DOCSLIB.ORG

Spleen (Lec.3 )

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spleen (Lec.3 ) Spleen (Lec.3 ) Spleen is largest lymphatic organ located in abdominal cavity , beneath the diaphragm. It is covered by the visceral layer of mesothelial cells (peritoneum) below it thick capsule of dense irregular connective tissue contains some smooth muscle fibers are found. Trabeculae (septa) are extended from capsule into splenic tissue. Spleen is composed of: White pulp , red pulp and marginal zone - White Pulp Is composed of: 1- branches of arteries as (central arterioles) 2- Diffused lymphatic tissue, as irregular masses around central arterioles this area is called periarterial lymphatic sheath( PALS) its lymphocytes are T- lymphocytes, so it is called (thymus-dependent area) . 3-White pulp is also composed of (dense aggregation of lymphocytes) as lymphatic nodules some with germinal center. marginal zone: The white pulp is enclosed within a layer called marginal zone. Which is an area between the red and white pulp. The periphery of the lymphatic sheath and nodules is surrounded by a marginal zone. It contains mainly B lymphocytes, plasma cells macrophages and Interdigitating, dendritic cells, marginal blood sinuses . This area plays role in (immune response & filter the blood). • Red pulp Is located between white pulp and trabeculae. • The red pulp is composed of two components : 1• Splenic cords of Billroth, and 2• Venous sinuses. Splenic cords: Are composed of a spongy cellular mass supported by reticular fibers. The collage trabeculae are continuous with the reticular fibers of the pulp. The lymphatic tissue is organized as cords or strands, contains large No. of RBC ; lymphocytes; granular leukocytes, macrophages Embedded in meshwork of reticular tissue. Venous sinuses Have large wide irregular lumen, 12-40μm wide. Sinuses occupy more space than the splenic cords. The walls of sinuses lack a muscular coat and display a unique arrangement of endothelium and basal lamina. They have: 1-Elongated fusiform flattened endothelial cells called stave cells line these sinusoids, oriented parallel to the blood flow and sparsely wrapped in reticular fibers . 2-Discontinuous basal lamina, supported by (thick reticular fiber). There are spaces between endothelial cells permit exchange between sinusoids and adjacent tissue. Processes of macrophages extend between endothelial cells into the lumen to monitor passing blood foreign antigens. — Splenic blood circulation Spleen is inserted in blood circulation, has special vascular channels in order to filter the blood and special types of blood circulation: 1-Closed blood circulation 2-Opened blood circulation ( in human). The splenic arteries enter spleen through hilum, follow the trabeculae as trabecular artery, then infiltrated by a sheath of lymphocytes in white pulp as central artery it terminate into penicillar arteries in red pulp and sub divided into 3 segments . Pulp arterioles Sheathed arterioles ( ensheathed by macrophages). Terminal arterial capillary Then the blood is carried to red pulp directly then to venous sinuses. This circulation is opened circulation . when terminal arterial capillaries opened in venous sinuses then to veins (trabecular vein) and o leave spleen by splenic vein through hilum, this circulation is closed circulation. — Some functions of spleen: — Filtration of blood - removal of antigenic material and cellular debris by macrophages and dendritic cells, concentrated and presented to lymphocytes in the white pulp. — Lymphocyte activation - both T and B lymphocytes are activated in the spleen. Plasma cells migrate from the white pulp into the red where they secrete Igs into the venous blood. — Destruction of old/damaged RBCs - phagocytosed by macrophages and the hemoglobin is broken down . .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages − CSF-1
    CSF-1−Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki, Shigeyuki Kon, Kyeonghwa Bae, Koyu Ito, Yutaka Matsui, Yosuke Nakayama, Masashi Kanayama, This information is current as Chiemi Kimura, Yoshinori Narita, Takashi Nishimura, of September 29, 2021. Kazuya Iwabuchi, Matthias Mack, Nico van Rooijen, Shimon Sakaguchi, Toshimitsu Uede and Junko Morimoto J Immunol published online 14 January 2011 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2011/01/14/jimmun Downloaded from ol.1001345 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2011/01/14/jimmunol.100134 Material 5.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 29, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Published January 14, 2011, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001345 The Journal of Immunology CSF-1–Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki,*,† Shigeyuki Kon,† Kyeonghwa Bae,† Koyu Ito,† Yutaka Matsui,* Yosuke Nakayama,† Masashi Kanayama,† Chiemi Kimura,† Yoshinori Narita,‡ Takashi Nishimura,‡ Kazuya Iwabuchi,x Matthias Mack,{ Nico van Rooijen,‖ Shimon Sakaguchi,# Toshimitsu Uede,*,† and Junko Morimoto† The balance between immune activation and suppression must be regulated to maintain immune homeostasis.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Murine Macrophages from Bone Marrow
    Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2013, 14:6 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/14/6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Characterization of murine macrophages from bone marrow, spleen and peritoneum Changqi Wang1*†, Xiao Yu1,2†, Qi Cao1, Ya Wang1, Guoping Zheng1, Thian Kui Tan1, Hong Zhao1,3, Ye Zhao1, Yiping Wang1 and David CH Harris1 Abstract Background: Macrophages have heterogeneous phenotypes and complex functions within both innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, most experimental studies have been performed on macrophages derived from bone marrow, spleen and peritoneum. However, differences among macrophages from these particular sources remain unclear. In this study, the features of murine macrophages from bone marrow, spleen and peritoneum were compared. Results: We found that peritoneal macrophages (PMs) appear to be more mature than bone marrow derived macrophages (BMs) and splenic macrophages (SPMs) based on their morphology and surface molecular characteristics. BMs showed the strongest capacity for both proliferation and phagocytosis among the three populations of macrophage. Under resting conditions, SPMs maintained high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α), whereas BMs produced high levels of suppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). However, SPMs activated with LPS not only maintained higher levels of (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) than BMs or PMs, but also maintained higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Conclusions: Our results show that BMs, SPMs and PMs are distinct populations with different biological functions, providing clues to guide their further experimental or therapeutic use. Keywords: Macrophage, Bone marrow, Spleen, Peritoneum Background macrophage populations could be attributed to their het- Macrophages play an essential role in both innate and erogeneity [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Cells, Tissues and Organs of the Immune System
    Immune Cells and Organs Bonnie Hylander, Ph.D. Aug 29, 2014 Dept of Immunology [email protected] Immune system Purpose/function? • First line of defense= epithelial integrity= skin, mucosal surfaces • Defense against pathogens – Inside cells= kill the infected cell (Viruses) – Systemic= kill- Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites • Two phases of response – Handle the acute infection, keep it from spreading – Prevent future infections We didn’t know…. • What triggers innate immunity- • What mediates communication between innate and adaptive immunity- Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman Jules A. Hoffmann Bruce A. Beutler Ralph M. Steinman 1996 (fruit flies) 1998 (mice) 1973 Discovered receptor proteins that can Discovered dendritic recognize bacteria and other microorganisms cells “the conductors of as they enter the body, and activate the first the immune system”. line of defense in the immune system, known DC’s activate T-cells as innate immunity. The Immune System “Although the lymphoid system consists of various separate tissues and organs, it functions as a single entity. This is mainly because its principal cellular constituents, lymphocytes, are intrinsically mobile and continuously recirculate in large number between the blood and the lymph by way of the secondary lymphoid tissues… where antigens and antigen-presenting cells are selectively localized.” -Masayuki, Nat Rev Immuno. May 2004 Not all who wander are lost….. Tolkien Lord of the Rings …..some are searching Overview of the Immune System Immune System • Cells – Innate response- several cell types – Adaptive (specific) response- lymphocytes • Organs – Primary where lymphocytes develop/mature – Secondary where mature lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells interact to initiate a specific immune response • Circulatory system- blood • Lymphatic system- lymph Cells= Leukocytes= white blood cells Plasma- with anticoagulant Granulocytes Serum- after coagulation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes That Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions
    Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes that Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Robbins, Clinton S., Aleksey Chudnovskiy, Philipp J. Rauch, Jose- Luiz Figueiredo, Yoshiko Iwamoto, Rostic Gorbatov, Martin Etzrodt, et al. 2012. “Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6C High Monocytes That Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions.” Circulation 125 (2): 364–74. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.061986. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41384259 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Circulation. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 17. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Circulation. 2012 January 17; 125(2): 364±374. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.061986. Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes that Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions Clinton S. Robbins, PhD1,*, Aleksey Chudnovskiy, MS1,*, Philipp J. Rauch, BS1,*, Jose-Luiz Figueiredo, MD1, Yoshiko Iwamoto, BS1, Rostic Gorbatov, BS1, Martin Etzrodt, BS1, Georg F. Weber, MD1, Takuya Ueno, MD, PhD1, Nico van Rooijen, PhD2, Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe, PhD3, Peter
    [Show full text]
  • 201028 the Lymphatic System 2 – Structure and Function of The
    Copyright EMAP Publishing 2020 This article is not for distribution except for journal club use Clinical Practice Keywords Immunity/Anatomy/Stem cell production/Lymphatic system Systems of life This article has been Lymphatic system double-blind peer reviewed In this article... l How blood and immune cells are produced and developed by the lymphatic system l Clinical significance of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs l How the lymphatic system mounts an immune response and filters pathogens The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of the lymphoid organs Key points Authors Yamni Nigam is professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate The lymphoid professor in biomedical science; both at the College of Human and Health Sciences, organs include the Swansea University. red bone marrow, thymus, spleen Abstract This article is the second in a six-part series about the lymphatic system. It and clusters of discusses the role of the lymphoid organs, which is to develop and provide immunity lymph nodes for the body. The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow, in which blood and immune cells are produced, and the thymus, where T-lymphocytes mature. The Blood and immune lymph nodes and spleen are the major secondary lymphoid organs; they filter out cells are produced pathogens and maintain the population of mature lymphocytes. inside the red bone marrow, during a Citation Nigam Y, Knight J (2020) The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of process called the lymphoid organs. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 11, 44-48. haematopoiesis The thymus secretes his article discusses the major become either erythrocytes, leucocytes or hormones that are lymphoid organs and their role platelets.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 | Page: Immune Cells and Tissues Swailes Cells and Tissues of The
    Cells and Tissues of the Immune System N. Swailes, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Rm: B046A ML Tel: 5-7726 E-mail: [email protected] Required reading Mescher AL, Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 12th Edition, Chapter 20: pp226-2480 Ross MH and Pawlina W, Histology: A text and Atlas, 6th Edition, Chapter 21: pp396-429 Learning objectives 1) Identify the major cells of the immune system and briefly outline their function 2) Describe the general structure of lymphoid tissue 3) Differentiate between primary and secondary immune organs 4) Identify the thymus and discuss the role of its cells in ‘educating’ immature T-cells 5) Identify a lymph node and outline how an immune response is triggered here 6) Identify the spleen and describe the role of red and white pulp in filtering the blood and reacting to blood borne antigens 7) Differentiate between MALT in the oral cavity (tonsils) 8) Know where to find and how to identify examples of BALT and GALT Major Take Home Points A. Lymphoid tissues are composed of different types of lymphocytes and supporting cells within a scaffold of Type III collagen/reticular fibers B. The major primary lymphoid organs are encapsulated organs where immature lymphocytes are born (bone marrow) and become immunocompetent (thymus) C. The major secondary lymphoid organs are encapsulated organs where immunocompetent lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells after exposure to antigen in the blood (spleen) or lymph (nodes) D. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) are un-encapsulated areas of lymphoid tissue within the mucosa of organs that can be identified by their lining epithelium (tonsils, GALT: ileum and appendix, BALT) 1 | Page: Immune Cells and Tissues Swailes A1: Organization of the immune system 5a A.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016
    Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Lymphoid System II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. Cortex 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes 1. General Structures 2. Cortex 3. Paracortex 4. Medulla C. MALT 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure 2. White Pulp 3. Red Pulp V. Summary SEM of an activated macrophage. Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 1. The main function of the immune system is to protect the body against aberrancy: IV. Slides either foreign pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and parasites) or abnormal host cells (e.g., cancerous cells). A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. The lymphoid system includes all cells, tissues, and organs in the body that contain 2. Cortex aggregates (accumulations) of lymphocytes (a category of leukocytes including B-cells, 3. Medulla T-cells, and natural-killer cells); while the functions of the different types of B. Lymph Nodes lymphocytes vary greatly, they generally all appear morphologically similar so cannot be 1. General Structures routinely distinguished in light microscopy. 2. Cortex 3. Lymphocytes can be found distributed throughout the lymphoid system as: (1) single 3. Paracortex cells, (2) isolated aggregates of cells, (3) distinct non-encapsulated lymphoid nodules in 4. Medulla loose CT associated with epithelium, or (4) encapsulated individual lymphoid organs. C. MALT 1. Tonsils 4. Primary lymphoid organs are sites where lymphocytes are formed and mature; they 2. BALT include the bone marrow (B-cells) and thymus (T-cells); secondary lymphoid organs are sites of lymphocyte monitoring and activation; they include lymph nodes, MALT, and 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with Distinctive Patterns of Splenic and Bone Marrow Involvement: Clinicopathologic Features of Two Cases
    Modern Pathology (2005) 18, 495–502 & 2005 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/05 $30.00 www.modernpathology.org Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with distinctive patterns of splenic and bone marrow involvement: clinicopathologic features of two cases William G Morice, Fausto J Rodriguez, James D Hoyer and Paul J Kurtin Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Two unusual cases of large B-cell lymphoma with predominant splenic and bone marrow (BM) involvement and similar clinical and histopathologic features are described. Both patients presented with nonspecific constitutional symptoms, unexplained cytopenias, and splenomegaly. Splenectomy revealed diffuse red pulp involvement by large B-cell lymphoma. The perisplenic lymph nodes were also involved diffusely with effacement of normal nodal architecture, excluding a diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. BM biopsies revealed striking erythroid hyperplasia without overt morphologic evidence of involvement by lymphoma. Immunoperoxidase staining of the marrow biopsies with antibodies to CD20 and erythroid- associated antigens revealed involvement by large B-cell lymphoma morphologically resembling the early pronormoblasts. In both cases there was prominent, but not exclusive, intravascular/intrasinusoidal lymphomatous marrow infiltration. These cases represent an unusual variant of large B-cell lymphoma with distinctive patterns of splenic and BM involvement. Furthermore, they underscore the difficulties in identifying intrasinusoidal
    [Show full text]
  • The Spleen ABOLARIN A.T BUTH, OGBOMOSO Outline
    The Spleen ABOLARIN A.T BUTH, OGBOMOSO Outline Structure and physiology Functions Diseases associated with the spleen The major functions of the spleen are (i) filtration and ‘quality control’ of red cells within the circulation (ii) capture and destruction of blood-borne pathogens (iii) generation of adaptive immune responses. In order to achieve these aims the Spleen has evolved a unique anatomical structure that is based on the filtering of blood through two main systems. These consist of a white pulp, which is concerned mainly with immunological function, and a red pulp, which regulates the selection of red cells for re-entry into the circulation. Structure of the spleen The normal spleen weighsabout 150–250 g, but there is considerable variation between normal individuals and at various ages in the same individual. At puberty it weighs about 200–300 g but after the age of 65 years this decreases to 100–150 g or less. In the adult its length is 8–13cm, width 4.5–7.0 cm, surface area 45– 80 cm2 and volume less than 275 cm3. A spleen greater than 14 cm long is usually palpable. Blood flow It is enclosed by a connective tissue framework that extends inwards to form a fibrous network. Blood enters at the pelvis and the majority of vessels open into these open networks(the red pulp) before re-entering the closed venous system. There is no afferent lymphatic to the spleen and the efferent lymphatic system leaves along the route of the splenic vein. The spleen contains a large amount of lymphatic tissue that is mostly concentrated in concentric rings around the arterioles (white pulp).
    [Show full text]
  • Other Useful Books
    Other Useful Books Dictionaries: Leeson TS, Leeson CR: Histology, 4th ed. Philadel­ phia: Saunders, 1981. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 26th ed. Lentz, TL: Cell Fine Structure. Philadelphia: Saun­ Philadelphia: Saunders, 1981. ders, 1971. Melloni's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Balti­ Rhodin JAG: Histology, A Text and Atlas. New more: Williams and Wilkins, 1979. York: Oxford University Press, 1974. Stedman's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 24th ed. Williams PL, Warwick R: Gray's Anatomy, 36th Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. English edition. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1980. Weiss L, Greep ROO: Histology, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Textbooks: Histology and Cytology Wheater PR, Burkitt HG, Daniels VG: Functional Arey LB: Human Histology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Histology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1979. Saunders, 1974. Bloom W, Fawcett DW: A Textbook of Histology, Textbooks: Pathology 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974. Anderson WAD, Kissane JM: Pathology, 7th ed. Borysenko M, Borysenko J, Beringer T, Gustafson St. Louis: Mosby, 1977. A: Functional Histology. A Core Text. Boston: Lit­ tle, Brown, 1979. Anderson WAD, Scotti TM: Synopsis of Pathology, 10th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1980. Copenhaver WM, Kelly DE, Wood RL: Bailey's Golden A: Pathology. Understanding Human Dis­ Textbook of Histology, 17th ed. Baltimore: Wil­ ease. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. liams and Wilkins, 1978. King D, Geller LM, Krieger P, Silva F, Lefkowitch Cowdry EV: A Textbook of Histology, 4th ed. Phila­ JH: A Survey of Pathology. New York: Oxford delphia: Lea and Febiger, 1950. University Press, 1976. Dyson RD: Cell Biology. A Molecular Approach, Robbins SL, Cotran RS: Pathologic Basis of Dis­ 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
    [Show full text]