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Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin

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Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Jared VanMeter West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation VanMeter, Jared, "Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 634. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/634 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Jared VanMeter Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology Richard Smosna, Ph.D., Chair Kathy Bruner, Ph.D. Tim Carr, Ph.D. Department of Geology and Geography Morgantown, West Virginia 2013 Keywords: Marcellus, Petroleum, Sequence Stratigraphy Copyright 2014 Jared VanMeter ABSTRACT Regional Mapping and Reservoir Analysis of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin Jared VanMeter The main purpose of this investigation is to define the distribution of organic-rich facies of the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The analysis is based on well-log data, primarily gamma-ray (the most common and best calibrated) and bulk-density logs (where available). Detailed log analysis has been performed to normalize the logs and define key indicators of reservoir quality. Stratigraphic correlations have been conducted to trace key formation across the study area. The following maps were generated over the study area. Isopach maps of the Mahantango Shale, Marcellus Shale, Oatka Creek Member, Cherry Valley and Union Springs Member. These maps show the stratigraphic thicknesses of the various formations and members. Net thickness maps of the Marcellus Shale where the gamma-ray < 100 API and gamma-ray is between 100-180 API. The gamma-ray < 100 API map shows the thickness of the various limestone intervals within the Marcellus. The paleography of these intervals represents carbonate shoals along the basin margin (north and west) and over the peripheral bulge. The gamma-ray map between 100-180 API shows the net thickness of calcareous shale and gray shale. These intervals represent the shallow muddy sea above the thermocline. Net thickness maps of the Marcellus Shale where the gamma-ray >180 API, > 200 API, > 250 API, and > 300 API. These maps show the thickness and distribution of shale with different organic-richness within the Marcellus. The paleography of these shale intervals was the deep basin below the thermocline. These maps show the location of the better reservoir. Average gamma-ray over the Marcellus interval. This map shows the average gamma-ray value for the Marcellus Shale across the basin. The map can be used as an indication of the highest average organic-richness of the Marcellus Shale, and is best used in conjunction with the net thickness maps by comparing the thickest portion of the various maps and where they may overlap regionally. Net thickness maps of the Marcellus Shale where the bulk-density < 2.55 g/cc, < 2.4 g/cc, and < 2.35 g/cc. These maps show various reservoir quality grades of organic-richness (where lower density equals higher quality). Isopach Maps of stratigraphic sequences and their systems tracts in the Marcellus Shale. Thin Transgressive Systems Tracts equal a condensed section, whereas thick Regressive Systems Tracts equal a major clastic influx. These observations and others portrayed on this new series of maps provide a better understanding of the exploratory development of the Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian Basin. By using all of these maps in conjunction, the best target areas for oil and gas exploration can be identified and exploited. The sequence stratigraphic maps can be used for regional correlations and to develop target zones within the Marcellus Shale. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express appreciation and thanks to my advisor Dr. Richard Smosna, you have been a tremendous mentor for me and an inspiration in my work. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a Geologist. Your advice on my research as well as on my career has been priceless. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Kathy Bruner, and Dr. Tim Carr. Thank you both for listening to my defense, and for your brilliant comments and suggestions on my thesis. I would especially like to thank all the faculty and staff of the Geology Department at WVU. You all have helped mold me into the professional that I am today. I would like to give a special thank you to the National Energy Technology Laboratories in Morgantown WV for funding my research and providing the data therein. I am very thankful that they allowed me to put this research into thesis format. I would also like to thank all of my friends who supported me in writing, and encouraged me to strive towards finishing. A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my mother-in law, Johnnie and my late father-in-law Fred. Fred, you may not be able to see me graduate like you wanted, but you will always be there in spirit. I would like to thank my mother and father, Kristi and Guy for all of the sacrifices that you’ve made on my behalf. You both were my guiding light and I couldn’t have done it without you. At the end I would like express appreciation to my beloved wife Katie VanMeter who was there from beginning to end through the thick and thin. Who spent her evenings helping me search for data and digitizing logs on my behalf. There is no level of thanks that could express all of my gratitude for this! i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………… I LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………… IV INTRODUCTION…..…………………………………………………………………… 1 MIDDLE DEVONIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF THE APPALACHIAN BASIN……… 3 DEPOSITIONAL SETTING OF THE MARCELLUS AND MAHANTANGO FROMATIONS………………………………………………………………………… 15 AREA OF INVESTIGATION…………………………………………………………… 21 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION…….……………………………………………… 23 ISOPACH MAPS………………………………………………………………………… 28 MARCELLUS SHALE ISOPACH.…………………………………………………… 28 UNION SPRINGS MEMBER ISOPACH……………………………………… 33 CHERRY VALLEY MEMBER ISOPACH…………………………………… 35 OATKA CREEK MEMBER ISOPACH………………………………………… 37 MAHANTANGO FORMATION ISOPACH…………………………………… 39 STRATIGRAPHIC CROSS SECTIONS...……………………………………………… 41 A-A’ CROSS SECTION………………………………………………………… 43 B-B’ CROSS SECTION………….……………………………………………… 45 C-C’ CROSS SECTION………………………………………………………… 47 D-D’ CROSS SECTION………………………………………………………… 49 E-E’ CROSS SECTION…..……………………………………………………… 51 F-F’ CROSS SECTION………………………………………………………… 53 G-G’ CROSS SECTION..……………………………………………………… 55 ii H-H’ CROSS SECTION..……………………………………………………… 57 I-I’ CROSS SECTION.………………………………………………………… 59 J-J’ CROSS SECTION…………………………………………………………… 62 PETROLEUM RESERVOIR MAPS …………………………………………………… 65 GAMMA RAY ISOPACH MAPS……………………………………………… 65 BULK-DENSITY ISOPACH MAPS…..………………………………………… 79 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY………………………………………………………… 85 TRANSGRESSIVE REGRESSIVE SEQUENCE 1…………………………… 89 TRANSGRESSIVE REGRESSIVE SEQUENCE 2 ...………………………… 95 TRANSGRESSIVE REGRESSIVE SEQUENCE 3..…………………………… 101 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………… 107 SEDIMENTOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY, AND DEPOSITIONAL SETTING.. 107 PETROLEUM ISOPACH MAPS……………………………………………… 112 COMPARISON OF GAMMA-RAY NAD BULK-DENSITY ISOPACH MAPS 118 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY………………………………………………… 121 CONCLUSIONS...……………………………………………………………………… 125 REFERENCES.………………………………………………………………………… 128 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Isopach map of the Hamilton Group……………………………………………. 6 Figure 2A. Hamilton Group Stratigraphy for New York and northern Pennsylvania……. 9 Figure 2B. Hamilton Group Stratigraphy for southern Pennsylvania and West Virginia… 9 Figure 3. Isopach map of Mahantango Shale……………………………………………. 11 Figure 4. Isopach map of Tully Limestone………………………………………………. 14 Figure 5. Study Area……………………………………………………………………. 22 Figure 6. Location of data control points……………………………………………….. 24 Figure 7. Index line map for cross sections with total well spots……………………….. 26 Figure 8. Isopach map of Marcellus Shale………………………………………………. 29 Figure 9. Growth fault Rom Trough map………………………………………………… 30 Figure 10. Map of major basement faults and lineaments………………………………… 32 Figure 11. Isopach map of the Union Springs Member of the Marcellus Shale………….. 34 Figure 12. Isopach map of the Cherry Valley Member of the Marcellus Shale………… 36 Figure 13. Isopach map of the Oatka Creek Member of the Marcellus Shale…………….. 38 Figure 14. Isopach map of the Mahantango Shale………………………………………... 40 Figure 15. Regional map showing the locations
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