28/11/2017 Breeding New Species - Introduction • An important part of expanding the Sri Lankan export industry is offering more species to customers • Sri Lanka is well known for production of livebearers but other important commercial species do lack • This presentation presents information on the production of a range of Breeding Special Species new species for Sri Lanka • Some of these species require similar breeding techniques and have been grouped tother under their taxonomic groups BREEDING NEW SPECIES Elephantnose Fish Barbs • Gnathonemus petersii • These fish are from the order ‘Cypriniformes’, of which there are over 1400 species. This order also includes the danios and • Normally from wild. Some success in rasboras, which are also popular ornamental fish and have similar breeding but not economical features to barbs. • This group includes species such as Koi carp, goldfish, Danios and Barbs, with approximately 35 species in the group. • They are regarded generally as voracious egg eaters, so eggs need to be separated from parents as soon as possible after spawning. • Some form of substrate is normally provided for the eggs to BARB / CARP SPECIES BREEDING fall into to protect them from being eaten. 1 28/11/2017 Induced Breeding of Sahyadria danisonii General Information Classification Scientific classification Endemic to Kerala, India Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii • A stream dwelling Fish Order: Cypriniformes • Prefers rock pools with overhanging vegetation Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Sahyadria • Strict herbivore mainly on Filamentous Algae Species: S. denisonii • A shoaling fish • IUCN Status – Endangered • Fragile, with quick negative responses to environmental changes, exhausts rapidly Observations on Reproductive Biology Important Points Trait Values Smallest Mature Males (Length) (wt 15 gr) 8.5 – 9.0 cm Smallest Mature Females (length) ( wt 21 gr) 8.5 – 10 cm • No distinctive Sexual Dimorphism Absolute fecundity between 7.8 – 10.0 cm length 74 – 284 • Female has a slightly wider body Water Temperature 26 – 28 0C pH 7.0 - 7.5 • Natural Spawning between November to April - Dissolved Oxygen (mg L 1) ➢ 5 • Rapidly exhausts Total Alkalinity (mg L-1) 20 – 25 Hardness (mg L-1) 20 – 25 • Yellow, heavily yoked, transparent adhesive eggs Ovaprim Dose (Single dose for both sexes) 0.4 ml/kg BW • Non guarder lithophile Latency period 10 – 12 hours Before Hydration Hatching since fertilization 36 hrs Free swimming and first feeding 4 days Completing metamorphosis 14 days Fertilized and Hydrated 3.5 cm body length 4 months 2 28/11/2017 Rainbow and Redtail Sharks Inducing Agents Tested and Successful Inducing Agents Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Males Females Class: Actinopterygii Does not react positively to LHRH or SGnRH alone 0 Order: Cypriniformes Inducing Agent Temp C Per Kg of Body Weight Interval Needs a Dopamine Antagonist Family: Cyprinidae Brain Single 1st 2nd H Genus: Epalzeorhynchos CPE 28 0.5 mg 0.5 mg 2.0 mg 6 Species: E. bicolo Dopamine Blocker Dopamine + HCG 10 IU 10 IU 50 IU Kingdom Animalia Phylum: Chordata Reserpine 28 100 mg 100 mg 0 mg 7 Class: Actinopterygii LHRH Pituitary Order: Cypriniformes LHRH A 2 mic gr 2 mic gr 8 mic gr Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Epalzeorhynchos Ovaries Species: E. frenatum Eggs Tested and Successful Inducing Agents Suggestions Males Females • We have used Ovaprim as the inducing agent successfully in Tamil Nadu Inducing Agent Temp 0C Per Kg of Body Weight Interval • It is a combination of Salmon Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone and Domoperidone Single 1st 2nd H which is a dopamine antagonist CPE + 28 2 mg + 0.5 mg 2.0 mg 6 HCG 10 IU 10 IU 50 IU • The dosage used by us was 0.5ml per Kg of body weight • 2 Injections in 10%, +90% dose to females within 6 hour interval Reserpine + 30 50 mg 50 mg 0 mg 7 • One time injection at half dose at the time of the resolving injection time to males LHRH A 5 mic gr 2 mic gr 8 mic gr • Both Manual Stripping and Group spawnings were successful • This system also applies to Algae Eaters and Silver Sharks AROWANA Special thanks to: Living Gems (Pvt) Ltd Madurai Tamil Nadu, India 3 28/11/2017 Arowana Silver Arowana Golden Arowana • Arowanas are freshwater bony • Osteoglossum bicirrhosum • Scleropages Formosus fish of the family Osteoglossidae, • Mature in about 2 years, also known as bonytongues mouth brooding by male for • These are much less • specialized surface feeders n about 4-5 weeks, each brood productive then Silver • Also known as ‘Dragon Fish’ about 120 to 200 fry, Arowana as they only fewer • Highly prized, particularly in • Spawn all year round but eggs per spawn – around Chinese culture more frequent during raining average brood is about • Red and Gold varieites most season. Can spawn in earth 60pcs. All the rest is the same highly prized pond or cement pond with as silver Arowana earth bottom. 30ft x 60ft may • Quite specific climatic conditions put 20 female and 10 male. • Mature in 2.5 to 3 years. needed – restricted production Mass spawning. (Indonesia, Malaysia) – some reports of India and also Sri Lanka • Requires large amount of land • Not breed in tanks Breeding Arowana Broodstock Holding Egg / Fry Collection • To increase hatch rate and survival • The breeding and farming of • Spawn all year round but more frequent during raining season. fo fry it is preferable to harvest eggs Silver and Gold Arowana are and fry and incubate artificially very similar • Can spawn in earth pond or cement pond with earth bottom. • Males ‘holding’ are recognized by: • by a distended operculum • The following slides are • Typical pond may stock 20 female relevant to both species and 10 male. Mass spawning. • swimming behaviour • Males ‘holding’ eggs/fry are • Reduced feed carefully crowded using seine nets • Brood pouch under lower jaw • The pH of water in the rearing and caught to collect eggs tank should be maintained (where eggs are) between 6.8 - 7.5 and 27 - • This is done very slowly and with • Need to handle fish carefully during 29°C great care so as not to stress the process fish • lower jaw of the fish is pulled • Arowana can accidentally • Typical breeding pond is 30 by backward slowly and the body is swallows some of the young when shaken slightly to release the half 60 feet with water depth was stressed maintained at about 0.5 - 0.75 developed larvae from the male’s meters. mouth 4 28/11/2017 Incubating Eggs and Fry Nursery Culture • Generally kept in glass aquaria • The yoke sac should be fully absorbed in around 60 days. • enhance the colour and promote the formation of chromatophores • When fry start to swim we suggest to illuminate with horizontally they are ready for artificial lighting at least 10 -12 first live food hours a day • partial water change of about • Bloodworms, small fish fry 30% of total tank volume every 2- (baby guppies) can be used 3 days to maintain water quality • Feed generously with quality Arowana Johor • Use high quality Arowana diet feed and live feeds (fish, shrimp etc) Baru • After 6 -7 months of free- swimming the fry measure about 20 -25cm in length and are suitable for market Arowana Johor Arowana Johor Arowana Johor Baru Baru Baru 5 28/11/2017 Polypterus / Bichir White Polypterus / Bichir White • Polypterus senegalus • Males and females can be readily • While breeding in aquariums is easily distinguished reported very little commercial • Males have a wide, muscular/fat anal production fin and sometimes a pointed tailfin tip. • Information here is based on breeding by hobbyists • Females have a smaller, thinner anal • Pairs kept minimum 4 foot, fin and sometimes a rounded tailfin preferably 6ft tip. Females tend grow faster, get • Shallow as they take air from he larger and thicker-bodied than males. Arowana Johor surface – no more than 18inch • Females mature at around 5-6 years, deep water whereas males can be mature at 12 Baru • Temp 25 to 28 months • Soft to slightly hard, neutral pH • Young females can still carry undeveloped eggs, but successful • Nocturnal species so avoid bright breeding will be difficult until 5-6 lighting of tanks and sunlight Polypterus / Bichir White Polypterus / Bichir White Ocellate river stingray • Males will approach the female • The eggs hatch in 3-4 days, with • Potamotrygon motoro and shake their heads, twitch their the fry becoming free swimming tails and follow the female until she around 3 days later. • Originates from Sth America and accepts. Once she has, they will • Fry are ready to feed when they inhabits a variety of biotopes find a hiding spot and later she will swim-up, First foods should • Generally shallow, slow moving release her eggs for the male to be brineshrimp rivers with sandy / muddy catch in his anal fin. He will then • The fry are not particularly mobile, bottoms fertilize the eggs in his cupped anal so care should be exercised to fin and scatter them. ensure they are well fed. • Can grow up to 90cm across the body, captive species generally • Juveniles will take a high protein • It is thought one of the breeding diet but also benefit form live and only grow to 60cm triggers for P. senegalus frozen foods • Most farms originally large senegalusis a grassy substrate, so the eggs can be scattered outdoor tanks, nowadays more inside the grass without risk of specialised indoor breeding being eaten. 6 28/11/2017 Tanks and Water Quality Breeding Stingray How to Pair Stingrays • Males have distinctive • Tanks need to be large with • The young fish (often ‘claspers’ can be seen from 240cm x 90cm x 75cm or larger referred to as “pups”) develop above, but younger males commonly used by breeders inside the mother and are may need to be seen from • Need good water quality and born live and fully-formed.