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Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Unilateral Tonsillar Swelling: Role and Urgency of Tonsillectomy
Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research Case report Open Access Unilateral tonsillar swelling: role and urgency of tonsillectomy Abstract Volume 13 Issue 1 - 2021 Unilateral tonsillar swelling is a fairly common presenting complaint in an Ear, Nose and J Kynaston, S Drever, M Shakeel, M Supriya, N Throat (ENT) department. It may or may not be associated with any other symptoms. Most McCluney of the time, the tonsil asymmetry is secondary to previous history of tonsillitis, quinsy, and Department of otolaryngology and head &neck surgery, tonsil stones. Other benign lesions to cause tonsil swelling may include a mucus retention Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK cyst, lipoma, polyp or papilloma. Sometimes, it is the site of primary malignancy but in these situations, it is often associated with red flag symptoms like pain in the mouth, dysphagia, Correspondence: Muhammad Shakeel, FRCSED (ORL- odynophagia, referred otalgia, weight loss, night sweating, haemoptysis, haematemesis, HNS), Consultant ENT/Thyroid surgeon, Department of hoarseness or neck nodes. Most of the patients with suspected tonsillar malignancy have Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Aberdeen Royal underlying risk factors like smoking and excessive alcohol intake. However, lately, the Infirmary, Aberdeen, AB252ZN, UK, Tel 00441224552117, tonsil squamous cell carcinoma can be found in younger patients with no history of smoking Email or drinking as there is rising incidence of human papilloma virus related oropharyngeal malignancy. Sometimes, lymphoma may manifest as a tonsil enlargement. If, after detailed Received: June 24, 2020 | Published: February 25, 2021 history and examination, there remains any doubt about the underlying cause of unilateral tonsil swelling then tonsillectomy should be considered for histological analysis. -
Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages − CSF-1
CSF-1−Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki, Shigeyuki Kon, Kyeonghwa Bae, Koyu Ito, Yutaka Matsui, Yosuke Nakayama, Masashi Kanayama, This information is current as Chiemi Kimura, Yoshinori Narita, Takashi Nishimura, of September 29, 2021. Kazuya Iwabuchi, Matthias Mack, Nico van Rooijen, Shimon Sakaguchi, Toshimitsu Uede and Junko Morimoto J Immunol published online 14 January 2011 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2011/01/14/jimmun Downloaded from ol.1001345 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2011/01/14/jimmunol.100134 Material 5.DC1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 29, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Published January 14, 2011, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001345 The Journal of Immunology CSF-1–Dependent Red Pulp Macrophages Regulate CD4 T Cell Responses Daisuke Kurotaki,*,† Shigeyuki Kon,† Kyeonghwa Bae,† Koyu Ito,† Yutaka Matsui,* Yosuke Nakayama,† Masashi Kanayama,† Chiemi Kimura,† Yoshinori Narita,‡ Takashi Nishimura,‡ Kazuya Iwabuchi,x Matthias Mack,{ Nico van Rooijen,‖ Shimon Sakaguchi,# Toshimitsu Uede,*,† and Junko Morimoto† The balance between immune activation and suppression must be regulated to maintain immune homeostasis. -
Characterization of Murine Macrophages from Bone Marrow
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2013, 14:6 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/14/6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Characterization of murine macrophages from bone marrow, spleen and peritoneum Changqi Wang1*†, Xiao Yu1,2†, Qi Cao1, Ya Wang1, Guoping Zheng1, Thian Kui Tan1, Hong Zhao1,3, Ye Zhao1, Yiping Wang1 and David CH Harris1 Abstract Background: Macrophages have heterogeneous phenotypes and complex functions within both innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, most experimental studies have been performed on macrophages derived from bone marrow, spleen and peritoneum. However, differences among macrophages from these particular sources remain unclear. In this study, the features of murine macrophages from bone marrow, spleen and peritoneum were compared. Results: We found that peritoneal macrophages (PMs) appear to be more mature than bone marrow derived macrophages (BMs) and splenic macrophages (SPMs) based on their morphology and surface molecular characteristics. BMs showed the strongest capacity for both proliferation and phagocytosis among the three populations of macrophage. Under resting conditions, SPMs maintained high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α), whereas BMs produced high levels of suppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). However, SPMs activated with LPS not only maintained higher levels of (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) than BMs or PMs, but also maintained higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Conclusions: Our results show that BMs, SPMs and PMs are distinct populations with different biological functions, providing clues to guide their further experimental or therapeutic use. Keywords: Macrophage, Bone marrow, Spleen, Peritoneum Background macrophage populations could be attributed to their het- Macrophages play an essential role in both innate and erogeneity [4]. -
Tonsils and Adenoids
Tonsils and Adenoids 575 S 70th Street, Suite 440 Lincoln, NE 68510 402.484.5500 Tonsils and adenoids are masses of tissue similar to the lymph nodes or “glands” found in the neck, groin and armpits. Tonsils are the two masses at the back of the throat. Adenoids are high up in the throat, behind the nose and roof of the mouth (soft palate) and are not visible through the mouth without special instruments. Tonsils and adenoids are near the entrance to the breathing passages, where they catch incoming germs. They “sample” bacteria and viruses, but can become infected themselves. This happens primarily during the first few years of life, but less frequently with age. Children who have their tonsils and adenoids removed suffer no loss in their resistance. What affects tonsils and adenoids? The most common problems affecting the tonsils and adenoids are recurrent infections of the throat or ear and significant enlargement or obstruction that causes breathing and swallowing problems. Abscesses around the tonsils, chronic tonsillitis and infections of small pockets within the tonsils that produce foul-smelling, cheese-like formations can also affect the tonsils and adenoids, making them sore and swollen. Tumors are rare, but can grow on the tonsils. How are tonsil and adenoid diseases treated? Bacterial infections, especially those caused by streptococcus, are first treated with antibiotics. Sometimes, removal of the tonsils and/or adenoids may be recommended. The two primary reasons for removal are recurrent infection despite antibiotic therapy and difficulty breathing due to enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids. Chronic infection can affect other areas, such as the eustachian tube, the passage between the back of the nose and the inside of the ear. -
Head and Neck
DEFINITION OF ANATOMIC SITES WITHIN THE HEAD AND NECK adapted from the Summary Staging Guide 1977 published by the SEER Program, and the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual Fifth Edition published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging. Note: Not all sites in the lip, oral cavity, pharynx and salivary glands are listed below. All sites to which a Summary Stage scheme applies are listed at the begining of the scheme. ORAL CAVITY AND ORAL PHARYNX (in ICD-O-3 sequence) The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillae below. The oral pharynx (oropharynx) is that portion of the continuity of the pharynx extending from the plane of the inferior surface of the soft palate to the plane of the superior surface of the hyoid bone (or floor of the vallecula) and includes the base of tongue, inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula, the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, the glossotonsillar sulci, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the lateral and posterior walls. The oral cavity and oral pharynx are divided into the following specific areas: LIPS (C00._; vermilion surface, mucosal lip, labial mucosa) upper and lower, form the upper and lower anterior wall of the oral cavity. They consist of an exposed surface of modified epider- mis beginning at the junction of the vermilion border with the skin and including only the vermilion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip. -
Cells, Tissues and Organs of the Immune System
Immune Cells and Organs Bonnie Hylander, Ph.D. Aug 29, 2014 Dept of Immunology [email protected] Immune system Purpose/function? • First line of defense= epithelial integrity= skin, mucosal surfaces • Defense against pathogens – Inside cells= kill the infected cell (Viruses) – Systemic= kill- Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites • Two phases of response – Handle the acute infection, keep it from spreading – Prevent future infections We didn’t know…. • What triggers innate immunity- • What mediates communication between innate and adaptive immunity- Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman Jules A. Hoffmann Bruce A. Beutler Ralph M. Steinman 1996 (fruit flies) 1998 (mice) 1973 Discovered receptor proteins that can Discovered dendritic recognize bacteria and other microorganisms cells “the conductors of as they enter the body, and activate the first the immune system”. line of defense in the immune system, known DC’s activate T-cells as innate immunity. The Immune System “Although the lymphoid system consists of various separate tissues and organs, it functions as a single entity. This is mainly because its principal cellular constituents, lymphocytes, are intrinsically mobile and continuously recirculate in large number between the blood and the lymph by way of the secondary lymphoid tissues… where antigens and antigen-presenting cells are selectively localized.” -Masayuki, Nat Rev Immuno. May 2004 Not all who wander are lost….. Tolkien Lord of the Rings …..some are searching Overview of the Immune System Immune System • Cells – Innate response- several cell types – Adaptive (specific) response- lymphocytes • Organs – Primary where lymphocytes develop/mature – Secondary where mature lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells interact to initiate a specific immune response • Circulatory system- blood • Lymphatic system- lymph Cells= Leukocytes= white blood cells Plasma- with anticoagulant Granulocytes Serum- after coagulation 1. -
Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice Selective Malformation of the Splenic White
Selective Malformation of the Splenic White Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice Shih-Lien Wang, Michael Kutsche, Gino DiSciullo, Melitta Schachner and Steven A. Bogen This information is current as of September 27, 2021. J Immunol 2000; 165:2465-2473; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2465 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/5/2465 Downloaded from References This article cites 45 articles, 12 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/5/2465.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. http://www.jimmunol.org/ • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average by guest on September 27, 2021 Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Selective Malformation of the Splenic White Pulp Border in L1-Deficient Mice1 Shih-Lien Wang,* Michael Kutsche,† Gino DiSciullo,* Melitta Schachner,† and Steven A. Bogen2* Lymphocytes enter the splenic white pulp by crossing the poorly characterized boundary of the marginal sinus. In this study, we describe the importance of L1, an adhesion molecule of the Ig superfamily, for marginal sinus integrity. -
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes That Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes that Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Robbins, Clinton S., Aleksey Chudnovskiy, Philipp J. Rauch, Jose- Luiz Figueiredo, Yoshiko Iwamoto, Rostic Gorbatov, Martin Etzrodt, et al. 2012. “Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6C High Monocytes That Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions.” Circulation 125 (2): 364–74. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.061986. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41384259 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Circulation. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 17. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Circulation. 2012 January 17; 125(2): 364±374. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.061986. Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6Chigh Monocytes that Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions Clinton S. Robbins, PhD1,*, Aleksey Chudnovskiy, MS1,*, Philipp J. Rauch, BS1,*, Jose-Luiz Figueiredo, MD1, Yoshiko Iwamoto, BS1, Rostic Gorbatov, BS1, Martin Etzrodt, BS1, Georg F. Weber, MD1, Takuya Ueno, MD, PhD1, Nico van Rooijen, PhD2, Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe, PhD3, Peter -
201028 the Lymphatic System 2 – Structure and Function of The
Copyright EMAP Publishing 2020 This article is not for distribution except for journal club use Clinical Practice Keywords Immunity/Anatomy/Stem cell production/Lymphatic system Systems of life This article has been Lymphatic system double-blind peer reviewed In this article... l How blood and immune cells are produced and developed by the lymphatic system l Clinical significance of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs l How the lymphatic system mounts an immune response and filters pathogens The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of the lymphoid organs Key points Authors Yamni Nigam is professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate The lymphoid professor in biomedical science; both at the College of Human and Health Sciences, organs include the Swansea University. red bone marrow, thymus, spleen Abstract This article is the second in a six-part series about the lymphatic system. It and clusters of discusses the role of the lymphoid organs, which is to develop and provide immunity lymph nodes for the body. The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow, in which blood and immune cells are produced, and the thymus, where T-lymphocytes mature. The Blood and immune lymph nodes and spleen are the major secondary lymphoid organs; they filter out cells are produced pathogens and maintain the population of mature lymphocytes. inside the red bone marrow, during a Citation Nigam Y, Knight J (2020) The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of process called the lymphoid organs. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 11, 44-48. haematopoiesis The thymus secretes his article discusses the major become either erythrocytes, leucocytes or hormones that are lymphoid organs and their role platelets. -
1 | Page: Immune Cells and Tissues Swailes Cells and Tissues of The
Cells and Tissues of the Immune System N. Swailes, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Rm: B046A ML Tel: 5-7726 E-mail: [email protected] Required reading Mescher AL, Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 12th Edition, Chapter 20: pp226-2480 Ross MH and Pawlina W, Histology: A text and Atlas, 6th Edition, Chapter 21: pp396-429 Learning objectives 1) Identify the major cells of the immune system and briefly outline their function 2) Describe the general structure of lymphoid tissue 3) Differentiate between primary and secondary immune organs 4) Identify the thymus and discuss the role of its cells in ‘educating’ immature T-cells 5) Identify a lymph node and outline how an immune response is triggered here 6) Identify the spleen and describe the role of red and white pulp in filtering the blood and reacting to blood borne antigens 7) Differentiate between MALT in the oral cavity (tonsils) 8) Know where to find and how to identify examples of BALT and GALT Major Take Home Points A. Lymphoid tissues are composed of different types of lymphocytes and supporting cells within a scaffold of Type III collagen/reticular fibers B. The major primary lymphoid organs are encapsulated organs where immature lymphocytes are born (bone marrow) and become immunocompetent (thymus) C. The major secondary lymphoid organs are encapsulated organs where immunocompetent lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells after exposure to antigen in the blood (spleen) or lymph (nodes) D. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) are un-encapsulated areas of lymphoid tissue within the mucosa of organs that can be identified by their lining epithelium (tonsils, GALT: ileum and appendix, BALT) 1 | Page: Immune Cells and Tissues Swailes A1: Organization of the immune system 5a A. -
Extrathymic T Cell Development in the Human Tonsil
EXTRATHYMIC T CELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE HUMAN TONSIL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Susan Elaine McClory Graduate Program in Integrated Biomedical Science Program The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Professor Michael Caligiuri, MD (Advisor) Professor John Byrd, MD Professor Danilo Perrotti, MD, PhD Professor Amanda Simcox, PhD Copyright by Susan Elaine McClory 2012 Abstract Human T cells are critical mediators of an adaptive immune response, and individuals with T cell deficiencies are prone to devastating infections and disease. It is well known that the thymus, an organ in the anterior mediastinum, is indispensible for the development of a normal T cell repertoire in mammals. Likewise, individuals with poor thymic function due to congenital abnormalities, chemotherapy, or thymectomy suffer from decreased peripheral T cell counts and a subsequent immune deficiency. In murine models, there is evidence that the mucosal lymphoid tissue of the intestine contributes to extrathymic T cell development during normal homeostatic conditions, as can other peripheral lymphoid organs during situations of poor thymic output or pharmacologic intervention. However, whether or not human extrathymic lymphoid tissue, such as the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen or tonsil can participate in T cell development has remained unknown and controversial. Indeed, the identification of en extrathymic pathway for T cell lymphopoiesis in humans may suggest alternative pathways for the development of specific T cell subsets or may suggest methods for augmenting T cell generation in the face of thymic injury, absence, or disease.