38 mm.; width, 38 mm. 6.-Pecten healeyi Arnold. No. 5745. Loc. 105 (C. A. S.). Pacific Beach, San Diego County, California. Pliocene. Height, 134 mm.; width, 145 mm. 7.-Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin. No. 5758. Loc. 53 (C. A. S.). Sec. 36, T. 29 S., R. 16 E., M. D. B. & M., San Luis Obispo County, California. Upper Miocene. Length, 40 mm.; diameter, 21 mm. 8.-Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad. No. 5755. Loc. 137 (C. A. S.). Quail­ water Creek, San Luis Obispo County, California. Upper Santa Margarita, Upper Miocene. Height, 27 mm. ; width, 23 mm. 9.-Pecten estrellanus Conrad. No. 5747. Loc. 507 (C. A. S.). Sec. 34. T. 19 S., R. 15 E., M. D. B. & M., Coalinga district, Fresno County, California. Santa Margarita, Upper Miocene. Height, 66 mm.; width, 77 mm. 10.-Turritella ocoyana Conrad. No. 5760. Loc. 66 (C. A. S.). Cotton­ wood Creek, Kern River District, Kern County, California. Temblor, middle Miocene. Length, 74 mm. ; diameter, 23 mm. 11.-Scutella merriami Anderson. No. 5750. Loc. 2189 (C. A. S.). Cantua Creek district, Fresno County, California. Temblor, middle Miocene. Height, 18.5 mm.; width, 18.5 mm. 12.-Pecten andersoni Arnold. No. 5748. Loc. 65 (C. A. S.). Kern River. Kern County, California. Temblor (Zone B), middle Miocene. Height, 26.5 mm.; width, 28 mm. 13.-Turritella inezana Conrad. No. 5761. Loc. 1153 (C. A. S.). San Augustine Canyon, Santa Rosa Island, California. Vaqueros, Lower Miocene. Length, 117 mm.; diameter, 27 mm. 14.-Scutella fairbanksi Arnold. No. 5754. Loc. 89 (C. A. S.). Torrey Canyon, 41/4 miles south of Piru, Ventura County, California. Vaqueros, Lower Miocene. Height, 42 mm. ; width, 47 mm. 15.-Pecten magnolia Conrad. No. 5744. (C. A. S., plaster casts ; original in Stanford University, H. G. Schenck, Coli.) Divide between Ojai and Upper Ojai valleys, 5 miles east of Ojai, Ventura County, California. Vaqueros, Lower Miocene. Height, 127 mm.; width, 137 mm. 16.-Turritella uvasana Conrad. No. 5757. Loc. 825 (C. A. S.). Live Oak Canyon, Kern County, California. Tejon, Upper Eocene. Length, 41 mm.; diameter, 13.5 mm. 17.-Schizaster lecontei Merriam. No. 5751. Loc. 248 (C. A. S.). Marys­ ville Buttes, Sutter County, California. Upper Eocene. Height, 21 mm.; width, 21 mm. 18.-Pecten interradiatus Gabb. No. 5749. (C. A. S.). Canoas Creek, Kern County, California. Type Kreyenhagen shale, Upper Eocene. Height, 15 mm.; width, 16.5 mm. 19.-Turritella pachecoensis Gabb. No. 5762 (C. A. S.). Santa Cruz Island, California. Martinez, Lower Eocene. Length, 86 mm.; diameter, 23.5 mm.

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nwlll aucl phnlt1graphy hy G ll 11.11 • , 1 I C L Church

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20.-Schizaster martinezensis Kew. After Kew, Univ. Calif. Pub!. vol. 12, 1920, pl. 42, fig.2a. "Sweet's Ranch, on coral reef, south of Martinez, Contra Costa County, California. Martinez, Lower Eocene. Height, 40.9 mm. ; width, 32.3 mm." STRATIGRAPHY

In California, as elsewhere, geology is greatly indebted to paleon­ tology. The students of the larger marine invertebrates have been particularly active, and on the whole highly successful. The or­ dinary geologist is commonly more conscious of his debt to them than to the students of other classes of fossils. The data furnished by paleobotanists, micropaleontologists, and vertebrate paleontolo­ gists have been of high importance, however, and have added greatly to the possibility of interpreting the complex geological record. A few words may be given to the accomplishments of each type of paleontologist, and to the interrelations of the different kinds of data. Fossil mollusks and echinoids are widespread in many post-Paleo­ zoic formations, and have been studied intensively since the days of the early exploring expeditions. When a geologist of the present day uses such terms as Martinez, Vaqueros, or Temblor, he commonly has in mind a few distinctive fossils: Turritella pachecoensis and its as­ sociates for the Martinez, Turritella inezana or Pecten magnolia for the Vaqueros Turritella ocoyana or Scurella merriami for the Temblor (Figure 58). So far as a standard stratigraphic section of California exists at present, in fact, it is primarily the work of invertebrate paleontologists. The formations about which the great stratigraphic controversies have been fought, furthermore, are chiefly those in which the larger invertebrate fossils are few or poorly preserved ; the Franciscan, for example, or the Monterey, or the Sespe. Some of the fine-grained marine formations which lack distinctive large fossils contain plenty of small ones. The nonmarine strata, on the other hand, are locally rich in fossil plants or in bones of land animals. These various formations and groups of formations have yielded standards of correlation with which other similar formations can be compared. All of these, moreover, may be roughly referred to the standard international section. A paleobotanist, for example, will remark of a fossil florathat it is Upper Eocene or Lower Miocene ; the micropaleontologist or the vertebrate paleontologist does the same with his fossils. As a matter of fact, however, there is still

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much doubt about the exact relations of standard sections based on differentkinds of fossils. The Upper Miocene of the mollusk student may in any given case turn out to be Lower Pliocene or Middle Miocene according to paleobotanist or vertebrate paleontologist. · Localities like the Coalinga district, where marine and nonmarine facies of several formations interfinger, are therefore worthy of much study. The rare mammal bones or tree leaves of a formation like the Temblor or Monterey, which has a well-preserved marine fauna, should also be given special attention. Whenever these fragments can be correlated with one of the assemblages from a formation rich in leaves or bones we acquire a new tie between two different types of standard section. Improvement in this respect calls for close co­ operation between the students of different kinds of fossils, and a clear understandmg on the part of each student, of the problems confront­ ing the others. The Foraminifera have proved unexpectedly useful in correlation work, and are now studied in many commercial and university laboratories. They are also useful for the light they throw upon the depth and temperature of the water in which they lived. Like the diatoms, part of them are surface-dwellers and must be excluded from consideration. The bottom-dwellers are abundant, however, and some even of the Miocene and older species are represented by closely related living forms. Even a little study of Pliocene Foraminif­ era shows that the Pliocene San Joaquin Valley was always enclosed and probably generally shallow, that the southern California Pliocene sea was in general open to the ocean and was fairly deep except locally and temporarily, as near the end of the epoch. The Pleistocene sea in the same region was much shallower, according to the same type of evidence. Foraminiferal investigations have so far dealt chiefly with correla­ tion problems of interest to oil men, but they have revealed many facts that bear directly upon sedimentational and paleogeographic problems of interest to other geologists. To illustrate the possibilities of this type of research, an example of the interrelations of the larger and smaller marine faunas will be given. The thick Pliocene formations of southern California contain large mollusk faunas at comparatively few horizons. Many of the barren beds are siltstone, but others are sandstone or even conglomerate. The stratigraphic importance of this condition has already been stressed. Why should so many coarse-grained, presumably shallow-

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water strata be barren of fossil mollusks? The fine-grained beds contain large foraminiferal faunas and these, as suggested already, are generally of the deep-water type. This fact leads to considera­ tion of the hypothesis that the coarse-grained Pliocene strata are actually deep-water deposits. In support of this possibility, several considerations may be mentioned. First, the narrow troughs in which these beds accumulated may have been swept by strong currents which would prevent the deposition of fine clay at depths much greater than 50 or 100 fathoms. Secondly, if these troughs were deep, since they are known to have been narrow, the slopes of their bottoms may have been too steep to allow fine-grained sediment to accumulate except at relatively great depths. Thirdly, the study of recent deposits from the Channel Island region has shown that coarse sediments are now accumulating much below the depth at which theory would lead us to expect them.1 Fourthly, in most sec­ tions the shales in which the Lower and Middle Pliocene sandstones are interbedded all have deep-water Foraminifera. The hypothesis of deep-water origin of these Pliocene beds suggests a possible explanation for some interesting features connected with attempts to correlate these beds on the basis of Fo raminifera. In the first place, the outstanding success of most of these attempts might be due to the fact that nearly all the foraminiferal faunules, especially those secured from oil wells, belong to the same relatively deep-water

facies. 2 In the second place, the less successful attempts, such as those connected with some Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene strata, involve large and varied mollusk faunas ; these strata were deposited in shallow water where the foraminiferal assemblages would be expected to vary widely with depth and temperature. The San Diego beds, a marginal deposit of shallow-water type, will serve as an example of a formation that has been very differently correlated by students of its larger and smaller fossils. A part of the reason for the disagree-

1 Parker D. Trask, "Sedimentation in the Channel Islands Region, Cali­ fornia," Econ. Geol. (1931), pp. 24--43.

2 In this connection it is interesting to note that offthe Southern California coast temperature decreases rapidly with depth to about 300 feet; below that depth the decrease is very slow. If all the foraminiferal faunas to be compared come from depths greater than 300 feet, it may therefore be assumed that the ecologic factor would be relatively unimportant.

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ment, though probably not the whole of it, may lie in such factors as those here under discussion.1 PALEOGEOGRAPHY LAND AREAS The chief land areas that contributed detritus to Coast Range seas were Mohavia, Salinia, the Klamath Island, and several Coast Range islands of which Catalinia is a good example. Mohavia was the west slope of a great land which at different stages extended east­ ward to very different distances. After Upper Cretaceous time the eastern edge of the land was bounded by the Atlantic Ocean; during the Upper Cretaceous, by a sea in the Rocky Mountain area. Mo­ havia itself probably did not change greatly in size or shape during the whole post-Franciscan period, but the rate at which it delivered sediments to the Coast Range seas changed frequently. During the Upper Miocene, for example, a derangement of the drainage system led temporarily to an almost complete lack of exterior drainage and thus helped to bring about a period of non-clastic siliceous-shale deposition in the coastal region. Salinia is named for the granitic "backbone" of the Salinas Valley district and adjacent parts of the Southern Coast Ranges. The importance of this old land might be very differently judged by different geologists. The hypothesis that has been tentatively adopted in the foregoing chapters is that the land extended far to the northwest during the Franciscan, Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligocene, and possibly the Lower Miocene, and that after the Lower Miocene it was probably in large part submerged. The problem of the existence of this land and of its contribution to the different seas that flooded California is an interesting one, on which the available information throws little light. An intensive investigation of the petrology and primary structures of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the central Coast Range district will be needed to solve the problem. The Miocene of Point Reyes, the Eocene of Clear Lake and of the Martinez region, the Cretaceous and Franciscan of the San Francisco Peninsula and adjacent districts-all these and other formations must be investigated thoroughly before any valid conclusions can be drawn. The Klamath Island was apparently first recognized by Condon,

1 Correlation by means of mammalian fossils is discussed in the last few paragraphs of this chapter.

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a pioneer geologist of Oregon, as having been a Cretaceo-Tertiary land area. Its history was investigated in considerable detail by Diller, whose conclusions have been followed in the brief references made to the subject in some of the foregoing chapters. Much addi­ tional work of a petrographic nature remains to be done, not only upon the old rocks of the Klamath district but also upon the sedi­ ments that may have been derived from them, before we shall be in a position to discuss adequately the history of the island. Catalinia is a name given for convenience of reference to an area first recognized as having been an important Miocene land by A. 0. Woodford, who referred to it merely as a "western land." His designation sufficed for a discussion of the sediments of the Capis­ trano district, but seems inadequate for more general use. In addi­ tion to Catalinia, there was a similar Tertiary land area in the San Rafael Mountain region and another north and west from the Coal­ inga district. Each of these, and doubtless several others, furnished great quantities of Franciscan debris to the seas nearest them during the later stages of the Tertiary. Before the Temblor they were either submerged or very low, however, since Franciscan debris is extremely small in amount or at most highly localized in all of the older forma­ tions. The paleogeographic discussions of the foregoing chapters have drawn on all available data concerning the kinds and sources of the detritus in all of the Coast Range formations. The result has been to furnish a few inferences about possible sources of most of the formations, and to furnish an excellent argument in favor of compiling many more data of the same kind. The petrologic peculiarities of all the older rocks should be investigated in order that a basis may be had for comparison with the detrital minerals and rocks found in the more recent formations. The climatic succession in California is still very imperfectly known. So far as the temperatures are concerned, there is general agreement that the Knoxville was cool, the Chico warmer, the Eocene subtropi­ cal, and that the post-Eocene Tertiary saw a gradual cooling which culminated near the close of the Pliocene in the sub-boreal Santa Barbara period. Minor cycles may have been imposed upon the temperature curve, but they cannot be detected by the means at our disposal. The rainfall problem is less well agreed upon. The Fran­ ciscan, the Sespe, the Vaqueros, the Upper Miocene, and the Pliocene have all been classed as desert periods by different investigators.

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Cretaceous, Eocene, and Pleistocene have generally been regarded as humid. As pointed out already, however, the evidence for the various conclusions is not all parallel. The Sespe has been con­ sidered arid because the Sespe sandstone is red; the Franciscan, be­ cause its sandstone is feldspathic; the Upper Miocene, because clastic detritus is scarce in its siliceous shale. The Eocene is considered humid, on the other hand, chiefly because the fairly plentiful fossil plants are of types that live in a humid climate. All kinds of paleoclimatic evidence have been adversely criticized, and all must be used with caution. Under the most favorable condi­ tions, however, all of them are useful. Allen's use of mineralogic evidence in the case of the lone formation, for example, has certainly rendered probable his conclusion that the lone sediments were weathered during a period of warmth and humidity. The lone is exceptional in its mineralogy, however, as the Franciscan and Oligo­ cene are not. If most California sandstones were quartzose, like the lone, the occurrence of a feldspathic member might be considered evidence of a period of exceptional aridity. Since nearly all of them are feldspathic, however, and some of them are nevertheless known to have accumulated during humid epochs, their feldspar content cannot be used as an evidence of exceptional aridity. The paleo­ botanic evidence, on the other hand, is especially good because the plants involved are nearly all closely related to types now living. It is much safer to make ecologic deductions from Tertiary floras than, for example, from Triassic or Paleozoic floras. Coming now to the comparative safety of making climatic infer­ ences from incomplete and casual mineralogic data, or from in­ complete and casual paleobotanic data, we are faced by a disagree­ ment which there is little present chance of settling. Neither type of evidence is entirely fool-proof, and opinions vary as to their rela­ tive merits. The conclusions tentatively adopted in the foregoing pages and the reasons for them may be summarized as follows. 1. Petrologic data of the type now available are in general too few and vague to be useful in paleoclimatic discussions. If these data were more plentiful and if they were handled sufficiently criti­ cally, according to the methods that are now coming into use among soil scientists, the results might be made more definite. If, on the other hand, thick beds of salt or gypsum could be found in Tertiary formations that could be accurately dated, we might be able to prove that local deserts had existed during the period. Some of the salt

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deposits of the Mohave and Colorado deserts are promising in this respect, but none of them are at present accurately dated. They are probably not older than Miocene, and may be Pliocene or Pleistocene. Even if they prove to be Miocene, moreover, they will still not serve to prove that the Coast Range area was even locally arid or semi-arid during the Miocene. So long as all known Miocene floras are of types more humid than the known Pliocene floras, there will be little reason, in fact, to suppose that any Coast Range area was as arid in the Miocene as in the Pliocene. 2. Miocene and Pliocene plants were so similar to plants now living that there is no reason for a geologist to doubt their climatic implication so long as it seems good to the paleobotanists. It is true that paleobotanical data are all local, and that the humid aspect of the known Miocene floras might be accidental. The known Plio­ cene floras nearly all have a semi-arid aspect, however, and this fact seems to discount the common argument that the known Miocene plants are humid in type because only humid regions allow plants to be preserved as fossils. Why should such a rule hold consistently during the Miocene and fail consistently during the Pliocene? 3. The paleobotanical data suggest that the Coast Ranges be­ came steadily drier from the beginning of the Tertiary until some stage of the Pliocene.1 The petrologic evidence does little to cor­ roborate this conclusion, and has in large part been thought incon­ sistent with it. If the salt-lake deposits of the Mohave region can be shown to be in part Miocene or earlier, they will demonstrate for that part of California a much drier Miocene climate than that suggested by the known plant fossils. These fossils were collected in other parts of California, however, and therefore do not directly furnish climatic data for the Mohave region. 4. So far as the more useful data now available go, there seems to be no reason not to assume that, as the plants suggest, the whole of California became steadily drier from the beginning of the Tertiary until middle Pliocene. If local and temporary fluctuationsoccurred, as is likely, they must be left for future workers to recognize and evaluate. pALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS The paleogeographic maps accompanying some of the foregoing chapters require a few words of explanation.

1 For a view somewhat differentfrom that of Chaney, who is followed here, see E. W. Berry, "A Revision of the Flora of the Latah Formation," U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 154 (1929), pp. 233-35.

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In the first place, they are nearly all generalized so as to illustrate the average conditions during an epoch. The Eocene map is accord­ ingly not quite true for any single stage of the Tejon, and is very mis­ leading for the Martinez. This shortcoming of the maps, though a serious one, could only be removed by adding a considerable number of additional maps, for many of which reliable data are still lacking. The additional maps can be made, in fact, only when many puzzling correlation problems have been satisfactorily solved. Of the maps actually presented herewith, the Pliocene map in particular will need drastic revision if the Imperial formation proves to be, as some paleontologists believe, Miocene instead of Pliocene in age. In the second place, the base used for the paleogeographic maps is the map of present-day California. So far as the Coast and Trans­ verse ranges are concerned, the base is inadequate because of post­ Tertiary crustal shortening. If an accurate base-map could be used the Lower Miocene lands and seas, for example, would appear notice­ ably less constricted in a northeast-southwest direction than they appear on Figure 28. The area east of the Coast Ranges, on the other hand, would be more nearly as it is shown on this map. A word may next be given to the subject of Coast Range islands, especially those in existence during Cretaceous and early Tertiary stages. Unless these supposed islands are definitely known to have contributed detritus to the sea in question, their existence is assumed entirely on the evidence of a lack of the deposits of that sea in the area of the supposed island. In each such case, there is accordingly a fair chance that the absence of these deposits is due merely to later erosion. The Eocene deposits in particular, though discontinuous and patchy, have certain features that are consistent with the idea that they were once continuous and widespread. The petrologic character of the Eocene sediments of the Clear Lake area is one item of this kind which has been mentioned earlier. The importance of this alternative explanation of the absence of Eocene and other deposits in different areas will naturally appear different to different geologists. Some have neglected it almost altogether. On the maps accompanying the present paper, on the other hand, it is given considerable weight. Most of the land areas assumed to exist in Cretaceous, Eocene, and Oligocene times are lands from which the seas of those periods are more or less cer­ tainly known to have received detrital material. In the case of Mio-

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cene and Pliocene lands the argument from local absence of deposits has been given relatively more weight. One other feature of the paleogeographic maps here presented may deserve passing notice. Although the sea-boundaries as drawn are certainly not very accurate, it has seemed desirable for the sake of clearness to show their location with reference to the modern physio­ graphic provinces of the State. Use has therefore been made of the province map (Figure 1, with province names omitted) as a base for the paleogeographic maps. By this method it is hoped that readers, especially those not thoroughly familiar with California geography, may be assisted in visualizing the conditions supposed to have existed at different periods and epochs. The use of this base map has, however, one possible drawback. It may suggest that the modern physiographic provinces were actually in existence during the Tertiary or even earlier. Although historical geologists sometimes write as if this were true or nearly true, the present writer does not wish to be understood as agreeing with them. In order to furnish an antidote to such a belief, Figure 59 is accordingly introduced. It shows in a generalized and highly imaginative way the topography of the lands that may be assumed to have existed at four different stages: Upper Cretaceous, Lower Miocene, Monterey, and Pliocene. The Cretaceous sketch probably suggests too low gradients for the rivers of Mohavia and too much simplicity of topography. The Vaqueros map is intended to illustrate the ideas of Loel and Corey, as exemplified in the map which served as the original of Figure 28. The Monterey sketch is designed to suggest as many as possible of the extraordinary conditions that are believed to have existed during that stage: volcanic eruptions on land and sea, basin develop­ ment and filling on Mohavia, and a consequent practical cessation of clastic deposition in Coast Range seas. The Pliocene map indicates that the Miocene basins were soon filled, that the drainage of Mohavia became at least partly re-integrated, and that clastic material derived from this old land area helped to bring about the general turbidity that seems to have characterized the Pliocene seas.

GEOLOGIC HISTORY

The subject of floral and faunal migrations and interrelations, which is commonly and properly treated at length in most papers on historical geology. has been largely neglected in the preceding

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FIG. 59.-Paleogeographic maps of Cretaceous, Vaqueros, Upper Miocene, and Pliocene.

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pages. Some amends may now be made, if not by treating the subject adequately, at least by mentioning it in a prominent position.

LAND PLANTS

The Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous floras were characterized by trees of pre-angiosperm types. In the Upper Cretaceous, if one may judge from the floras of this age found in Vancouver Island and in the Rocky Mountains, the angiosperms became an important element. The climatic implications of this flora have already been mentioned. In the early Eocene, palms and magnolias remained along the West Coast of the United States, but there seems to have been also an immigration of more northern types. In the Upper Eocene, the climate became warmer and a subtropical forest like that of Florida at the present day lived in the California region. Oligocene floras are still little known in California. If one may .iudge from the type of animals preserved in the Sespe formation, however, at least the lower parts of the country must have carried an abundance of succulent vegetation. That the higher parts of the area were also forested is very probable. The Bridge Creek flora of eastern Oregon, now considered probably Upper Oligocene, is a red­ wood association. It occurs associated with continental red beds, but must have lived where the annual rainfall was about 40 inches.1 The Oligocene forests of the California region may, of course, have been of less humid type, but there is at present no good reason to think so. The evolution of the hypsodont horses during the early Miocene suggests, as already indicated, that the forests of the earlier Tertiary were being partly replaced by grassland; perhaps locally even by deserts. The Upper Miocene has rather commonly been considered a time of great aridity in coastal California as well as farther east. To this hypothesis, however, the character of the known plant re­ mains furnishes no support. As Chaney has pointed out, the Mascall flora of Oregon (upper Temblor or lower Monterey in age) seems to have extended south as far as central California. 2 It is very similar to the oak-madroflo forest now found in the lower altitudes of the Northern Coast Ranges where the average annual rainfall is about

1 Ralph W. Chaney, "A Comparative Study of the Bridge Creek Flora and the Modern Redwood Forest," Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 849 (1925) . 2 R. W. Chancy, "The Mascall Flora, Its Distribution and Climatic Rela· tions," Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 849 (1925), pp. 25-48.

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30 inches. It is therefore probably safest to suppose that parts of the California region, especially the seaward slopes and the river valleys, were still covered by forests of humid or semi-humid type in the Upper Miocene. During the Pliocene the California region became relatively dry. The Pleistocene brought a great series of changes, from humid to dry, from warm to cold, and back again. The fossil records are not yet sufficiently numerous to permit the different stages of this complex epoch to be traced out. In spite of all the changes of the Tertiary and Quaternary, evidence has been cited to show that the California district has probably always enjoyed a considerable degree of climatic and therefore floral stability. Abrams1 points out, for example, that the present California flora contains, along with a boreal, a Mexican, and a Great Basin element, another that can only be called a California element. It includes such genera as Sequoia and Tumion, ancient types once spread widely over the world but now nearly everywhere extinct. The presence of this element, Abrams thinks, is due to the thermostat effect of the PacificOcean, the moist winds from which have throughout all stages of Cretaceous and Cenozoic prevented the violent climatic alterations that have from time to time affected the rest of the world. Because of this condition these plants have always been able to find ap­ propriate living conditions somewhere in the California mountains and valleys.

MARINE INVERTEBRATES

The climatic implications of the different marine invertebrate faunas have been more or less adequately discussed on some of the foregoing pages. The subject of faunal migrations may be briefly sketched here. Most of the data are taken from several papers by J. P. Smith ; a few from other sources. 2

1 LeRoy Abrams, An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States, Vol. 1, Stanford University Press (1923), Introduction, p. vi.

2 J. P. Smith, "The Geologic Record of California," Jour. Geol., Vol. 18 (1910), table opposite p. 225. -, "Ancient Climates of the West Coast," Pop. Sci. Monthly (1910), pp. 478-86. -, "Ancient Portals of the Earth," Pop. Sci. Monthly (1912), pp. 393-99. -, "Salient Events in the Geologic History of California," Science, New Ser., Vol. 30 (1909), pp. 346-51. -, "Geologic Study of Migration of Marine Invertebrates," Jour. Geol.,

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The first interregional migration that is definitely known occurred early in the Upper Devonian, when the American waters were invaded by a fauna that could not have sprung from its predecessors in that region, but was endemic in Eurasia. This is the zone of the Cuboides fauna, which was followed by still further immigration from the same center of dispersion, in the zone of Manti­ coceras intumescens of the Upper Devonian. The connection with Europe was through the back door, through northern Siberia, across North America, for the continental mass of North Atlantis and Appalachia prevented direct communi­ cation.1 During the Carboniferous and Permian the faunal connection between the California region and northern Asia was still close. The relations of the different Triassic faunas in California to those in the rest of the world have been excellently summarized by J. P. Smith.2 During the time represented by the Meekoceras zone of the Lower Triassic there was a sea in what is now the Great Basin, which opened to the northwest and connected around the old Pacific shore line with Asia. The Bering portal was open, so this sea was connected with the Arctic Sea as well as with the Orien­ tal Tethys. During the time represented by the Tirolites zone this sea was united through the Central American portal with the Mediterranean, presumably through a mid­ Atlantic archipelago; but neither Asiatic nor Boreal immigration took place. In the Columbites zone there was only Boreal influxthrough the Bering portal, letting in the Arctic fauna, which came down to Idaho on the east, and down to Albania, presumably through the Ural portal, on the west. The Parapopanoceras zone marks the ending of the Boreal connection, and no connection was yet established with the Oriental or the Mediterranean regions.

Vol. 3 (1895), pp. 481-95. -, "Mesozoic Changes in the Faunal Geography of California," Jour. Geol., Vol. 3 (1895), pp. 369-83. -, "Climatic Relations of Tertiary and Quaternary Faunas of the Cali­ fornia Region," Proc. California Acad. Sci. (4), Vol. 9 (1919), pp. 123-73. -, "Geologic Formations of California," California State Min. Bur. Bull. 72 (1916), Table IV. Ralph Arnold, "The Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California," California Acad. Sci., Mem. 3 (1903), 420 pp. Grant and Gale, "Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca," pp. 93-99. T. Wayland Vaughan, "The Reef-Coral Fauna of Carrizo Creek, Imperial Valley, California, and Its Significance," U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98 (1917), 98 pp. A. Morley Davies, "Faunal Migrations Since the Cretaceous,'' Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. 40 (1929), pp. 307-27.

I J. P. Smith, "Ancient Portals of the Earth," p. 395. 2 "Upper Triassic Marine Invertebrate Faunas of North America," U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 141 (1927), pp. 2, 3.

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During the time represented by the Ceratites trinodosus zone the Mediter­ ranean and Atlantic furnished the main channel for intermigration, but some intermigration also took place with Asia and the Boreal region. At the beginning of Upper Triassic time the Halobia rugosa zone shows only Mediterranean influence, whereas the Dawsonites zone, probably contemporane­ ous, shows only Boreal influence. There was then probably only a climatic barrier between the faunas of California and those of British Columbia and Alaska. During the time represented by the Tropites subbullatus zone the isotherms had probably shifted to the north, for no barrier is apparent between California and Alaska. This fauna is strictly Mediterranean in its kinship .... During the epoch of the lower Noric coral zone there was no barrier between the Mediterranean region and California, nor any climatic difference between the California sea and southern Alaska, for the same species of corals were building reefs in all three regions. In the time represented by the Pseudomonotis zone .the European connection was cut off, and intermigration took place through the Bering portal, which opened into the Arctic Sea. This fauna came down on both sides of the north Pacific, and spread southward even below California, probably under the influence of a Boreal current. With this epoch the marine Triassic history of North America ends ... During the Lias there seems to have been no boreal immigration. The fauna is very widespread, and probably came into California from South America. The Middle Jurassic fauna was Mediter­ ranean. During the Upper Jurassic there was a new boreal invasion, which continued during a part of Knoxville time. In the Upper Knoxville, Indian forms began to arrive. With the Horsetown, the boreal connection ceased and the fauna became definitely Indian, as it was also in the lower Chico. During the upper Chico there may have been a migration from the interior of North America. The late Cretaceous disturbances destroyed the interior sea, but opened the way for a new (Martinez) invasion from eastern Asia. By the beginning of the Tejon stage, however, this way seems to have been barred and a new one was opened between the California seas and the ancestral Caribbean. In the following epoch, conditions similar to those of the Martinez were restored, to be followed again by a new invasion from subtropical America during the Miocene. The provincial Pliocene faunas have some relationship with those of the Orient, but more definitely with those of other parts of western North and South America. The Imperial fauna, for example, seems to have Caribbean affinities ; Elsmere Canyon has many subtropical species that may have required a minimum temperature of 68°F.

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California Vertebrate Horizons "Standard" California Marine Epochs Important Fossils Section Southern Other Formations Great Valley California Districts

Upper San Pedro Hawver Cave Upper San Pedro, Timms Pleistocene Equus and Elephas Rancho La Brea, McKittrick Rancho La Brea, Potter Creek point, Lomita, Las Posas etc. asphalt beds { Carpinteria 1 Cave' formation, etc. Lomita Bautista Ck . . . (?) ...... ················ Plesippus Blanco beds {TSanehama Joaquin clay San Timoteo Coso Mountains San Joaquin clay Pliohippus Middle Eden beds Orinda Etchegoin (Mulinia bed) Pliocene coalingensis, etc. (?) Coffee Ranch Etcbegoin Pinole tuff Pico VJ c::: Lower J acalitos Sonoma tuff Jacalitos Neohipparion Clarendon moUe Chanac } Repetto � ...... ? . ? ..? ..? •.?. Snake Creek ...... � Hip par ion mohavense ("Loup Fork" Ricardo Santa Margarita � or Ogalalla) Mint Canyon Cuyama* and � Barstow Merychippus ""'i Deep River Coalinga Temblor Monterey Miocene Merychippus zone) ························ ( = Parahippus Upper Rosebud Phillips Ranch Temblor Lower Rosebud Tecuya beds Uppermost Sespe Vaqueros Miohippus ...... John Day Las Posas Sespe Pleito ...... Mesohippus ...... San Lorenzo Oligocene White River San Emigdio

EPihippus Uinta Lower Sespe Tejon (restricted) Eocene Orohippus Bridger Domengine Eohippus Wasatch Meganos

Paleocene Archaic mammals Puerco-Torrejon Martinez

unnamed Miocene formation; not the Cuyama formation of English. • An CJ.:) 0 CJ.:)

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In the San Diego horizon southern forms are still dominant, but the Santa Barbara fauna resembles that now living in Puget Sound. The Pleistocene Lomita formation is temperate; the Lower San Pedro is cold-temperate (Puget Sound) ; and the Upper San Pedro, warm-temperate.

LAND MAMMALS

The oldest known mammalian fauna in California, that of the lower Sespe of Simi Valley, is equivalent to the Uinta fauna, upper­ most Eocene, of the Rocky Mountain region. The mammals com­ posing this fauna are thought to have been derived from forms which entered North America, probably from Eurasia, during the "first modernization"1 at the beginning of Wasatch deposition. The next oldest faunas, found in the upper Sespe and in the Tecuya beds, are upper Oligocene or lowermost Miocene, equivalent to some part of the John Day horizon. Those of the lower and middle Oligo­ cene White River stages, which represent the "second moderniza­ tion" of Osborn, are still unknown in California. The third stage represented by vertebrate faunas is that of the Upper Miocene (including "Middle Miocene"). It is the Mery­ chippus fauna, with persistent short-toothed horses, primitive ele­ phants, deer, and rhinoceroses, in addition to the hypsodont Mery­ chippus. It corresponds to the early stages of Osborn's "fifth faunal phase." As already explained,2 the Ricardo formation seems likely to be referable to Upper Miocene, as the term is now used in Cali­ fornia, rather than to the Lower Pliocene. Good Pliocene faunas are rare in California, as in most other dis­ tricts. Enough fragmentary fossils have nevertheless been found to demonstrate the presence among the California Pliocene deposits of most of the stages recorded from other areas. The animals recorded are nearly all plains-living types, especially horses, camels, and antelopes. Many of the fossils occur in thick formations, moreover, where their stratigraphic relations are more obvious than are those of the fossils found in the extremely fragmentary Pliocene deposits of other parts of North America. The work of Merriam and others in the Coalinga district and elsewhere in the San Joaquin Valley sug­ gests the possibility that a satisfactory stratigraphic classification 1 H. F. Osborn, "Cenozoic Mammal Horizons of Western North America," U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 361 (1909), p. 35. 2 Chapter X.

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of Pliocene vertebrate fossils, and a determination of their relations to the marine record, are more likely to be secured here than elsewhere in North America. Some of the reasons for this conclusion have been given previously.1 The abundant and beautifully preserved Pleistocene faunas of Rancho La Brea and several other localities have already been mentioned. They show the presence in California during this stage of a surprisingly varied assemblage of large and small mammals. Table XXVI represents an attempt to summarize much of what is known concerning the correlation of the more important mam­ malian faunas of California. The data have been taken from numerous publications by Merriam, Stock, Osborn, and other paleon­ tologists, and the correlations have been revised by Chester Stock. Many of them are more or less doubtful, of course, but they are thought to illustrate fairly well the present status of the attempt to correlate the vertebrate horizons of the State with the marine sec­ tion and also with some of the important vertebrate horizons of other parts of the United States. 1 Chapter XI, p. 250.

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3840644/9781629812526_backmatter.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 APPENDIX IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHIC NAMES 14-F, etc., following the geographic names, refer to Figure 60. Pronunciations given are not necessarily correct; they are merely common among California geologists and others. Symbols Long vowels; "o" as in rope, etc.

v Short vowels; "e" as in let, etc. "a" as in bar � "c" as in receive c "c" as in can "s" as in is � ADAMS CANYON. 14-F Ten to fifteen miles east of Ventura. Exposes complete Pliocene section 15,000 feet thick. Type locality of Santa Paula formation. Santa Paula Quadrangle. AMERICAN RIVER. 6, 7-D, E Drains from Sierra Nevada, Joms Sacramento River at Sacramento. Formerly important for gold placers. Sacramento Quadrangle. ANACAPA ISLAND. 15-E. (An-a-cap'-a) Easternmost of four Santa Barbara Islands; separated from mainland by Anacapa Strait; covered with Miocene volcanic rocks. ARROYO SECO. 10-D. (Ar-r6y'-o Si'i.'-co) Small tributary of Salinas River; good sections of Upper Miocene shale. Soledad Quadrangle. AVENAL CREEK. 11-E. (Av'-e-ni:H" or Av'e-nal') Small stream flowing through A venal Ranch 20 miles south of Coalinga. The Eocene Avenal sandstone seems to have obtained its name indirectly from this region. Cholame Quadrangle. BAKERSFIELD. 12-F Bakersfield Quadrangle. BARSTOW. 13-l. (Bar'-stow) Upper Miocene beds with fossil vertebrates outcrop in a syncline about 10 miles north of the town. BATH HOUSE BEACH. 14-E Locality in Santa Barbara containing good outcrops of Santa Barbara Pliocene beds. BIG BLUE HILLS. 10, 11-E Foothills of the Diablo Range, 10-15 miles north of Coalinga. Type locality of Miocene Big Blue serpentinons member of the Monterey or Temblor stage. Coalinga Quadrangle. BRIONES HILLS. 8-C. (Bri-o'ne .\') East of San Francisco Bay. Type locality of Upper Miocene Briones formation. Concord Quadrangle. 307

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CACHE CREEK. 6-C. (Cash) Outlet of Clear Lake. CAJON PASS. 14-H. (Ca-h6n') Between San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains. Fifty miles north­ east of Los Angeles. CALAVERAS COUNTY. 7-E. (Cal-a-ver'-as) Part of Gold Belt district of Sierra Nevada ; contains exposures of the Carboniferous Calaveras formation. CANADA DE LAS UVAS. 13-F. (Can-yiid'-a de las �'-vas) Older name of a valley now known as Grapevine Canyon. Fort Tejon lies in it. Type locality of Tejon formation. Tejon Quadrangle. CANOAS CREEK. 11-E. (Ca-no'-as) Small stream on the Kreyenhagen Ranch, 20 miles south of Coalinga. Type localities of the Kreyenhagen shale and Avenal sandstone are along its course. Coalinga and Cholame quadrangles. CANTUA CREEK. 10, 11-E. (Can-t� '-a) A stream draining from the Diablo Range, about 20 miles north of Coa­ linga. Type locality of the Cantua sandstone member of the Eocene. Coalinga Quadrangle. CANYON SPRING. 16-J Fifteen miles northeast of Salton Sea, at the foot of the Orocopia Moun­ tains. Noted for good exposures of thick section of Tertiary (Miocene?) nonmarine sediments and interbedded lava flows. CAPE MENDOCINO. 3-A. (Men"-do-se'-no) CAPISTRANO. 15-G, H. (Cap"-i-strii'-no) Town 50 miles southeast of Los Angeles. Underlain by Pliocene Capi­ strano formation. Capistrano Quadrangle. CARNEROS CREEK. 12-E. (Car-niiy'-ros) Small stream near Chico Martinez Creek. Type locality of Lower Miocene Temblor formation. CARRIZO MOUNTAIN. (Car-ree'-zo) See Coyote Mountain. CARRIZO PLAIN. Basin southwest of Temblor Mountains CATALINA ISLAND. 16-G. (Cat-a-lee'-na) Also called Santa Catalina Island. CATALINIA. (Cat-a-leen'-i-a) A Tertiary land area, now largely submerged, in the southern California region. See Figure 21. CHANCHELL11LA PEAK. 3-C. (Chan-chel-1?.'-la) Prominent peak near south end of Klamath Mountains. CHICO. 5-D. (Che'-co) A town and creek, Sacramento Valley. Type locality of Upper Cretaceous Chico formation. Chico Quadrangle. CHICO MARTINEZ CREEK. 12-E. (Che'-co Mar-te'-nez) Small stream about 15 miles northwest of McKittrick; very thick section of Upper Miocene rocks exposed in its canyon. McKittrick Quadrangle. CLEAR LAKE. 6-C

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COALINGA. 11-E. (Co-lln'-ga) Town and oil district ; fine exposures of many Southern Coast Range formations. Coalinga Quadrangle. COTTONWOOD CREEK. 3-C . Good exposures of Cretaceous strata. Red Bluff Quadrangle. COYOTE MOUNTAIN. 17-J. (Coy-6'-te) Southwest of Salton Sea; also called Carrizo Mountain; type locality of Imperial formation. CUYAMACA. 17-1. (Cy"-a-mik'-a, or C!-!) Mining village 35 miles northeast of San Diego. ' DEADMAN S ISLAND. 15-G

A rock recently removed from Los Angeles Harbor near San Pedro ; ex­ cellent exposures of San Pedro (Pleistocene) fossil beds. Wilmington Quadrangle. DEATH VALLEY. 10, 11-1 DEVILS DEN. 12-E Cholame Quadrangle. DIABLO RANGE. 9-D, etc. (DI-ab'-lo) One of Southern Coast Ranges. DOMENGINE RANCH. 10-E. (Dom'-en-jen) Fifteen miles north of Coalinga ; type locality of Domengine (Eocene) formation. Coalinga Quadrangle. EEL RIVER. 3-B, etc. EL PASO RANGE. 12-H. (EJ Pas'-o) Mountains a few miles north of Randsburg. Searles Lake Quadrangle. ELSINORE. 15-H. (:El'-si-nore) Town 60 miles southeast of Los Angeles. Elsinore Quadrangle. ETCHEGOIN RANCH. 11, 12-E. (Etch'-e-goin) Twelve to fourteen miles northeast of Coalinga ; type locality of Etche- goin (Pliocene) formation or group. Coalinga Quadrangle. EUREKA. 2-A FARALLON ISLANDS. 8-B. (Far'-al-Jon) FERNANDO GROUP. See San Fernando. (Fer-nan'-do) FISH CREEK MOUNTAIN. 17-J Excellent exposures of Imperial and associated formations occur to the west and south (Box Canyon, Palm Spring). FORT TEJON. 13-F Tejon Quadrangle. FRANCISCAN FORMATION, GROUP, OR SERIES Named for San Francisco (8-C) . GABILAN MESA. 11-D. (Gav'-i-lan or Gab'-i-Jan) An extensive plateau in the heart of the Southern Coast Ranges, southeast of King City. San Miguel Quadrangle. GRAPEVINE CANYON. See Canada de Ia Uvas. HAYWARD. 8-C Town for which an important active fault is named. Hayward Quad­ rangle.

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HORSETOWN. Stream and abandoned town southwest of Redding. Type locality of Quadrangle. Cretaceous Horsetown formation. Red Bluff. HUASNA. 12-E. (Hwiir'-na) Village, river, and district ; exposures of thick marine Miocene beds. IMPERIAL VALLEY AND COUNTY. 17-J Imperial formation of Miocene or Pliocene age is widely exposed. INYO MOUNTAINS. 10-H. (In'-yo) Extensive outcrops of Paleozoic rocks. Bishop Quadrangle. lONE. 7-E. (I-on') Village. Type locality of Eocene lone formation of Sierra Nevada foot­ hills. Jackson Quadrangle. JACALITOS CREEK AND HILLS. 11-E. (Hak"-a-le'-tos) Jacalitos (Pliocene) formation. Coalinga Quadrangle. KIRKER CREEK. 8-C, D The Kirker (Oligocene?) formation is found in this area. Mount Diablo Quadrangle. KNOXVILLE. 6-C Village in northern Napa County, 18 miles southeast of Clear Lake. For Knoxville formation, see Chapter V. KREYENHAGEN HILLS (KREYENHAGEN RANCH) . 11-E. (Kra'-en-ha"-gen) Foothills of Diablo Range, 20 miles southeast of Coalinga. The Eocene or Oligocene Kreyenhagen shale is typically exposed in Canoas Creek Canyon, adjoining Kreyenhagen Hills. Chapter VII. Coalinga and Cholame quadrangles. LAS POSAS HILLS. 14-E. (Las Po-'sas) Anticlinal ridge 20 miles east of Ventura. Camulos Quadrangle. "Las Posas formation" is a name sometimes used for marine beds supposedly equivalent to the Pleistocene Saugus formation. McCLOUD RIVER. 3, 4-D Type locality of McCloud (Pennsylvanian) limestone. Redding Quad­ rangle and Folio. McKITTRICK. 12-D, E Village and oil field,southwestern San Joaquin Valley. McKittrick district. "McKittrick formation" is a name applied to Pliocene and Pleistocene beds that are not readily separable into the formations recognized farther north. McLURE VALLEY. 11, 12-E A basin 35 miles south and east of Coalinga; called Sunflower Valley by the natives. Cholame Quadrangle. The McLure shale is Upper Miocene siliceous shale of Coalinga district; probably equivalent to parts of Monterey, Santa Margarita, San Pablo, Puente, Modelo, and Maricopa formations. MANIX. 13-l. (Man'-ix) Village 25 miles north and eat of Barstow, near an old lake in the Mohave River valley (Manix lake beds) . MARICOPA. 13-F. (Ma-ri-co'-pa) Village 40 miles southwest of Bakersfield, San Joaquin Valley. Buena Vista Lake Quadrangle. The Maricopa shale is part or all of the Upper Miocene, and part of the Lower Miocene of the Temblor Range.

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MARIPOSA. 9-F. (Ma-ri-p6'-sa) Village (and county) in foothills of Sierra Nevada. Mariposa slate, Jurassic. Mariposa Quadrangle. MARTINEZ. 7-C. (Mar-te'-nez or nes) Town on Carquinez Strait, Carquinez Quadrangle. The Martinez forma­ tion is Lower Eocene or Paleocene fossiliferous sandstone and shale. MARYSVILLE. 6-D Town in Sacramento Valley, near Marysville Buttes. Marysville Quad­ rangle. The Marysville (Eocene) formation underlies the lone formation in Marysville Buttes. MATILIJA. 14-F. (Ma-tn'-i-ha) Village and creek 15 miles north of Ventura. Matilija sandstone member of Eocene series. MEGANOS. 8-C, D. (Me-giih'-nos) A land grant 15 miles southeast of Martinez. The Meganos (Eocene) formation is typically exposed on or near iL Mount Diablo and Byron quadrangles. MERCED, LAKE. 8-C. (Mer-<;ed') Small lake on San Francisco Peninsula, south of the city. The Merced formation, Pliocene (and Pleistocene) marine beds of San Francisco Peninsula and adjacent regions, is typically exposed near it. San Mateo Quadrangle. MIDWAY. 13-E MINERAL KING. 11-G MINT CANYON. 14-G Valley 40 miles north of Los Angeles. The Mint Canyon formation com­ prises the Upper Miocene nonmarine beds of region east of Ventura Basin. MODELO CANYON. 14-F. (Mo-del'-o) Small canyon 30 miles east and north of Ventura. Piru Quadrangle. "Modelo formation" is a name that has been applied to most of the very thick Miocene section of Ventura Basin. MODIN CREEK. 3-D- (M6'-din) (Jurassic Modin formation); northeastern part of Redding Quadrangle. MOHAVE DESERT AND MOHAVE DESERT REGION. (Mo-ha'-ve) Chapter I and Figure I. MORAVIA. (Mo-ha'-vi-a) Mesozoic and Tertiary land area east of the marginal seas of the California district. Chapter VI and others. MOJAVE. 13-G. (Mo-hii'-ve) Town in Mohave Desert. MONTARA MOUNTAIN. 8-C. (Mon-ta'-ra) A ridge 15 miles south of San Francisco. (Montara formation). San Mateo Quadrangle. MONTEREY, town and peninsula. 10-C. (Mon"-te-riiy') Monterey Quadrangle. The Monterey formation is the Upper Miocene siliceous shale of the California Coast Ranges. "Monterey group" is a name unintentionally applied to the whole Miocene series; intended to apply only to lower part. The name is no longer useful.

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MONTGOMERY CREEK. 4-D, E Village and stream of the Lassen Peak district. Creek of Taylors­ ville district. Montgomery limestone is Silurian formation of Taylorsville district. Named for creek near Taylorsville. MONTGOMERY CREEK BEDS. Nonmarine Eocene beds of Lassen Peak district. Named for village and creek of Lassen Peak Quadrangle. MORENO GULCH. 10-D, E. (Mo-ra'-no) Small canyon in Panache Hills. Unnamed on Panache Quadrangle sheet. The Upper Cretaceous Moreno formation, composed largely of siliceous shale, outcrops on the east flank of Panache Hills. It is diatomaceous in Moreno Gulch. MORRO ROCK. 12-D. (Mor'-ro) MOUNT DIABLO. 8-C, D MOUNT HAMILTON. 9-D MOUNT SHASTA . 2-D MOUNT WHITNEY. 10-H NACIMIENTO RIVER. 11-D. (Nac;"-i-mi-en'-to) NAPA. 7-C NEROLY. 8-D. (Ne-ro'-ly) Railway station 12 miles northeast of Mount Diablo summit. The Neroly (or Nerola) Upper Miocene (old Upper San Pablo) formation is presumably named for it. Mount Diablo and Byron quadrangles. NEWPORT. 15-G OAKLAND. 8-C OAKRIDGE. 14-F OJAI VALLEY. 14-F. (0'-hy") ORINDA. 8-C. (0-r'in'-da) Village east of San Francisco Bay; Concord Quadrangle. The Orinda formation consists of Pliocene nonmarine beds. OWENS LAKE. 10-H PACHECO PASS. 9-D. (Pa-cha'-co) PALM SPRING. 17-J A spring in the valley north of Carrizo Mountain, Imperial County. The better known resort, Palm Springs, 15-I, is 60 miles farther north. The Palm Spring formation is the upper nonmarine portion of the Tertiary deposits of the Colorado Desert; Pliocene or Miocene. PANOCHE (Village), PANOCHE HILLS, PANOCHE VALLEY. 10-D. (Pa-no'-che) Panache Quadrangle. The Panoche formation is the part of the Upper Cretaceous Chico beds that underlies the Moreno formation on east flank of the Diablo Range north of Coalinga. PASKENTA. 4-C. (Pas-ken'-ta) A village. Paskenta beds or horizon, upper (Cretaceous) part of the Knoxville formation of Northern Coast Ranges. PASO ROBLES, town. 12-D. (Pas'-o Ro'-bles; probably should be Ro'-blez) Paso Robles Quadrangle. Paso Robles formation, Pliocene and Pleisto­ cene beds, mostly nonmarine, of Salinas Valley. Partly equivalent to Tulare, Tehama, and Saugus formations.

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PICO CANYON. 15-G. (Pe'-co) A small canyon 35-40 miles northwest of Los Angeles (Santa Susana Quadrangle). The Pico formation or group includes all or part of the marine Pliocene beds in Ventura and Los Angeles basins. PILARCITOS CREEK. 8-C. (Pe"-Jar-�e'-tos) PINOLE. 7-C. (Pi-nole') A village on San Pablo Bay north of Berkeley. (Pinole tuff) PISMO BEACH. 12-D. (P!z'-mo) Village 20 miles northwest of Santa Maria. Pismo formation, Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene beds of San Luis Obispo Quadrangle (San Luis Folio) . PIT RIVER. 3-D, E, F PLEITO CREEK. 13-F. (Pia'-to) San Emigdio Ranch area, west of Tejon Ranch and Grapevine Canyon, at south end of San Joaquin Valley. Mount Pinos Quadrangle. Pleito forma­ tion upper part of the supposed Oligocene series at the south end of the San Joaquin Valley. POINT ARENA. 5, 6-A, B. (A-re'-na) POINT CONCEPTION. 14-D POINT DELGADA. 4-A. (De!-gii'-da) POINT REYES. 7-B. (Rayz)

POINT SUR. 10-C. (Soor) PONCHO RICO CREEK. 11-D. (Pon'-cho Re'-co) Stream which traverses Gabilan Mesa and joins Salinas River at San Ardo. Priest Valley Quadrangle. "Poncho Rico formation" is a name informally applied to beds containing a marine fauna transitional between Santa Marga­ rita and Jacalitos faunas. The fauna has not yet been adequately described. POTEM CREEK. 3-D. (Po'-tem) (Jurassic Potem formation) Redding Quadrangle. POWAY. 17-H. (Pow'-ay) Town and valley 18 miles northeast of San Diego. Poway conglomerate a formation formerly supposed to be nonmarine Pliocene or Pleistocene, but now known to be at least in part marine Eocene. PUENTE. 15-G. (P�-en'-te) Village 15 miles east of Los Angeles. Puente Hills, a hilly region south and east of Puente, forming northeast boundary of Los Angeles Basin. Puente formation, Upper Miocene beds of Los Angeles Basin, loosely equiva­ lent to Modelo and Maricopa. PURISIMA. 8-C. (Pii-rls'-i-ma) Village and creek in northwestern part of Santa Cruz Quadrangle (Santa Cruz Folio). Purisima formation. Pliocene beds exposed in Santa Cruz district; equivalent to or partly older than Merced formation. QUINTO CREEK. 9-D. (K!n'-to) RANDSBURG. 13-H RED BLUFF. 4-D REDDING. 4-D. (Red'-ding) REDONDO. 15-G. (Re-don'-do)

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REEF RIDGE. 11-E Monoclinal ridge of hard Temblor sandstone south of Coalinga; forms southwest border of Jacalitos and Kreyenhagen Hills. Cholame Quadrangle. Reef-beds. Local name for hard sandstone beds; specifically for certain beds in the Temblor formation of the Coalinga district. REPETTO HILLS. 15-G. (Re-pet'-to) RICARDO. 12-H. (Ri-ciir'-do) A hamlet in Redrock Canyon, Mohave Desert region, 25 miles northeast of Mojave. Searles Lake Quadrangle. Ricardo formation. Beds containing Hipparion fauna, Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene; here classed as upper­ most member of Rosamond series. ROSAMOND. 13-G. (Ro '-za-mond) Village in western Mohave Desert, 14 miles south of Mojave. Elizabeth Lake Quadrangle. Rosamond series. Volcanic and tuffaceous Tertiary sediments near Rosamond. The name is commonly used to include the Barstow, Ricardo, and Mint Canyon members and many patches of non­ marine beds of similar lithology and structural relations. Upper Miocene nonmarine beds of southeastern California. RUSSIAN RIVER. 6, 7-B, C SACRAMENTO. 7-D SACRAMENTO RIVER. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-D SALINAS. 10-C. (Sa-le'-nas) Town, county, and river in Southern Coast Ranges. Salinas Quadrangle. Salinas shale. A name sometimes applied to the Temblor and Upper Mio­ cene formations of the Salinas Valley. SALINIA. (Sa-le'-ni-a) A Mesozoic and Tertiary land area. Chapter I and Figure 21. SALINAS RIVER. 11-D, etc. SALTON SEA. 16-J. (Siil'-ton) SAN ANTONIO HILLS. 11-D. (An-to'-ni-o) SAN BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS. 14, 15-H, l. (Ber"-nar-de'-no) SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND. 16, 17-F. (Cle-men'-te) SAN DIEGO. 17-H. (DI-a'-go) City. San Diego Quadrangle. San Diego formation. Pliocene beds typically exposed in the city of San Diego and at Pacific Beach, a few miles northwest of the city. The exact age of these beds is a highly controversial question. SAN EMIGDIO CANYON. 13-F. (E-mlg'-di-o) SAN FERNANDO. 14-G Town and valley northwest of Los Angeles. San Fernando Quadrangle. The Fernando formation is a composite series of mostly Pliocene beds exposed in and around the San Fernando Valley. SAN FRANCISCO. 8-C SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS. 14-G. (Ga'-bri-el or Gav"-ri-el') SAN JACINTO MOUNTAINS. 14-H, I. (Ha-r;!n'-to) SAN JOAQUIN CLAY. (Wa-keen) Pliocene; upper formation of the Etchegoin group of present paper Named for San Joaquin Valley .

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SAN JOAQUIN RIVER. 9-D, etc. SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. 12-F Figure I. SAN JOSE. 11-F, etc. (Ho-zay') SAN JUAN BAUTISTA. 9-C. (WiihnBa u-tls'-ta) SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO. 16-H. (Cap"-i-strii.'-no) SAN LORENZO RIVER. 9-C. (Lo-ren'-zo) Stream in Santa Cruz Mountains (Santa Cruz Quadrangle) . San Lorenzo formation. Fossiliferous marine beds of Santa Cruz district; supposed to be of Oligocene age. SAN LUIS OBISPO. 12-D. (Lu-es' 0-bls-'po) SAN MIGUEL. 11-D. (Mi-gell) SAN MIGUEL ISLAND. 14-D SAN NICOLAS ISLAND. 16-E. (N!k'-o-las) SAN ONOFRE. 16-H. (0-no'-fre) Village and mountain halfway between Los Angeles and San Diego. San Luis Rey and Capistrano quadrangles. San Onofre breccia. Temblor breccia in the Capistrano region; composed largely of coarse angular Fran­ ciscan fragments. SAN PABLO BAY. (Pab'-16) Northern part of San Francisco Bay. Mare Island Quadrangle. San Pablo formation (upper and lower) . Marine Upper Miocene strata of region east of San Francisco Bay (San Francisco Folio). SAN PEDRO. 1.5-G. (Pay'-dro or Pe'-dro) Town 20 miles south of center of Los Angeles. San Pedro Hills, hilly region at southwest border of Los Angeles Basin. San Pedro formation (upper and lower) . Fossiliferous marine beds in and near San Pedro; now referred to the Pleistocene. SAN PEDRO VALLEY. 8-C SAN RAFAEL MOUNTAINS. 13-E. (Ra-fel') SAN RAMON. 8-C. (Ra-mon') Village 17 miles east of San Francisco. San Ramon formation. Oligocene (or Miocene) marine beds in region covered by San Francisco Folio. SANTA ANA MOUNTAINS. 15, 16-H. (An'-a) Range east of Los Angeles Basin; forms part of Peninsular Ranges. Corona Quadrangle. SANTA BARBARA. 14-E City and county of southern California. Santa Barbara Quadrangle. Santa Barbara beds. Uppermost Pliocene marine beds of Santa Barbara region. SANTA BARBARA ISLAND. 15-F SANTA BARBARA ISLAND CHAIN. 14, 15-D, E SANTA CATALINA ISLAND. 16-F, G SANTA CLARA. 8, 9-C Town, county, and valley south of San Francisco Bay. SANTA CLARA RIVER. 14-F Ventura district. Santa Clara formation. Pliocene or Pleistocene fresh­ water strata of San Francisco Bay region. Named for Santa Clara Valley.

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SANTA CRUZ. 9-C. (Cruz) SANTA CRUZ ISLAND. 14-E SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS. 8, 9-C SANTA FE SPRINGS. 15-G. (Fay) SANTA LUCIA MOUNTAINS. (Lu-!;e'-a) Ranges separating Salinas Valley from Pacific Ocean. Santa Lucia series, granite, etc. Names applied to Coast Range granitic rock and also to the (Paleozoic?) formations it intrudes. SANTA MARGARITA. 12-D. (Mar-ga-re'-ta) Village about 20 miles south of Paso Robles. Santa Margarita formation. Upper Miocene marine strata typically exposed east and northeast of Santa Margarita. SANTA MARIA. 13-D. (Ma-re'-a) SANTA MONICA. 15-G, etc. (Mon'-i-ca) Town and mountains west of Los Angeles. Santa Monica Quadrangle. SANTA PAULA. 14-F Village 15 miles east of Ventura. Santa Paula Quadrangle. Santa Paula formation. The sandy middle portion of the Ventura Basin Pliocene beds. SANTA ROSA. 6, 7-C SANTA ROSA ISLAND. 14, 15-D, E SANTA ROSA MOUNTAINS. 16-J SANTA SUSANA MOUNTAINS. 14-G. (Su-zan'-a) SANTA YNEZ MOUNTAINS. 13, 14-D, E, F. (I-nez') SAUGUS. 14-G. (Siiw'-gus) Village 35 miles northwest of Los Angeles. Santa Susana Quadrangle. Saugus formation. Mostly nonmarine beds, probably Pleistocene, of eastern Ventura Basin. SEAL BEACH. 15-G SESPE CREEK. 14-F. (Ses'-pe) Stream of Santa Ynez Mountains, which empties into Santa Clara River about 20 miles east of Ventura. Mount Pinos and Piru quadrangles. Sespe formation. Nonmarine strata of southern California, ranging in age from Upper Eocene to Lower Miocene. SHASTA. 2-D. (Shas'-ta) Mountain, village, and county in northern California. Shasta Quad­ rangle. Shasta series. A name formerly used for the pre-Chico Cretaceous rocks of northern California. SHELL WILLIAMS WELL. 12-F SIERRA BLANCA. 13-E. (Si-er'-ra Bliihnc'-a or Blanc'-a) Mountain in San Rafael Range. Unnamed on Santa Ynez Quadrangle sheet. Sierra Blanca limestone. A member of the Tejon formation in Santa Barbara County. SIERRA DE SALINAS. 11-D SIMI HILLS, SIMI VALLEY. 14-G. (Si-me') SLATE'S SPRINGS. 10-C SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 14-F SUNSET. 13-F

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SUR. 10-C. (Soor) River, cape, and village about 20 miles south of Monterey. Point Sur Quadrangle. Sur series. The metamorphic rocks intruded by the Coast Range (Santa Lucia) granite. Paleozoic (?). SUTTER BUTTES. 5-D. (Sut'-ter) Local name for Marysville Buttes of the Sacramento Valley. Marysville Quadrangle. Sutter formation. Nonmarine Miocene beds of the Marysville Buttes region. TAFT. 13-F TAYLORSVILLE. 4-E Town in northern Sierra Nevada (Devonian Taylorsville formation). Honey Lake Quadrangle. TECUYA CREEK. 13-F. (Ta-koo'-ya) Small creek in mountains south of San Joaquin Valley, west of Grapevine Canyon (Miocene nonmarine Tecuya Creek beds) . Tejon Quadrangles. TEHACHAPI PASS. 13-G. (Te-hach'-a-p'l) Tehachapi Mountains. TEHAMA. 4-C, D. (Te-ha'-ma) County in northern Sacramento Valley district. Red Bluff Quadrangle. Tehama formation. Nonmarine Pliocene and Pleistocene (?) beds of Sacramento Valley. TEJON. 13, 14-F. (Te-hon') Ranch, abandoned fort, and pass, at south end of San Joaquin Valley. Tejon Quadrangle. Tejon formation. Upper Eocene marine beds. Name now variously used. See Chapter VII. TEMBLOR. 12, 13-E, F. (Tem-blor') Ranch and mountain range 50 miles west of Bakersfield. McKittrick Quadrangle. Temblor formation. Upper formation of the Lower Miocene. Type locality in Cameros Creek, Temblor Range. TEQUEPIS RANCH. 13-E. (Te-kay'-pis) North edge of Santa Ynez Mountains, northwest of Santa Barbara (Te­ quepis sandstone member of Upper Miocene). Santa Ynez Quadrangle. TIMMS POINT. 15-G Promontory in San Pedro. TOMALES BAY. 7-B. (To-miihl'-ez) TOPANGA CANYON. 14-G. (To-pa!_!'-ga) Canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains, 25-30 miles west of Los Angeles. (Topanga formation, equivalent to Temblor) Calabasas Quadrangle. TOPATOPA MOUNTAIN. 14-F. (To'-pa-to'-pa) Peak in Santa Ynez Mountains northeast of Ventura. Mount Pinos Quad­ rangle. The Eocene Topatopa formation is equivalent to Tejon. TRABUCO CANYON. 15-H. (Tra-boo'-ko) West slope of Santa Ana Mountains. (Trabuco formation of Cretaceous age) Corona Quadrangle. TRINITY RIVER. 2, 3-B TULARE LAKE. 11, 12-E, F. (T-Oo!ar-e') Dry lake basin 50 miles northwest of Bakersfield. (Pleistocene Tulare nonmarine beds)

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TUOLUMNE RIVER. 8-F. (Twol'-um-ne) Northern part of Yosemite National Park. Tuolumne intrusive series. Granitic rocks of the Yosemite district. Tuolumne formation. Metamor­ phic rocks of the Mother Lode district, perhaps equivalent to the Franciscan. TUSCAN SPRINGS. 4-D. (Tus'-can) Abandoned resort 10 miles northeast of Red Bluff. Tuscan tuff. Pliocene formation of northeastern Sacramento Valley. TWENTY-NINE PALMS. 14-l VACAVILLE. 7-C. (Va'-ka-ville) VALLECITOS. 10-D. (Vi"-a-!;e'-tos) VAQUERO CREEK. 10, 11-D. (Va-kay'-ro) Small canyon 15 miles northwest of King City, Salinas Valley district. Type locality of Lower Miocene Vaqueros formation. Junipero Serra Quadrangle. VENTURA. 14-F. (Ven-t!!-'-ra) WALTHAM CANYON. 11-D, E. (Wal'-tam or Wal'-tham; "Warth'm" by most natives of the district) WARNER RANGE. 3-F, etc. ' WARNER S HOT SPRINGS. 16-l WEAVERVILLE. 3-C WHEELER RIDGE. 13-F WHITTIER. 13-G WILDCAT COUNTRY. 3-B Local name for part of Eel River basin south of Eureka. Wildcat series. Tertiary marine beds of Eureka district, Northern Coast Ranges. YOLLO BOLLY. 4-C. (YoJ'-lo Bol'-Jy) YOSEMITE VALLEY. 8-F. (Yo-sem'-i-te)

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A section in Kreyenhagen Hills, 236 study of Transverse Ranges, 10 Abrams, Leroy Arnold, Ralph, and Johnson, H. R. paper on flora of Pacific States, 300 paper on McKittrick-Sunset region, Allen, Victor T. 177 paper on lone formation, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 294 B Anderson, F. M. see also Anderson and Hanna acknowledgment, IX Bailey, T. L. paper on Cretaceous, 98 see also Woodford and Bailey paper on Horsetown beds of Cali­ cited on fossils of Ventura district, fornia, 112 219 paper on Mount Diablo Range, 109, paper on Vacaville region, 13 138, 166 Baker, C. L. paper on Point Reyes area, 13 paper on Mohave Desert region, 24 reports Chico unconformable on Ball, Sydney H. older beds, 108 paper on southwest Nevada and reports serpentine cuts Jurassic eastern California, 65 Knoxville, 83 Barbat, W. F. suggests influence of Cretaceous see also Cunningham and Barbat folds, 109, 119 applied name to Reef Ridge forma­ thinks Knoxville not intruded by tion, 235 peridotite, 118 cited on mollusk fauna of Temblor type Temblor of, 166, 175, 183, 213 Range, 219 Anderson, F. M., and Hanna, G. D. Barrell, Joseph paper on Tejon Eocene, 140 cited on discussion of unconformity, Anderson, Robert 207 see Arnold and Anderson paper on measurement of geologic see Anderson and Pack time, 115 Anderson, Robert, and Pack, R. W. Becker, G. F. paper on San Joaquin Valley north paper on quicksilver deposits of of Coalinga, 102, 106, 136, 139, Pacific slope, 104 172, 193 study of Cretaceous, 98, 100, 104, Argand, E. 112 paper on tectonics of Asia, 41, 45 worked in Sierra Nevada, V Arnold, Ralph Berry, E. W. see also Arnold and Anderson; book on Tree Ancestors, 114 Arnold and Johnson ; Branner, paper on flora of Latah formation, Newsom, and Arnold ; Haehl 295 and Arnold paper on Lower Cretaceous, 109 ideas on classification of Pleistocene, Blackwelder, Eliot 267 found evidence of glacial stages, 258 paper on San Pedro beds, 256, 257, paper on Colorado River, 238 260, 301 paper on glaciation in Sierra Nevada, paper on Summerland district, 177 258, 267 paper on Tertiary and Quaternary paper on recognition of fault scarps, Pectens, 149 43 Arnold, Ralph, and Anderson, Robert Blake, W. P. account of Cretaceous lithology, 100 boulder of, Eocene fossils from, 121, cited regarding Etchegoin formation, 140 249 Colorado Desert province of, 22 paper on Coalinga district, 88, 151, Monterey formation of, 183, 189, 152, 173, 232, 235 199 319

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paper on Colorado Desert, 23 Domengine and Meganos, as de­ paper on Salton Sea, 23, 237 fined by, 139 use of "Transverse Ranges," 9 fauna of Domengine, as interpreted Bradley, W. H. by, 139 identified coprolites in oil shale investigation of Eocene inverte­ nodules, 200 brates, 135 Bramlette, M. N. Oligocene correlation table of, 147, studying petrology of Upper Mio­ 148, 149, 156 cene formations, 194 paper on the Domengine horizon, Branner, J. C. 138, 139 organized department of geology at paper on interregional correlation, Stanford, VI 180 Branner, Newsom, and Arnold paper on San Lorenzo series, 151 Santa Cruz Folio, 205 paper on stratigraphy and faunal Bronn horizons of Coast Ranges, 136, Subalpinian, Subapenninian of, 157 138, 249 Brown, J. S. paper on tectonics of Coast Ranges, paper on Salton Sea, 24 52, 54, 112, 137, 148 Browne, R. E. paper on tectonics of Valle Grande, observed altered logs and leaves in 44, 52, 100 Eocene, 132 Pliocene correlation table, 249 Bryan, Kirk recent observations on Franciscan paper on Sacramento Valley geology, pebbles in Cretaceous, 101 20 reference to coal in San Ramon Buwalda, J. P. formation, 150 paper on Miocene mammalian stratigraphic classification of Oligo­ faunas near Tehachapi Pass, cene by, 156 212 Clark, B. L., and Woodford, A. 0. paper on Pleistocene at Manix, 257 paper on Meganos formation, 103, unpublished work mentioned, 13 127, 138 Clark, C. W. paper on Cambrian in Mohave c Desert, 60 Clark, L. M. Cartwright, Lon D., Jr. cited on angular discordance in hills paper on Pico formation, 241 near Santa Maria, 206 Cayeux, L. columnar section by, Santa Maria paper on iron oolitic minerals of district, 231 France, 102 Clarke, F. W. Chaney, R. W. paper on "Data of Geochemistry," cited on paleobotanical researches, 96 209 Cloos, Ernst paper on Bridge Creek flora, 299 paper on Sierra Nevada batholiths, paper on Crooked River Basin 18 (Oregon), 154 Condit, D. Dale paper on fossil flora from Puente paper on Kreyenhagen, 153 formation, 208 Condon, Thomas paper on Mascall flora, 299 first to recognize Klamath Island Church, C. C. as Cretaceo-Tertiary land, 292 acknowledgment, IX Conrad, T. A. paper on Cretaceous-Eocene north described Eocene fossils from Blake's of Coalinga, 108 boulder (Tejon), 140 paper on Kreyenhagen shale For­ Corey, W. H. aminifera, 154 see Loel and Corey photo of fossils, 288 Co�sman, M. Clark, B. L. on Agasoma gravidum zone, 157 see also Clark, B. L., and Woodford, Crickmay, C. H. A. O. cited on vulcanism in Jurassic, 77, acknowledgment, IX 281

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Liassic fossils recognized by, 76 paper on northeastern California, 26 paper on Deadman's Island, 264 paper on Taylorsville region, 42, paper on Jurassic history of North 62, 63, 65, 66 America, 66, 72, 75, 76, 90, 91, quoted on Klamath Mountains, 15 92, 93, 110, 281 Redding Folio, 15, 63, 67, 95, 117 Cunningham, G. M., and Barbat, study of Cretaceous, 98, 100, 112 W. F. study of Franciscan, 83 paper on Kettleman Hills, 168, 220 Triassic rocks described by, 69 Cushman, J. A., and Church, C. C. Doane, George H. paper on upper Cretaceous For­ chairman of committee on nomen­ aminifera from near Coalinga, clature, 229 110, 111 Dorf, Erling Cushman, J. A., and Laiming, B. paper on Pliocene floras of Cali­ paper on Miocene Foramimjera from fornia, 245 Los Sauces Creek, 179 Dorrance, J. R. section drawn by, 13, 57 D study of faults near Point Reyes, 44 Driver, H. L. Davidson, George paper on Adams Canyon, 229 paper on submarine valleys, 3, 268 Davies, A. Morley E paper on faunal migrations, 301 Davis, E. F. Eaton, J. E. paper on Franciscan sandstone, 79, acknowledgment, VIII 91, 92, 93 on nomenclature committee, Adams paper on Radiolarian cherts of Canyon, 229, 231 Franciscan, 79, 81, 89, 196 paper on deposition of sedimentary Davis, W. M. materials, 229, 241 paper on rifts of Southern California, paper on Pleistocene in southern 39 California, 256 De Lapparent, J. section across Caliente Range, 167 paper on "Le!;ons de Petrographic," Engel, Rene 89 quoted on Martinez volcanics near Dickerson, R. E. Elsinore, 133 comparison of Martinez and Tejon study of Triassic fossils, 68 faunas by, 145 English, W. A. investigation of Eocene inverte­ acknowledgment, 208 brates, 135 paper on N. W. Kern County, 177 paper on Eocene fauna at Marysville Buttes, 144 F paper on influence of climate on Oligocene faunas, 155 Fairbanks, H. W. paper on Martinez fossils, 14, 144 found pecten-like forms in San Luis paper on Northern Coast Ranges, 13 quadrangle, 89 paper on stratigraphy of Tejon named the "Golden Gate Series," 86 Eocene of California, 136, 137, paper on San Diego County, 21 145 recognition of cross-structures, 10 placed lone in uppermost Eocene, reports serpentine dikes in Francis- 144 can, 83 Diller, J. S. San Luis Folio, 118 believed Shasta-Chico series con­ study of Cretaceous, 98, 107, 112 formable, 108 study of Transverse Ranges, 10 cited on McCloud formation, 63 Triassic fossils collected by, 68 has investigated history of Klamath Faris, R. L. Island, 26, 293 cited in Los Angeles earthquake "Guidebook of Western United book by R. T. Hill, 51 States," 26 Fontaine, W. M. paper on Jurassic flora of Oregon, 109 U. S. G. S. Monograph, 48, 109 paper on Klamath Mountains, 14, Fox, L. S. · 95, 233, 255 paper on San Joaquin Valley, 43

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Frost, F. H. Grinnell, Fordyce, Jr. paper on Rancho La Brea, 265 paper on Quaternary Myriopods Furlong, E. L. and Insects, 287 paper on Samwel Cave, California, 266 H G Haehl, H. L., and Arnold, Ralph paper on Miocene Diabase of Santa Gabb, William Cruz Mountains, 206 paper in Geological Survey of Cali­ Hake, B. F. fornia, 121 paper on Sierra Nevada, 43, 250, 251 Gale, H. R. Hanna, G. D. see also Grant and Gale ; Gale and see also Anderson and Hanna; Gale Hanna and Grant proposed classification of Pleisto­ acknowledgment, VIII, IX cene, 267, 268 cited on Monterey diatoms de­ Gale, H. S., and H. R. scribed in European journals, paper on Miocene vulcanism, 176 209 Gale, Hoyt S. letter on Santa Margarita mollusks acknowledgment, VII in Temblor Range, 217 cited on faultsin Rosamond series, 44 letter on Harris Grade beds, 189 Galliher, E. Wayne paper on Cretaceous diatoms of paper on collophane from Miocene California, 110 brown shales, 198 paper on diatom-bearing shales at paper on stratigraphic position of Malaga Cove, 196, 209 Monterey, 190 paper on diatoms of Kreyenhagen, Galloway, J. ]., and Wissler, Stanley 151, 154 paper on Lomita Quarry Foraminif­ paper on diatoms of Sharktooth Hill, era, 256 179 Gazin, C. Lewis paper on lowest known Tertiary paper on Cuyama Valley Miocene diatoms, 151, 154 beds, 203 paper on Monterey shale, 209 Gianella, V. P. paper on Silicoflagellata from Cre­ paper on Sespe formation, 150 taceous of California, 110 Gignoux, M. photo of fossils, 288 paper, "Geologie Stratigraphique," places Santa Rosa Island diatoms 223 with type Monterey, 192 Gilbert, G. K. questions analogy between Creta­ paper on Basin-Range structure ceous Sea and Persian Gulf, 115 (Kern River fault), 43 Hanna, G. D., and Grant, W. M. Gilbert, J. Z. paper on diatoms from Etchegoin, see Jordan and Gilbert 246 Girty, G. H. Hanna, M. A. classification of fossils from San paper on La Jolla quadrangle, 122 Bernardino Mountains, 64 Harriss, T. F., and Woodford, A. 0. Goldman, Marcus I. paper on Blackhawk Canyon, 42, paper on Upper Cretaceous of Mary­ 64, 95, 203 land, 104 Haug, E. Goudkoff, Paul P. "Cascadia" of, did not exist, 76 on nomenclature committee, Adams Heim, Arnold Canyon, 229 paper on Tertiary of Southern paper on Kettleman Hills, 168, Lower California, 210 173, 219, 220 Henny, Gerard Grant, W. M. paper on McLure shale of Coalinga see Hanna and Grant region, 206 Grant, U. S., IV, and Gale, H. R. paper on South San Joaquin Valley, acknowledgment, VIII 88 catalogue of Pliocene and Pleistocene Hershey, Oscar Mollusca, 228, 233, 247, 249, definition of Rosamond series, 25 301 Hertlein, L. G.

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acknowledgment, IX Kerr, P. F. Hill, Mason L. see also Kerr and Schenck paper on faulting near Santa Bar­ cited on Tejon in Ventura quad­ bara, 51 rangle, 123 paper on San Gabriel Mountains, 29, Kerr, P. F., and Schenck, H. G. 49 paper on Matilija overturn, 134 study of Transverse Ranges, 10 paper on thrust-faults in San Benito Hill, R. T. County, 149 book on Southern California geology Kew, W. S. W. and Los Angeles earthquakes, cited on Eocene fossils, 5 9, 39, 51 paper on Los Angeles and Ventura Hinde, G. J. counties, 42, 229, 231, 257 in Ransome's paper on Angel Island, paper on Santa Rosa Island, 3, 6 89 photo of Monterey shale, 278 Hinds, N. E. A. study of Transverse Ranges, 10 paper on Klamath Mountains, 63 Kirk, E. Hoots, H. W. in A. Knopf, paper on Inyo Range, acknowledgment, IX 26, 60, 61, 62, 66 article on nodular oil shale, 199 Kleinpell, R. M. communication on geology of Hum- cited on Monterey and Temblor boldt County, 14 Foraminifera, 210 map of Pliocene area in Humboldt correlation table of, 214, 215 County, 234 now investigating Lower Miocene paper on oil shale in a producing Foramimfera, 179 California field, 199 paper on Miocene Foraminifera in paper on San Joaquin Valley, 133, Reliz Canyon, 175 140 Kleinpell, W. D. paper on Santa Monica Mountains, acknowledgment, VIII 69, 128, 131, 178, 199, 208, 217 cited on Temblor mollusks, 219 Hudson, F. S. Knopf, Adolph paper on Cuyamaca region, 21, 95 paper on Inyo Range and Sierra Hughes, D. D. Nevada, 26, 42, 60, 61, 66 on nomenclature committee, Adams paper on Mother Lode, 18, 43, 64, Canyon, 229 66, 95 Hulin, C. D. Triassic rocks described by, 69 paper on Randsburg quadrangle, Knowlton, F. H. VII, 39, 41, 96, 176, 200, 201, book on Plants of the Past, 109 204, 243 paper on flora of Knoxville, 109 Kober, L. I paper citing Pilarcitos fault as evi­ Ickes, E. L. dence of nappe structure, 35, acknowledgment, 167 36, 37 reference, date of Point Sur thrust, J 38

Jenkins, Olaf P. L geological map of California, 276 paper on Kreyenhagen shale, 149, Laiming, B. 153 see also Cushman and Laiming Johnson, H. R. on nomenclature committee, Adams see Arnold and Johnson Canyon, 229 Jordan, David Starr, and Gilbert. J. Z. Lawson, A. C. paper on fossil fishes of diatom beds at University of California, VI at Lompoc, 211 paper on Carmelo Bay, 270 K paper on continental shelf, 3, 270 paper on geomorphogeny of northern Keenan, Marvin F. coast, 14, 255 communication re fossils of Pacific paper on post-Pliocene diastrophism, Coast limestone, 129, 130 3, 255

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paper on San Francisco earthquake, paper on "Period of Scarp Produc­ 33 tion in the Great Basin," 41, 193 paper on Tehachapi Valley system, structure section through Mount 43 Diablo, 58 reference by Kober to demonstrate work on detrital constituents of nappe structure, 35 San Pablo, 278

reference to map of Pilarcitos fault, · Lyman, C. S. 36 paper on California Gold Region, V reference to map of San Andreas fault zone, 35 M reference to work on Santa Catalina, 8 MacDougall et al. San Francisco Folio, 35, 82, 84, 87, paper on Salton Sea, 23, 237 118, 190, 193, 243, 251 Martin, Bruce study of Franciscan sedimentary paper on Pliocene, 14 rocks, 79 Matthes, F. E. two zones in coastal region of San cited on Pliocene fossils, 245 Francisco, 35, 36 paper on Yosemite Valley, 18, 251, Leconte, Joseph 255, 258, 268 taught geology at University of Maxson, John H. California, VI paper on Mint Canyon fauna, 213, Lindgren, W. 222 paper on Sierra Nevada gravels, Mendenhall, W. C. 18, 132, 133 Triassic fossils collected by, 68 observed altered logs and leaves in Merriam, J. C. Eocene, 132 considered San Ramon fauna Lower opinion on faults along Sierra Miocene, 156 Nevada, 17 has written on Pleistocene asphalt Lindgren, W., and Turner, H. W. seeps, 264 paper on Marysville district, 20 identified Pleistocene fossils at Placerville, Sacramento and Jack­ Manix lake beds, 257 son Folios, 35 opinion on Ricardo beds, 25 reported on Gold Belt of Sierra opinion on Barstow beds, 212 Nevada, VI paper on faunas of Mohave Desert, Loel, Wayne 221, 222 see also Loel and Corey paper on faunas of North Coalinga cited on nonconformity between region, 181, 182, 184, 250 Vaqueros and Temblor, 176 paper on marine reptiles of Redding Loel, Wayne, and Corey, W. H. district and Nevada, 70 acknowledgment, IX reports on McKittrick fauna, 266 believe lands existed farther west in Miller, Alden H. Vaqueros, 169 paper on Rancho La Brea, 265 study and map of Vaqueros, 165, Miller, Loye H. 179, 183, 227, 297, 298 paper on avifauna of McKittrick Lohman, Kenneth Pleistocene, 265 microphotograph of Santa Barbara paper on Miocene avian remains at beds, 254 Lompoc, 211 Louderback, G. D. Miller, W. }. acknowledgment, IX paper on southern Sierra Nevada, 42 correlates Sierra Nevada and Coast Muller, S. W. Range rocks by petrographic cited on marine Triassic rocks in methods, 194 Nevada, 68, 75 on age of Coast Range faults, 59 cited on Tejon in Ventura quad­ opinion of Sierra Nevada faults, 17 rangle, 123 paper on Coast Region earth move- ments, 59 N paper on "Morphologic Features of the Basin Range Displacements Nelson, R. N. in the Great Basin," 41 see also Schenck and Nelson

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paper on Santa Ynez River Basin, 56, Reed, R. D. 129, 130, 192 paper on a siliceous shale formation, section across Santa Ynez Valley, 57 southern California, 195, 238 Newsom, J. F. paper on post-Monterey disturbance, see Branner, Newsom, and Arnold Salinas Valley, 58, 207 Noble, L. F. paper on Sespe formation, 150 Leach Trough named by, 40 paper on structural history of paper on San Andreas fault, 33, 39, Coalinga district, 283 40, 41, 257 paper on Tertiary petrology in reference to area of San Andreas Coalinga district, 49 fault zone described by, 35 Reid, J. A. work on San Andreas fault, 12 paper on igneous rocks near Pajaro, Nolan, T. B. 95 Paleozoic columnar section, 61 Reinhart, Philip W. Nomland, J. 0. section through Domengine and excludes Reef Ridge formation from Meganos after, 139 Etchegoin, 236 Richards, George paper on Jacalitos and Etchegoin cited on fossil discovery in Huasna formations, 250 area, 217 Nomland, J. 0., and Schenck, H. G. Russell, R. Dana paper on Slate's Hot Springs, 89 acknowledgment, IX paper on Montgomery Creek beds, 0 124, 127 work on Tuscan tuff, 233 Osborn, H. F. Russell, R. Dana, and Vander Hoof, paper on Cenozoic mammal hori­ V. L. zons, 304 paper on Pliocene fauna, northern California, 233 p Russell, R. J. Pack, R. W. paper on Modoc Lava Plain, 26 see Anderson and Pack Packard, E. L. paper on Cretaceous, 98 s Palmer, Dorothy Bryant Kemper Sauer, Carl 0. paper on Eocene fauna, 14 paper on geography of Peninsular Pressler, Edward Ranges, 22, 255 paper on Fernando Group, 257 Schenck, H. G. R see also Schenck and Nelson ; Nom­ land and Schenck; Kerr and Rand, W. W. Schenck paper on Santa Cruz Island, 3, 68 acknowledgment, VIII Rankin, W. D. cited on Tejon of Ventura district, compares Temblor and Vaqueros 123 formations near Laguna, 170 cited on zone of Acila shumardi, 156 furnishes petrographic information fossils in collection of, 288 on Vaqueros, 168 letter concerning Siphogeneroides, paper on Santa Ana Mountains, 68, 110 70, 100, 103, 166 on fossils of Pacific Coast limestone, Triassic conglomerate described by, 129 70 quoted on interregional correlation, Ransome, F. L. 180 investigated basic lavas of San reports concretions in massive Chico Francisco region, 82 sandstone, 106 paper on Angel Island, 80, 82, 89 sketch map of Martinez type lo­ paper on Point Bonita, 82 cality, 124 paper on problems of American Tejon classification proposed by, 141 Geology, 9 Schenck, H. G., and Nelson, R. N. use of term "Sierra de Los Angeles," paper on calcareous algae in Pacific 9 Coast limestone, 129

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Schilling, K. H. see Wagner and Schilling Stauffer, C. R. Schmidt, C. W. paper on Devonian, 63 cited on age of Pontic, 223 Steinecke, Max Seymour, D. B. cited on mollusk fauna of Temblor unpublished work on Santa Rosa Range, 219 Island, 3, 6 Stewart, Ralph B. section by, 6 investigation of Eocene inverte­ Sinclair, W. J. brates, 135 paper on Potter Creek Cave, Cali­ paper on Gabb's California Creta­ fornia, 266 ceous and Tertiary Type Lamel­ Smith, Hampton libranchs, 146, 156, 157, 158, 180 structure-section across Los Angeles says few Eocene genera recognized Basin by, 228 in Cretaceous, 145 Smith, James Perrin, 69 Stipp, T. F. cited on McCloud formation, 63 paper on Marysville Buttes, 135 cited on Miocene fossils of Mount Stock, Chester Diablo region, 208 cited on habits of Sespe oreodonts, classification by larger invertebrates, 181 248 paper on Eocene land mammals, 155 classification of Pleistocene, 267 collected -vertebrate fossils in Sespe, geological map of California by, VII, 181 99, 276 paper on Hawver Cave, 266 organized department of geology at paper on Hipparion tooth from Stanford, VI Puente formation, 188, 222 paper on ancient climates of West paper on Oligocene mammalian Coast, 300 fauna, 155 paper on ancient portals of the earth, paper on Rancho La Brea, 264 300, 301 paper on Sespe deposits of South paper on California geologic history, Mountain, 155, 176 300 paper on Southern Coast Range papers on faunal migrations, 145, vertebrate fauna, 181 300, 301 reports on McKittrick fauna, 266 paper on geologic formations of revised vertebrate. correlation chart, California, 64, 72, 75, 109, 111, 305 131, 134, 135, 301 paper on geologic record of Cali­ T fornia, 300 Taliaferro, N. L. paper on glaucophane-bearing rocks, fossils found in Huasna district by, 84 89 paper on Tertiary and Quaternary paper on bedrock complex of Sierra faunas, 135, 155, 158, 179, 180, Nevada, 85, 97 210, 247, 260, 301 "spilitic rocks" of, 95 paper on Triassic marine faunas, 70, Tuolumne group of, 30, 85, 86, 91 301 Thompson, D. G. quoted on Knoxville, 109 paper on Mohave Desert region, 26, study of Cretaceous, 98, 114 258 Tejon fauna is strongly Caribbean, Tieje, A. J. 145 finding of Hipparion tooth in di­ Smith, W. S. T. atomite by, 188 paper on San Clemente Island, 3 Tolman, C. F. paper on Santa Catalina Island, 3 paper on Monterey (Biogenesis of Stanton, T. W. hydrocarbons), 197 study of Cretaceous, 98, 108. 112, Trask, Parker D. 114 cited on siliceous organisms in ocean Triassic fossils identified by, 68 water, 198 State Mining Bureau paper on petroleum source rocks, 225 geological map of California, VIII, paper on Point Sur quadrangle, 38, 99, 276 41, 44, 173, 184

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paper on sedimentation in Channel observed altered logs and leaves in Island region, 5, 291 Eocene, 132 study of surface salinity of ocean, 277 paper on fresh-water infusorial de­ Turner, H. W. posits of Pacific Coast, 198 describes radiolarian chert pebbles in report, "Geology of California" Knoxville, 103 (1865), 206 paper on Mount Diablo, 101 suggested relation between siliceous paper on recent contributions to rocks and vulcanism, 277 California geology, 101 Williams, Rowel paper on rocks of Coast Ranges, 208 paper on Marysville Buttes, VII, 20, paper on Sierra Nevada rocks, 18, 107, 142, 261 95, 203 Willis, Bailey reports serpentine dikes cut Fran­ paper on faulting in the Coast ciscan, 83 Ranges, 49, 50, 51 section near Point Sur, 59 paper on Santa Barbara earthquake, study of Cretaceous lithology, 107 50 Turner, H. W., and Lindgren, W. Willis, Bailey, and Wood, H. 0. paper on Marysville district, 20 Fault Map of California, 276 Placerville, Sacramento and Jackson Willis, Robin Folios, 35 paper on physiography of Coast reference to work on Gold Belt, VI Ranges, 255 Turner, H. W., and others Wissler, Stanley The Gold Belt Folios, 95 see Galloway and Wissler Wood, H. 0. see Willis and Wood u Woodford, A. 0. see also Clark and Woodford ; U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Woodford and Bailey; Wood­ results of work showing mountain ford and Harriss movement, 51 acknowledgment, VIII U. S. Geological Survey first recognized Catalinia as im­ Pearland quadrangle, 33 portant Miocene land, 293 paper on Catalina rocks, 3, 84 paper on rocks from Mount Diablo v region, 103 paper on San Onofre Breccia, 3, 102, Vander Hoof, V. L. 126, 166, 168, 170, 184, 194, see Russell and Vander Hoof 238 Vaughan, T. Wayland quoted on Franciscan sandstone, 80 paper on fauna of Carrizo Creek, 301 Woodford, A. 0., and Bailey, T. L. Vickery, F. P. paper on N. W. continuation of San paper on Los Angeles coastal belt, Onofre Breccia, 171 47 Woodford, A. 0., and Harriss, T. F. Von Estorff, Fritz E. paper on Blackhawk Canyon, 42, paper on Kreyenhagen shale, 150, 64, 95, 203 154 Woodring, W. P. cited on fauna of Santa Monica w Mountains, 217 considers San Ramon fauna Lower Wagner, C. M., and Schilling, K. H. Miocene, 156 San Emigdio formation of, 156 "Malaga formation" of, 195 Waterfall, L. N. paper on deposits of Colorado Desert, paper on Fernando Group, 257 238 Weaver, Charles E. paper on Foraminifera from western work in Napa district, 13 Santa Ynez Range, 130 Whitney, J. D. paper on Pliocene north of Simi appointed State Geologist, V Valley, 228 collected samples of Monterey forma­ paper on "Turritel!a variata" zone, tion, 189, 198 130, 141

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A Atlantis, 301 Aturia, 155 Abrams formation, 63 Aturia aturi, 180 Acila gettysburgensis, 155 Aucella, 77, 89, 90 Acila shumardi, 156 A ucella crassa, 111 Actinocyclina, 130 Aucella crassicollis, 111 Adams Canyon, 307 Aucella piochii, 90, 111 paper by Driver on, 229 A ulacodiscus, 154 Pliocene section in, 208, 229, 236 Avenal Creek, 49, 307 Aenocyon, 266 Avenal sandstone, 128, 141 Aftonian interglacial stage, 268 Avicula, 136 Agassiz, 76 Agasoma gravidum, 156, 157 B Alaska, 71, 302 Albania, 301 Baird formation, 63 Alcalde Canyon, 49 Bakersfield, 20, 174, 178, 179, 219, Alps, 35, 37 238, 242, 243, 307 Amaurellina clarki Stewart, 139 Balanophyllia variabilis, 137 American River, 16, 99, 307 Baldwin Hills, 256 Ammonites, 71 Barker's Ranch, 219 A musium, 180 Barstow, 25, 191, 200, 203, 204, 211, Anacapa Island, 5, 307 307 Angel Island, 80, 82, 89 fossils at, 188, 223 Angiosperms, 299 Barstow formation Antelope Valley, 190 correlation table, 212, 303 Antioch, 154 Rosamond series same age as, 221 Appalachia, 301 suggests lesser aridity than at pres- Aquilonian, 112 ent, 212 Aquitanian, 157 Basement Complex Arachnoidiscus, 154, 196 beds with Valvulineria calijornica Area, 180 rest on, 190, 206 Area trilineata, 232 folding and faulting bear relation to Archaeohippus, 182, 184 character of, 281 Archaeolithothamnium, 129 two types of, 274, 275 Arctic Region, 67 301 302 Basin Ranges Argobuccinum n. sp. 230 paper by Blackwelder on, 258 Argovian, 76 effect of faulting on, 50 Arizona, Jurassic of, 75 Bath House Beach, 238, 307 Arlington formation, 62 Bautista Creek, 303 Arroyo Seco, 10, 44, 307 Beekmantown, 62 Asia, 41, 45, 75, 301, 302 Belemnites, 136 Astoria, Oregon, 179 Belridge oil field, 198 Astrodapsis, 164, 210 Bering portal, 301, 302 Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad, 288 Berkeley group, 243 Astrodapsis arnoldi depressus, 232 Berkeley Hills, 11, 251 Astrodapsis jacalitosensis, 232 Berriasellidae, 90 Atlantic Bicknell formation, 72 boundary of eastern land area, 292 Big Blue Hills, 307 correlation of California formations Big Blue member with, 120, 121, 157 breccia of Point Sur district similar Jurolaurentia extended into, 75 to, 173 migration to or from, 135, 161, 302 correlation table, 212, 216 South Atlantic, Eocene climate com- deposit compared to fanglomerate, pared to that of, 142 184 328

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fossil beds below, 181 Cantua Creek, 288, 308 is Monterey rather than Temblor, Canyon Spring, 190, 308 215 Cape Mendocino, 14, 233, 251, 269, North of Coalinga, 172, 173, 178, 308 184, 220 Capistrano (San Juan Capistrano), paper by Anderson and Pack, 172 308, 315 Big Panoche Creek, 109 breccias northwest of, 171 Big Sespe Creek, 57, 128, 192 district, 22, 144, 174, 293 Big Tar Canyon, 240 formation, of Woodford, 238 Blackhawk Canyon limestone in, 174 paper by Woodford and Harriss, 42, location, 22 64, 95, 203 Pliocene of, 238, 240 Blakely horizon, 148, 155 San Onofre breccia in, 169, 194 Blanco beds, 303 Vaqueros-Temblor disconformity Blanket, Sedimentary and Volcanic, near, 166, 176 255 Carboniferous, 15, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, Blue Mountains, 117 68, 85, 91, 281, 301 Bolinas Bay, 233, 246 Caribbean forms Bolivina, 232, 239 Imperial fauna related to, 302 Bolivina robusta, 248 influx of, to Tejon fauna, 145, 302 Bolivina seminuda, 248 Oligocene fauna shows no relation to, Boreal immigration, 301, 302 155, 158, 162 Bradley, 44, 209 Tejon and Lower Miocene faunas Bragdon formation, 63 are, 161, 180 Bridge Creek formation Ca rcharodon, 182 papers by Chaney, 154, 299 Cardita calijornica, 232 Bridger horizon, 303 Carmelo Bay Briones formation, 163, 193, 217, 219 paper by Lawson on, 270 Briones Hills, 307 Cameros Creek, 166, 214, 217, 220, 308 Bristol Mountains, 60 Carpinteria, 258, 263, 303 British Columbia, 76, 302 Carquinez Straits, 11, 123 British spilites, 97 Carrizo Creek, 23, 301 Brock shale, 67 Carrizo formation, 248 Bulimina, 239 Cascade Range, 1, 26, 117 subacuminata, 248 Eocene near, 124 subacuminata Cushman and Stewart, vulcanism in, 261, 282, 286 230 Cascadia, 76 Buliminella elegantissima, 246 Cassidulina, 239 Butano formation, 148 Catalina Island (Santa), 5, 308, 315 Butte County, 111 has schists like those of San Onofre "button bed," 217, 220 breccia, 170 paper by Smith, 3 c paper by Woodford, 3, 84 Cache Creek, 308 schists from basic volcanic rocks, 82, Cadiz, 60 84 Cahuilla, Lake, 23 Southern Franciscan area, 31 Cajon Pass, 31, 33, 39, 308 subsided in recent past, 8 Calaveras County, 101, 308 Catalinia, 308 Calaveras group, 62, 64, 85, 95 Capistrano shales have minerals Calera limestone, 81, 89 from, 195 Caliente Range, 167, 219 described, 31, 293 Callovian formation, 76 detritus from, 8, 171, 183, 196, 259, Cambrian, 25, 40, 60, 62, 65, 94, 96 292 Campito sandstone, 60, 62 during Miocene, 8, 171, 183, 195, 196, Canada, 75, 76, 92, 114 223, 285 Canada de las Uvas, 18, 121, 140, 308 during Pliocene, 251 Cancellaria hemphilli, 232 subsidence of parts of, 273 Canoas Creek, 240, 28R, 308 Cedarville, 26 Cantua sandstone, 123 Cenomanian, 111

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Cenozoic, 24, 56, 59, 166, 192, 262, 274, · Trabuco conglomerate of, 100 276, 277, 278, 279, 285, 300 unconformable on all older beds, 108 Central America, 301 where best known, 14 Central California Chico-Martinez Creek section, 216' Chico is half laminated siltstone in ' 308 105 Chile, 115 during Cretaceous, 115, 118 Chione, 180 during Eocene, 144 Cibicides, 239 Central Franciscan Area, 30 lobatus, 248 considered part of a thrust sheet, 37 lobatus (D'Orbigny), 230 evidence of organisms in, 93 mckannai Galloway and Wissler ' 230 intrusive masses in, 82 Cierbo formation, 163 location, 28 Ciervo Hills, 216 metamorphic rocks in small propor­ Clarendon, 303 tions, 84 Clear Lake, 308 Nacimiento fault a boundary of, 41 Eocene beds near, 14, 123, 125, 126, Ceratites trinodosus, 302 276, 292, 296 Champlain subsidence, 267 Clemmys, 213 "Chanac" formation, 242, 303 Coal, 82 Coalinga, 309 Channel Islands, 4, 8, 165, 223' 251 ' 264 anticline, 174, 234 Channel Island region, A venal sandstone and Domengine Eocene in, 122 sandstone near, 128, 141 no Cretaceous strata in, 119 "Big Blue" member north of, 172, paper by Trask on, 5, 291 173, 178, 184, 220 Pliocene deposits scarce in, 251 Big Panoche Creek north of, 109 rocks of Temblor age in, 175 Cretaceous north of, 106 submarine gorges of, 268 diatoms in Kreyenhagen north of. Upper Miocene siliceous rocks re- 154 ported from, 223 Eastside Miocene section, 216 Chazy, 62 Eocene near, may be reworked Cre­ Chico, 99, 286, 308 taceous, 125, 142 Chico formation, Foraminifera from near, paper by along Quinto Creek, 107 Cushman and Church, 110, 111 climate of land areas during time of, fossils from, 181, 182, 188, 211, 215, 114, 117, 293 234, 251, 288 derivation of name of, 99 Kettleman Hills anticlinal series diatom floraof, 110 near, 46 fauna of Martinez not like that of, Oil City near, 108 122, 145 paper by Anderson and Pack, on faunal migration during time of ' 302 San Joaquin Valley north of, fossils of, 122, 287 102, 106, 136, 139, 172, 193 Reef Ridge southwest of, 177, 215 Horsetown lies conformably below ' 111 Tejon near, 123 lone formation rests on, 124 Coalinga district, 20 limestone in, 107 a district of Southern Coast Ranges ' merges with siliceous shale, 106 11 mineralogy of, from Santa Ana ash beds in Santa Margarita of, 205 Mountains, 102 conglomerate beds in, 100 Montgomery Creek beds resemble correlation of Oligocene in, 148 128 ' correlation of Miocene in, 212 Oakland conglomerate member at correlation of Pliocene in, 236, 249 base of, 118 Cretaceous of, 100, 103, 105, 106 rare constituents of, 103 detritus of, 142, 243 sandy in southern California, 105, discordance at Temblor-Kreyen­ 119 hagen contact in, 152 Sierra Blanca younger than, 131 doubtful angular contacts in Mio­ Tejon rests conformably on, at Ven­ cene of, 206 tura, 123 fault-blocks of, 56

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geological map of (Clark), reference, feldspathic nature of sandstone of, 92 52 folds of, 46, 47, 109, 262 "indicator" bed, 174 Franciscan in, 13, 74, 87, 142, 274 influence on understanding of Mio­ granite in, 86, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97 cene stratigraphy, 182 "important unconformities" often Kreyenhagen Hills section in, 236, moved, 134 240 islands of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Kreyenhagen shale in, 148, 151, 152, early Tertiary, 112, 142, 146, 153, 155 292, 296 marine and nonmarine facies, 235 Jurassic, 27, 60, 74, 259 McLure shale of, paper by G. Mesozoic, flooded during, 276 Renny, 206 Miocene, diastrophism during, 226 Meganos fauna recognized by Clark Miocene stages in, 164, 166 in, 138 Mohavia furnished material to, 183, paper by Arnold and Anderson, 88, 191, 224, 225 151, 152, 173, 232, 235 Montara series in, 36 paper by Church, 108 nappe theory, 35 paper by Cushman and Church, 110, Northern Coast Ranges, see 111 "Northern" paper by G. Renny, on McLure Oligocene in, 147, 149, 151, 152, 160 shale of, 206 Paleozoic, 64 paper by Merriam on Tertiary faunas paper by Clark on stratigraphy of, of, 181, 182, 184, 250 136, 138, 249 paper by Nomland on Jacalitos­ paper by Clark on tectonics of, 52, Etchegoin of, 250 54, 112, 137, 148 papers by R. D. Reed, 49, 283 paper by Reid on, 95 Pliocene formations of, 234, 235, paper by Turner on rocks of, 208 236, 238, 242, 245, 249, 250 paper by Bailey Willis on faulting reef beds of, 171 in, 49, 50 Santa Margarita and Monterey in, paper by Robin Willis on physiogra- 279 phy of, 255 siltstone of, 104 Pliocene in, 233 Tehama formation equivalent to post-Sur series, quartz diorite is, 94 Etchegoin of, 234 "rhythmic" bedding in formations Temblor in, 55, 152, 153, 166, 171, of, 105 172, 173, 175, 178, 181, 182, rocks of, in correlation table, 96 184, 188, 215, 216, 220, 279, 303 Salinia, granite of, 12 Tertiary land area northwest of, 293 San Pablo formation of, 193 vertebrate fossils of, 250 seas, 145, 207, 276, 292, 297 Coal Oil Point, 8 shortening of, 78, 296 Coast Ranges, 1, 24, 29, 35 Southern Coast Ranges, see age of older rocks in doubt, 60 "Southern" Alpine tectonics to, application of, 37 structure-section by Louderback, 58 a series of fault blocks, 58 structure sections to determine best known structural feature in, 48 block-faulting in, 54 Carboniferous, nothing older than, Temblor age, rocks of, 175 65 terraces formed in valleys of, 267 caves of, 266 Transverse Ranges and, 9, 109 Cenozoic, flooded during, 276 Triassic, schists and limestones may Chico formation chiefly in, 111 be, 68 Cordilleran revolution, 75, 87 Valvulineria calijornica zone wide­ Cretaceous, 14, 74, 79, 99, 109, 111 spread in, 163, 190 described, 11 Vaqueros sediments, probable source development of, Oligocene events in, of, 164, 169, 183 186 volcanic rocks of, 278 diastrophism in later Miocene, 279, vulcanism in, 283, 284 282, 283, 284 Ynez Island an active positive area Eocene, 79, 120, 124, 142 in, 166 faults and fault-blocks, 50, 59, 262 Coast region

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paper by Louderback on earth move- 298, 299, 300, 302 ments in, 59 Crooked River Basin (Oregon) Cocconeis, 196 paper by Chaney on, 154 Coffee Ranch, 303 Crown Point, 287 Coldwater stage, 141 Cuboides, 301 Colfax formation, 77 Cucullaea, 136 Colfax region, 76 Cuyama formation, 303 Colorado River Cuyama Valley, 148, 167, 203, 211, 219 deposited Colorado Desert silts, 237 Cuyamaca region, 21, 95, 309 paper by Blackwelder on, 238 Colorado Desert D below sea level, 23, 283 Blake, W. P., cited, discussion by, 22, Danian, 107 23 Day, John, horizon, 155, 156, 303, 304 Brown, J. S., cited on, 24 Dawsonites, 302 Imperial formation in, 190, 237, 238 Deadman's Island, 256, 264, 287, 309 Miocene gypsum of, 190 Death Valley, 24, 39, 40, 65, 257, 283, Mohavia, was part of land area desig­ 309 nated, 119 Deep River formation, 303 Mohavia possibly flooded in Plio- Deep Spring formation, 60 cene, 250 Dendraster conglomerate, 232 only marine invasion of, 190 Dendraster diegoensis Kew, 287, 288 Palm Spring formation in, 203 Dendraster gibbsii Remond, 288 paper by Woodring on, 238 Desmoceras hoffmani, 111 Peninsular Ranges distinct in Plio- Desmostylus, 182 cene, 251 Devils Den, 20, 176, 178, 284, 309 Pliocene continental beds, 237 Devonian, 15, 62, 63, 65, 199, 301 salt deposits of, 295 Diablo Range, 309 San Joaquin Valley, similar to, 4.5 a district of Southern Coast Ranges, series, members of, 237 11 Tertiary deposits of, 203 Cretaceous in, 99, 101, 106, 112, 115, trees of Pliocene in, 251 283 volcanic rocks in, 203 Devils Den district at southeast end Columbia River Basin, 285 of, 176 Columbites, 301 Franciscan rocks of, 88, 101 Continental shelf, 1, 3, 9, 31, 146, 270 land during Pliocene (part), 251 Contra Costa County, 289 part of Cretaceous sea in, was in- Co nus, 180 closed, 115 Corral Hollow, 194 piercement folds in, 47, 88 Coscinodiscus, 154 Pliocene strata in, 234, 251 Coso Mountains horizon, 303 San Pablo formation on east flankof, Cottonwood Creek, 111, 288, 309 193 Covote Hills, 46 siliceous shale along east flankof, 106 Coyote Mountain, 20, 203, 237, 288, structural history revealed on east 309 flank of, 283 Cozy Dell shale, 141 Diamond Peak quartzite, 62 Crassatellites, 136 Discocyclina, 130, 139 Cre/Jidula princeps, 232 Discocyclina clarki, 139 Cretaceous, Chapter VI, 1, 7, 8, 10, 12, Dolium, 155 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, Domengine formation 24, 25, 31, 36, 45, 46, 47, 52, correlation chart, 303 54, 55, 56, 74, 78, 80, 83, 86, described in paper by Anderson and 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, Pack, 136, 139 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, name first used locally by Anderson, 130, 133, 134, 139, 142, 144, 138 145, 146, 152, 166, 177, 184, north of Coalinga, 123 202, 227, 235, 241, 243, 244. paper by Clark on, 138, 139 262, 274, 276, 278, 281, 283, proportion of gastropods to pelecy- 286, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297, pods in, 139

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section through, after Reinhart, 139 Eudolium, 155 Sierra Blanca correlatives older Eurasia, 301, 304 than, 131 Eureka (Nevada), 61 stage of Tejon series, 123, 137, 141 Europe, European, 80, 98, 120, 157, type locality, 138, 139. 209, 223, 301 younger Eocene beds not recognized Exilia lincolnensis, 157 in type locality, 139 Exogyra, 136 Domengine Ranch, 138, 172, 309 Dominguez, 46, 47 Downey Plain, 9 F Dosinia, 157, 180, 210 Fault map of California, 276 Feather River, 16 E Felix atrox, 266 Fernando formation, 248, 249 East Indies, 70, 71 Fernando group, 230, 257, 309 East Strait, 165 Ficopsis, 146 Eden beds, 303 Ficus, 180, 210 Eel River, 14, 233, 309 Fish Creek Mountain, 237, 309 Elephas, 303 Florida, 130, 135, 299 Elk Hills, 253 Flysch, 35, 36 El Paso Range, 39, 64, 309 Foreman formation, 77 Elphidium hannai, 246 Fort Tejon, 18, 20, 33, 121, 140, 309, Elphidium crispum, 248 317 Elsinore, 133, 309 Foraminifera, 5, 82, 89, 106, 110, 122, Elsinore fault, 39 123, 129, 130, 135, 141, 151, Elsmere Canyon, 250, 302 154, 168, 171, 175, 178, 179, Eocene, Chapter VII, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 180, 181, 182, 186, 189, 195, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 35, 196, 209, 210, 214, 224, 225, 36, 38, 45, 46, 52, 92, 103, 106, 229, 230, 231, 238, 239, 246, 107, 108, 147, 148, 149, 151, 247, 248, 250, 256, 259, 264, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 290, 291 161, 162, 166, 172, 177, 180, Forreria magister, 232 199, 202, 208, 243, 276, 284, Foxen sand, 232 285, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, Franciscan series, formation, stage, 35, 299, 303, 304 72, 309 Eogene, 157, 158 a "blanket" or "basement," 19, 29 Eohippus, 303 a desert period, 293 Epihippus, 303 a division of California rocks, 27 Eporeodon, 155 basal Cretaceous beds lie uncon- Equus, 247, 250, 303 formably on, 107, 108 Etchegoin formation, 309 basins of accumulation in time of, 117 ash beds in, 243 Becker impressed with feldspathic diatoms from, paper by Hanna and nature, 104 Grant, 246 boundary between Montara and, 36 exposed in North Dome, 46 Capistrano formation derived from, in correlation table, 249, 303 238 in columnar section, 232 Catalina Island, 171 in Kettleman Hills, 240, 245, 254 Central Franciscan Area, see "Cen- in Kreyenhagen Hills section, 236 tral" paper by Hanna and Grant on, 246 chert of, 80, 160, 243 paper by Nomland on, 250 coal in, 82 Pliocene fossils of, 234, 235, 245, Coast Range granite pre-Franciscan, 288 95 Smith's stratigraphic classification, compared to Pennine £lates, 37 in, 248 contributed material to Cretaceous south of Coalinga, 279 seas, 103 succeeded by nonmarine Tulare, 285 Cretaceous, 47, 52, 79, 80, 99, 101, Tehama equivalent to, 234 103, 105, 107, 118, 119 Tulare formation and, 285 described, 77, 274, 275

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detritus, 77, 103, 113, 168, 169, Southern Franciscan Area, see 170, 175, 186, 196, 238, 259, "Southern" 276, 278, 293 structure of, 86 distribution, 28, 73 Temblor time, wearing down of Eocene, 52, 79, 125, 128, 142 Franciscan islands, 186 equivalent to Mariposa, Colfax, and Triassic, schists and limestones may Foreman, 77 be, 68 eruptions of basic intrusives of, 50 Fremont's Peak, 64 extent of Salinia during, 292 Fresno, 124 exposed during Eocene in San Rafael Fresno County, 288 Mountains, 142 Fusulina cylindrica, 85 forms basement, 58 fossils of, 88, 287, 289 G igneous rocks in, 82, 94, 101 in breccia of Point Sur district, 173 Gabilan Mesa, 11, 29, 44, 309 in conglomerate beds of Santa Bar- Gabilan Range, 64, 148, 149, 251 bara district, 125 Garlock fault, 39, 40, 41, 42 in Coast Ranges, 13, 74, 87, 142 Garzas Creek, 240 in Parkfield block, 52 Gault, 111, 112 in San Onofre breccia, 84 Gavilan limestone, 64 in Temblor, 168, 173 Geonomites schimperi, 134 in Vaqueros, 164, 166, 184 Globigerina, 106 in Wildcat beds of Humboldt County, Glycimeris zone, 236 243 Gold Belt Islands, wearing down during Tem­ Callovian formation in, 76 blor, 186 diorite and meta-diorite of, 95 Knoxville beds, relation to, 74, 86 Folios, 64, 95 Kreyenhagen derived from area of, investigation of, study of quartz 151 diorite, 94 lack of, in La Panza Vaqueros, 164 Jurassic rocks in, 74 limestone member of, 81 Mariposa formation of, 74 limited to three embayments, 31 Golden Gate river system, 267 metamorphic rocks, 8, 83, 240 Golden Gate series, 86 nappe development, 38 Goleta Slough, 8 Northern Franciscan Area, see Gould shale, 220 "Northern" Granitic Basem10nt, 27, 29 overlain by massive Cretaceous sand­ Grapevine Canyon (Canada de las stones, 47 Uvas), 18, 121, 140, 309 paleogeography of, 91 Great Basin, 26 papers by E. F. Davis on, 79, 91, 92, constitutes interior of North Ameri­ 93, 196 can Oregon, 35 possible correlative of, 85 has many ranges similar to Sierra post-Franciscan revolution of Coast Nevada, 48 Ranges, 283 in Jurassic, 75 pre-Knoxville deposits, no, 118 in Triassic, 301 radiolarian chert of, 79, 81, 106, 196 Merychippus developed in, 182 reworked material of, 79 paper by Louderback on, 41, 193 rocks of spilitic type in, 96, 97 part of land area designated Mo- Sailor Canyon formation, may in- havia, 119 clude beds of, 76 Great Plains; 182 Great Valley, 1, 27 San Joaquin Valley, restricted in, 45 boundary of Coast Ranges, 11 schists and limestones may be Chico formation on west side of, 111 Triassic, 68 continental beds of Pliocene age in, schist at Playa del Rey, 199 236 sedimentary rocks included in, 19, covers part of Mohavia, 17 78, 79, 98, 274, 277 Cretaceous buried by recent sedi­ serpentine a constituent of, 29, 83 ments of, 99, 109 shale of, 80 discussion of, 16, 18, 45

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in correlation chart, 303 Illinoian glacial stage, 268 largest fold in California, 45 Imperial formation portions of, above water in early a silt formation, 237, 254 Eocene, 145 fauna of, 246, 302 section from San Francisco Bay to, may be Upper Miocene, 237 59 photograph of, 238 sedimentary blanket of, 30, 31 shows marine invasion of Colorado thick marine beds in Eocene, 120, Desert, 190 145 transportation of silt of, 238 underlain by Eocene beds, 124 Imperial Valley, 1, 22, 301, 309 western edge of Sierra Nevada India, Triassic of, 67 buried by sediments of, 48 Indio, 23 Gries Ranch formation, 148 Inglewood-Newport uplift, 47 Grizzly formation, 62, 63 Inoceramus, 89, 136 Grubenmann's Upper Zone, 84 lnyo Range, 24, 26, 27, 42, 60, 61, 62, Gulf Coastal region, 110, 120 65, 66, 67, 69, 310 Guijarral Hills sections, 216 lone, 124, 131, 310 Gyroidina cf. soldanii, 248 lone formation auriferous gravels belong to, 132 H interesting type of Eocene sand­ stone in, 127 Halobia rugosa, 302 lone substage of Meganos stage of Harris formation, 189 Tejon series, 141 Hawver Cave, 266, 303 outcrops in Sierra Nevada, 132 Hayward fault, 39, 309 paper by Victor T. Allen on, 127, Helvetian nappe, 37 128, 131, 132, 133, 294 Hemiaulis, 154 placed in uppermost Eocene by Highland area, 214 Dickerson, 144 Hinchman formation, 72 represents period of extraordinary Hipparion, 188 climatic condition, 144, 277 mohavense, 211, 212, 303 sediments directly from crystalline Hoplites remondi, 111 rocks, 142 Horsetown Creek, 310 Iowan, 268 Horsetown formation, stage Islay Island, 165 Chico rests unconformably on, 108 faunal migration during, 302 J fossiliferous lens in, 107 fossils of, 109 Jacalitos formation, 310 known certainly only in northern ash beds in, 244 California, 14, 111 a silt formation, 254 named for a town in Shasta County, correlation chart, 214, 249, 303 99 fossils of, 250 paper by F. M. Anderson on, 112 in columnar section, 232, 242 Hosselkus limestone, 67 in stratigraphic classification, 236. Huasna district, 89, 90, 217, 310 248, 250 Hueneme, 270 of Coalinga district, 235, 236, 279 Humboldt County paper by Nomland on, 250 Cretaceous in, probably Franciscan, Ventura Pliocene correlated with, 99 250 Franciscan limestone in, 82, 99 Jackson Folio, 35 Pliocene in, 234, 243, 246, 251 Japan, forests of, 115 submarine gorges along coast of, Joaquin Ridge, 55 268 Ju glans cal�fornica, 134 Hypertragulus, 155 Juniper Ridge, 55 Hypohippus, 182 Jurassic, Chapter V, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, 27, 31, 36, 38, 40, 46, 50, 60, I 64, 66, 68, 71, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 117, 186, 199, Ichthyosauria, 70 259, 273, 281, 282, 284, 286, Idaho, 1 299, 302

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Juroberingia, 75 Northern Franciscan Area 30 Jurocalifomia, 76 Pacific Ranges, included i�, 35 Jurolaurentia, 75 paper by Dil.ler on, 14, 95, 233, 255 Jurosonora, 75, 92 paper by Retd on, 95 J urozephyria, 76 Pliocene along west margin of 233' 251 ' K Redding district of, 63 rocks of, in correlation table, 96 Klama�h Peneplain, 15, 233 Kansan glacial stage, 268 Knoxvtlle formation 14 85 Kansas, structure in 29 ' climate of land a ea n time of 117 Karnic stage, 67 ; i ' ' 293 Kennett formation, 63 faunal 1igration during, 302 Kentucky, 199 t;t fine-gramed deposits at base of' 78 Kem County, 140, 177 179 288 ' 118, 119 Kem River, 16, 20, 214, 28S fossils of, 90, 109, 110, 111 114 287 Kem River fault, 43 ' ' Franciscan pebbles in, 101 103 107 Kem River formation, 235 242 ' ' Franciscan contact a m rked un- Kettleman Hills, 18, 20 � conformity, 86 age of producing horizon, 217' 219' intrusion by peridotite, 118 220 . long mterval between Franciscan anticline, 46 and, 118 believed dominated by faulting, 48 "brown shale" and "black oil zone" may be uppermost Jurassic forma­ tion, 36, 77, 91 of, 215, 217 named for a town in Napa County diato lls in San Joaquin clay of, 245 ' ! 99 Dommguez surface unlike 47 paper by J. P. Smith, 109 folding during Pleistocen in, 255 ' � Paskenta Knoxville not cut by ser- gas zone of, 217 Kreyenhagen probable source rock .Pentine (Anderson), 83 sectwn long McCarthy Creek, 112 of, 148 !! underlam by Franciscan 36 74 oil content of reef beds in 171 volcanic rocks interbedd�d ith 74 oil field, phosphate rock ir{ 198 � ' oil wells, ash beds used as arkers in Knoxville (village), 310 � ' Kreyenhagen formation 205 Coalinga district, in, 123, 139, 153 ' paper by Cunningham and Barbat ' 154, 166, 280 168, 220 detrital content from Coast Range paper by Goudkoffon, 168, 173 ' 219 ' 151 220 area, diatoms in, 135, 151, 154 photograph of, 46 Eocene, may be, 139, 141, 144, 152 photograph of Etchegoin in 240 ' Eocene seas clear during deposition section, 216 of, 145 Temblor in, 171 Fo raminifera from ' 154 Tulare formation in' 262 fossils of, 288 King City, 175 44, is "shale of the Tejon formation," King City fault, 43, 58, 262 123, 152 Kings River, 16 Kreyenhagen basin not shallow 161 Kirker formation, 148, 149, 151, 310 ' like Moreno shale, 106 Klamath Island, 278, 292, 293 of Capistrano district, 144 Klamath Mountains, 1, 26 Oligocene diatoms from (paper by bounda�y of Coast Ranges, 11 Carbomferous in, nothing older than Hanna), 154 ' other marine Oligocene petrographi- 65 cally unknown, 149 Cretaceous time, in, 117, 118 Eocene near, 124 Panache district, in, 156 geology of, 15 paper by Church on, 154 Granitic Basement, 27 paper by Condit on, 153 "granitic" province, 30 paper by Hanna on, 151, 154 granitoid rocks in, 94, 96 paper by Jenkins on, 149, 153 Jurassic sedimentary rocks in, 72, 74 paper by von Estorff on, 150, 154

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part of, may belong in Coldwater paper by Mason Hill on San Gabriel stage of Tejon, 141 Mountains, north of, 29, 49 type locality, 151 paper by Kew on Los Angeles and Kreyenhagen Hills section, 236, 240, Ventura counties, 42 229 231 310 257 • • • paper by Vickery on coastal belt of L 47 • La Brea, see "Rancho La Brea" photograph of Upper Miocene sand- Laguna, 170 stone, 200 La Jolla, 141 Pleistocene, coastal plain in, 267 paper by M. A. Hanna, 122 present rainfall in vicinity of, 209 Lake Cahuilla, 23 Ranges, 1, 9 Lake Tahoe, 65, 68 River, 47 La Panza Island, 164, 165, 166 Santa Ana Mountains, 50 miles La Panza Mountains, 11, 169 198 southeast of, 100 ' Santa Monica Mountains near, 68 La Panza region, 186 • Las Llajas formation, 141 69, 122, 175 Las Posas district, 155, 310 Santa Ynez Range along coast west Las Posas formation, 249, 303 of, 50 Las Posas zone, 268 Simi Valley near, 122 Lassen Peak, 26 type locality of Repetto formation Latah formation east of, 239 paper by Berry, 295 Los Angeles Basin Laurentia, 41 detritus in, 243 Laurus sp., 134, 209 diat.omaceous silts in, 245 Leach Trough, 40 foss1l plants of, 208 has folds resembling Kettleman Hills Lias formation, 76, 302 • Lincoln formation, 148, 156 46 Lithophyllum, 129 marine Pleistocene beds in ' 256 Miocene, correlation to Coalinga Lithothamnium, 129 I Little Salado Creek, 194 2� Live Oak Canyon, 288 mollusk fauna of, 228 Pliocene of, 228, 229, 238 241 248 Live Oak Creek, 140 ' I ' Livermore, 193 253 Logan Sea, 75 Sespe beds in east end of, 147 Lomita formation, 254, 259, 264, 303, similar to Sa� Joaquin Valley, 45 304 structure-sectwn across, 228 Lomita Quarry, 256 Transverse Ranges, 9 Venice or Playa del Rey field in, 199 Lompoc region • has diatomite beds, 188, 209 200, 263 paper by Jordan and Gilbert, 211 Los Gatos Creek, 49 paper by Miller on avian remains Los Sauces Creek, 179 from Miocene of, 211 Los Vaqueros area, 214 Long Beach, 47, 228 Lost Hills, 20, 46, 262 Long Beach anticline, 46, 47 Loup Fork, 303 Los Angeles Lower California, 22, 111, 1881 268 Cajon Pass 50 miles east of, 31 Lower Mya zone, 235 coastal belt, paper by Vickery, 47 Lyropecten, 180, 210 coastal plain, in Pleistocene, 9, 267 Lytoceras batesi, 111 district, Puente formation of, 188. 189, 208, 211, 212, 213, 222 M district, Temblor formation in, 166 district, Upper Miocene continental 1\facoma nasuta Con., 155 deposits in, 191 Magnolia calijornica, 134, 209 Franciscan exposure 20 miles south Malaga Cove, 195, 209 of, 31 Malaga formation, 195 Malaga Cove southwest of, 195 Manix lake beds, 257, 310 paper by R. T. Hill on Los Angeles ,'llanticoceras intumescens, 301 earthquakes, 9, 39, 51 Maricopa formation, 190, 213, 214, 310

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Mariposa formation, 311 Marysville Buttes, 311 amphibole schist thrust over, 43 Eocene beds well exposed at, 124 equivalent to Colfax and Foreman fossils from, 135, 288 formations, 77 limestone in, 107 fauna of, compared to Knoxville, 112 Marysville substage of Tejon series, in bedrock complex of Sierra Nevada, 141 17, 85 paper by Dickerson on Eocene fauna intruded by granitoid masses, 21, 94 at, 144 lone formation rests on, 124 paper by Lindgren and Turner on, 20 Knoxville beds similar in age to, 74 paper by Stipp on, 135 lower Knoxville is post-Mariposa, paper by Howe! Williams on, 20, 107, 109 142, 261 of Mother Lode district, 72 region, Tehama formation missing "spilitic rocks" may be pre-Mari­ from, 234 posa, 95 volcano, 18, 261 time of deposition of, 97 Mascall fauna, 182, 221 Martinez (town), 123, 292, 310 Mascall flora Martinez formation paper by Chaney, 299 along San Andreas fault, 122 Matilija overturn basal conglomerate of, near Clear paper by Kerr and Schenck, 134 Lake, 125 Matilija sandstone, 141, 311 classification of post-Martinez Eo- Mattole River, 269 cene, 144 McCarthy Creek section, 112 correlation chart, 303 McCloud limestone, 63, 310 Eocene map is misleading for, 296 McKittrick, 20, 310 fauna has Oriental affinities, 161 Cretaceous beds outcrop at, 99 faunal invasion from Asia during, fauna, reports by Merriam and 302 Stock, 266 fossils of, 123, 124, 287, 288, 289 oil seeps south of, 258, 266, 303 in Clear Lake district, 14, 125, 126 paper by Arnold and Johnson, on in Mount Diablo region, 123 McKittrick-Sunset region, 177 in Santa Monica Mountains (paper paper by Miller on Pleistocene of, 265 by Hoots), 128, 131 McKittrick formation, 235 in Simi Valley, 122 McLure shale, 310 Martinez seas like those of Oligo­ in Coalinga district, 166, 242 cene, 161 paper by Renny, 206 Meganos is faunally distinct from, of Reef Ridge, 215 138 Mecca Hills, 203 paper by Anderson and Pack, 136 Mediterranean, 67, 301, 302 paper by Dickerson on fossils of, 14 Meekoceras, 301 paper by Hoots, on Santa Monica Meganos formation, 311 Mountains, 128, 131 as stage of Tejon series, 123, 137, 141 photograph, 128 post-Martinez Eocene strata, 158 correlation chart, 303 post-Martinez thrusting, 38 Domengine unconformable with, 139 recognized by early investigators, fossils in limestone from, 130 121, 136 humid period, 144 stages of Eocene recognized by is faunally distinct from Martinez, turritella, 136 138 Tejon compared with, 121, 145 Kreyenhagen and Tejon of Capis- Tejon used for post-Martinez strata, trano younger than, 144 122 name proposed by Clark, 137 type locality of, 123, 124 north of Coalinga, 123, 138 uppermost Cretaceous stage paper by Clark and Woodford on, (Danian) included in, 107 103, 127, 138 volcanic series near Elsinore, 133 plant-bearing beds in, 134 Maryland proportion of gastropods to pelecy­ paper by Goldman on Upper Cre­ pods in, 140 taceous of, 104 section by Reinhart, 139

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Sierra Blanca limestone has same Manix lake beds of (paper by Bu- age as, 131 walda), 257 type locality of, 137, 138 Miocene faunas of, 178, 211 Merced formation, 36, 232, 233, 245, nonmarine beds of, 31 246, 248, 311 Paleozoic rocks recognized in, 65 Merced River, 16 paper by Clark on Cambrian in, 60 Merychippus, 182, 184, 188, 211, 212, paper by Hulin on Randsburg 220, 221, 303, 304 quadrangle, 39, 41, 96, 176, 200, Mesa fault, 51 201, 204, 243 Mesa Grande, 22, 255 paper by Merriam on faunas of, 221, Mesohippus, 303 222 Mesozoic, 5, 13, 15, 25, 34, 36, 59, 60, paper by Thompson on, 26, 258 93, 94, 112, 166, 192, 225, 233, paper by Woodford and Harris, on 254, 255, 276, 278 Blackhawk Canyon, 42, 64, Mexico, 20, 75, 92, 110, 111, 270 95, 203 Midway-Sunset oil district, 20, 311 part of the land area designated Mineral King, 64, 68, 311 Mohavia, 119 Mint Canyon district, 211, 311 Pleistocene lake deposits of, 258 Mint Canyon formation, 34, 200, 203, Pliocene, a low plateau during, 251 213, 222, 303 Pliocene basalt of, 243 Miocene, Chapters IX, X, 3, 5, 8, 10, problems awaiting solution in, 284 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, Randsburg district in northwest 26, 29, 31, 34, 36, 38, 42, 43, part of, 175, 200 44, 46, 52 , 54, 55, 56, 78, 81, Ricardo beds, 188, 211 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 97, 106, 111, rocks of, 25 114, 120, 121, 124, 134, 142, salt deposits of, 295 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, San Andreas fault along southwest 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, side of, 33, 122 227, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, stands 2000-3000 feet above sea 244, 248, 249, 253, 254, 259, level, 267 261, 274, 282, 283, 284, 285, Tertiary marine invasion of, 190 286, 287, 289, 290, 293, 295, volcanic rocks in, 203 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, Mohave River, 25, 257 303, 304 Mohavia Miohippus, 155, 303 accumulation of clastic sediments on, Miolabis, 213 188, 189, 202, 224, 226, 297, Miopleionia, 180 298 Mississippian, 62, 63, 64 Bakersfield Pliocene from crystalline Modelo area, 214 rocks of, 242 Modelo Canyon, 224, 311 Capistrano shales have minerals Modelo formation, 6, 178, 189, 199, characteristic of, 169 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 248 defined, 17, 24, 119, 311 Modin formation, 72, 311 detritus from, 17, 92, 151, 169, 183, Modoc lava plain, 1, 26, 251 184, 224, 278, 292 Mohave Desert Region, 1, 23, 311 in Cretaceous time, 92, 113, 114 desert ranges of, 9 115, 117, 202, 297, 298 discussion by Noble, 40 in Eocene time, 92, 142, 202 discussion of, 24, 25 in Miocene time, 164, 169, 182, 183, El Paso Range in northwestern, 64 184, 186, 188, 189, 191, 195, faults in Rosamond series at Pilot 202, 223, 226, 276 Knob, 44 in Oligocene time, 151, 160 furnished sediments to Coast Range in Pliocene time, 242, 250 seas, 17 in Vaqueros time, 169, 182, 183, 184, Garlock fault boundary of, 39, 40 186, 202 Granitic Basement, 27 related to Crickmay's Jurosonora, 92 granitoid rocks in, 94, 96 scene of great diastrophism, 226, in correlation table, 212 284 land mammal fossils of, 211 supplied most of Sespe detritus, 151 lava flows.of, 261 Ventura Basin Vaqueros from, 164

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Montana, 111 paper by Tolman on, 197 Montara Mountain, 35, 311 San Pablo equivalent of, 193 Montara zone, 35, 36, 37, 38 Santa Barbara Temblor beds look Monterey, 311 like, 171 area, correlation chart, 214 scarcity of mollusks in, 168 Bay, Gabilan Range east of, 64 siliceous shale, 8, 106, 174, 175, Bay region, 11 188, 190, 194, 195, 196, 198, Bay, submerged gorge of, 269, 270 206, 278, 279 diatom deposits near, 209 similar to Moreno shale, 106 fault in Santa Lucia Range south of, stratigraphic position of, 190 44 Temblor contact, 217 group, a division of the Miocene, 163 type locality on Monterey Peninsula, Nacimiento fault 20 miles south of, 183, 189 41 type Monterey, age of, 213 Point Sur 20 miles south of, 30 Type Monterey, Hanna places Santa Temblor of Sur region south of, 173, Rosa Island diatoms with, 192 174 upper part of San Onofre member Valvulineria calijornica beds at, 190 probably, 170 Monterey formation, stage volcanic rocks associated with, 203, age of Malaga Cove beds is, 195 205 a stage of Miocene, 8, 163, 164 vulcanism died out during, 284 Big Blue and Temblor formations Monterey Peninsula, 11, 59, 163, may be, 168, 173, 178, 181 213, 220, 263, 269, 311 "bituminous slate," 199 Montgomery Creek beds, 312 chert of, 173, 195 have some quartzose beds, 144 Coast Range "revolution" has been paper by R. Dana Russell, 124, 127 removed from, 187 Montgomery limestone, 62, 63 correlation table, 212, 214, 216, 303 Moreno Gulch, 106, 312 described by Lawson, 193 Moreno shale gas zone of Kettleman Hills is, 217 depth of Cretaceous sea during de- has few invertebrate fossils, 289 position of, 117 has well-preserved marine fauna, 290 diatom flora of, 110 in Capistrano district, Temblor Foraminifera plentiful in, 110 limestone underlies, 17 4 in section north of Coalinga, 139 in Salinas Valley, 189 silicoflagellates occur in, 110 in San Joaquin Valley, 190 type locality in Panoche Hills, 106 in Santa Cruz Mountains, 190 unconformable contact with over- Kettleman Hills oil sand, 219 lying silt, 108 lands existing during, 297, 298 Mormon formation, 72 Malaga Cove siliceous beds, 195 Mother Lode "Maricopa" formation, 190 district, Mariposa formation of, 72 Mascall flora of Oregon, Monterey in age, 299 fissure system unique among Cali­ may include beds called Santa fornia faults, 43 Margarita, 163 paper by Knopf, 18, 43, 64, 66, 95 Modelo formation includes, 178, 189 Mount Diablo Range on Santa Barbara Island, 5 paper by Anderson on, 109, 138, 166 overlies Pleistocene (photograph), Tejon fossil flora in Tesla region of, 278 134 overlies "Salinas" shale in Reliz Mount Diablo region, 312 Canyon, 175 a district of Southern Coast Ranges, paper by Chaney on Puente of, 208 11 paper by Davis on "Monterey ash beds in San Pablo formation of, Group," 196 205 paper by Galliher on stratigraphic Briones formation of, 163, 193 position of, 190 coal in San Ramon formation of, 131 paper by Hanna on, 209 correlative of Kreyenhagen in, 151 paper by Reed on post-Monterey Cretaceous conglomerate of, 101, 103 disturbance, 58, 207 Eocene in, 123, 125, 127, 130, 134

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fossils in limestone from Meganos above sea level, transition Triassic of, 130, 137 to Jurassic, 71, 75 Franciscan in conglomerate beds of, Cretaceous rocks have yielded uni­ 125 form flora, 114 Kirker and San Ramon formations faunal migration across, 161, 301, in, 148, 149 302 land area during Eocene, 142 geologic map of (reference), 40 Miocene fossils in, 208, 210 Jurassic history of, paper by Crick­ Oligocene correlation chart of, 148, may, 66, 72, 75, 76, 90, 91, 92, 150 93, 110 rocks from, paper by Woodford, 103 land low and fiatin Jurassic, 76 San Pablo formation of, 193 Laurentia, old stable land area of, 41 structure-section, 58 marine Triassic history of, 302 Mount Hamilton Range, 11, 312 Niagaran of eastern, 63 Mount Lyell, 251 Oligocene climate of, 151, 154 Mount Shasta, 26, 65, 127, 312 paper by Crickmay on Jurassic his­ Mount Toro Range, 44 tory of, 66, 72, 75, 76, 90, 91, Muletown, 132 93, 110, 281 Mulinia, 235, 236, 303 paper by Smith on Triassic marine Mya, 235, 249, 250 faunas of, 70, 301 Myriopods, Quaternary, 287 vertebrate fauna of, 162 west coast, of, dry land in Triassic, N 71 "North American Orogen," 35 Nacimiento fault, fault zone, 12, 30, North Dome, Kettleman Hills, 46, 47, 41, 113, 312 254 Napa, 112, 123, 312 Northern California Nautilus, 71 Navarro formation, 111 Domengine fauna ranges from, to San Diego, 138 Nebraskan stage, 268 Horsetown known certainly only in, Nemocardium lorenzanum, 157 14, 111 Neocomian division, 109, 110, 112 Neogene, 157 Knoxville in, 109 Neohipparion, 247, 250, 303 laminated siltstone in, 104 Neroly formation, 163, 312 paper by Lawson on geomorphogeny Nevada, 26, 226 of, 14, 255 Jurosonora in, 75, 92 paper by Russell and Vander Hoof, marine reptiles collected in, 70 Pliocene fauna of, 233 marine Triassic rocks in, 68, 75 Pliocene volcanic rocks in, 243 paper by Ball on, 65 Northern Coast Ranges, 1 paper by Merriam on marine rep- a part of, land in Eocene time, 142 tiles in, 70 Cretaceous in, 99, 109 Paleozoic sections in, 61, 65 described, 11, 13 Pleistocene lakes, 257 Eocene beds near Clear Lake in, 14, reverse type faulting in, 284 123, 125 Thousand Creek formation of, 221 fossils of Knoxville in, 14 Triassic, massive mountains in, 70 Horsetown formation in, 14, 107 Weber conglomerate of Eureka, 61 in Pliocene, 251 Nevadian orogeny, 281 Martinez and Tejon in, 123 New Idria, 173 no Paleozoic rocks known, 64 Newport, 270, 273, 312 sediments of, 188 Newport Bay, 195 youngest rocks toward south end of, Newport-Inglewood uplift, 47 274 New Zealand, 115 Niagaran, 63 Northern Franciscan Area, 30, 37 Nodosaria, 139, 175, 214, 239 considered a thrust sheet, 37 Nonion, 214, 232 deposition of Franciscan sands of, 91 Noric stage, zone, 67, 68, 302 evidence of organisms in, 93 Normanskill, 62 intrusive masses in, 82 North America map of, 28

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metamorphic rocks in small propor­ Ostrea titan, 210 tions, 84 Owens Lake, 61, 312 San Andreas fault a boundary of, 12 Owens River, 25 Nosoni formation, 63 Owens Valley, 16 Owenyo limestone, 62 u Oakdale, 99, 193, 194 p Oakland conglomerate, 118, 312 Pacifi c Oakridge, 9, 312 Beach, Pleistocene fossils from, 287, Ocala limestone, 130 288 Oceanside, 170 Beach, Pliocene beds at, 227 Ogalalla beds, 303 Coast, distribution of Cretaceous, Ojai Valley, 288, 312 111 Oil Canyon, 152 Coast formations, 121 Oil City, 108 Coast, Jurassic and Triassic, 76, 117 Olenellus, 60 Coast, paper by Dickerson on Oligo- Oligocene, Chapter VIII, 6, 7, 8, 10, cene faunas, 155 20, 38, 45, 46, 52, 106, 120, Coast, paper by Schenck and Nelson 123, 130, 131, 134, 135, 139, on limestone of, 129 145, 146, 166, 169, 177, 180, Coast, paper by Stock on Eocene 184, 245, 254, 283, 285, 287, land mammals of, 155 294, 296, 299, 303, 304 Coast, paper by Whitney on fresh- Orange County, 21 water deposits of, 198 Ordovician, 62 continent, of Haug, 76 Oregon Jurassic sea, 75 Astoria, 179 land area now submerged beneath, Blue Mountains in, 117 35, 173 Bridge Creek flora of (papers by migration across northern Pacific, Chaney), 154, 299 158, 161, 302 Condon, a pioneer geologist of, 292 slope, paper by Becker on, 104 Cretaceous in, 99, 100, 111 States, paper by Abrams on flora of, Jurassic and Triassic discordant in, 300 76 "vorland" submerged beneath, 35 Knoxville in, 109 PacificRanges, 35 lava plain in, 1, 26 Pajaro Lower Chico best known in southern, paper by Reid on igneous rocks near, 111 95 lowest Oligocene horizon of, absent Paleocene, 120, 121, 303 in California, 156 Paleozoic, 16, 21, 24, 25, 40, 42, 60, Mascall fauna of, 182, 221 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 74, 86, 94, Mascall flora of (paper by Chaney), 95, 97, 108, 142, 294 299 Palm Spring formation, 203, 312 massive mountains of, in Triassic, 70 Palo Escrito Range, 44 Oligocene climate similar to that of Panama portal, 135, 155, 161 California, 154 Panamint Valley, 257 paper by Chaney on Bridge Creek Panoche district, 156, 312 floraof, 299 Panoche formation, 106 paper by Chaney on Crooked River Panoche Hills, 11 Basin of, 154 Panoche Valley, 156 Rattlesnake formation of, 221 Panopea generosa Gld., 155 Orient, Oriental, 135, 145, 155, 158, Parapopanoceras, 301 162, 301, 302 Parahippus, 182, 213, 303 Orinda formation, 233, 303, 312 Parkfield block Orocopia Range, 190 absence of block characteristics, 55 Orogen, 35 anticlinal nature of, 56 Orohippus, 303 paper by Clark, 52 Oroville, 111 revised interpretation of, 52 Orthophragmina (Discocyclina ), 130, Paskenta Knoxville, 83, 112, 312 145 Paso Robles, 175, 189, 231, 285, 312

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Paso .Robles formation, 231, 235, 285 Pilot Knob, 44 Pawnee Creek stage, 182 Pinecate formation, 149 Peale formation, 62 Pinna, 180 Pearland quadrangle, 33 Pinole tuff, 243, 303, 313 Pecten Pinus insignis, 245 andersoni, 180, 288 Piru, 288 bower si, 180 Pit formation, 67 caurinus (Gould), 230 Placenticeras, 111 circularis Sowerby, 287, 288 Placerville Folio, 35 coalingensis, 249, 250 Planulina, 239 dilleri, 232 Platanus, 209 estrellanus, 164, 210, 288 Playa del Rey oil field, 199, 200, 263 estrellanus var. terminus, 232 Plectojrondicularia calijornica, 230, 248 healeyi, 232, 288 Pleistocene, Chapter XII, 6, 8, 10, hemphilli (Dall), 230 15, 18, 23, 25, 26, 29, 35, 38, interradiatus Gabb, 288 43, 46, 47, 152, 187, 208, 211, magnolia, 179, 180, 287, 288, 289 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, sespeensis, 179 234, 235, 238, 242, 244, 248, stearnsii, 232 249, 253, 254, 277, 278, 282, Peninsular Ranges, 1, 9 285, 286, 287, 290, 291, 294, Chico deposits on western edge of, 300, 303, 304, 305 119 Pleito formation, 148, 303, 313 Colorado Desert conglomerate like Plesippus, 247, 250, 303 that of, 237 Pliocene, Chapter XI, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, continental sediments in, 200 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, distinct during Pliocene, 251 35, 36, 38, 52, 54, 59, 106, 120, geography of, 20 121, 122, 142, 161, 162, 190, "Granitic Basement" at surface of, 195, 207, 208, 211, 221, 223, 27 226, 256, 261, 262, 267, 273, granitoid rocks in, 94, 96 276, 285, 287, 289, 290, 291, Mohave Desert an arrowhead into, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 300, 41 302, 303, 304 oldest fossils are Triassic, 65 Pliohippus, 250, 303 paper by Fairbanks on, 21 Plymouth, 43 paper by Hudson on, 21, 95 Point Arena, 14, 313 paper by Sauer on, 22, 255 Point Bonita part of land area designated Mo- paper by F. L. Ransome, 82 havia, 119 Point Conception, 118, 313 plutonic rocks of Jurassic in, 74 Point Delgada, 269, 313 San Jacinto fault crosses, 39 Point Dume, 270 volcanic rocks in, 203 Point Fermin, 199 youngest rocks toward north end of, 274 Point Gorda, 269 Pennine nappe, 37 Point Mugu, 270 Pennsylvanian formation, 29, 61, 62, Point Reyes, 13, 292, 313 63 Point Sur, 313 Perissolax, 136, 146 district, breccia of, 173 Permian, 62, 64, 91, 96, 281, 301 northern extremity, Central Fran­ Persian Gulf, 115 ciscan Area, 30 Petaluma, 13 paper by Parker D. Trask, 38, 41, Phillips Ranch fauna, 212, 221, 303 44, 173, 184 Phylloceras knoxvillensis, 111 quadrangle, Red Beds of, 174 Phylloceras onoense, 111 structure-section near, 59 Pico formation, 214, 229, 230, 231, 241, Poncho Rico formation, 231, 235, 236. 246, 248, 249, 303, 313 313 Pico group, 231, 236 Pontic, 223 Piedras Blancas Creek, 192 Portlandian, 112 Pilarcitos fault, 35, 36, 37, 42 Potem formation, 72, 313 Pilarcitos Lake, 35, 36, 313 Potrero Hills, 13

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Potter Creek Cave, 303 Folio (Diller), 15, 63, 67, 95, 117 paper by W. ]. Sinclair on, 266 lower Jurassic rocks at, 74 Procamelus, 182 no Silurian at, 65 Promerycochaerus, 155 quadrangle, Cretaceous strata not Prosthennops, 182 crushed, 118 Protylopus, 156 volcanic Triassic rocks near, 69 provinces, geologic, 1 Weaverville quadrangle west of, 63 Pseudomonotis subcircularis, 68, 302 Redding district Pterotheca, 155 Cretaceous in, 99, 117 Puente fault, 39 Devonian in, 63 Puente Hills, 212, 224, 228, 313 Lias formation in, 76 Puente formation, 188, 189, 208, 211, marine reptiles collected in (paper 212, 213, 222 by Merriam), 70 Puerco-Torrejon, 303 Modin and Potem formations (Juras­ Puget Sound, 11, 155, 304 sic) in, 72 Purisima formation, 232, 233, 248, paper by Merriam on marine reptiles 249, 254, 313 in, 70 Pleistocene fossils in caves of, 266 Q Triassic section in, 67, 69 Redondo, 270, 271, 272, 273, 313 Quailwater Creek, 288 Redrock Canyon, 191 Quaternary, 3, 26, 34, 35, 74, 135, Reed dolomite, 60 155, 179, 180, 210, 247, 260, Reef Beds of Coalinga, 171 262, 267, 274, 287, 300 Reef Ridge, 151, 177, 215, 245, 314 Quercus, 209 Reef Ridge formation, 190, 208, 235, Quinto Creek, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 236, 242, 254 313 Reeve meta-andesite, 62 Reliz Canyon R a district of Southern Coast Ranges, Radiolaria, 80, 85, 89, 90, 93, 209 11 Radiolarian chert, 81, 103, 106, 196 paper by Kleinpell on Miocene "Radiolarian mudrock," 195, 259, 261, Foraminifera in, 175 264 phosphate rock in, 198 Rancho La Brea photograph of, 10 climate of, 263, 265 "Salinas" shale in, 175 fossils at, 263, 305 Temblor beds in, 175, 177 in correlation chart, 268, 303 Repetto formation in Pleistocene, correlation, 268 a silt formation, 208, 254 oil seeps at, 258, 266 at Adams Canyon, 229, 231 paper by Frost on, 265 at San Pedro, 229, 238, 259, 261 paper by Miller on, 265 Capi6trano formation, 238 paper by Stock on, 264 correlates with Poncho Rico forma- Rand Mountains, 201, 204 tion, 231 Randsburg, 313 correlation chart, 214, 230, 231, 236, district, continental deposits of Up­ 303 per Miocene, 200, 204 fauna of, 246 district, igneous rocks, 205 glauconite from, 259 district, rocks of post-Temblor age Imperial formation and, 190 in, 175 in Fernando group, 230 quadrangle, Garlock fault across, 40 quadrangle, paper by Hulin on, 39, in Seal Beach section, 248 41, 96, 176, 200, 201, 204, 243 Jacalitos formation equivalent to, Rapana, 180 235 Rattlesnake formation, 221 not in Clark's correlation table, 249 Recent, 40, 155, 158, 210, 248, 258, of doubtful Miocene or lower Plio­ 265, 267 cene age, 254 Redding, 18, 313 type locality, 239 Carboniferous detritus at, 65 Repetto Hills, 228, 240, 314 Cottonwood Creek southwest of, 111 Reward conglomerate, 61, 62

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Ricardo, Ricardo beds, 25, 188, 200, district, Paso Robles beds of, 285 203, 211, 212, 221, 223, 303, fault-block theory awaits discoveries 304, 314 in, 59 Rimella, 136 granitic area, 37, 59, 70 Rimella simplex, 137 has thin Sedimentary Blanket, 58 Rincon area, 214 King City fault in, 43, 44 Rinconada fault, 30 limestone beds in, 175 Robinson formation, 62 marine Pliocene in, 231 Robulus, 139, 239 Miocene fossils in, 208 Rocky Mountains, 35, 75, 76, 98, 114, Miocene seas in, 186 156, 199, 292, 299, 304 Monterey and Santa Margarita in, Rosamond, 191, 221, 314 189, 206, 279 "Rosamond River," 164, 183 paper by R. D. Reed on, 58, 207 Rosamond series, 25, 204 photograph of Reliz Canyon in, 10 andesite unconformably above, 205 Pliocene in, 231 Colorado Desert nonmarine forma­ sandstone believed to be Santa Mar­ tion correlated with, 203, 237 garita from, 191 defined, 31, 221 type locality of Monterey-Santa demonstrates aridity of Upper Mio- Margarita unconformity, 206 cene, 203, 212, 223 type locality of Vaqueros, 164 deposition of, 202, 284 Vaqueros sediments in, 169, 183 described by Hulin, 200, 201, 202 Salinia, 314 faults in, 44 defined, 12, 292 formed from detritus of Mohavia, description of, 31 202, 203 detritus from, 112, 113, 278, 292 Paleozoic limestone on sedimentary in Cretaceous, 31, 92, 112, 113, 114, rocks of, 42 115, 117, 119, 292 rhyolites and diabases in, 40, 201 in Eocene, 92, 142, 146, 292 rocks of post-Temblor age in, 176 in Jurassic, 74, 86, 91, 92, 96 Tehachapi Pass faunas like those of, in Miocene, 183, 223, 292 211 in Oligocene, 160, 292 Rosebud horizon, 303 in Tertiary, 31 Rotalia beccarrii, 246 scene of great diastrophism, 284 Russia, 110, 112 Salt Creek, 140, 173 Russian River, 99, 314 Salton Sea, 1, 22, 65, 190, 314 paper by Blake (MacDougall et a!.) s on, 23, 237 by Brown, 24 Sabalites calif- ornica, 134 paper Sacramento, 35, 99, 314 Samwel Cave Sacramento River, 18, 314 paper by Furlong on, 266 Sacramento Valley, 16, 20 San Andreas fault, 13, 42, 263 Cretaceous strata in, 14, 99, 117, 119 a boundary of Northern Franciscan Eocene beds of, 125, 131 Area, 12, 30 limestone in Chico beds of, 107 a boundary of Parkfield block, 52 Marysville Buttes in, 18, 234, 261 a boundary of Salinia, 12, 113 paper by Bryan on, 20 active in pre-Pleistocene time, 262 Pliocene strata in, 234 age and history, 12 publications dealing with, 20 and Waltham Canyon "fault," 53, 55 Redding district north of, 117 Tehama formation of, 234, 285 best known California fault, 31 Tuscan tuff (Pliocene) in, 233 best known structural feature in was low during Pliocene, 251 Coast Ranges, 11 Sailor Canyon formation, 76 compared to Mother Lode fissure "Salinas" shale, 175, 177, 189, 214 system, 43 Salinas River, 269, 314 Cretaceous sea 20 miles northeast of, Salinas Valley, 314 115 a district of Southern Coast Ranges, faults that branch off from, 37, 39, 11, 12 44 district, diatoms near Bradley in, 209 Garlock fault and, 39, 40, 41

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history suggested by Kober and Montara series near, 36 others, 38 Pliocene strata near, 232, 233 horizontal displacement, 12 Pliocene trees near, 251 in region of San Francisco, 35 section from, to "Great Valley," 58 King City fault merges with, 44 Temblor in mountains east of, 173 Martinez strata along, 122 San Francisco Peninsula Montara Mountain west of, 35 Calera limestone of Franciscan on, paper by Noble on, 33, 39, 40, 41, 81, 89 257 Cretaceous and Franciscan of, need San Antonio Hills, 11, 44, 314 investigation, 292 San Augustine Canyon, 288 Mount Diablo region east of, 11 San Benito County, 149 Pilarcitos fault a thrust fault on, 36, San Bernardino County, 21 42 San Bernardino Mountains, 9, 25, Pliocene fossils of, 245 42, 64, 96, 314 Pliocene strata of, 232 San Clemente Island, 5; 8, 314 San Gabriel Canyon, 271 paper by Smith, 3 San Gabriel Mountains; 34, 314 San Diego County, 21, 141 fossils of, 64 San Diego district, 314 paper by Mason Hill on, 29, 49 Cretaceous near, 22, 98 Transverse Ranges, 9, 64 Domengine fauna ranges from San Gabriel Valley, 9 northern California to, 138 Sangamon interglacial stage, 268 Eocene beds of, 22, 125 San Jacinto fault, 39 Pliocene of, 22, 227, 228, 238, 244, San Jacinto Mountains, 20, 314 246, 249 San Joaquin Bay, 165 southern fauna still dominant in, 304 San Joaquin Clay formation, 235, 236, San Diego formation, 248, 291 242, 245, 303, 314 San Diego zone, 232 San Joaquin River, 16, 17, 18, 315 San Emigdio Canyon, 314 San Joaquin Valley, 16, 20, 213, 315 San Emigdio formation, 148, 156, 160, conglomerate bed in foothills be­ 303 tween Mount Diablo and, 101 San Emigdio Ranch, 123, 156 Cretaceous at Oadkale in northern, San Fernando Valley, 9, 314 99 San Francisco, 314 Cretaceous at Quinto Creek in earthquake, 33 northwestern, 100 faults in Miocene near Point Reyes, deep wells of, 19 north of, 44 diatomite beds of, 245 Folio (Lawson), 35, 82, 84, 87, 118, first Tejon fossils at south end of, 190, 193, 243, 251 121 fossils reported in vicinity of, 89 Kettleman Hills 1000 feet above Northern Franciscan Area, in vi­ valley floor, 46 cinity of, 37 lacustrine deposits of, 257 region, Franciscan-Knoxville contact Miocene sections in, 216 in, 86 Moreno shale in Cretaceous of, 106 region, lavas of, 82 oil districts of, 20 region, "Monterey group" of, 193, oil seeps near McKittrick in, 258, 215 266 San Andreas fault zone near, 35 Oligocene and Eocene beds missing Tomales Bay 40 miles northwest of, in, 45 31 paper by Anderson and Pack, 102, upper Chico best known from San 106, 136, 139, 172, 193 Francisco southward, 111 paper by Fox on, 43 San Francisco Bay, 1 paper by Henny on, 88 breccia in mountains east of, 173 paper by Hoots on, 133, 140 classification of Miocene in district Pliocene strata in, 19, 234, 242, 244, east of, 163 246, 253 Coast Ranges north of, 11 San Emigdio region of southern, 156 Coast Ranges south of, 64 Santa Margarita in, 190 fauna of, 217, 246 Sespe beds in south end of, 147, 148

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structural features of (paper by Fox), San Pedro, 315 43 best exposures of Pleistocene beds at, structure and history of, 18, 19, 45 256 subsidence ceased toward end of epoch, 267 Pliocene, 285 Lomita formation at, 259, 261 Tejon strata in, 123 paper by Arnold on beds of, 256, 257, Temblor formation in, 219 260, 301 Temblor Range west of, 30 paper by Galloway and Wissler, thickness of sediments in, 242 Lomita Quarry, 256 thickness of Vaqueros in, 166 submerged valleys near, 270, 273 Upper Miocene continental deposits San Pedro formation in, 188, 191 correlation table, 303 Valvulineria calijornica fauna in, 163, fossils from, 304 190, 219 in Gale's classification, 249, 268 was always enclosed during Pliocene, lies conformably on Timms Point 290 horizon, 260 was flooded in Eocene, 146 of Arnold, 260 was location of largest Pliocene sea, "San Pedro Pliocene" may be Pleis­ 251 tocene, 249 Wheeler Ridge oil field in, 199 Signal Hill fossils younger than lower San Juan Bautista, 148, 315 San Pedro, 47 San Juan Bautista formation, 149 structure-section, 259 San Juan Capistrano, see "Capistrano" San Pedro Hill(s) San Lorenzo formation, 315 a low island during Lomita time, 260 first California Oligocene fossils breccias of San Onofre type in, 171 from, 149 diatoms, diatomaceous formations Foraminifera from, 154 of, 209 in correlation chart, 148, 303 exposure of Franciscan series, 31 in Santa Cruz Mountains, 148, 149, member of Channel Islands, 8 154, 156 Miocene siliceous shale of, 195 paper by Arnold on, 149 Pleistocene beds in, 256, 259, 262, paper by Clark on, 151 264 San Ramon fauna similar to fauna Pliocene at, 228, 238, 239, 240, 249 of, 156 Repetto formation of, 229, 238, 239 time of deposition of, 158 structure-section, 259 San Luis Folio, 118 San Pedro Point, 35 San Luis Obispo, 89, 107, 118, 189, 288, San Pedro Valley, 315 315 San Rafael Mountains, 11, 99, 142, San Luis quadrangle, 89 160, 183, 251, 293, 315 San Marcos Pass, 10 San Rafael Strait, 164, 165 San Miguel, 44, 315 San Ramon formation, 148, 156, 157, San Miguel Island, 5, 6, 122, 148, 315 315 San Nicolas Island, 5, 8, 122, 315 San Timoteo formation, 303 San Onofre breccia Santa Ana Bay, 165, 166 breccia of Point Sur district similar Santa Ana Mountains, 20, 22, 315 to, 173 Cretaceous on flanks of, 98, 99 Capistrano Temblor like, 169 Elsinore fault along scarp of, 39 deposit compared to fanglomerate, Eocene beds of, 122, 125, 126 184 granite intrusion of Triassic in, 30 Franciscan rocks in, 84 94 paper by Woodford on, 3, 102, 126, Lower Chico best known in, 111 166, 168, 170, 184, 194, 238 Martinez and later Eocene beds in, paper by Woodford and Bailey on 122 continuation of, 171 paper by Rankin on, 68, 70, 100, Temblor limestone overlies, 174 103, 166 San Onofre Mountain, 170, 315 paper by Woodford on, 3, 102, 125, San Pablo Group, 163 166, 168, 170, 184, 194, 238 San Pablo formation, 163, 193, 194, schists equivalent to those in, 21 203, 205, 210, 215, 278, 315 Trabuco conglomerate of, 100

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Triassic fossils collected in, 68 crystalline limestone and schist in, Triassic sedimentary rocks of, 7 64 Vaqueros in, 168, 169 Eocene in, 124 Santa Barbara, 51, 315 Franciscan limestone in, 82 angular discordance at, Santa Bar- Monterey. formation in, 190 bara-Sespe formations, 244 paper by Haehl and Arnold on Bath House Beach at, 238 Miocene diabase of, 206 coastal plain, 9 Pliocene fossils of, 245 County, "clay shale" member of Pliocene strata of, 232, 249 Miocene in, 179 Oligocene San Lorenzo formation in, County, distribution of Sespe in, 147 148, 149, 154, 156, 158 County, Modelo in, 199 volcanic rocks with Miocene in, 205 district, diatoms in, 209 Santa Fe Springs, 228, 316 district, Franciscan in conglomerate Santa Lucia Mountains, 316 beds of, 125 a district of Southern Coast Ranges, district, Miocene seas in, 186 11, 12 district, phosphate rock in, 198 Cretaceous in, 99 district, Temblor in, 171, 177 crystalline limestone and schist in, 64 earthquake, paper by Bailey Willis, Eocene in, 124 50 fault in, described by Trask, 44 embayment, 165, 166 land during Pliocene, 251 Eocene in mountains north of, 122 section across, 59 Monterey shale, 189, 192 Slate's Springs district in, 8!3 paper by Mason Hill on faulting Temblor of Sur region in, 173 near, 51 Santa Lucia series, 64 Pliocene, 268 Santa Margarita formation, Sespe west of, 148 a division of Upper Miocene beds, zone, 232 164, 189 Santa Barbara formation, 244, 248, angular discordance at base of, 206 249, 254, 268, 278, 293, 304 ash beds in, near Coalinga, 205 Santa Barbara Islands, 5, 6, 70, 267, Coast Range "revolution" has been 315 removed from, 187 Santa Catalina, see "Catalina" correlation table, 212, 214, 216, 303 Santa Clara fault, 42 described, 191 Santa Clara formation, 249 diatomite, 190, 192 Santa Clara River Valley, 9, 229, 249, fossils from, 182, 224, 288 315 Harris formation may be equivalent Santa Clara Valley, 9, 315 to, 189 Santa Cruz, 316 in Coalinga district, 190, 212, 215, Bay, 165 242, 279 district, Vaqueros in, 166, 169, 183 in Kreyenhagen Hills section, 236 Folio, by Branner, Newsom, and in Santa Cruz Mountains, 190 Arnold, 205 in Salinas Valley, 189 Pilarcitos fault, 36 Malaga Cove beds are Santa Mar­ Santa Cruz Island, 7, 316 garita in age, 195 breccias of San Onofre type on, 171 "Maricopa" formation, 190 Eocene on, 122 may be feldspathic where volcanics fossils from, 288 are absent, 194 granite intrusion of Triassic (?) may represent Neroly formation, 163 schist on, 5, 30 megafauna, 210 paper by Rand on, 3, 68 mollusks in Temblor Range, 217 schists equivalent to those in Santa Monterey contact, 206, 207, 217, 279 Ana Mountains, 68 on Santa Rosa Island, 6 similar to Santa Rosa, 6 petrology of, 191 submerged valley near, 270 San Pablo equivalent of, 193, 194 Santa Cruz Mountains, 316 seas, 224 a district of Southern Coast Ranges, similar to Moreno shale, 106 11 type locality of, 189 correlation chart of Oligocene in, 148 vulcanism associated with, 284

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Santa Margarita (town), 191, 192, 316 Santa Ynez Mountains, 9, 10, 13, 57, Santa Maria district, 316 316 a district of Southern Coast Ranges, boundary of Central Franciscan 11 Area, 30 angular discordance in hills of, 206 Coldwater sandstone and "Turritella columnar section by Clark, 231, 232 variata" zone in, 141 diatomite of, 188, 209, 245 Cozy Dell shale and Matilija sand­ Franciscan detritus in, 169 stone of, 141 Harris formation in, 189 fault-blocks of, 50, 51, 56 Pliocene in, 231, 232 furnished detritus to sea in Pliocene, Vaqueros thin or absent from , 166 251 volcanics interbedded with Miocene paper by Kerr and Schenck on, 134 in, 205 paper by Woodring on Foraminifera Santa Monica Bay, 165, 316 from, 130 Santa Monica Mountains photograph, 120, 134, 238 bituminous shale in, 199 Santa Ynez Coast, 165 Cretaceous in, 10, 98 Sespe beds in, 148 flora of, Pleistocene, 265 supposed block characteristics dis­ granite intrusion of Triassic (?) appearing, 51 schist, 30, 69 Turritella variata beds of, 141, 148, islands similar to, 57 158 local folds in, 208, 284 Santa Ynez River, 56, 129, 192 Martinez formation in, 122, 128, Sant Ynez Valley, 57, 192 131 Saugus formation, 249, 285, 316 Miocene fossils in, 208, 217, 219 Schizaster lecontei Merriam, 288 Modelo formation of, 217 Schizaster martinezensis Kew, 289 paper by Hoots on, 69, 128, 131, Schloenbachia, Ill 178, 199, 208, 217 Schloenbachia oregonensis, 111 phosphate rock in, 199 Schumann formation, 232 phyllite of, intruded by granitoid Scutella fairbanksi, 179, 180, 288 rock, 69 Scutella merriami, 180, 288, 289 schists equivalent to those in Santa Scutella vaquerosensis, 180 Ana Mountains, 68 Seal Beach, 228, 248, 316 Sespe beds in, 147 Sedimentary Blanket, 27, 31, 58, Temblor formation in, 166, 171 274, 275, 281 Topanga formation in, 177 Senonian stage, 111 Transverse Ranges, 9 Sequoia, 300 volcanic rocks in, 175 Sespe Creek, 148, 316 Santa Paula formation, 229, 230, 231, Sespe formation 236, 316 a desert period, 293 Santa Rosa (City), 13, 233, 245, 251, angular discordance with Santa 316 Barbara formation, 244 Santa Rosa Island, 316 correlation table, 214, 303 deposited by westward-flowing Eocene on, 5, 122 streams, 160 formations of, 6 Eocene land mammals from, 136, fossils of, 6, 192, 288 156 Miocene on, 192 fossil vertebrates of, 158, 181 Oligocene on, 6, 148 Franciscan chert pebbles in, 160 paper by Kew, 3, 6 has few invertebrate fossils, 289 Santa Cruz similar to, 7 in correlation of Oligocene, 148, 161 Upper Miocene sandstones thick on, in Ojai Valley, 150 192 in Simi Valley, 150, 304 Vaqueros on, 6, 166, 169, 183 indicates exceptional weathering con­ work by Seymour on, 3 ditions, 151 Santa Rosa Mountains, 20, 316 lies above Eocene, below Miocene, Santa Susana Range, 9, 10, 316 147 Santa Susana shale, 141 maximum thickness in Ventura Santa Susana thrust, 42 County, 148

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paper by Gianella on, 150 granitoid masses intrude Mariposa paper by Reed on, 150 slate in, 21, 94 paper by Stock on Sespe deposits of igneous and metamorphic rocks of, South Mountain, 155, 176 95, 96, 97, 101, 127, 203, 282 type locality, 147 included in Pacific Ranges, 35 Vaqueros-Sespe contact, 176 Jurassic batholith of, 40 Sharktooth Hill Jurassic rocks of, 72, 74, 281 paper by Hanna on diatoms of, 179 land area in Cambrian, 65 Shasta-Chico series, 108 lava flows of, 261 Shasta County, 99, 111, 316 Lias volcanic rocks in, 76 Shasta flora may contain granitoid rocks of two paper by Fontaine on, 48, 109 ages, 95 Shasta group, 112 metamorphism accompanied uplift Shasta Valley, 99, 125 of, 66, 282 Shell Williams well, 242, 316 mineral deposits of, 282 Shoo Fly formation, 62 Mineral King in, 64 Siberia, 301 Mohave Desert an arrowhead into, Sierra Blanca limestone, 129, 131, 14.5, 41 316 moraines, 267 Sierra de Los Angeles, 1, 9 Mother Lode fissure system of, 43 Sierra de Salinas, 44, 316 no Franciscan outcrop, 30 Sierra Madre, 9 nothing older than Carboniferous in, Sierra Nevada, 1, 24, 25, 26, 43, 50 65 a distinct mountain chain in Plio­ paper by Blackwelder on, 258, 267 cene, 250 paper by Cloos on, 18 a westward-tilted block, 16, 48 paper by Diller on, 42, 62, 63, 65, 66 affected by Permian volcanic period, paper by Hake on, 43, 250, 251 281 papers by Knopf on, 18, 26, 42, 43, age of faults of, 17 60, 61, 64, 66, 95 an asymmetrical basement fold (Ar­ paper by Lindgren on, 18, 132, 133 gand), 46 paper by Louderback on, 41, 193 articles on, 18 paper by Miller on, 42 bedrock complex, western slope of, paper by Taliaferro on, 85, 97 85 paper by Turner on, 18, 95, 203 Callovian formation in Gold Belt of, papers by Turner and others, 35, 95 76 part of land area designated Mo- Chico overlaps on western flank of, havia, 119 111 plutonic rocks of, are post-Kim­ continental sediments in, 200 meridgian, 77 Cordilleran revolution, effect on, 75, quartz diorite and associated rocks 87 of, 93 Cretaceous ocean reached western quartz porphyry in Calaveras base of, 117, 119 County in, 101 Cretaceous erosion, 117 rigid block, 29 Cretaceous rocks in, 17, 109, 117, rivers of, 16 119, 286 rocks of, 16, 65 description of, 15 Sailor Canyon formation of Colfax Eocene auriferous gravels of, 132 region in, 76 Eocene outcrops north of Fresno in, San Pablo formation west or south- 124, 125 west of, 193, 194 Eocene swamps along western flank sequoias in, during Pliocene, 251 of, 146 �tructure, 274 foothills, folds of, 109 Taliaferro discusses two periods of fossiliferous Cretaceous sandstones compression in, 97 in, 286 Taylorsville district at north end of, fossils of, 67, 112, 131, 134, 208, 211, 62 245, 286 Tejon, fossil flora best known in, 134 glacial deposits of, 17 Temblor age, rocks of, 175 Granitic Basement, 19, 27, 86 underlain by Calaveras, 63

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uplift of, 66, 286 youngest marine terraces along coast vulcanism in, 281, 283, 284 of, 47 yields few Triassic fossils, 68 Southern Coast Ranges, 1, 11, 12, 64, youngest rocks near north end of, 274 66, 94, 99, 198, 274, 292 Sierra Nevada fault, 42 Southern Franciscan Area, 28, 30, location, 41 31, 82, 84, 93 papers by G. D. Louderback, Knopf, South Mountain, 42 Diller and Miller, 41, 42 complex anticline in South Moun­ Sierran epoch, 267 tain-Santa Susana chain, 42 Signal Hill, 47, 228, 256 district, paper by Pressler on, 257 Silicofiagellata, 110 paper on Sespe deposits of, by Ches­ Silurian, 61, 62, 63, 65 ter Stock, 155, 176 Silver Peak group, 62 South Santa Ynez fault Simi Hills, 10, 98, 316 paper by Bailey Willis, 49, 50, 51 Simi Valley Southwest Strait, 165 fossils of, 181 Stanford University, 173, 205, 287 Las Llajas formation and Santa Stanislaus County, 193 Susana shale of, 141 State Mining Bureau map, VIII, 99, Martinez in, 122 276 Meganos fauna recognized by Clark Stephanopyxis, 154 in, 138 Sterculia, 115 paper by Woodring on Pliocene of, Strepsidura, 136, 146 228 Strombus, 136 Sespe in, 136, 304 Subalpinian, Subapenninian, 157 Transverse Ranges, 9 Subhyracodon, 155 Vaqueros-Sespe contact in, 176 submerged valleys, paper by Davidson volcanic rocks in Sespe of, 150 on, 3 Siphogenerina, 110 Summerland district Siphogeneroides, 110 paper by Ralph Arnold on, 177 Siphonalia sutterensis, 137 Sunset district, 316 Siskiyou embayment, 131 folds in, 109 Slate's Springs district, 316 paper by Arnold and Johnson, on base of Franciscan incorrectly inter­ McKittrick-Sunset region, 177 preted, 86 Surculites, 146 fossils now appear to be Cretaceous, Sur district, 11, 38, 317 89 Sur series, 64, 68, 82, 85, 86, 91, 94, paper by Nomland and Schenck, 89 281 Snake Creek, 303 Sur thrust, 42 Solano County, 13 boundary Central Franciscan Area, Sonoma tuff, 303 30 paper by Trask on, 38, 41, 44, 173, Sonoran, 264 184 Sonoran geanticline, 75, 76 Sutter County, 288, 317 South America, 162, 302 Sweets Ranch (Contra Costa County), Southern California 289 Chico in, 119 coast, water temperature of, 291 "continental shelf" of, 1, 3, 9, 31 T correlation chart, 230, 231, 303 Taft, 20, 317 Eocene in, 122 Tamiosoma gregaria, 210 Eocene marine basis of, 144 Tar Canyon, 240 geology, and Los Angeles earth­ Taylor meta-andesite, 62 quakes (Hill), 9, 39, 51 Taylorsville formation, 62, 63 paper by Lawson on post-Pliocene Taylorsville region, 317 diastrophism of, 3, 255 Callovian formation in, 76 pre-Mariposa granitoid rocks in Jurassic rocks of, 74 mountains of, 95 Lias formation in, 76 Pliocene correlation chart, 230, 231 Mormon, Bicknell, Hinchman, and rifts of (W. M. Davis), 39 Thompson formations, 72

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Paleozoic section in, 62 widespread in San Joaquin Valley, paper by Diller, 42, 62, 63, 65, 66 123 Redding district northwest of, 63 Tejon, Fort, see "Fort Tejon" Silurian and Devonian in, 65 Tejon Pass, 16, 39, 317 Triassic rocks of, 67, 69 Tejon Ranch, 20, 122, 123, 141, 317 Tecuya beds, 181, 303, 304, 317 Temblor formation, 317 Tehachapi, 25 a stage of Monterey group of Mio- Tehachapi Pass, 24, 317 cene, 163 land mammal fossils of, 211, 212 a stage of Lower Miocene, 164 (paper by Buwalda) base of Miocene, 55, 163 Tehachapi Range, 39, 190 beds considered Oligocene are earlier Tehachapi Valley System than, 161 paper by Lawson on, 43 Catalinia submerged before Temblor Tehama County, 112 time, 293 Tehama formation, 234, 285, 303, 317 correlation table, 212, 214, 216, 303 Tejon formation, 317 detritus from Franciscan in, 87, 168 area of maximum thickness of, 123 folds and faults, 178 bentonite interbedded with, 133 fossils of, 130, 178, 179, 180, 181, Clark proposes new subdivisions of, 219, 288, 289 137, 140 has well-preserved marine fauna, 290 classification of, proposed by in Bakersfield district, 17 4, 178, 179 Schenck, 141 in Capistrano district, 166, 169, 170, comparison of Martinez and, 145 176 correlation table, 214, 303 in Coalinga district, 55, 152, 153, described by Anderson and Pack, 139 166, 171, 172, 177, 188, 279, discussion of use of the term, 122, 303 140, 141 in Devils Den district, 176, 177, 178 Domengine member of, 138 in Salinas Valley, 189 early Tejon a humid period, 144 in Santa Barbara district, 166, 171, Eocene map is inaccurate for any 198 single stage of, 296 Kettleman Hills, 217 eroded edges of, truncated by limestone of, 174 "Vaqueros" (Temblor), 152 Mascall flora of Oregon, Temblor in fauna characterized by Caribbean age, 299 forms, 161, 302 Modelo includes, 189 fossil flora of, 134 Monterey contact, 217 fossils from, 121, 122, 130, 134, 135, Monterey type, 175 287 of Oil Canyon, first called "Va- Martinez overlian by, in Simi Val- queros," 152 ley, 122 of Sur region, 173 Martinez unconformity, 108 overlaps Oligocene and Eocene, 177 Oligocene faunas differ from, 161 phosphate rock in "clay shale" paper by Anderson and Hanna on, series of, 198 140 San Ramon fauna different from, paper by Anderson and Pack on, 102, 156, 157 106, 136, 139, 172, 193 shale crumpling on Coalinga anti- paper by Dickerson on, 136, 137, 145 cline not pre-Temblor, 152 recognized by early investigators, Sierra Blanca older than, 131 121, 136 stratigraphic classification of, 182 (restricted), to beds exposed near structure of, 153, 176 Grapevine Creek, 140, 141, 303 Topanga formation equivalent of, sandy conglomerate of, near Clear 177 Lake, 126 type locality along Cameros Creek, stages recognized by Turritella, 136 166 type locality of, 121 type Temblor, age of, 213 type samples differ from Coalinga volcanic rocks associated with, 175, Eocene, 127 284 underlies Vaqueros in Santa Ana water cooler in Monterey time than Mountains, 168 in, 210

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Temblor Range, 317 limestones of, 64 a boundary of Northern Franciscan nothing older than Carboniferous in, Area, 30 65 a district of Southern Coast Ranges, origin of name, 9 11 paper by Woodford and Harris on, Cretaceous in, 99, 283 42, 64, 95, 203 diatoms in Miocene beds of, 208, photograph of area in, 8 209 Salinia lay north of, 113 "Maricopa" formation in, 190 San Bernardino Mountains a mem­ McKittrick seep in foothills of, 266 ber of, 25 photograph of area in, 208 southern boundary of Central Fran- San Andreas fault zone, west of, 12 ciscan Area, 30 "Santa Margarita" diatomite in, 190, Valvulineria calijornica fauna in, 190 192, 217 vulcanism in, 284 structural history revealed on eastern youngest rocks near west end of, 274 flanks of, 283 Triassic, Chapter IV, 7, 8, 15, 16, 21, type locality of Temblor in 166, 183 24, 30, 62, 65, 66, 75, 76, 86, Valvulineria californica in, 211 91, 92, 94, 95, 276, 281, 294, "Tequepis" member, 192, 317 301, 302 Tertiary, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Trigonia, 136 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 34, 35, Trinacria, 110 38, 40, 46, 49, 50, 52, 58, 59, Trinidad, 111 80, 93, 95, 96, 103, 108, 114, Trinity River, 317 120, 121, 128, 131, 134, 135, Trophon, 180, 210 146, 147, 149, 155, 156, 157, Trophoscyon nodiferum (Gabb), 230 158, 163, 168, 177, 179, 180, Tropites subbullatus, 302 182, 186, 189, 190, 193, 194, Tulare formation, 46, 234, 235, 236, 203, 207, 210, 212, 227, 235, 242, 249, 254, 285 238, 241, 244, 247, 249, 254, Tulare Lake, 19, 20, 317 260, 262, 277, 278, 283, 292, Tumion, 300 293, 296, 300 Tuolumne group, 30, 85, 86, 91, 95, Tesla region, 134 96, 113 Tetrabelodon, 182 Tuolumne River, 16, 193, 318 Testudo, 213 Turbinolia, 137 Texas, 110, 111 Turonian, 111 Thompson formation, 72 Turritella, 136, 180, 210 Thousand Creek formation, 221 andersoni, 136 Thracia trapezoidea, 155 applini, 136, 139 Thyasira bisecta, 155 buwaldana, 136, 139 Timms Point, 256, 261, 317 carrisaensis Anderson and Martin, Timms Point formation, 260, 261, 267, 288 268, 303 cooperi, 287, 288 Tirolites, 301 Tithonian formation, 77, 90, 91 imperialis Hanna, 288 Tomales Bay, 31, 246, 317 inezana, 163, 164, 179, 180, 214, Topanga area, 214, 317 288, 289 Topanga formation, 177, 178, 212, 214 infragranulata, 136 Torrey Canyon, 288 meganosensis, 136 Trabuco conglomerate, 100, 103, 317 merriami, 136 Transverse Ranges, 1, 9, 11, 24 pachecoensis, 136, 288, 289 Channel Islands, a part of, 5 ocoyana, 163, 164, 180, 217, 219, 288, continental sediments in, 200 289 Cretaceous in area north of, 99 reversa, 136 description of, 9 soledadensis, 136 glaciation of, 273 uvasana Conrad, 288 granitoid rocks in, 94 uvasana var. Kewi, 136 great Cretaceous folds limited to, variata, 130, 131, 141, 148, 158 109 Tuscan tuff, 233 Laurentia causally related to, 41 Twenty-Nine Palms, 25, 203

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u type locality in Salinas Valley, 10, 164 "Uinta C" horizon, 156, 303, 304 underlain by San Lorenzo in Santa Upper Mulinia zone, 235, 236 Cruz Mountains, 158 Upper San Pedro, 268 "Vaqueros" of Arnold and Anderson Upper Sonoran, 264 is Kreyenhagen shale, 152, 153 Ural portal, 301 "Vaqueros Gulf," 164, 165 Utah, 125, 257 Velasco formation, 111 Uvigerina, 232, 239 Venericardia, 121, 136 Uvigerina n. sp. hornii Gabb, 139 ( U. aff.tenuistriata Reuss), 230 planicosta, 146, 180 Uvigerina peregrina Cushman, 230 Venice oil field, see "Playa del Rey" Ventura, 318 v anticline, 255 Vacaville, 13, 14, 318 Bay, 165 Vallecitos, 318 Big Sespe Creek, north of, 192 County, Adams Canyon in, 208 Valle Grande, 44, 52, 100 Valley of California, 193 County, "clay shale" member of "Valley River," 183 Miocene in, 179 Valvulineria calijornica, 163, 164, 189, County, Clark's correlation chart of 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220 formations in, 249 Vancouver Island, 299 County, fossils from, 288 Vaquero Canyon, 10, 11, 318 County, Modelo formation in, 199 Vaqueros formation County, paper by Kew on, 42, 229, a desert period, 293 257 a stage of Lower Miocene, 163, 164 County, paper by Stock on Sespe in, beds considered Oligocene earlier 155 than, 161 County, Sespe in, 147, 148, 155 contact with Sespe in Simi Valley, Eocene in mountains north of, 122 176 maximum Pliocene section near, 229, correlation table, 212, 214, 303 233 difference between San Ramon fauna paper by Cartwright on Pica forma­ and, 156, 157 tion in Ventura quadrangle, folds and faults, 178 241 fossils of, 178, 179, 181, 288, 289 quadrangle, Tejon 11,900 feet thick in Capistrano district, 166, 168, 169, in, 123 176 Santa Monica Mountains between in Gabilan Range (paper by Kerr Los Angeles and, 175 and Schenck), 149 Simi Valley near, 122 in Salinas Valley, 189 Ventura Basin, 13 in Santa Cruz district, 169 correlation of Oligocene in, 148 in Santa Maria district, 166 correlation of Pliocene in, 236 in Ventura Basin, 164 faults said to be dominant over fold- map of, showing Loel and Corey's ing in, 48 ideas, 165, 297, 298 foraminiferal zones in, 248 Modelo includes, 189 marine Pleistocene beds in, 256, 262 of Santa Rosa Island, 6, 166, 169, mollusk fauna of, 219, 228 183 Oligocene in, 148 overlain by "Salinas" shale in Reliz Pica group of, 236 Oanyon, 175 Pliocene of, 228, 229, 233, 236, 238, paper by Kerr and Schenck on, 149 241, 244, 249, 253, 285 stratigraphic classification, 182 Pliocene fossils of, 251 study and map of, 164, 165, 179, 183, similar to San Joaquin Valley, 45 227 subsidence during Pliocene, 285 study by Woodford, 168 Tertiary section, 10 Temblor of Oil Canyon called unconformities of, 262 "Vaqueros," 152 Vaqueros deposits of, from Mohavia, thickest east of "La Panza Island," 164 164 was floodedduring Pliocene, 253

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Ventura district "Weber" conglomerate, 61 conglomerate in, 125 Wheeler Ridge oil field, 199, 318 detritus in, 243 White Creek syncline, 235 distribution of Sespe in, 147 White Pine shale, 62 Miocene seas in, 186 White River Oligocene, 156, 158, 303, paper by Kew on, 42, 229, 231, 257 304 thrust faults in, 42 Whitneyella martinez Gabb, 139 Virgulina, 232 Whittier, 228, 318 Virgin Valley fauna, 182 Whittier fault, 39 Volcanic Blanket, 274 Wildcat beds, 243 Voluta (Miopleionia), 155 Wildcat country, 318 "Vorland," 35 Wisconsin stage, 268

w y Yarmouth interglacial stage, 268 Wagonwheel Mountain, 177 Ynez Island, 165, 166 Walker formation, 214 Yosemite, 318 Waltham Canyon fault, 52, 55, 108, 318 paper by Matthes on, 18, 251, 255, Warner Range, 26, 318 258, 268 Yukon Basin, 75 Warner's Hot Springs district, 318 Yuma, 23 paper by Sauer on, 22, 255 Wasatch formation, 303, 304 Washington, 133, 156 z Weaverville quadrangle, 61, 63, 318 Zapata Creek, 240

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