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The Madhesi Movement in Nepal: a Study on Social, Cultural and Political Aspects, 1990- 2015

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The Madhesi Movement in Nepal: a Study on Social, Cultural and Political Aspects, 1990- 2015 THE MADHESI MOVEMENT IN NEPAL: A STUDY ON SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS, 1990- 2015 A Dissertation Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Philosophy By Anne Mary Gurung DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES February, 2017 DECLARATION I, Anne Mary Gurung, do hereby declare that the subject matter of this dissertation is the record of the work done by me, that the contents of this dissertation did not form the basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the dissertation has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other university/ institute. The dissertation has been checked by using URKUND and has been found within limits as per plagiarism policy and instructions issued from time to time. This dissertation is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, Sikkim University. Name: Anne Mary Gurung Registration Number: 15/M.Phil/PSC/01 We recommend that this dissertation be placed before the examiners for evaluation. Durga Prasad Chhetri Swastika Pradhan Head of the Department Supervisor CERTIFICATE This to certify that the dissertation entitled, “The Madhesi Movement in Nepal: A Study on Social, Cultural and Political Aspects, 1990-2015” submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Political Science is the result of bonafide research work carried out by Ms. Anne Mary Gurung under my guidance and supervision. No part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other degree, diploma, associateship and fellowship. All the assistance and help received during the course of the investigation have been duly acknowledged by her. Date: Swastika Pradhan Place: Gangtok Supervisor PREFACE The present study was very intriguing and fascinating for me and I am very pleased that I got an opportunity to work on it. The Madhesi movement of Nepal has always aroused my interest into the dynamics of the politics of Nepal. The study has widely focused on the objectives of the Madhesi movement and the causes behind it, as to what was behind the rise of the movement which almost shook Nepal. The study revolves around the conflicts which occurred within the movement and how the Nepalese government has responded towards it. It delves into the matters of the Madhesi population of the Terai, their difficulties, problems and dissatisfactions which they claim to have faced. The study has tried inextricably to find explanations on the social, political and cultural aspects which are within the Madhesi movement. While I have tried not to omit any matter of importance there might be many important things which might have been left out due to my special attention on the causes of the movement, conflicts and its objectives. It would be too much to hope that the first dissertation should be free of errors of omission or commission and therefore I shall be thankful to the externals, members of the faculty and my friends for any advice to improve my work further in the future. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study has provided me with an opportunity to repay those who have facilitated my education and work over the past year and thank them for the pleasure I got to receive from this study. It has enabled me to both satisfy and stimulate my questioning on the Madhesi movement in Nepal. But most importantly, I am humbled by the support of my Supervisor Miss Swastika Pradhan without whose enthusiastic encouragement beyond the call of duty, this study would not have been possible. She made an effort towards showing me the greater possibilities in life and showed me the path to be hopeful towards the future. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation towards her for what I am molded into now. My heartfelt thanks to Mr Sujan Tamrakar and his family who have supported me during the field surveys to fulfill the purpose of my study and for being like my second family in Nepal. The love and warmth that I received from them encouraged me to do better and remain focused. I shall remain forever thankful to them. I am also indebted to the staff of the Teesta Indus Central Library, Sikkim University for their help in looking up for the books related to my study when I was in dire need of them. Likewise, I am grateful to the members of the faculty of the Department of Political Science, Sikkim University for providing me with their time and support when I had certain queries about my study. Most importantly, I am grateful towards my parents who are a lifelong inspiration to me and who gave their love, support and blessings for the completion of the study. My father who has always been a friend to me so much so that he walked through the streets of Nepal with me and my mother for her perennial love and prayers that has kept me going through all the difficulties I have faced. Finally, I would like to thank my friends for their generosity and help. 18th January 2017 Anne Mary Gurung ii LIST OF TABLES Page No 1. Table 1.1: Composition of Madhesis and Non Madhesis in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari 15 2. Table 2.1: Integrated National Index of Governance 1999 35-36 3. Table 2.2: Representation of various castes and ethnic groups in the cabinet from 1951 to 2005 37 4. Table 2.3: Class wise caste and ethnic composition in gazetted level employees In Nepal 38 5. Table 2.4: Madhesi representation in the Cabinet, Constitutional bodies and High official posts 40 6. Table 2.5: Per capita income and unemployment rate in Nepal 42 7. Table 2.6: Nature of the problems and intervention areas 50-51 8. Table 4.1: Sex composition of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 78 9. Table 4.2: Age composition of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 78 10. Table 4.3: Income of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 78 11. Table 4.4: Educational qualifications of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 78 12. Table 4.5: Occupations of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 79 13. Table 4.6: Sex composition of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 84 14. Table 4.7: Age composition of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 84 15. Table 4.8: Income of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 84 16. Table 4.9: Educational qualifications of the 10 non Madhesi Respondents in Jhapa, Damak 85 17. Table 4.10: Occupations of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Jhapa, Damak 85 18. Table 4.11: Sex composition of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 92 19. Table 4.12: Age composition of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 92 iii 20. Table 4.13: Income of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 92 21. Table 4.14: Educational qualifications of the 15 Madhesi Respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 92 22. Table 4.15: Occupations of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 93 23. Table 4.16: Sex composition of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 96 24. Table 4.17: Age composition of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 96 25. Table 4.18: Income of the10 non Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 97 26. Table 4.19: Educational qualifications of the 10 non Madhesi Respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 97 27. Table 4.20: Occupations of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Morang, Biratnagar 97 28. Table 4.21: Sex composition of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 104 29. Table 4.22: Age composition of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 104 30. Table 4.23: Income of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 104 31. Table 4.24: Educational qualifications of the 15 Madhesi respondents In Sunsari, Dharan 104 32. Table 4.25: Occupations of the 15 Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 105 33. Table 4.26: Sex composition of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 108 34. Table 4.27: Age composition of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 108 35. Table 4.28: Income of the10 non Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 108 36. Table 4.29: Educational qualifications of the 10 non Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 109 37. Table 4.30: Occupations of the10 non Madhesi respondents in Sunsari, Dharan 109 iv LIST OF FIGURES 1. Figure 2.1: The proposed seven states of Nepal according to the 2015 Constitution of Nepal 30 2. Figure 2.2: The evolution of the Madhesi aims and objectives 32 v ABBREVIATIONS CBES : Chure Bhawar Ekta Samaj CPN (Maoist) : Communist Party of Nepal DDC : District Development Committee GDP : Gross Domestic Product ICG : International Crisis Group IDSA : Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis JTMM : Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha MJF : Madhesi Jan Adhikar Forum MJF (L) : Madhesi Jan Adhikar Forum (Loktantrik) MNLF : Madhes National Liberation Front MNO : Mongol National Organisation NC : Nepali Congress NCP : Nepali Communist Party NEFIN : Nepal Ethnic Federation of Indigenous Nationalities NRs : Nepali Rupees NSP : Nepali Sadbhavna Party NTC : Nepal Terai Congress OBC : Other Backward Classes PLA : People’s Liberation Army RAW : The Research and Analysis Wing SPA : Seven Party Alliance vi TMLP : Terai Madhes Loktantrik Party UCPN (M) : United Communist party of Nepal (Marxist) UDMF : United Democratic Madhesi Front UML : United Marxist Leninist UNDP : The United Nations Development Programme UNHCR : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees VDC : Village Development Council YCL : Young Communist
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