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Sikkim University The Madheshi Question in Nepal: Implications for India-Nepal Relations A Dissertation Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy By Rasik Rai Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences February 2017 Gangtok 737102 INDIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A note of gratitude to a number of people, whose genuine support and encouragements made this dissertation a successful work. The dissertation began and ended with the dedicated guidance and enormous help of my supervisor Mr. Ph. Newton Singh. Sir, without whom it would be almost impossible for the completion of the same. I would like to express my heartiest thankfulness and acknowledge him for the guidance and enduring support he bestowed upon me throughout. I also express my sincere thanks to the faculty members of my Department (International Relations), Dr. Manish, Dr. Teiborlang and Dr. Sebastian N. for their valuable suggestions. One of the major resources throughout the dissertation writing has been the library of Sikkim University and Central Library of Sikkim. Therefore, I am thankful to all the concerned authorities of these libraries who provided me access to the library and procure relevant materials during the course of my research. In the end, I extend my thanks to the entire family members especially papa, friends and relatives who believed on me. It was indeed their constant support, encouragement and patience which contributed at large in the process of this research. Rasik Rai Lists of Abbreviation ACHR : Asian Center for Human Rights BCNs : Brahimin-Chhetri-Newar CBS : Central Bureau of Statistics CHHEM : Caste Hill Hindu Elite Males CPN : Communist Party of Nepal CSC : Conflict Study Center DDC : District Development Committee FNCCI : Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce And Industry ICG : International Crisis Groups ISAS : Institute of South Asian Studies INSEC : Informal Sector Service Center JTMM : Janatantrik Tarai Mukti Morcha LeT : Lashkar-e-Taiba JTMM(JS) : Janatantrik Tarai Mukti Morcha (Jwala Singh) MJF : Madhesi Jana Adhikari Forum MRMM : Madhesi Rastriya Mukti Morcha NC : Nepali congress NDHS : Nepal Demographic and Health Survey MPRF : Madhesi People’s Right Forum NEFA : North-East Frontier Agency PRIO : The Peace Research Institute Oslo SAHR : South Asians for Human Rights SSB : Seema Surakha Bal TLF : Terai Liberation Front UDMF : United Democratic Madhesi Front UML : Unified Marxist-Leninist UPA : United Progressive Alliance VDC : A Village Development Committee February 6, 2017 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “The Madheshi Question in Nepal: Implications for India-Nepal Relations” submitted to Sikkim University for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in International Relations , embodies the result of bona fide research work carried out by Rasik Rai under my guidance and supervision. No part of the dissertation is submitted for any other degrees, diploma, associate- ship and fellowship. All the assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been deeply acknowledged by him. Mr. Ph. Newton Singh Supervisor Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences Sikkim University Place: Gangtok Date: 06.02.2017 Date:6/2/2017 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “The Madheshi Question in Nepal: Implications for India-Nepal Relations” submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy is my original work. This dissertation has not been submitted for any other degree of this university or any other university. RASIK RAI Registration No: 15/Mphil/INR/06 Roll No: 15MPIR07 The Department recommends that this dissertation be placed before the examiner for evaluation Dr. Manish Mr. Ph. Newton Singh Head of the Department Supervisor PLAGIARISM CHECK CERTIFICATE This is to certify that plagiarism check has been carried out for the following M.Phil dissertation with the help of URKUND software and the result is within the permissible limit decided by University. “The Madheshi Question in Nepal: Implications for India-Nepal Relations” Submitted by Rasik Rai under the supervision of Mr. Ph. Newton Singh of the Department of International Relations, School of Social Sciences, Sikkim University , Gangtok 737102, INDIA Signature of the Candidate Counter signed by the Supervisor TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Numbers Declaration Certificate Acknowledgements Lists of Abbreviation Introduction 1-11 Survey of Literature 7-9 Rationale and Scope 10 Objectives of the Study 10-11 Research Question 11 Research Methodology 11 Chapterisation 11 Chapter-I The Madhesi Question in Nepal 12-56 1.1. Introduction 12-24 1.2. Madhesh and Madhesi 24 -42 1.3. Marginalisation of Madhesi 42-49 1.4. Madhesi Movement 42-56 Chapter-II The Response of Nepal State to the Madhesi Problem 57-73 2. 1. Introduction 57-59 2. 2. Saha Dynasty 1768-90 59-61 2. 3. Rana Dynasty (1846-1951) 61-62 2. 4. Post Rana Period (1951-1990) 62-66 2. 5. Democratic Era Post 1990 66-73 Chapter-III The Madhesi Factor in India-Nepal Relations 74-109 3.1. Introduction 72-76 3.2. Brief Historical Background to Indo-Nepal Relations 76-87 3.3. Economic blockade 1889-1990 87-92 3.4. Madhesi Movement and India 92-102 3.5. Madhesi movement and its implications for India-Nepal 102-109 Relations Conclusion 110-112 References 113-115 Introduction Nepal has three different ecological zones: in the north there are high Himalayan ranges bordering Tibet, Hills in the middle and the flat stretch of plain land bordering India in the South. These three different zones have also been considered as the division for administrative and socio-economic planning. Tarai which lies in the plain is a border between India and Nepal which has twenty districts out of the total 75 districts in the country and is the home for 49 per cent of the country's population (CBS, 2001). Tarai is the landmass at the foothills of Nepal's Himalayan mountain and hill ranges, beginning typically from the succeeding low hill chains called the Mahabharata, Siwalik and Churia ranges to the wet and swampy land to the South, touching the vast Gangetic plains of India. In contemporary Nepal, the most politically salient socio cultural groups are the high-caste Hindu from the hills, the low-caste Hindu (Dalit), ethnic groups (indigenous nationalities, or Adivasi Janjati), and the Madheshi (people from the Tarai region, including both ethnic and caste groups) (Hagen: 2007). Nepal has a long history of political exclusion of groups such as the Janajati (indigenous peoples), Dalits (the untouchable cast), Madheshi (inhabitants of Madhesh) – including Muslims, and women. This exclusionary system is based on patriarchal norms, the supremacy of Hindu religion and a hierarchical caste system that can be traced back to the very foundation of the state of Nepal in 1779 (Balkrishna, 2015). A number of popular movements have attempted to challenge this exclusive State, most remarkably through the Maoist 'People’s War' which began in 1996 (ibid). This war ended in November 2006 with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Accord. Ethnic inequalities have been persistent and pervasive features of the modern state, even though it was not widely discussed or acknowledged until the 1990s. The high- caste Hindu from the hill region constitutes the dominant group in Nepal. They gained the upper hand in the political arena during the period of state formation in the last half of the 18 th century, when Priithvi Narayan Shah, the king of a principality called Gorkha, conquered and annexed the numerous small kingdoms that existed throughout Nepal (Hagen, 2007). - 1 - During the panchayat era (1962-90), the state solidified the idea of Nepal as a Hindu society and sought to create a culturally homogenous population. The state promoted the Hindu religion, the Hindu monarchy, and the Nepali language as signifiers of the national community (ibid). Nepal was proclaimed as a Hindu kingdom in 1962. In 1956, the National Education Planning Commission recommended only Nepali can be used in school, a plan explicitly intended to reduce the currency of the many other languages spoken in the country (Gaige, 1975). State-published school textbooks excluded the cultures, histories, and languages of Nepal’s ethnic groups, highlighting the histories of high-caste Hindu heroes only (ibid). Nepali state had succeeded in maintaining its hold over the population through a constructed Hindu identity and a complex connection between this identity and the cultural legitimacy of the social order. This constructed identity was designed to subsume ethnic and regional differences (Ali, and Subho, 2007). Fridrich Gaige (1975) used the terms ‘hill people’ and ‘plains people’ living in Terai districts and defined “plain people are those who speak any one of the plains languages as their mother tongue or first language, whether they are born or lived in the plains or hills”; the plains languages being Maithili, Bhopuri, Awadi, Urdu, Hindi and Bengali, and dialects of these languages used by Janjati groups (Karan Kanta Vijay: 2007). Madhesh has a long historiography dating back to the kingdom of Vaideha or Mithila established in eastern to central Madhesh and present day north Bihar, India (Malangia, 1997). After the unification of Madhesh in Nepal by Prithivi Narayan Shah in 1769, its border was again re-drawn by the Sugauli Treaty concluded between British India and Nepal in 1816. Saugauli Treaty divided, scattered the people in Madhesh across the border which divides India and Nepal internationally. The term ‘Madheshi’ literally means a dweller in ‘Madhes’ or the plains. It refers to plains dweller of Indian, Hindu origin who speak languages like Maithili, Hindi, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, and Urdu (Mahendra, and Veena, 2014).Their lifestyle, food habits, dress, language and culture are common with people who live across the Indian border in Utter Pradesh and Bihar (Jha, 1993). The cultural identity of the plains Hindu castes transcends national territories.
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