Download Report

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Download Report final reportp Project code: AWW.0187 Prepared by: Dr Scott Norman1 Mr John Bertram2 Prof Michael McGowan3 1 Charles Sturt University 2 Qld Dept of Primary Industries and Fisheries 3 University of Queensland Date published: November 2008 ISBN: 9781741917420 PUBLISHED BY Meat & Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 991 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059 Prevalence of selected abnormalities in polled and horned bulls which affect breeding soundness Meat & Livestock Australia acknowledges the matching funds provided by the Australian Government to support the research and development detailed in this publication. This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ABN 39 081 678 364 (MLA). Care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is prohibited without prior written consent of MLA. Breeding Soundness Abnormalities in Polled and Horned Bulls Abstract The major objective of this project was to evaluate the evidence of reported associations between specific abnormalities affecting bull breeding soundness (preputial prolapse, reduced serving capacity and premature spiral deviation of the penis (PSDP) and the polled condition. The systematic review of published scientific literature and industry anecdote concluded that factors not likely to be related to the polled condition, such as sheath structure, probably have a greater influence on the occurrence of preputial prolapse than any negative effect of the polled condition. No evidence was found of a relationship between the polled condition and reduced serving capacity or libido. The systematic review found that PSDP was likely to be heritable, but there was no evidence it was directly associated with the polled condition. Analysis of serving ability/capacity data from bull breeding soundness data bases provided by 3 veterinary practices and 2 beef cattle researchers confirmed previous reports that the prevalence of PSPD increases with age, being markedly greater in bulls ≥ 3 years of age. For bulls ≥3 years of age approximately twice as many cases of PSPD were detected in polled-breed bulls (13.5%; n=496) than in horned-breed bulls (5.6%; n=233), clearly indicating that it is a much greater problem in polled-breed bulls but occurs frequently enough in horned-breed bulls to suggest that it is unlikely to be simply associated with the polled gene. With the likely greater use of polled-breed bulls in beef herds, producers of polled-breed bulls should be encouraged to conduct serving capacity tests on their ≥ 3-year old herd sires to identify those affected with PSPD. Further, with the support of relevant breed societies and geneticists, strategies which may include the use of DNA marker technology should be established to enable seedstock producers to select against this problem. Page 2 of 46 pages Breeding Soundness Abnormalities in Polled and Horned Bulls Executive Summary The MLA funded project AHW.094, ‘Genetic options to replace dehorning of beef cattle in Australia’ found there were potential associations between the polled condition and abnormalities affecting the breeding soundness of bulls. The researcher recommended that these possible associations be further investigated to define the potential magnitude of the problem. The current project consisted of two parts: Part 1: A systematic review was conducted of published scientific literature, reports from breed societies in Australia and elsewhere in the world, and unpublished studies and reports from researchers and reproductive specialists on the occurrence of breeding soundness abnormalities in polled and horned bulls. Three conditions affecting bull fertility have been implicated as being associated with the polled condition. These are preputial prolapse, reduced serving capacity, and premature spiral deviation of the penis (PSDP). Part 2: Retropsective analysis of the findings of serving ability/capacity testing derived from BBSE data bases provided by 3 veterinary practices (north-west and central NSW, southern WA) and 2 beef cattle reproduction researchers (WA and Qld) was conducted to determine the prevalence of PSPD by breed, age and breed-horn status. Based on the findings of Part 1 the association between preputial prolapse and the polled condition in bulls may be summarised as follows: 1. The polled condition is almost certainly associated with a higher prevalence of reduced size, or absence of the caudal preputial muscle. Reduced, or absent caudal preputial muscles seem to be associated with an increased prevalence of preputial eversion. 2. There is no scientific evidence that an increased prevalence of preputial eversion is related to an increased prevalence of preputial prolapse in Bos taurus breeds. However, in some Bos indicus derived breeds there is some evidence to suggest that an increased prevalence of preputial eversion may be related to an increased prevalence of preputial prolapse, and the findings from one small study conducted in Queensland suggest that polled bulls may have an increased risk of preputial prolapse compared to horned bulls. 3. Bulls with poor sheath structure and a propensity for preputial eversion may be more at risk of preputial prolapse, and this conformational combination is more likely to occur in Bos indicus derived breeds. In contrast, a bull with good sheath structure (as is more likely with Bos taurus breeds) and a propensity to evert has minimal risk of preputial prolapse. That is, sheath structure may be the pivotal trait determining the occurrence of preputial prolapse, with reduced function of the caudal preputial muscles and preputial eversion being significant only if associated with poor sheath structure. 4. Dissemination of the poll gene is unlikely to significantly increase the prevalence of this preputial prolapse. Sheath scoring systems are available (Breedplan and Australian Cattle Veterinarians) which could be used to assist producers with the selection of bulls with satisfactory sheath structure. The heritability of sheath structure is considered to be moderate. 5. Further, there appears to be no evidence implicating a relationship between the polled condition and reduced serving capacity or libido, and except for PSPD no other conditions affecting bull fertility that could be directly related to the polled condition were identified. Page 3 of 46 pages Breeding Soundness Abnormalities in Polled and Horned Bulls Based on the findings of Parts 1 and 2 of this project, the association between PSDP and the polled condition in bulls may be summarised as follows: 1. Evidence of the association between these two traits is generally based on anecdote, or studies performed 23 to 50 years ago on relatively small numbers of animals (except one Australian study). Examination of the data in these studies indicates PSDP is more likely to be associated with breed and familial lines, in contrast to a specific association with the polled condition. Subsequent authors referring to these studies have perhaps erroneously concluded that the higher prevalence of PSDP in polled breeds implies a direct association with the poll gene. An Australian study of 1,000 B. taurus bulls found that 16% of polled-breed bulls had PSPD compared to 1% in horned-breed bulls. 2. PSPD was by far and away the most common abnormality affecting the serving ability/serving capacity of bulls detected by veterinarians and researchers in Part 2 of the project. It was rarely detected in young bulls (1- to 2-year olds) but across breeds 8.2% (n=939) of 3- to 6-year old and 18.4% (n=179) of >6-year old bulls were diagnosed with PSPD. For bulls ≥3-years of age approximately twice as many cases of PSPD were detected in polled-breed bulls (13.5%; n=496) compared to horned-breed bulls (5.6%; n=233), clearly indicating that it is a much greater problem in polled-breed bulls but occurs frequently enough in horned-breed bulls to suggest that it is unlikely to be simply associated with the polled gene. 3. From Part 2 of the project the overall prevalence of PSPD in polled-breed bulls (4.4%; n=2,431) was non-significantly greater (P=0.079) than in horned-breed bulls (1.5%; n=1,433). With the likely greater use of polled-breed bulls in beef herds, producers of polled-breed bulls should be encouraged to conduct serving capacity tests on their ≥ 3- year old herd sires to identify those affected with PSPD. Further, with the support of relevant breed societies and geneticists, strategies which may include the use of DNA marker technology should be established to enable seedstock producers to select against this problem. Page 4 of 46 pages Breeding Soundness Abnormalities in Polled and Horned Bulls Contents 1 Background .......................................................................................................... 7 2 Project Objectives................................................................................................ 8 3 Methodology......................................................................................................... 8 4 Part 1 - Review...................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Male Reproductive System 2
    Male Reproductive System 2 1. Excretory genital ducts 2. The ductus (vas) deferens and seminal vesicles 3. The prostate 4. The bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands 5. The penis 6. The scrotum and spermatic cord SPLANCHNOLOGY Male reproductive system ° Male reproductive system, systema genitalia masculina: V a part of the human reproductive process ° Male reproductive organs, organa genitalia masculina: V internal genital organs: testicle, testis epididymis, epididymis ductus deferens, ductus (vas) deferens seminal vesicle, vesicula seminalis ejaculatory duct, ductus ejaculatorius prostate gland, prostata V external genital organs: penis, penis scrotum, scrotum bulbourethral glands, glandulae bulbourethrales Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 2 SPLANCHNOLOGY Ductus (vas) deferens ° Ductus (vas) deferens: V a straight thick-walled muscular tube V transports sperm cells from the epididymis V length 45-50 cm V diameter 2.5-3 mm ° Anatomical parts: V testicular part V funicular part V inguinal part – 4 cm V pelvic part ° Ampulla ductus deferentis: V length 3-4 cm; diameter 1 cm V ejaculatory duct, ductus ejaculatorius Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 3 SPLANCHNOLOGY Microscopic anatomy ° tunica mucosa – 5-6 longitudinal folds: V lamina epithelialis – bilayered columnar epithelium with stereocilia V lamina propria: dense connective tissue elastic fibers ° tunica muscularis – thick: V inner longitudinal layer – in the initial portion V circular layer V outer longitudinal layer ° tunica adventitia (serosa) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 4 SPLANCHNOLOGY Seminal vesicle, vesicula seminalis ° Seminal vesicle, vesicula (glandula) seminalis: V a pair of simple tubular glands – two highly tortuous tubes V posterior to the urinary bladder V length 4-5 (15) cm V diameter 1 cm ° Macroscopic anatomy: V anterior and posterior part V excretory duct Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Manual (964.7Kb)
    MD-17 , CONTENTS THE URINARY SYSTEM 4 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 5 The Scrotum The Testis The Epididylnis The Ductus Deferens The Ejaculatory Duct The Seminal Vesicle The Spermatic Cord The Penis The Prostate Gland THE INGUINAL CANAL l) HERNIAS FURTIlER READING 10 MODEL KEY 1I Human Male Pelvis This life-size model shows the viscera and structures which form the urogenital system and some of the related anatomy such as the sig­ moid colon and rectum. The vascular supply to the viscera and support­ ing tissue is demonstrated, as well as that portion of the vascular system which continues into the lower extremity. The model is divided into right and left portions. The right portion shows a midsagittal section of the pelvic structures. The left represents a similar section, but the dissection is deeper. Two pieces are remov­ able on the left side; one piece includes the bladder, prostate, and semi­ nal vesicles, and the other includes the penis, left testicle, and scrotum. When all portions are removed, a deeper view of these structures and a deeper dissection of the pelvis can be seen. THE URINARY SYSTEM The portion of the urinary system shown depicts the ureter from the level of the 5th lumbar vertebra, where it passes the common iliac ar­ tery near the bifurcation of thi s artery into the external and internal iliac arteries. The ureter then passes toward the posterior portion of the bladder, beneath the vas deferens, and opens through the wall of the blad­ der at one cranial corner of the trigone on the bladder's interior.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy and Physiology Male Reproductive System References
    DEWI PUSPITA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM REFERENCES . Tortora and Derrickson, 2006, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Medical Embryology Langeman, pdf. Moore and Persaud, The Developing Human (clinically oriented Embryologi), 8th edition, Saunders, Elsevier, . Van de Graff, Human anatomy, 6th ed, Mcgraw Hill, 2001,pdf . Van de Graff& Rhees,Shaum_s outline of human anatomy and physiology, Mcgraw Hill, 2001, pdf. WHAT IS REPRODUCTION SYSTEM? . Unlike other body systems, the reproductive system is not essential for the survival of the individual; it is, however, required for the survival of the species. The RS does not become functional until it is “turned on” at puberty by the actions of sex hormones sets the reproductive system apart. The male and female reproductive systems complement each other in their common purpose of producing offspring. THE TOPIC : . 1. Gamet Formation . 2. Primary and Secondary sex organ . 3. Male Reproductive system . 4. Female Reproductive system . 5. Female Hormonal Cycle GAMET FORMATION . Gamet or sex cells are the functional reproductive cells . Contain of haploid (23 chromosomes-single) . Fertilizationdiploid (23 paired chromosomes) . One out of the 23 pairs chromosomes is the determine sex sex chromosome X or Y . XXfemale, XYmale Gametogenesis Oocytes Gameto Spermatozoa genesis XY XX XX/XY MALE OR FEMALE....? Male Reproductive system . Introduction to the Male Reproductive System . Scrotum . Testes . Spermatic Ducts, Accessory Reproductive Glands,and the Urethra . Penis . Mechanisms of Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation The urogenital system . Functionally the urogenital system can be divided into two entirely different components: the urinary system and the genital system.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphological Characters of the Male External Genitalia of the European Hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus) G
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Foliaprovided Morphol. by Via Medica Journals Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 293–300 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2017.0098 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2018 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl The morphological characters of the male external genitalia of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus Europaeus) G. Akbari1, M. Babaei1, N. Goodarzi2 1Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran [Received: 7 June 2017; Accepted: 11 September 2017] This study was conducted to depict anatomical characteristics of the penis of he- dgehog. Seven sexually mature male European hedgehogs were used. Following anaesthesia, the animals were scarified with chloroform inhalation. Gross penile characteristics such as length and diameter were thoroughly explored and measu- red using digital callipers. Tissue samples stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome for microscopic analysis. The penis of the European hedgehog was composed of a pair of corpus cavernosum penis and the glans penis without corpus spongiosum penis. The urethra at the end of penis, protruded as urethral process, on both sides of which two black nail-like structures, could be observed. The lower part was rounded forming a blind sac (sacculus urethralis) with a me- dian split below the urethra. Microscopically, the penile bulb lacked the corpus spongiosum penis, but, corpus spongiosum glans was seen at the beginning of the free part.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Histology of the Penis
    Morphology and histology of the penis Michelangelo Buonarotti: David, 1501. Ph.D, M.D. Dávid Lendvai Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Institute 2019. "See the problem is, God gave man a brain and another important organ, and only enough blood to run one at a time..." - R. W MALE GENITAL SYSTEM - SUMMERY male genital gland= testis •spermio/spermatogenesis •hormone production male genital tracts: epididymis vas deference (ductus deferens) ejaculatory duct •sperm transport 3 additional genital glands: 4 Penis: •secretion seminal vesicles •copulating organ prostate •male urethra Cowper-glands (bulbourethral gl.) •secretion PENIS Pars fixa (perineal) penis: Attached to the pubic bone Bulb and crura penis Pars libera (pendula) penis: Corpus + glans of penis resting ~ 10 cm Pars liberaPars erection ~ 16 cm Pars fixa penis Radix penis: Bulb of the penis: • pierced by the urethra • covered by the bulbospongiosus m. Crura penis: • fixed on the inf. ramus of the pubic bone inf. ramus of • covered by the ischiocavernosus m. the pubic bone Penis – connective tissue At the fixa p. and libera p. transition fundiforme lig. penis: superficial, to the linea alba, to the spf. abdominal fascia suspensorium lig. penis: deep, triangular, to the symphysis PENIS – ERECTILE BODIES 2 corpora cavernosa penis 1 corpus spongiosum penis (urethrae) → ends with the glans penis Libera partpendula=corpus penis + glans penis PENIS Ostium urethrae ext.: • at the glans penis •Vertical, fissure-like opening foreskin (Preputium): •glans > 2/3 covered during the ejaculation it's a reserve plate •fixed by the frenulum and around the coronal groove of the glans BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE PENIS int. pudendal A.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Method to Study Autonomic Nervous System Function and Effects
    NOVEL METHOD TO STUDY AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION AND EFFECTS OF TRANSPLANTATION OF PRECURSOR CELLS ON RECOVERY FOLLOWING SPINAL CORD CONTUSION INJURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Yvette Stephanie Nout, DVM MS ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Professor Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Adviser Approved by: Professor Michael S. Beattie Professor Lyn B. Jakeman __________________________ Professor Stephen M. Reed Adviser Markus H. Schmidt, MD PhD Graduate Program in Neuroscience ABSTRACT Disruption of bladder and sexual function are major complications following spinal cord injury (SCI). To investigate these behaviors in a rat model of SCI, we developed a method to monitor micturition and erectile events by telemetry. Pressure monitoring has been described for recording penile erections in awake rats and involves placement of a catheter into the corpus cavernosum of the penis. We developed a variation on this technique involving pressure monitoring within the bulb of the corpus spongiosum penis (CSP). Using this technique we can record both erectile and micturition events. This technique was validated in 10 male rats and we demonstrated that telemetric recording of CSP pressure provides a quantitative and qualitative assessment of both penile erections and micturitions. Subsequently we monitored CSP pressures in 7 male rats subjected to SCI. We demonstrated that monitoring of CSP pressure in conscious rats is a valuable and reliable method for assessing recovery of autonomic function. Although recovery of micturition occurs in rats following incomplete SCI, recovery is limited and voiding remains inefficient.
    [Show full text]
  • Ta2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART III Contents: Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Caput V: Systema digestorium Chapter 5: Digestive system Caput VI: Systema respiratorium Chapter 6: Respiratory system Caput VII: Cavitas thoracis Chapter 7: Thoracic cavity Caput VIII: Systema urinarium Chapter 8: Urinary system Caput IX: Systemata genitalia Chapter 9: Genital systems Caput X: Cavitas abdominopelvica Chapter 10: Abdominopelvic cavity Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM Chapter 5: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 2772 Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Visceral systems Splanchnologia 2773 Systema digestorium Systema alimentarium Digestive system Digestive system Alimentary system Apparatus digestorius; Gastrointestinal system 2774 Stoma Ostium orale; Os Mouth Mouth 2775 Labia oris Lips Lips See Anatomia generalis (Ch.
    [Show full text]
  • Perineal Nerve Stimulation: Role in Penile Erection
    International Journal of Impotence Research (1997) 9, 11±16 ß 1997 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0955-9930/97 $12.00 Perineal nerve stimulation: role in penile erection A Sha®k Professor and Chairman, Department of Surgery and Experimental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt The effect of perineal nerve stimulation on penile erection was studied in ten dogs. Through a para- anal incision, the nerve was exposed in the ischiorectal fossa and a bipolar electrode was applied to it. A radiofrequency receiver was implanted subcutaneously in the abdomen. Upon perineal nerve stimulation, the corporeal pressure and EMG activity of the bulbo- and ischiocavernosus muscles increased; penile erection occured. With increased stimulus frequency up to 80 Hz, the pressure and muscles' response augmented while the latency and duration of response diminished. No further changes occurred above a frequency of 80 Hz (P > 0.05). Response was reproducible inde®nitely after an off-time of double the time of the stimulation phase. Penile erection upon perineal nerve stimulation is suggested to be an effect of corporeal pressure elevation resulting from cavernosus muscles' contraction. In terms of force and speed of contraction, a stimulus frequency of 80 Hz evokes the most adequate cavernosus muscles' contraction. Keywords: pudendal nerve; perineal nerve; penile erection; impotence; electrostimulation Introduction Material and Methods Most cases of erectile dysfunction (ED) have more The study was performed on ten male mongrel dogs than one cause which may work simultaneously.1 of a mean weight of 17.9 Æ 6.2 s.d. kg (range from 14± The cause could be psychologic, hormonal, neuro- 26.2 kg).
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Outline
    Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL Chapter 27 Adapted form Tortora 10th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Introduction (p. 835) 1. Sexual reproduction is the process by which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes; when a male gamete unites with a female gamete during fertilization, the resulting cell contains one set of chromosomes from each parent. 2. The organs of the reproductive systems may be grouped by function: i. gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones a. testes produce sperm cells b. ovaries produce ova ii. ducts receive, store, and transport gametes iii. accessory sex glands produce substances that protect gametes and facilitate their movement iv. supporting structures assist delivery and joining of gametes and, in females, the growth of the fetus during pregnancy 3. Gynecology is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system; although urology is the study of the urinary system, urologists also diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system. B. Male Reproductive System (p. 836) 1. The male reproductive system includes: i. testes (male gonads), which produce sperm and secrete hormones ii. system of ducts, which stores and transports sperm to the exterior iii. accessory sex glands, which produce secretions that mix with sperm to form semen iv. supporting structures including the scrotum and penis 2. Scrotum: (p. 836) i. the scrotum is an outpouching of the abdominal wall consisting of loose skin and superficial fascia that hangs from the root of the penis ii. externally, it has a median ridge called a raphe which separates the pouch into two lateral portions iii.
    [Show full text]
  • MALE GENITAL ORGANS Internal Genital Organs: Testis Epididymis Ductus Deferens Urethra Masculina Vesicula Seminalis Prostata
    MALE GENITAL ORGANS Internal genital organs: Testis Epididymis Ductus deferens Urethra masculina Vesicula seminalis Prostata External genital organs: Penis Scrotum Development: Wolffian ducts Müllerian ducts TESTIS Facies medialis Facies lateralis Extremitas superior Extremitas inferior Margo anterior Margo posterior Lamina visceralis tunicae vaginalis (Epiorchium) Tunica albuginea Mediastinum testis Septula testis Lobuli testis Hilum testis Tubuli seminiferi contorti Spermatozoa Supporting cells of Sertoli Interstitial cells of Leydig Tubuli seminiferi recti Rete testis Ductuli efferentes testis A. testicularis Plexus pampiniformis - vv. testiculares Nll. lumbales EPIDIDYMIS Caput epididymidis Corpus epididymidis Cauda epididymidis Sinus epididymidis Lig. epididymidis sup. et inf. Lig. scrotale (Gubernaculum testis) Lobuli epididymidis Ductus epididymidis A. testicularis Plexus pampiniformis Plexus testicularis Appendix testis Appendix epidydimidis Ductuli aberrantes DESCENSUS TESTIUM Retentio testis (cryptorchidism) DUCTUS DEFERENS (VAS DEFERENS) Pars epididymica Pars funicularis Pars inguinalis Pars pelvina Ampulla ductus deferentis - diverticula ampullae Ductus ejaculatorius A. ductus deferentis Plexus pampiniformis et vesicalis Nll. iliaci int. et ext. Nn. splanchnici lumbales, plexus hypogastricus inf. FUNICULUS SPERMATICUS: Ductus deferens A. ductus deferentis A. testicularis Plexus pampiniformis Plexus testicularis Plexus deferentialis COVERINGS OF THE TESTIS, EPIDIDYMIS AND SPERMATIC CORD Epiorchium (Lamina visceralis tunicae
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphology of the Penis in Porcupine (Hystrix Cristata)
    Original Paper Veterinarni Medicina, 51, 2006 (2): 66–70 The morphology of the penis in porcupine (Hystrix cristata) O. ATALAR1, A.O. CERIBASI2 1Department of Anatomy, 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey ABSTRACT: In this study, histological and macroanatomical structures of porcupine penis were examined on 3 adult male porcupines. The non-erectile position of porcupine penis was directed to caudal. There was an obvious collum penis. Glans penis with a black colour was easily distinguished from corpus penis which had a white color. There were cornified papillae covering on both the glans penis and corpus penis. Two small nail symmetrical structures were noted in connective tissue just behind of glans penis, and under the urethra of the corpus penis were distinguished. Histological examinations indicated that these structures histologically fulfilled completely to the name as the nail contained an inner and an outer layer, namely, connective tissue and keratin, respectively. Histological evaluations also showed that it is suitable to categorize the porcupines penis as vascular type. In conclusion, the anatomy of porcupine penis was initially examined in the present study. Our findings will make an important contribution to the knowledge of similar subjects. Keywords: Hystrix cristata; porcupine; penis The rodents (Rodentia), which are the widest or- an electro ejaculator. For this purpose, a rectal probe der of placental mammals, comprise of more than (100 mm in length, and 7 mm in diameter) was in- half of the mammals known at the present day. The serted to the rectum, then electrical stimulation was porcupine, which is the subject of this study, is from applied for intervals of 3 to 5 seconds, and alter- Hystricidae family, which constitutes a small group nated with rest periods of similar duration.
    [Show full text]