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The Anatomy of the Corpus Cavernosum Penis of the Bull and Its Relationship to Spiral Deviation of the Penis

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The Anatomy of the Corpus Cavernosum Penis of the Bull and Its Relationship to Spiral Deviation of the Penis J. Anat. (1969), 104, 1, pp. 153-159 153 With 4 figures Printed in Great Britain The anatomy of the corpus cavernosum penis of the bull and its relationship to spiral deviation of the penis R. R. ASHDOWN* AND J. A. SMITH Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University, Bristol 2 (Received 10 January 1968) Spiral deviation of the bovine penis occurs at service (Seidel & Foote, 1967) and experiments described by Ashdown & Coombs (1968) suggest that the penis is struc- turally adapted to perform a spiral prescribed by the fibrous architecture of its integument. This paper deals with the structural adaptations of the penis, and supple- ments an account of the penile integument published earlier in thisjournal (Ashdown, Ricketts & Wardley, 1968). It is based on examinations of fresh and preserved specimens from nineteen sexually mature bulls and four new-born calves. The distal extremity of the corpus cavernosum penis The corpus cavernosum penis (c.c.p.) extends to the apex of the bovine penis and is covered by a dense tunica albuginea throughout its length. A deep ventral groove houses the urethra and the corpus spongiosum penis. Penile tissues are delimited from peripenile tissues in the body of the penis by the outer fibrous coat, but the terminal 10 cm of the organ are covered by the penile integument. The c.c.p. tapers distally to a terminal process about 20 mm in length; the urethral groove becomes shallower, wider, and displaced to the right, housing the urethral process (Fig. 1). Distal to the sigmoid flexure, the tunica albuginea gives rise to the dorsal apical ligament, and terminally it provides the fibrous basis of the terminal swelling ('galea glandis'). The tunica albuginea The tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum penis of the adult bull is about 3 mm thick, divisible into an outer longitudinal layer and a thin inner transverse layer. There are connexions between bundles of fibres in each layer, and the longi- tudinal bundles connect with the transverse ones. Fibres of the inner transverse layer pass radially into the cavernous part of the c.c.p. and become continuous with the trabeculae there. These tissues have been described in detail by Preuss (1954). In the region of the dorsal apical ligament this arrangement is modified. Where it is covered by the dorsal apical ligament the thickness of the tunica albuginea is reduced by about 30 %. Figure 2 shows the arrangement of collagen fibres in the tunica albuginea after removal of the dorsal apical ligament. On the left the outer longi- tudinal layer of fibres reaches to the tip of the c.c.p. On the right the outer fibres are at first longitudinal but distally the direction becomes cranio-dorsal and oblique. Ventrally the fibres run longitudinally along the whole length of the urethral groove. * Present address: Department of Anatomy, The Royal Veterinary College, London, N.W. 1. 154 R. R. ASHDOWN AND J. A. SMITH On the dorsal surface of the penis, beneath the dorsal apical ligament, the outer collagen fibres are not arranged longitudinally but instead run obliquely from left caudal to right cranial. On reaching the right side of the penis they interweave with the oblique bundles of fibres which meet them at right angles, so forming a very distinct line of junction. On the dorsal surface of the c.c.p. lateral anastomoses between adjacent bundles of collagen fibres are to a large extent absent, though radial anastomoses are present. In the terminal part of the tunica albuginea, distal to the termination of the dorsal apical ligament, the outer layer of fibres is longi- tudinal over the whole circumference of the c.c.p. Fig. 1. Ventral view of the distal extremity of the corpus cavernosum penis (c.c.p.) of the bull. The urethral groove is indicated by shading. The ventral extent of origin of the terminal swelling from the tunica albuginea is shown by stippling which extends on to the terminal process of the c.c.p.-the dorsal extent is indicated by a broken line. The base of the free end of the penis is indicated by arrows. The inner transverse layer of fibres, recognizable as far as the apex of the penis, is modified in places. On the dorsal surface the oblique outer fibres, described above, become progressively more transverse in their deeper layers and finally run into the inner trabeculae of the c.c.p. Ventrally, along the sides of the urethral groove, longi- tudinal fibres are found throughout. On the left, in the free end of the penis, the deeper fibres of the inner layer run obliquely from caudo-dorsal to cranio-ventral, becoming longitudinal along the sides of the urethral groove. On the right, the fibres of the inner layer arise in the longitudinal bundles along the right edge of the urethral Corpus cavernosum penis of the bull 155 groove; passing cranio-dorsally they maintain the same direction as the outer layer of fibres in this region and do not become transverse. The structure of the tunica albuginea in the new-born calves was the same as that in the adult bulls. 4:/ WI''< Dorald Ventral Right lateral Fig. 2. Four views of the distal extremity of the corpus cavernosum penis to show the direction of fibres in the outer layer of the tunica albuginea of the bull. The dorsal apical ligament has been removed and its attachments are shown by the cut ends of its fibres (dorsal and left) and by a broken line (ventral and right). The stippling on the dorsal surface indicates an extensive area of attachment ofthe ligament to the tunica albuginea proximal to the terminal process. The urethral groove is indicated by shading and the base of the free end by arrows. The dorsal apical ligament The dorsal apical ligament is a direct continuation of the outer longitudinal layer of the tunica albuginea. Large bundles of longitudinal fibres arise from the tunica albuginea along the dorsal midline for a distance of 7 cm. The origin then fans out to the left and ventrally, reaching to the distal extremity of the ligament. The fibres of the dorsal apical ligament attach distally to the tunica albuginea; where the c.c.p. abruptly narrows, the ligament blends with the dorsal surface ofthe tunica albuginea. To the right and ventrally the dorsal apical ligament fans out to attach to the tunica albuginea close to the lip of the urethral groove. Except for these attachments (which are shown in Figs. 2 and 3) the ligament is not closely adherent to the underlying tunica albuginea; loose connective tissue occupies the space between the two. 156 R. R. ASHDOWN AND J. A. SMITH The ligament is about 20 cm in length. From a mid-dorsal origin 5 mm in width it fans out to almost completely enclose the c.c.p., and narrows again at its distal extremity (Fig. 3). It can be divided into two fairly distinct parts. The thick part is a strap-like band of dense fibres, longitudinal in direction, and dorsal and left in position. Its average thickness is about 2 5 mm, reaching 3 5 mm half way along its length. On the left the thick part is firmly anchored by its origin from the tunica l Dorsal Left lateral Right lateral Fig. 3. Four views of the distal extremity of the corpus cavernosum penis of the bull to show the dorsal apical ligament. Thick and thin lines indicate direction of fibres in the thick and thin parts of the ligament respectively. The urethral groove is indicated by shading and the base of the free end by arrows. albuginea; on the right it fans out into the thin part. The fibres of the thin part of the ligament run obliquely, ventrally and to the right, to share with the outer fibrous coat a ventral attachment to the tunica albuginea near the urethral groove. It becomes progressively thinner in its more ventral parts and distally it is pierced by the terminal radicals of the right dorsal artery, vein and nerve. The outer fibrous coat The outer fibrous coat is attached ventrally to the c.c.p. along each side of the urethral groove where some of the longitudinal collagen fibres of the tunica albuginea contribute to it. At the free end of the penis the fibrous tunic divides into two layers which become continuous with the hypodermis of the penile integument and penile Corpus cavernosum penis of the bull 157 sheath. The retractor muscles of the sheath lie in the peripenile fasciae, outside the fibrous coat, and insert on the penile and pre-penile parts of the sheath. There are connexions between the fibrous coat and the dorsal apical ligament along the left edge and on the dorsal surface of the ligament. In the free end of the penis the hypodermis of the penile integument, which is part of the continuation of the outer fibrous coat, is also attached in places to the dorsal apical ligament. Along the ventral edge of the thin part of the dorsal apical ligament the fibrous coat fuses with the ligament. Effect ofspiral deviation on the anatomy of the fibrous structures When the tip of the injected penis is pushed ventrally, the organ bends at the base of the free end of the penis just as it does during spiral deviation. In fresh specimens from which the integumentary structures have been stripped away it is evident that Fig. 4. Cranial and left lateral view of the distal extremity of the corpus cavernosum penis (c.c.p.) of the bull to show the effect of spiral deviation on the anatomy of the dorsal apical ligament.
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