DOCSLIB.ORG

Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Lymphoid System II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. Cortex 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes 1. General Structures 2. Cortex 3. Paracortex 4. Medulla C. MALT 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure 2. White Pulp 3. Red Pulp V. Summary SEM of an activated macrophage. Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 1. The main function of the immune system is to protect the body against aberrancy: IV. Slides either foreign pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and parasites) or abnormal host cells (e.g., cancerous cells). A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. The lymphoid system includes all cells, tissues, and organs in the body that contain 2. Cortex aggregates (accumulations) of lymphocytes (a category of leukocytes including B-cells, 3. Medulla T-cells, and natural-killer cells); while the functions of the different types of B. Lymph Nodes lymphocytes vary greatly, they generally all appear morphologically similar so cannot be 1. General Structures routinely distinguished in light microscopy. 2. Cortex 3. Lymphocytes can be found distributed throughout the lymphoid system as: (1) single 3. Paracortex cells, (2) isolated aggregates of cells, (3) distinct non-encapsulated lymphoid nodules in 4. Medulla loose CT associated with epithelium, or (4) encapsulated individual lymphoid organs. C. MALT 1. Tonsils 4. Primary lymphoid organs are sites where lymphocytes are formed and mature; they 2. BALT include the bone marrow (B-cells) and thymus (T-cells); secondary lymphoid organs are sites of lymphocyte monitoring and activation; they include lymph nodes, MALT, and 3. GALT the spleen. a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix 5. MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) consists of collections of lymphocytes D. Spleen and antigen-presenting cells in the lamina propria (loose CT) of the mucosa of the 1. General Structure digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts; the cells may be dispersed throughout 2. White Pulp the mucosa or collected together into aggregates (lymphoid nodules). 3. Red Pulp V. Summary Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Learning Objectives II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 1. Describe the cellular organization and functions of the thymus. IV. Slides A. Thymus 2. Describe the structural architecture and cellular composition of lymph nodes, their 1. General Structure function(s), and lymph and blood circulation within them. 2. Cortex 3. Medulla 3. Define the non-encapsulated collections of lymphoid tissue associated with the B. Lymph Nodes gastrointestinal tract (GALT): tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix. 1. General Structures 2. Cortex 4. Describe the structural architecture, cellular composition, and function of the 3. Paracortex spleen. 4. Medulla 5. Identify the characteristic structural and cellular components of defined elements of C. MALT the lymphoid system. 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 6. Identify the architectural and cellular organization of the thymus. 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches 7. Identify the structural architecture and cellular composition of lymph nodes. b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 8. Identify the non-encapsulated collections of lymphoid tissue associated with the 1. General Structure gastrointestinal tract (GALT): tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix. 2. White Pulp 3. Red Pulp V. Summary Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Learning Objectives (cont.) II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 9. Identify the connective tissue capsule, trabeculae, white and red pulp in spleen and IV. Slides components of the blood circulation in the spleen. A. Thymus 1. General Structure 10. Explain why lymphoid organs contain a network of reticular fibers or epithelial 2. Cortex tissue filled with lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes 11. Compare and contrast the specific unique structural features and regions of lymph 1. General Structures nodes, spleen, and thymus and the functional significance of these features. 2. Cortex 3. Paracortex 12. Describe the circulation through the lymph nodes and spleen and how these organs 4. Medulla filter lymph and blood, respectively. C. MALT 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure 2. White Pulp 3. Red Pulp V. Summary Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives Keywords III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus Afferent lymphatic vessel Medullary cord BALT Medullary sinus 1. General Structure Central arteriole Paracortex 2. Cortex Cortex Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths 3. Medulla Efferent lymphatic vessel Peyer’s patch B. Lymph Nodes Epitheliorecticular cell Red pulp 1. General Structures GALT Reticular network 2. Cortex Germinal center Spleen 3. Paracortex High endothelial venule Splenic cord (of Billroth) 4. Medulla Lymph node Splenic sinus C. MALT Lymphocytes Stave cells 1. Tonsils Lymphoid follicle/nodule Subcapsular sinus 2. BALT Macrophage Thymic (Hassal’s) corpuscle MALT Thymic epithelial cell 3. GALT Mantle zone Thymus a. Peyer’s patches Medulla White pulp b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure 2. White Pulp 3. Red Pulp V. Summary Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 Slide 126: Thymus, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. Cortex dense CT capsule 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes an individual lobule 1. General Structures consisting of an outer 2. Cortex basophilic cortex surrounding an inner 3. Paracortex eosinophilic medulla 4. Medulla C. MALT 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure 2. White Pulp the thymus is the site of T-cell (lymphocyte) maturation; it is bi-lobed (seen at the gross level) and surrounded 3. Red Pulp by a vascularized dense CT capsule; trabeculae/septa arise from the capsule and divide the lobes into V. Summary incompletely-separated lobules; each lobule has a dark-staining cortex and a light-staining medulla Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Slide 126: Thymus, H&E II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. Cortex capsule 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes 1. General Structures 2. Cortex cortex of lobule septum of CT 3. Paracortex (basophilic) extending from the 4. Medulla capsule, separating C. MALT medulla the parenchyma of 1. Tonsils of lobule the gland into 2. BALT (eosinophilic) lobules 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure 2. White Pulp 3. Red Pulp V. Summary Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 Slide 126: Thymus, H&E Slide 123: Thymus, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. Cortex 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes 1. General Structures 2. Cortex 3. Paracortex 4. Medulla C. MALT 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 3. GALT non-involuted thymus has clear thymic architecture with involuted thymus lacks distinction between cortex and a. Peyer’s patches distinctive lobules with divisions into cortex and medulla regions medulla of lobules and has an abundance of adipose tissue b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure by puberty, the thymus has begun to undergo involution (degeneration) with a drop in lymphocyte production; 2. White Pulp thymic corpuscles (in the medulla) become more prominent and the parenchyma of the gland is replaced with 3. Red Pulp loose CT and adipose tissue V. Summary Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 Slide 126: Thymus, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus 1. General Structure lymphocyte 2. Cortex 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes 1. General Structures epithelioreticular 2. Cortex cell (ERCs) 3. Paracortex despite the name, 4. Medulla there is no reticular C. MALT CT within the thymus 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 3. GALT macrophage a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure the basophilic cortex of each lobule is the site of positive T-cell selection; it contains an extensive population of 2. White Pulp T-cell precursor lymphocytes (thymocytes), with basophilic nuclei with little cytoplasm, as well as 3. Red Pulp macrophages and a few cortical thymic epithelial cells (epithelioreticular cells); ERCs have large round/oval V. Summary euchromatic nuclei; they around found both in the cortex and medulla and perform a variety of functions, including compartmentalizing the cortex, creating a blood-thymus barrier, and thymocyte education Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 Slide 126: Thymus, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Thymus 1. General Structure 2. Cortex 3. Medulla thymic (Hassall’s) B. Lymph Nodes corpuscle 1. General Structures 2. Cortex 3. Paracortex 4. Medulla C. MALT 1. Tonsils 2. BALT 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure the medulla of each lobule is the site of negative T-cell selection; it is characterized by a more eosinophilic 2. White Pulp appereance due to fewer and larger lymphocytes (thymocytes) and the presence of thymic corpuscles which 3. Red Pulp are large, oval structures with whorls of keratinized, flattened cells; the corpuscles are thought to play a role in V. Summary regulatory T-cell development, though their significance remains unknown; their presence is a defining characteristic of the medulla and the thymus in general Lab 14 – Lymphoid System IUSM – 2016 Slide 42: Lymph Node, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords capsule (dense CT) IV. Slides A. Thymus cortex with lymphoid follicles 1. General Structure 2. Cortex paracortex 3. Medulla B. Lymph Nodes medulla 1. General Structures 2. Cortex efferent lymphatic 3. Paracortex vessel 4. Medulla a single efferent C. MALT vessel exits the 1. Tonsils lymph node 2. BALT 3. GALT a. Peyer’s patches b. Vermiform appendix D. Spleen 1. General Structure lymph nodes are bean-shaped, encapsulated “lymph filters” situated periodically along the length of lymphatic 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Te2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
    [Show full text]
  • Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages − CSF-1
    CSF-1−Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki, Shigeyuki Kon, Kyeonghwa Bae, Koyu Ito, Yutaka Matsui, Yosuke Nakayama, Masashi Kanayama, This information is current as Chiemi Kimura, Yoshinori Narita, Takashi Nishimura, of September 29, 2021. Kazuya Iwabuchi, Matthias Mack, Nico van Rooijen, Shimon Sakaguchi, Toshimitsu Uede and Junko Morimoto J Immunol published online 14 January 2011 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2011/01/14/jimmun Downloaded from ol.1001345 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2011/01/14/jimmunol.100134 Material 5.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 29, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Published January 14, 2011, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001345 The Journal of Immunology CSF-1–Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki,*,† Shigeyuki Kon,† Kyeonghwa Bae,† Koyu Ito,† Yutaka Matsui,* Yosuke Nakayama,† Masashi Kanayama,† Chiemi Kimura,† Yoshinori Narita,‡ Takashi Nishimura,‡ Kazuya Iwabuchi,x Matthias Mack,{ Nico van Rooijen,‖ Shimon Sakaguchi,# Toshimitsu Uede,*,† and Junko Morimoto† The balance between immune activation and suppression must be regulated to maintain immune homeostasis.
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Splenic and Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma
    J. Clin. Exp. Hematopathol Vol. 45, No. 1, Aug 2005 Review Article Primary Splenic and Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma: Jacques Diebold, Agne`s Le Tourneau, Eva Comperat, Thierry Molina and Jose´ e Audouin Primary splenic and nodal marginal zone (MZ) lymphomas are rare small B cell lymphomas presenting with similar histopathologic features. The neoplastic cell population mostly consists of monocytoid B cells organized in a MZ pattern, associated with centrocytoid cells colonizing follicles. About 50% of cases have a monotypic plasma cell component. The different histopathologic patterns and differential diagnosis are discussed here. Both diseases share a similar immunophenotype, with the expression of B-cell associated antigens and restriction of immunoglobulin light chain. The only difference is the more frequent expression of IgD in splenic than in nodal lymphomas. The most recent findings in genetics and molecular biology are presented and discussed. The main clinical and biological symptoms are described and the similarity of some cases with Waldenstro¨ms macroglobulinemia is stressed. Both lymphomas present with the same type of bone marrow involvement with a high frequency of intravascular infiltrates, which can be associated with interstitial and nodular infiltrates. Transformation into diffuse large B cell lymphoma occurs in about 10 to 15% of the cases. The outcome in many splenic MZ lymphomas is characterized by a lengthy survival after splenectomy (9 to 13 years or longer), despite the absence of a consensus on the optimal treatment. Nodal MZ lymphoma has a more aggressive evolution and seems to only be curable at an early stage. Further studies are needed of both lymphomas to improve treatment and prognosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Cells, Tissues and Organs of the Immune System
    Immune Cells and Organs Bonnie Hylander, Ph.D. Aug 29, 2014 Dept of Immunology [email protected] Immune system Purpose/function? • First line of defense= epithelial integrity= skin, mucosal surfaces • Defense against pathogens – Inside cells= kill the infected cell (Viruses) – Systemic= kill- Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites • Two phases of response – Handle the acute infection, keep it from spreading – Prevent future infections We didn’t know…. • What triggers innate immunity- • What mediates communication between innate and adaptive immunity- Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman Jules A. Hoffmann Bruce A. Beutler Ralph M. Steinman 1996 (fruit flies) 1998 (mice) 1973 Discovered receptor proteins that can Discovered dendritic recognize bacteria and other microorganisms cells “the conductors of as they enter the body, and activate the first the immune system”. line of defense in the immune system, known DC’s activate T-cells as innate immunity. The Immune System “Although the lymphoid system consists of various separate tissues and organs, it functions as a single entity. This is mainly because its principal cellular constituents, lymphocytes, are intrinsically mobile and continuously recirculate in large number between the blood and the lymph by way of the secondary lymphoid tissues… where antigens and antigen-presenting cells are selectively localized.” -Masayuki, Nat Rev Immuno. May 2004 Not all who wander are lost….. Tolkien Lord of the Rings …..some are searching Overview of the Immune System Immune System • Cells – Innate response- several cell types – Adaptive (specific) response- lymphocytes • Organs – Primary where lymphocytes develop/mature – Secondary where mature lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells interact to initiate a specific immune response • Circulatory system- blood • Lymphatic system- lymph Cells= Leukocytes= white blood cells Plasma- with anticoagulant Granulocytes Serum- after coagulation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice Selective Malformation of the Splenic White
    Selective Malformation of the Splenic White Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice Shih-Lien Wang, Michael Kutsche, Gino DiSciullo, Melitta Schachner and Steven A. Bogen This information is current as of September 27, 2021. J Immunol 2000; 165:2465-2473; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2465 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/5/2465 Downloaded from References This article cites 45 articles, 12 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/5/2465.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 27, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Selective Malformation of the Splenic White Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice1 Shih-Lien Wang,* Michael Kutsche,† Gino DiSciullo,* Melitta Schachner,† and Steven A. Bogen2* Lymphocytes enter the splenic white pulp by crossing the poorly characterized boundary of the marginal sinus. In this study, we describe the importance of L1, an adhesion molecule of the Ig superfamily, for marginal sinus integrity.
    [Show full text]
  • Centers Differentiation Stages in Human Germinal Patterns Reflect
    Cutting Edge: Polycomb Gene Expression Patterns Reflect Distinct B Cell Differentiation Stages in Human Germinal Centers This information is current as of September 27, 2021. Frank M. Raaphorst, Folkert J. van Kemenade, Elly Fieret, Karien M. Hamer, David P. E. Satijn, Arie P. Otte and Chris J. L. M. Meijer J Immunol 2000; 164:1-4; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.1 Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/1/1 References This article cites 22 articles, 11 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/ http://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/1/1.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 27, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. c Cutting Edge: Polycomb Gene Expression Patterns Reflect Distinct B Cell Differentiation Stages in Human Germinal Centers Frank M. Raaphorst,1* Folkert J. van Kemenade,* Elly Fieret,* Karien M.
    [Show full text]
  • Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes That Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions
    Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes that Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Robbins, Clinton S., Aleksey Chudnovskiy, Philipp J. Rauch, Jose- Luiz Figueiredo, Yoshiko Iwamoto, Rostic Gorbatov, Martin Etzrodt, et al. 2012. “Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6C High Monocytes That Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions.” Circulation 125 (2): 364–74. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.061986. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41384259 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Circulation. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 17. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Circulation. 2012 January 17; 125(2): 364±374. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.061986. Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes that Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions Clinton S. Robbins, PhD1,*, Aleksey Chudnovskiy, MS1,*, Philipp J. Rauch, BS1,*, Jose-Luiz Figueiredo, MD1, Yoshiko Iwamoto, BS1, Rostic Gorbatov, BS1, Martin Etzrodt, BS1, Georg F. Weber, MD1, Takuya Ueno, MD, PhD1, Nico van Rooijen, PhD2, Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe, PhD3, Peter
    [Show full text]
  • 201028 the Lymphatic System 2 – Structure and Function of The
    Copyright EMAP Publishing 2020 This article is not for distribution except for journal club use Clinical Practice Keywords Immunity/Anatomy/Stem cell production/Lymphatic system Systems of life This article has been Lymphatic system double-blind peer reviewed In this article... l How blood and immune cells are produced and developed by the lymphatic system l Clinical significance of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs l How the lymphatic system mounts an immune response and filters pathogens The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of the lymphoid organs Key points Authors Yamni Nigam is professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate The lymphoid professor in biomedical science; both at the College of Human and Health Sciences, organs include the Swansea University. red bone marrow, thymus, spleen Abstract This article is the second in a six-part series about the lymphatic system. It and clusters of discusses the role of the lymphoid organs, which is to develop and provide immunity lymph nodes for the body. The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow, in which blood and immune cells are produced, and the thymus, where T-lymphocytes mature. The Blood and immune lymph nodes and spleen are the major secondary lymphoid organs; they filter out cells are produced pathogens and maintain the population of mature lymphocytes. inside the red bone marrow, during a Citation Nigam Y, Knight J (2020) The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of process called the lymphoid organs. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 11, 44-48. haematopoiesis The thymus secretes his article discusses the major become either erythrocytes, leucocytes or hormones that are lymphoid organs and their role platelets.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 | Page: Immune Cells and Tissues Swailes Cells and Tissues of The
    Cells and Tissues of the Immune System N. Swailes, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Rm: B046A ML Tel: 5-7726 E-mail: [email protected] Required reading Mescher AL, Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 12th Edition, Chapter 20: pp226-2480 Ross MH and Pawlina W, Histology: A text and Atlas, 6th Edition, Chapter 21: pp396-429 Learning objectives 1) Identify the major cells of the immune system and briefly outline their function 2) Describe the general structure of lymphoid tissue 3) Differentiate between primary and secondary immune organs 4) Identify the thymus and discuss the role of its cells in ‘educating’ immature T-cells 5) Identify a lymph node and outline how an immune response is triggered here 6) Identify the spleen and describe the role of red and white pulp in filtering the blood and reacting to blood borne antigens 7) Differentiate between MALT in the oral cavity (tonsils) 8) Know where to find and how to identify examples of BALT and GALT Major Take Home Points A. Lymphoid tissues are composed of different types of lymphocytes and supporting cells within a scaffold of Type III collagen/reticular fibers B. The major primary lymphoid organs are encapsulated organs where immature lymphocytes are born (bone marrow) and become immunocompetent (thymus) C. The major secondary lymphoid organs are encapsulated organs where immunocompetent lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells after exposure to antigen in the blood (spleen) or lymph (nodes) D. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) are un-encapsulated areas of lymphoid tissue within the mucosa of organs that can be identified by their lining epithelium (tonsils, GALT: ileum and appendix, BALT) 1 | Page: Immune Cells and Tissues Swailes A1: Organization of the immune system 5a A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mantle Cell Lymphoma Stefano A
    Editorials and Perspectives ers in myeloproliferative diseases: relationships with JAK2 Pascutto C, et al. Relation between JAK2 (V617F) mutation V617 F status, clonality, and antiphospholipid antibodies. J status, granulocyte activation, and constitutive mobilization Thromb Haemost 2007;5:1679-85. of CD34+ cells into peripheral blood in myeloproliferative 17. Falanga A, Marchetti M, Vignoli A, Balducci D, Russo L, disorders. Blood 2006;107:3676-82. Guerini V, et al. V617F JAK-2 mutation in patients with 23. Alvarez-Larrán A, Arellano-Rodrigo E, Reverter JC, essential thrombocythemia: relation to platelet, granulo- Domingo A, Villamor N, Colomer D, et al. Increased cyte, and plasma hemostatic and inflammatory molecules. platelet, leukocyte, and coagulation activation in primary Exp Hematol 2007;35:702-11. myelofibrosis. Ann Hematol 2008;87:269-76. 18. Arellano-Rodrigo E, Alvarez-Larran A, Reverter JC, 24. Leibundgut EO, Horn MP, Brunold C, Pfanner-Meyer B, Colomer D, Villamor N, Bellosillo B, et al. Platelet turnover, Marti D, Hirsiger H, et al. Hematopoietic and endothelial coagulation factors, and soluble markers of platelet and progenitor cell trafficking in patients with myeloprolifera- endothelial activation in essential thrombocythemia: rela- tive diseases. Haematologica 2006;91:1465-72. tionship with thrombosis occurrence and JAK2 V617F allele 25. Sozer S, Fiel MI, Schiano T, Xu M, Mascarenhas J, Hoffman burden. Am J Hematol 2009;84:102-8. R. The presence of JAK2V617F mutation in the liver 19. Trappenburg MC, van Schilfgaarde M, Marchetti M, Spronk endothelial cells of patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. HM, ten Cate H, Leyte A, et al. Elevated procoagulant Blood 2009;113:5246-9.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Cells: Finding New Light at the End of B Cell Development Kathryn L
    © 2001 Nature Publishing Group http://immunol.nature.com REVIEW Plasma cells: finding new light at the end of B cell development Kathryn L. Calame Plasma cells are cellular factories devoted entire- Upon plasma cell differentiation, there is a marked increase in ly to the manufacture and export of a single prod- steady-state amounts of Ig heavy and light chain mRNA and, when 2 uct: soluble immunoglobulin (Ig). As the final required for IgM and IgA secretion, J chain mRNA . Whether the increase in Ig mRNA is due to increased transcription, increased mediators of a humoral response, plasma cells mRNA stability or, as seems likely, both mechanisms, remains con- play a critical role in adaptive immunity.Although troversial2. There is also an increase in secreted versus membrane intense effort has been devoted to studying the forms of heavy chain mRNA, as determined by differential use of poly(A) sites that may involve the availability of one component of regulation and requirements for early B cell the polyadenylation machinery, cleavage-stimulation factor Cst-643. development, little information has been avail- To accommodate translation and secretion of the abundant Ig able on plasma cells. However, more recent mRNAs, plasma cells have an increased cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio work—including studies on genetically altered and prominent amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and secreto- ry vacuoles. mice and data from microarray analyses—has Numerous B cell–specific surface proteins are down-regulated begun to identify the regulatory cascades that upon plasma cell differentiation, including major histocompatibility initiate and maintain the plasma cell phenotype. complex (MHC) class II, B220, CD19, CD21 and CD22.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW Multiple Myeloma: the Cells of Origin – a Two-Way Street
    Leukemia (1998) 12, 121–127 1998 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0887-6924/98 $12.00 REVIEW Multiple myeloma: the cells of origin – A two-way street JR Berenson, RA Vescio and J Said West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Multiple myeloma results from an interplay between the mono- earlier precursor cells may be responsible for the proliferation clonal malignant plasma cells and supporting nonmalignant of the malignant population. The presence of a circulating cells in the bone marrow. Recent studies suggest that the final transforming event in this B cell disorder occurs at a late stage tumor component without obvious plasma cell morphology of B cell differentiation based on the characteristics of the also suggests that less mature lymphocytes may be part of the immunoglobulin genes expressed by the malignant clone as clone as well, which could explain the dissemination of the well as surface markers present on the tumor cells. Recently, disease throughout the bone marrow.4 In addition, evidence an increasing pathogenic role in this malignancy by the nonma- for tumor cells at even earlier stages of hematopoietic differen- lignant cells in the bone marrow has been suggested by several tiation came from studies showing the high rate of acute non- studies. Specific infection of these supporting cells by the lymphoblastic leukemia in these patients and the presence of recently identified Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus 5,6 (KSHV) suggests a novel mechanism by which this nonmalig- non-lymphoid surface markers on malignant plasma cells. A nant population may lead to the development of this B cell variety of molecular biological techniques have subsequently malignancy and support its growth.
    [Show full text]