PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series A -73 PAPERS IN PAPUAN LINGUISTICS NO.1 edited by Tom Dutton Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNNERSITY Brown, W., Fields, P., Jarvinen, L., Jones, L., Laycock, D., Roberts, J., Shelden, D., Shelden, H., Steinhauer, H., Watuseke, F. and Whitehead, C. editors. Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1. A-73, vi + 317 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1991. DOI:10.15144/PL-A73.cover ©1991 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: OccasionalPapers SERIES C: Books SERIESB: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A Wurrn EDITORIAL BOARD: K.A. Adelaar, T.E. Dutton, AK. Pawley, M.D. Ross, D.T. Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender K.A. McElhanon University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics David Bradley. H.P. McKaughan La TrobeUniversity University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. Miihlhllusler Monash University Bond University S.H. Elbert G.N. O' Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. KJ. Franklin K.L. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Gillian Sankoff Universi� of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania MAK. Halliday W.A.L. Stokhof University of Sydney Universityof Leiden E. Haugen B.K. Tsou HarvardUniversity City Polytechnic of Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenfleck Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Leiden L.A. Hercus J.W.M. Verhaar Australian National University The Hague, The Netherlands John Lynch C.L. V oorhoeve University of Papua New Guinea University of Leiden All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Departmentof Linguistics Research Schoolof PacificSt udies The Australian NationalUniversity G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, AC.T. 2601 Australia Copyright © The Authors First Published 1991 Typeset by Anne Rees Maps drawn by Theo Baumann Printed by AN.U. Printing Service Bound by F & M Perfect Bookbinding The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publication was made possible by an initial grantfrom the Hunter Douglas Fund ISSN 0078-7531, 1032-5107 ISBN 0 85883 393 X TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v WILLIAM U. BROWN A quantitativephonology of Mai Brat 1-27 PHILIP C. FIELDS A phonology of the Orya language 29-56 LIISA JARVINEN The pronoun system of Mauwake 57-95 LINDA K. JONES Question words in Yawa 97-105 OON LAYCOCK Three vowels, semivowels, and neutralisation: orthographic and other problems of Sepik languages 107-113 JOHN R. ROBERTS Reduplication in Arnele 115-146 DEIDRE SHELDEN Setting a course in Galela: an orientation system of North Halmahera 147-160 HOWARD SHELDEN Galela pronominal verb prefixes 161-175 HEIN STEINHAUER Demonstrativesin the Blagar language of Dolap (Pura, Alor, Indonesia) 177-221 F.S. WATUSEKE (translated, edited and with a foreword and postscriptby C.L. Voorhoeve) The Ternate language 223-244 CARL R. WHITEHEAD Tense, aspect, mood and modality: verbal morphology in Menya 245-311 iii PREFACE This is the first of Pacific Linguistics' Series A volumes to appear under our new policy whereby volumes are edited by members of the Editorial Board or other invited persons. This policy has been adopted to make cataloguing, bibliographic referencing, and finding volumes in libraries simpler. In the past these features were complicated by the facts that (i) there were many sub series under Series A, and (ii) all contributors to a Series A volume were listed as its authors so that anyone wishing to consult an article in a volume had to know under which author the volume was catalogued in order to find the volume. Now volumes will be listed under the editor's name. In adopting this policy, however, it should be pointed out that the editor's duties will vary from one volume to another. In some cases the editor will have little more to do with the production of the volume than a member of the editorial board would do in connection with the publication of volumes in our other series. In other cases the editor will play a major role in the production of the volume, by soliciting papers and reworking contributors' articles. In any event, the editor will be a specialist in the field representedby the volume, and his/her role will be indicated in its preface or introduction. In the case of the present volume, the editor's tasks have in general been limited to those of an editorial board member. Series A volumes will not be on specific themes. They will remain as they have always been - collections of individual papers. Any special thematic volumes will be published in Series C. We hope that this new policy will make life easier for our contributors, readers and other users. 1OM DlITION v Brown, W., Fields, P., Jarvinen, L., Jones, L., Laycock, D., Roberts, J., Shelden, D., Shelden, H., Steinhauer, H., Watuseke, F. and Whitehead, C. editors. Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1. A-73, vi + 317 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1991. DOI:10.15144/PL-A73.cover ©1991 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. A QUANTITATIVE PHONOLOOYOF MAl BRATl WILLIAMU. BROWN Cenderawasih University and Summer Institute of Linguistics Fonologi kuantitatifbahasa Mai Brat Bahasa Mai Brat adalah salah satu bahasa yang terbesar di Irian Jaya. Bahasa itu digunakan oleh sekitar 22.000 orang. Kebanyakan tinggal di keliling danau Ayamaru di Kabupatan Sorong. Ucapan bahasa Mai Brat gampang bisa dijelaskan dengan teori CV Phonology yang diajari oleh Clements dan Keyser (1983) dan Clifton (1987). Menurut teori ini, hanya ada sembilan fonem Kontoid dan lima fonem vokoid. Tidak ada fonem Iwl atau Iyl karen a bunyi itu bisa termasuk fonem lui dan Iii. 1. INTRODUCTION This paper is a tentative description of the phonological structure of Mai Brat, a Papuan language in the West Papuan Phylum and Central Bird's Head Family. Ayamaru and Brat are other names commonly used for this language (Grimes 1984:398). This paper focuses on the dialect of Mai Brat spoken in the village of Kambuaya, subdistrict of Ayamaru, district of Sorong, province of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Currently there are approximately 22,000 speakers of Mai Brat, about 17,000 of whom live around the Ayamaru Lakes. Many other Mai Brat speakers now reside in the urban areas of Sorong, Teminabuan, Manokwari and Jayapura. Voorhoeve (1975) has described Mai Brat as having nine dialects, although we have so far only been able to determine four. The boundaries of these four generally coincide with the subdistrict boundaries of Ayamaru, Aitinyo, Aifat and Mare. As indicated by the title, this analysis is a quantitative analysis. Beyond qualitative statements of the phonological structure of Mai Brat, frequencies for many aspects of the structure are provided with discussion. It is hoped that the quantitative aspect will provide additional validity for the analysis and potentially provide new objective tools for use in comparative linguistics. The analysis is based on a subset of the 23,945 words which occur in recorded Mai Brat texts, excluding Indonesian loan words and proper names. The texts come froma varietyof discourse types including folklore, narrative and hortatory. The resulting lexical database consists of 1,911 unique words. Frequencies provided for any given phenomena in this paper represent the total number of occurrences of that phenomena in the entire database of unique lexical items. Tom Dutton, ed. Papers in PapL'an linguistics, No. 1, 1-27. Pacific Linguistics, A-73, 1991. © William U. Brown 1 Brown, W.U. "A quantitative phonology of Mai Brat". In Brown, W., Fields, P., Jarvinen, L., Jones, L., Laycock, D., Roberts, J., Shelden, D., Shelden, H., Steinhauer, H., Watuseke, F. and Whitehead, C. editors, Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1. A-73:1-27. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1991. DOI:10.15144/PL-A73.1 ©1991 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 WILLIAM U. BROWN 2. STRESS AND THE PHONOLOGICAL WORD The phonological word (also referred to as the lexical word in this paper) in Mai Brat is the domain of one stress. A word may consist of one to four phonetic syllables. Two-syllable words predominate, as may be seen in Table 1. TABLE 1 OCCURRENCE SYLLABLESPER WORD TOfAL PERCENT 1 235 12.3% 2 1323 69.2% 3 327 17.1% 4 26 1.4% 1911 Stress is phonemic and can occur on any syllable of the word. The following contrastive examples demonstrate that stress is phonemic in Mai Brat. Glosses are given in English and Indonesian. Stress is indicated by , before the stressed syllable. /'nasom/ ['nasom] you carry engkau memikul /na'som/ [na'som] your name is engkau bernama /'maru/ ['maru] she cuts dia (p erempuan) memotong /ma'ru/ [ma'ru] lake danau /'ana/ [,an;}] they mereka /a'na/ [a'na] fence pagar /mo'o/ [mo'o] she itches dia (p erempuan) gatal /'moo/ ['moo] she takes dia (p erempuan) mengambil 3. PHONOLOGICAL SYLLABLE Figure 1 below gives phonemes found in Mai Brat. These segments will be justified later, in section 4. CONSONANTALS (C) NON-CONSONANTALS (V) Bilabial Alveolar Velar -Back +Back +Back -Round -Round +Round Stops b t k +High i u Fricatives p s x -High e 0 Nasals m n a Flap r FIGURE 1 The following syllable ana!ysis uses the model presented by Clements and Keyser (1983).