MADE for Lt General V.K

See page 17 August-September 2014 Volume 11 No. 4 `100.00 (India-Based Buyer Only) SP’s AN SP GUIDE P UBLICATION

www.spsmilitaryyearbook.com www.spslandforces.com ROUNDUP In This Issue The ONLY magazine in Asia-Pacific dedicated to Land Forces

Page 2 Pakistani Army Operations in North Waziristan North Waziristan is inhabited by a very large number of terror groups of all hues and colours MADE FOR Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

Page 4 Limiting a Subcontinental Nuclear War INDIA M777 — THE WORLD’S LIGHTEST 155MM AIR India’s conventional advantage stands faced with a stalemate brought about by PORTABLE HOWITZER introduction of Hatf IX or Nasr (missile) by Pakistan Ali Ahmed The M777 Ultra-Lightweight Howitzer is peerless. This widely fielded, battle-proven, all terrain, air-portable Page 6 Getting Familiar engineering marvel meets India’s requirements The Embassy of China at New Delhi recently for reliable, rapidly deployable and consistently organised a visit of an Indian media accurate artillery fire support. Beyond its service delegation to China for interactions at Beijing with the 4th Army Aviation Regiment to the armed forces, M777 will open up a Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) world of global opportunity to Indian industry and the nation’s high-quality engineering Plus talent. Together, let’s join forces to create Almost Invincible – Israel’s Air Defence R. Chandrakanth 8 a world-class indigenous industry. Airborne Operations Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) 10 Global Air Defence Scenario R. Chandrakanth 11 Recent Developments in Iraq Ranjit Gupta 12 Raising FDI in Defence – Not lucrative by itself Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) 13

Lessons from Kargil War General V.P. Malik (Retd) 15 Article 370 and its Relevance Today General V.P. Malik (Retd) 16 SP’s Exclusives / News in Brief 18

www.baesystems.com/M777

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4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 1 >> Lead Story Pakistani Army Operations in North Waziristan

North Waziristan (NW) is inhabited by a very large number of terror groups of all hues and colours. Most of the groups have got affiliated with TTP or Al Qaeda or the Haqqani network. All high profile terrorist attacks since 2010 have emanated from NW.

Graphic: Anoop Kamath  Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

orth Waziristan (NW) is a part of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan. FATA is a semi-autonomous tribal region in north-western Pakistan, Afghanistan Nbordering Pakistan’s provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to the east and south, and Afghanistan’s provinces Nooristan  of Kunar, Nangarhar, Paktia, Khost and North-West Paktika to the west and north. FATA com- Frontier Province prise seven tribal agencies (districts) and six (NWFP) frontier regions, and are directly governed Konar  by Pakistan’s federal government through a special set of laws called the Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR). The geographi- KABUL cal arrangement of the seven tribal areas Nanghar  INDIA in order from north to south is: Bajaur, Peshawar Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram, North Waziristan and South Waziristan. The geo- Paktia  graphical arrangement of the six frontier Regions in order from north to south is: Federally Administered Ghazni Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Tribal Areas(FATA) Tank and Dera Ismail Khan. The territory of FATA is almost exclusively inhabited by the Pashtuns, who also live in the neighbouring North Waziristan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan. Paktika  The terrain of NW comprise high moun- Zabul  tains, caves, and small pockets of urban cen- South Waziristan tres. Hence it is considered ideal territory for waging insurgencies and guerilla warfare. The regular forces will find it more difficult Kandahar to fight here as compared to other types of terrain unless they have been adequately trained in similar terrain earlier. Pakistan Army has operated in this area earlier and they have been carrying out specifically targeted operations, small raids and ambushes etc. But now the scale of operations involves PAKISTAN much larger forces with heavy weaponry Map not to scale who are out to subdue the terrorists and the insurgents in the region with a heavy hand. Pakistani army claims that since the and Washington, not Islamabad. Many Radicalisation of Pakistan Military Terror Groups in NW start of operation “Zarb e Azb” on June North Waziristan residents said Haqqani Pakistan is slowly but surely sliding into a NW is inhabited by a very large number of 15, 376 terrorists have been killed while network members, based in the area since culdesac. Brig (Retd) Arif Haroon Raja, a terror groups of all hues and colours. These 19 have surrendered to the security forces. the 1970s, had slipped away before the war veteran in his article “North Waziristan include, Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP), Punjabi They also claim to have destroyed 61 “ter- offensive. Pakistan Army is known to be soft Require Thorough Preparations,” in Sep- Taliban, remnants of Al Qaeda, elements of rorist hideouts”. Even if the claims are gen- on Haqqani network as they have been con- tember 2012 had written: “I have a hunch Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Lashkar- uine, what is also obvious is that with the sidered as strategic assets and have never that after NW; another venue would be e-Jhangvi, Khurasan group, Asian Tigers, evacuation of half a million civilians from been targeted by them. propped up for a military operation. Already Jaish-e-Muhammad, late Ilyas Kashmiri NW, what is the guarantee that most of the reports are in circulation that Punjabi Tali- group, and Haqqani network and some oth- terrorists have not faded away according Earlier Operations in South Waziristan ban feeling neglected in NW have started ers. Some say there are over 30 groups in to a plan in order to concentrate at a time in 2009 shifting to Multan and it is speculated that NW. Most of the groups have got affiliated and place of their own choosing. And if The government in Islamabad had earlier Multan region will be the next battleground. with TTP or Al Qaeda or the Haqqani net- this were to happen Pakistan should expect come under criticism for not quickly follow- We also must not forget that once the ISAF work. All high profile terrorist attacks since much more chaos and mayhem in the ing its 2009 operation against militants in departs, bulk of the weight of terrorism will 2010 have emanated from NW. hinterland. Senior Pakistani officials have adjacent South Waziristan with an offen- fall upon Pakistan. I therefore do not foresee warned that the operation, named “Zarb- sive in North Waziristan. Athar Abbas, a war on terror coming to an end in the fore- Ground Operations Follow e-Azb” after a sword used by the Prophet retired Pakistani general who served as seeable future.” Air Operations Muhammad, would lead to retaliatory the military’s spokesman from 2008 to Today the state of Pakistan is not in The Pakistan military announced the attacks by militants in Pakistan’s main cit- 2012, said the army had been preparing control of fairly large swathes of territory. operation on June 15 which involved to ies, where they have entrenched networks to launch a North Waziristan operation The jihadi terror groups pay no heed to any airstrikes while giving time to hundreds of and sleeper cells. in 2011, but the then Army Chief General instructions passed by the government. thousands of people to pack up their belong- Miranshah and the surrounding vil- Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, decided against it, They are a law unto themselves and find ings and leave to safer areas. Pakistan Army lages, especially the settlement of Danday because Pakistan would be seen as moving support among the local population. The launched a ground offensive in NW against Darpakhel, have been known as the head- into North Waziristan “at the behest of the youth of Pakistan have been radicalised to militant strongholds near the Afghan bor- quarters of the Haqqani network, an Afghan US,” which had, at the time, intensified its a large extent. Quite a few are offering their der on June 30, 2014, after evacuating militant group that the US has placed on its operations in Afghanistan. General Kayani services to various terror groups fighting nearly half a million people from the tribal official list of terrorist organisations.T he was also worried about the impact of ter- in Syria, Sudan and Iraq. Pakistan military region, the army said. The ground offensive Haqqani network’s activities have been rorist retaliation against Pakistan. Abbas has also been radicalized. May 2011, attack is the second phase of a long awaited opera- focused on Afghanistan. As a result, it was described it as “a case of analysis and anal- against the Karachi Naval base which

www.spslandforces.com tion against militants in NW District. long regarded as a threat primarily by Kabul ysis leading to paralysis”. saw six Taliban militants hold off security

2 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 Editorial / Lead Story >>

doubts. So where does that leave track acquisitions and the list of for FY 2014-15 is concerned the in the capital, is reported to have our defence capability and pre- essentials was prepared and sent. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on praised both the previous and the paredness which are in difficulty. However, the situation has not im- July 10, 2014, announced an ad- present government for the full In this context we should re- proved but in fact has worsened in ditional `5,000 crore, taking the cooperation received by the Army member that the letter written by the past two years or so. On the amount allocated to the Indian was received with skepticism by General V.K. Singh (Retd), the for- one hand, nothing has come so defence to `2,29,000 crore from the serving as well as the retired mer Chief of Army Staff (COAS), far, while on the other hand, mis- `2,24,000 crore announced in the community. While courtesies by to the Prime Minister on March siles and specialised ammunition interim budget presented by the outgoing chiefs are customary, 12, 2012, highlighted that the holdings which have a shelf life, UPA-II Government. they must not amount to unnec- mission reliability of mechanised have dipped further. And to top it Analysis of the current budget essary flattery where none is de- vehicles was poor, the artillery all, a new raising of a strike corps shows that the services have reserved. The inactions and inde- was obsolete and inadequate, air for the mountains has commenced ceived no increase in capital bud- cisiveness of the previous (UPA) Defence Minister Arun Jaitley, defence was antiquated, armour but the question being asked is – get from the figures announced Government and lack of urgency soon after assuming office in was unreliable due to regular bar- where is the equipment? in the interim budget. The entire in procuring urgently needed May this year, had declared that rel accidents caused by mismatch The UPA Government had “in amount has gone to the Defence weapons and munitions for the the government would focus on between indigenous barrels and principle” sanctioned the Twelfth Research and Development Or- Army in the past 10 years of UPA expediting the pace of defence ammunition, night-fighting de- Five Year Defence Plan (2012-17) ganisation (DRDO) and the Ord- rule is evidence enough of their acquisitions for modernisation of EDITORIAL vices were insufficient, aviation as a result of the severe criticism nance Factory Board (OFB) with neglect resulting in the shrinking the armed forces. The UPA Gov- corps helicopters needed urgent over delays in the past. However, `1,000 crore for development capabilities of the Indian Army. ernment had been proclaiming for replacements, and holdings of all for the Army it was a cosmetic pa- of rail network in border areas. We hope that the present NDA years that Defence Procurement types of missiles, anti-tank and per exercise as even the Eleventh The capital outlay announced in Government will fulfill its election Policy (DPP) had been ‘simpli- specialised ammunition was criti- Plan procurements had not ma- the interim budget will mostly get promises of meeting the external fied’. However, despite years of in- cally low. Thus pointing to the lack terialised. Thus considering the consumed in the existing liabili- and internal security challenges house ‘simplification’ of the DPP of preparedness to fight and win Army’s modernisation plans, both ties. This means that this year facing the country and modernise by the Ministry of Defence (MoD), future wars. We have seen no in- Eleventh and Twelfth Plans need there is no likelihood of induction its armed forces and its internal it has failed to sufficiently attract duction taking place so far. to be implemented. The defence of any big-ticket items in any of security forces to meet these chal- even the indigenous private sec- The voids in equipment and budget for 2013-14 grew by 5 per the Services. lenges. The current direction and tor. Public sector is favoured munitions in the Army to fight a cent over the previous year, with On July 19, 2014, the Ministry stance of the NDA Government despite their poor general perfor- modern war together with the lack defence capital acquisitions grow- of Defence cleared procurement seems encouraging but now they mance. Thus with the inefficient of modernisation of the equipment ing by 9 per cent. But, with inflation proposals worth `21,000 crore for need to walk the talk. state of our defence-industrial in the Army has resulted in a capa- averaging more than 5 per cent the IAF and the Indian Navy but complex, the need of the hour is bility gap vis-ā-vis our likely adver- since February, and the rupee de- the Army’s requirements were to make the Indian defence sector saries and this is becoming more preciating by 14 per cent against once again invisible! In light of unambiguously lucrative for inves- pronounced day by day. Follow- the dollar over the same period, the above situation, the media tors. But will this happen with the ing this it seems that the Defence that modest budget increase was reports that the outgoing Army 49 per cent hike announced by the Ministry during the UPA rule had actually a budget decrease for Chief General Bikram Singh, Defence Minister? We have our asked Army Headquarters to fast- defence. As far as the budget while addressing Army officers Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd)

Photograph: Wikipedia forces for more than 16 hours and kill a dozen naval personnel, had caused particular alarm. One naval officer said that the attackers knew the base “inside out” and were likely to have received intelligence on the US-supplied aircraft and the presence of US and Chinese technicians. The US has long worried that Pakistan’s 5,00,000-strong army has become radicalised and is unable to shake off the alle- giances with extremist militant groups that it forged over the last three decades in its efforts to destabilise Afghanistan and India. A trail of US diplomatic cables, released by WikiLeaks, reflects the reasons for the unease. One former parliamentarian says the Pakistan Army’s traditions have become so entwined with religious dogma and obei- sance over the last 30 years that they are almost indistinguishable from those of the militants. “Today it is not enough to die for one’s country. Rather a soldier has to achieve martyrdom for Islam,” says the parliamentarian. It is generally felt that in Pakistan publicly expressing these fears is dangerous. Syed Saleem Shahzad, a journalist, got inad- vertently involved in a controversy by writ- ing that Taliban and Al Qaeda militants had A vintage photo of taken a strategic decision to destabilise the South Waziristan’s mountains army and had deeply infiltrated its ranks. He was murdered in May 2011. It has been reported by James Lamont that in the days that followed the killing of operations launched in June 2014 against the use of force by the government in North larger context of the geopolitical situation Osama bin Laden by US forces, one of the North Waziristan. Waziristan. In response to the military prevailing in the Afghanistan – Pakistan most urgent tasks for General Ashfaq Kay- operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan, region and the attitude adopted by all ani, head of the Pakistan military, was to The Future the Taliban announced Zarb-e-Momin, Taliban factions after the withdrawal of address restive garrisons in Rawalpindi, The North Waziristan-based Taliban have which means the strike of the true Mus- US and ISAF troops from Afghanistan. Sialkot and Kharian. There he was con- threatened to launch a counter-offensive lim. He said they had no affiliation with Would the Afghan Taliban, the TTP and fronted by officers outraged not at the dis- in retaliation to the military operations the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), led by other terror groups in Pakistan join hands covery of the Al Qaeda leader in the country which commenced on June 15, 2014. The Maulana Fazlullah, who has taken refuge to launch operations in Afghanistan and but at the audacity of the US in trampling Taliban shura after a meeting have decided in Afghanistan. Pakistan or would they concentrate on Pakistan’s sovereignty. to launch a war for self-defense against the The Hafiz Gul Bahadur-ledT aliban, who Afghanistan alone in the first instance? It is in light of the above facts that seem government in North Waziristan. Ahmad- until now were considered pro-government, If Pakistan were to be destabilised how to have deterred Pakistan from launch- ullah Ahmadi, a spokesman for the North had signed a peace accord with the Paki- would that impact India? These issues ing operations against North Waziristan Waziristan Taliban commanded by Hafiz stan Government in 2006 and renewed it in need deliberations by both Pakistan and in 2011 despite US pressures. Therefore it Gul Bahadur, told the media on phone from 2007. Both sides under the agreement had India and perhaps this is an important remains to be seen as to what are the reac- an undisclosed location that the shura had promised not to attack each other. enough reason to shed past inhibitions tions within the Pakistan military of the advised their fighters to retaliate against The future has to be considered in the and strategize together! SP

4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 3 >> south asia / Strategy

Photograph: SPSC Limiting a Subcontinental Nuclear War India’s conventional advantage stands faced with a stalemate brought about by introduction of Hatf IX or Nasr (missile) by Pakistan. This implies that India must also have limited nuclear options up its sleeve. Agni-V missile

 Ali Ahmed three services across Pakistan and indeed Looking for Answers deterrence. Therefore the operational nuclear if on diesel submarines, also at sea. Some If first use possibility is heightened for want doctrine may already be different and predi- akistan by introducing tac- would be postured forward to give credibil- of credibility of the ‘massive’ formula- cated on ‘flexible’ doctrine. In this case, the tical nuclear weapons into its ity to the low nuclear threshold it projects. tion, anticipating the nature of Pakistani impending doctrine review provides India an armoury has attempted to check- Some may be held back as reserve in order nuclear first use and having an appropri- opportunity to, firstly, to match the declara- mate India’s conventional war doc- to provide for a second strike capability. ate response is in order. This owes to India tory and operational nuclear doctrines, and, trine of proactive offensive from a India can decrease the nuclear ordnance wanting to work its conventional advantage secondly, cater for escalation control through P‘cold start’. Since India’s military has been used by ensuring degradation through con- in case necessary. The conventional advan- nuclear risk reduction measures. preparing to fight in a nuclear environment ventional means as also by selective targeting, tage stands faced with a stalemate brought That a convergence between declaratory since its Exercise Total Victory in 2001, it such as of Pakistan’s command and control about by introduction of Nasr by Pakistan. and operational nuclear doctrines is necessary is not at the conventional level that India systems. At places even Special Forces could This implies that India must also have lim- stems from the need for credibility. A nuclear is seeking an answer to Pakistan’s nuclear be employed. It can make the nuclear degra- ited nuclear options up its sleeve. state must say what it means and means challenge. From the recent flurry in stra- dation task easier by relying on intelligence, It is also evident that neither country can what it says. The fear may be that admitting tegic circles brought on by BJP’s reference both technological and human and on for- possibly think of taking further step up the to ‘flexible’ doctrine involving limited nuclear to nuclear doctrine in its manifesto has eign sources of support on this score, includ- nuclear ladder than the very lower rungs. operations may be to admit incredibility of emerged contending views on what India ing perhaps Israel and at a pinch even the US. Receiving ‘unacceptable damage’ from Paki- the ‘massive’ formulation. It may be thought must do, firstly to deter Pakistan and sec- A degraded arsenal would imply reduc- stan may set India back with respect to its to reduce India’s status as a responsible and ondly, to respond effectively. tion by about a third, which means taking main long-term challenge on the eastern mature nuclear power that abstains from Nuclear orthodoxy would lie in believ- out about 40 warheads. Even if conventional front. It is here that a ‘flexible’ nuclear retali- nuclear war-fighting thinking, believing that ing that ensuring the credibility of ‘mas- attacks take care of a fourth of this amount, ation doctrine makes more sense than ‘mas- nuclear weapons are a class apart as weapons. sive’ retaliation assures deterrence. Faced there are still 30 remaining. To take out 30 sive’. The apprehension among advocates of Also, there may be skepticism on Pakistan’s by credible Indian actions to ensure follow weapons that are militarily ready to use, ‘massive’ is that in case ‘massive’ is abandoned credibility as an cooperative interlocutor in a through with its doctrine will stay Pakistan’s would require at least an equivalent number in favour of ‘flexible’ then there is a threat of nuclear risk reduction mechanism such as a nuclear hand. India by not recognising any to be launched. More likely, a nuclear degra- going down the Cold War nuclear war waging nuclear risk reduction centre. distinction between tactical and strategic dation strike would involve a minimum 50 doctrinal route of hyper alertness, abandon- However, a convergence between the nuclear weapons and believing that limited nuclear explosions in Pakistan. ment of ‘minimum’ in the doctrine and an two – declaratory and operational—would nuclear war is a contradiction in terms will As mentioned if Pakistan was to launch operational readiness enabling the military enable limiting nuclear war in case it does appear implacable to Pakistan. Pakistan will a bedraggled counter strike, comprising, greater say at the strategic and operational break out. Given that potential triggers then desist from nuclear first use. say, a sixth of its numbers left, this number levels. There is also the need to think about remain active; this is not a non-trivial con- increases to 60 explosions. Even if India escalation control and war termination. sideration, especially when both states Questioning the Status Quo takes care to configure most of its retaliatory This debate between ‘massive’ and continue to be proactive on the subconven- Some have questioned the credibility of an strike to ensure against fallout, Pakistan is ‘flexible’ currently ongoing means a ‘third tional and conventional levels respectively. intention to go ‘massive’, short hand for unlikely to be so inclined. Therefore, there model’ is necessary. The third model has not But more importantly, any such shift counter value targeting. Even if counter can be expected to be at least 30 mushroom found mention in the recent debate though must not degrade deterrence. While it is self- value targeting is abjured, in order to pre- clouds formed by about 60 explosions across it has been around since the early 1990s in evident that ‘massive’ is incredible, it is argu- serve own value targets from being the object the subcontinent. the writings of General Sundarji. His con- able that ‘flexible’, with escalation controls of the enemy’s counter retaliation, then Pakistan with its ten nuclear bombs lobbed ventional war thinking, recently revised of the ‘third model’, does not degrade deter- ‘massive’ would imply higher order counter cannot be expected to take out more than per- by the move towards Cold Start, eclipsed rence. Therefore, while a shift is incumbent military targeting. This implies considerable haps three cities. Even if we are to here assume his nuclear doctrinal recommendation. His to make to ‘flexible’, can it involve a move collateral damage of an order as to make that Mumbai and Delhi are not among these sage advice of the early 1990s can help pull all the way to the ‘third (Sundarji) model’ is counter value targeting indistinguishable and India can cope with three cities less, visu- India out of its strategic cul de sac. the question. from higher order counter military targeting. alising 30 fallout hotspots, including urban The Sundarji doctrine has it that adver- Since ‘flexible’ does not answer to the Given the magnitude of such a strike, it centres, may give a better idea of the post- sarial nuclear states must work out a modus critique of the ‘massive’ votaries that esca- can plausibly be argued that Pakistan would nuclear exchange environment for the region. vivendi to end a nuclear confrontation at the lation is ‘inexorable’, the third model can be be ‘finished’. But would the war end at that? A report late last year by the Physicians for lowest threshold of nuclear use, if necessary used to supplement the ‘flexible’ model to Pakistan has taken care to get into the lower Social Responsibility and the International by mutual political and diplomatic conces- enable escalation control and conflict termi- three digits in terms of warhead numbers. Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, sions. The sense in the Sundarji doctrine is nation. Clearly, war being an act of politics, These it has been cautious enough to spread ‘Nuclear Famine: Two Billion People at Risk?’, that it eliminates ‘massive’ as option and limiting nuclear war is a must and only con- across six to ten or more sites. Therefore, it is on effects on climate and in turn impact caters for the shortfalls of ‘flexible’ doctrine. ducting limited nuclear operations aimed at has potential for counter strike, or a second on agricultural production. Its hypothetical It is predicated on the cooperation possi- exchange(s) termination and conflict termi- strike capability. It is unlikely that India’s scenario is of a limited nuclear war between ble between both nuclear belligerents mutu- nation can bring this about. missile defences, currently in infancy and India and Pakistan involving 100 detona- ally interested to avoid a worse outcome. Therefore, thinking on how the likely to be of limited credibility when tions. Since in our scenario only 60 weapons This would entail creating the necessary combined political-diplomatic-information- mature, would be able to ward off the coun- have been used, it would imply that these fig- nuclear risk reduction measures prior and military-nuclear operations will work out ter strike entirely. Even if such a counter is ures can be reduced by about a third. Even so, working these with the help of the inter- is what the doctrine review must strive broken-backed, it would be considerably they are bad enough. national community in case conventional towards. This is ever more so if indeed lim- damaging and likely of ‘unacceptable dam- Surely then, such a possibility should deter push comes to nuclear shove. The opportu- ited nuclear operations are what the Strate- age’ levels if not more. India would then, as Pakistan from nuclear first use.T herefore, at nity for a review can help bring Sundarji’s gic Forces Command is already seized with. part of its ‘massive’ strike, have to ensure a first blush, ‘massive’ seems to be a plausible nuclear sense back to the subcontinent. It cannot be solely a military exercise nor be counter force attack to set back this residual doctrine. However, the problem is that since military led. Doctrinal clarity towards this ability of counter strike of Pakistan. the major portion of the nuclear winter would Contours of the Doctrine Review end will bring about the ‘all of government A counter force attack targeting Paki- be brought on by India’s doing - its going It is possible that this is already present in approach’ necessary to limit nuclear war. SP stan’s nuclear assets would of necessity ‘massive’ - India too would be self-deterred. ample measure in that even as India main- have to be considerably large. India would This would increase Pakistan’s propensity for tains the ‘massive’ declaratory doctrine for The writer is author of India’s Doctrine be faced with a large target set and widely nuclear first use, especially in a low-threshold, deterrence; it may well have an operational Puzzle: Limiting War in South Asia spread with Pakistan’s ‘crown jewels’ being early-use mode comprising low opprobrium doctrine that envisages limited nuclear oper- (Routledge). He blogs at:

www.spslandforces.com with the strategic forces commands of all levels of attack with limited nuclear ordnance. ations for the contingency of breakdown of www.ali-writings.blogspot.in.

4 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014

>> South Asia / Foreign Relations Getting Familiar The Embassy of China at New Delhi recently organised a visit of an Indian media delegation to China for interactions at Beijing with the 4th Army Aviation Regiment, China Institute of International Studies (CIIS), All-China Journalists Association (ACJA), Tencent (qq.com), Ministry of National Defense (MND), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), China Daily and Shanghai Naval Garrison. Reporting from Beijing and Shanghai is Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) who was part of this delegation representing SP Guide Publications.

Photograph: Chinese Embassy he Embassy of China at New and looks to Afghanistan’s economic The writer (on the extreme right) during Delhi, recently organised visit the visit at Great Wall of China upliftment of an Indian press delegation  In its relationship with India, Panch- to China for interactions at Bei- sheel is being forged as the mainstay. jing with the 4th Army Aviation  China has resolved its borders with all TRegiment, China Institute of International neighbours less India and Bhutan but Studies (CIIS), All-China Journalists Asso- China will never use force to do so unless ciation (ACJA), Tencent (qq.com), Minis- attacked. try of National Defense (MND), Ministry  The situation in Asia-Pacific is fluid of Foreign Affairs (MFA), China Daily, and but China does not have any desire for Shanghai Naval Garrison. use of force. The familiarisation visit gave an over-  China and US have over 90 bilateral view of what is happening in China. The dialogues covering every conceivable stops included the 4th Army Aviation Regi- issue and the economic interdepen- ment. The delegation was met and briefed dence is intense. Logically, this should by Senior Colonel Zhang Jillin, Commander deter conflict. of the Regiment. Their equipment includes  To explore scope of India-China coop- attack helicopters, medium-lift helicopters eration for evacuation of respective (Mi-17 equivalent) and fixed-wing air- nationals from trouble spots like Iraq, craft (C-130 equivalent). The tasks include government-to-government dialogue attack, air support and tasks like rescue is required. missions and locating space capsules  Pakistan herself is a victim of terror returning to earth. Tasks are all land based, though China has always advised Paki- as naval aviation units cover operations at stan to be careful about radicalisation sea. The regiment is maintained at high and terrorism. state of readiness. Pilots undergo a four- year course from basic level to combat level. low, mainly hinging on the overwhelm- lighting Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Tencent (qq.com) ing desire for peace by China, maintaining achievements. Established in 1998, Tencent is a top level China Institute of Strategic Studies friendly relations with all neighbours and The discussions centred around: internet company of China. It offers the CIIS is the primary think tank of the Min- bright prospects of India-China relations.  China’s concern about the situation in equivalent of Skype, Facebook, Twitter, istry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) and it also Lan Jianxue, Associate Research Fellow Iraq-Syria and about possible fallout in Amazon, Microchat, Wizard, Google, Gam- trains Chinese diplomats. The briefing was who has visited India many times, spoke at Af-Pak region. ing, etc and claims on improvement over done by Jia Xiudong, Senior Research Fel- length about India-China relations high-  China wants peace in Afghanistan Twitter. They also have V-chat which is

Changing India-China relations – will they go all the way? he trip to China from June 29 to July cent is and Internet company placed at num- perhaps address the complex border settle- In this aspect, visit of the Indian Vice President 5, 2014, included visit and interac- ber four out of 100 companies globally by ment issue. It is but natural that with three to China has not achieved beyond China agree- tions at Beijing with 4th Army Avia- Forbes. It offers the equivalent of Skype, Face- Generals in the powerful Politburo, the urge ing to share hydrological data during the flood- tion Regiment, China Institute of book, Twitter, Amazon, microchat, Wizard, to be aggressive is natural. ing season. TInternational Studies (CIIS), ACJA, Tencent Google, Gaming etc and claims on improve- Just as the Indian media delegation com- In the present scenario with Prime Min- (qq.com), Ministry of National Defense (MND), ment over Twitter. They also offer V-chat menced its China trip, two months of high ister Narendra Modi heading a majority gov- China Daily, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), which is the equivalent of Whatsapp. drama of confrontation around the Chinese ernment in India and his equation with the China Daily, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and All journalists in China must be members oil rig in Vietnamese waters has just ended. Chinese hierarchy, the scope for enhancing at Shanghai with Shanghai Naval Garrison of ACJA, which has a laid down ‘Code of Eth- With regard to the prolonged Chinese the India-China relationship to the next level and ACJA Shanghai Branch, besides sightsee- ics’ for journalists, punishment for default rang- intrusion in Eastern Ladakh during April is almost boundless. But economic coopera- ing at both cities. Discussions were in a spirit ing from fiscal fine to being jailed. All media, 2013 (ostensibly 19 km deep into Indian ter- tion apart, taking the relationship all the way of camaraderie and on wide-ranging issues therefore, is government controlled. Strict party ritory in Raki Nala area of Depsang plains), to usher a new Asian century is only possible including geopolitics, international relations, control at all levels not only in media but in all the explanation given was that the local Chi- if the vexed border issue is resolved speedily prevailing situations in the Middle East, Af- spheres has its own fallouts, with youth aware- nese commander wanted to go pitch tents in a accommodating Indian strategic interests. Pak region, Asia-Pacific and the Indian Ocean ness and craving for no curbs. Recent protests in sunny area due to severe cold at his own post. In matters of international cooperation, region (IOR), plus the scourge of terrorism and Hong Kong are just one example. But that hardly is plausible because then you nations must first learn to respect each other prospects of future India-China relations. Though China cites capability and inten- don’t carry a 30 feet banner reading “this is on equal footing. This does not appear to be The issue of settlement of the India- tions in portraying threats from the US, Chinese territory” and display it to the whole the case today. While China is doing several China border did figure prominently, as did Japan, South Korea, etc, the actual threat to world. The hard fact is that despite years of development projects in Pakistan occupied the BDCA, additional Chinese demand of a China is from within. Therefore, great effort border talks, China has not exchanged maps Kashmir (with reports of tunnels being dug ‘Code of Conduct’ to supplement the BDCA, goes towards imbuing nationalism. Despite for the western sector (Ladakh) and Eastern for deployment of missiles), she objects to and need for continuation and enlargement the economic progress, China is also battling Sector (erstwhile NEFA) and her territorial India’s assistance to Vietnam in oil explora- of CBMs. China has a strong economy and poverty. Then is the problem of the Uighur claims in these sectors have been progres- tion. This sort of attitude has to change. It its military potential is growing at enormous insurgency in Xinjiang that appears to be on sively been increasing over the years. is no secret that China has been trying very pace with requisite government focus on the rise with considerable quantities of illegal The claim to entire state of Arunachal hard to get access to the warm waters of the RMA and research and development. weapons recovered within China. Then is the Pradesh was made as recent as 2005. India too Indian Ocean through Myanmar and Paki- Defence needs including weapon plat- question of the ETIM terrorists inside Paki- fully understands that China gives scant respect stan. Resolving the border with India should forms like fixed-wing aircrafts and helicopters stan supporting Uighurs, which China axi- to economic cooperation in regard to territo- actually be a massive geopolitical gain to are largely met indigenously, some produced omatically would be concerned no matter the rial claims, Taiwan being the top example. It is China by getting access to Indian ports via through joint ventures with foreign firms. outward bonhomie shown towards Pakistan. also clear that with increasing CNP, China does Nepal, though that axes may well be figuring China has made good progress in the space, Then there have been media reports of prob- not care much about international arbitration in a Chinese offensive plan against India – cyberspace and electromagnetic domains as lem between Chinese personnel on various and wants to resolve issues on bilateral basis – cashing on the most unexpected. The leader- well. Early this year, China successfully tested a development projects both in Myanmar and EEZ disputes with the Philippines and Vietnam ship in both India and China are surely weigh- hypersonic platform that will boost delivery of Gilgit-Baltistan. being examples. Then is the question of sharing ing these issues but a strong and meaningful ordnance considerably. On the issue of India-China relations, of river waters keeping international norms of India-China relationship can actually change In the cyber field, China has its own hard- some plain speaking between Prime Minister sharing on the basis of size of the river basin. the geopolitics of Asia and the world. SP ware, software and operating systems. Ten- Narendra Modi and President Xi Jinping can But is China prepared to discuss this with India? —By Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) www.spslandforces.com

6 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 South Asia / Foreign Relations >>

attack but will definitely counter-attack,  Pakistan: The stance of Pakistan con- cooperation with all countries to com- 97 per cent of India’s when attacked. The Defense Policy includes tinuing to be a victim of terrorism was bat this menace. trade is by sea and hence “Crackdown on separatist forces for East repeated by the Chinese side. Mention Turkistan and Tibet Independence. was also made of Pakistan’s offensive Shanghai Naval Garrison the safety of SLOCS is in North Waziristan. We pointed out The brief was given by Senior Captain Wu The discussions revolved around: that eyewitness accounts on the Inter- Xiao Deng. Shanghai is strategically impor- as important to India as  April 2013 Intrusion in Depsang: net indicate nothing much would be tant to China although no Fleet HQ is based Explanation given was that since the achieved, radical leaders having left the in Shanghai. The discussions were on: China. India is aware of nearest Chinese location was very cold, area. It was also conveyed that as per  India-China cooperation on the high the local commander decided to pitch the Syrian Ambassador at Delhi, some seas is important for protection of SLOCs Chinese submarine activity some tents in the sunny area of Depsang 5,000 Pakistan Taliban are assisting and against sea piracy and terrorism. in Indian Ocean region and but when India asked them to vacate the rebels in Syria and some would have  Shanghai Naval Garrison responsibility is location, a hawkish stance was adopted joined the ISIS. On the question of ETIM from the coastline and beyond. Responsi- India believes that India by China. China had no intention of radicals in Pakistan, Chinese response bility on rivers inland is of the army. making any intrusion. was that China has good cooperation  Responsibility to counter smuggling of Ocean belongs to all.  Threat: On being questioned what with Pakistan in counter-terrorism. narcotics and arms from sea is that of possible threat China faces and who  Weapon Exports: On the question that the police and the Naval Garrison can- can attack China, response was that while China is exporting arms to all of not comment on such events over last this must be related to capability and India’s neighbours, why does China not five years. the equivalent of Whatsapp, being used in not intent, as the latter could change respond to global tenders floated by India  Minesweeping is undertaken when the 200 countries. Tencent has been listed at overnight. The US has very potent capa- for importing arms since this would be situation so demands. number 4 out of the 100 top level Inter- bilities and countries like Japan and the best form of CBM, the Chinese side  Interaction between the Indian Navy net companies by Forbes. The company has South Korea have considerable military was caught by surprise. Response was and PLAN needs to be increased and 24,000 employees and also has offices in prowess as well. that this needed discussion at govern- possibility of navy-to-navy joint exer- Delhi and Mumbai. 50 per cent of money  Code of Conduct along Border: It ment-to-government basis. cises explored. is earned through the gaming application. was pointed out that immediately after  Indo-US Relationship: Indian side  The delegation was taken aboard a 2013 Edgarchen, Manager Government Affairs. signing of the BDCA, now China was conveyed that Chinese concerns about commissioned state-of-the-art Corvette Tencent claimed that Tencent has nothing proposing yet another agreement about possible Indo-US alliance against China that has been constructed in just one year. to do with the Chinese Government and ‘Code of Conduct’ along the border. are baseless as India is a non-aligned The visit essentially was a public rela- owes no obligations to the latter. Response was that this is to eliminate country. At the same time, 97 per cent tions exercise by China. According to Rong chances of any possible clash. of India’s trade is by sea and hence the Changhai, Deputy Director, International Foreign Affairs Office of MND  Boundary Settlement: Indian side safety of SLOCS is as important to India Liaison Department of ACJA who accom- The Senior Colonel Yang Yujun, Spokes- pointed out that Chinese claims in the as China. India is aware of Chinese sub- panied the Indian press delegation, China person and Deputy Director-General, Western and Eastern Sectors have been marine activity in the Indian Ocean plans to send a similar delegation to India Information Office of NM D, briefed about expanded over the years along the LAC. region and Indian believes that the India next year (for which they are looking for an the organisational structure of Chinese It was conveyed to the Chinese side that Ocean belongs to all. invitation from India) and hope to make this Army and China’s National Defense Policy. the benefit of resolving the border would  Terrorism: The scourge of terrorism a regular affair to improve understanding It was emphasised that China will never be opening up of Indian ports to China. affects all and China looks towards of each other. SP

4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 7 >> Technology Almost Invincible Israel’s Air Defence Iron Dome is the only dual mission counter rocket, artillery and mortar (C-RAM) and Very Short Range Air Defense (VSHORAD) system

Photographs: Rafael  R. Chandrakanth

blog of Israel’s Defence Forces (IDF) mentions how Israelis are regularly threatened by rocket fire from the Gaza Strip. Hamas and other terrorist organisationsA launch mortars, rockets and missiles towards Israelis cities. Since 2001, more than 15,200 rockets and mortars, an average of over 3 rocket attacks every single day, have targeted Israel. Hamas, the ruling entity of the Gaza Strip, is responsible for most of the rocket fire on Israeli population centres. The organisation – which is Python 5: The most recognized by the US, UK, EU and Israel as advanced AAM in the world a terrorist group – has been increasing the size and capabilities of its rocket arsenal, the blog mentions.  The Battery with all its components is Twice since 2005, the IDF has been Rafael’s Iron Dome in action transportable and moveable forced to launch major operations in  Interceptors are maintenance free with response to heavy rocket fire on Israel’s civil- a life cycle of 15 years. ians. The most recent, Operation Protective RAFAEL offers integrated air defence Edge, began after continual and relentless systems for site (point target) protection, as rocket attacks on Israeli cities since the well as mobile forces. RAFAEL’s air defence beginning of 2014. systems rely upon the excellent performance demonstrated by state-of-the-art Operation Protective Edge – 2014 missiles such as the Python 5 short range On July 7, 2014, the IDF launched Opera- full-sphere missile and DERBY - Beyond tion Protective Edge in order to restore quiet Visual Range missile. RAFAEL’s systems and to the region and stop Hamas terrorism. The missiles are provided as stand-alone plat- single goal of the operation is to stop Hamas forms or can be integrated within system incessant rocket attacks against Israel’s civil- modernization programmes. RAFAEL also ians. Since the start of the operation, over offers acoustic and electro-optical sensors 1,000 rockets have been launched at Israel. and communication networks that can be Of those, 754 have hit Israel and approxi- integrated within the air defence systems. mately 201 were intercepted by the Iron Dome Missile defence system, states the blog. Broad Spectrum Solutions from IAI In this article, we feature how Israel has Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) provides used technology to thwart attacks on the unique system-of-systems solutions for country. In 2004, the idea for Iron Dome a broad spectrum of needs in space, air, gained momentum with the installation land, sea and homeland defence. In theatre of Brig. General Daniel Gold as the head of defence, IAI has Arrow weapon system; the research and development bureau of integrated air picture and EZ Guard, exclu- the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). In February sive economic zone protection guard. 2007, Defense Minister Amir Peretz selected Iron Dome as Israel’s defensive solution to Arrow Weapon System this short-range rocket threat. Since then, Against the rising threat of Theater Ballis- the $210 million system has been developed tic Missiles (TBMs), carrying various types by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems work- of warheads, Israel Aerospace Industries’ ing jointly with the IDF. MLM Division with its partners developed an effective, powerful and modular defence Rafael’s Iron Dome system. Utilising the uniquely effective Iron Dome is the only dual mission counter Arrow II and the innovative Arrow III inter- rocket, artillery and mortar (C-RAM) and ceptors. The system detects, intercepts and very short-range air defence (VSHORAD) destroys incoming TBMs and provides a system. Iron Dome is an affordable, effective PGMs. The system is effective in all weather  Mobile Missile Firing Unit (MFU) with large defended footprint allowing the pro- and innovative defence solution (CR&AM conditions, including low clouds, rain, dust 20 “TAMIR” interceptors tection of important strategic assets as well Class) to the asymmetric threats of short- storms or fog.  The Iron Dome meets the following as civilian population centres. range rockets, (up to and over 70 km), and It provides robust, yet selective defence. requirements: mortars as well as VSHORAD Missiles Sys- Its ability to discriminate between threats  All-weather operation Integrated Air Picture ELM-2026B - tem (up to 10 km) against traditional Air headed towards the defended area and  Effective and selective handling of salvo VSHORAD Defense targets. those that will fall into the sea or open fields threats aimed at the “Defended Zone“ ELTA’s ELM-2026B VSHORAD radar is the It has been selected by the Israeli Defense reduces costs and limits unnecessary inter-  Threat warhead is detonated on its fifth-generation of 3D tactical air defence Ministry to provide the lowest layer of Israel ceptor launches. A single launcher can pro- trajectory radars. The ELM-2026B VSHORAD radar is multi-layered air & missiles defence umbrella. tect against a medium-size city. Iron Dome  Threats are destroyed outside the a light weight transportable, X-band, solid- The system was chosen as the best system, uses a unique interceptor with a special defended area, during their flight state electronically scanned, pulse-doppler offering the most comprehensive defence warhead that detonates the targets in the air  Ignores targets predicted to fall outside radar. This cost-effective radar delivers early solution from a range of threats, in relatively within seconds. The system can handle mul- the defended area zone warning and target data for supporting sur- short development cycle and low cost-per-kill. tiple threats simultaneously and efficiently.  Capable of continuous operation day/ face-to-air missile weapon systems. Iron Dome is an advanced defence sys- The Iron Dome system includes the fol- night and in all weather conditions The radar employs multi-beam elevation tem, designed for quick detection, discrimi- lowing components:  The system can be connected to the high coverage by applying Digital Beam Forming nation and interception of rockets & mortar  Mobile detection and tracking radar - echelon Air Situation Picture (DBF) and 360 deg. azimuth coverage by threats with ranges of up to and over 70 km Multi-Mission Radar (MMR) Battle Man-  Enables classification of target threat

www.spslandforces.com and against aircraft, helicopters, UAVs and agement & Control Unit Sensors families Continued on page 14

8 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 THERE IS NO ESCAPE FROM THE SPYDER’S WEB

SPYDER-SR/SPYDER-MR Short and medium range air defense missile systems

The SPYDER Family ensures protection of high value assets as well as maneuvering combat forces. Both systems are quick reaction, all-weather, network-centric, multi-launcher and self- SPYDER-SR SPYDER-SR SPYDER-SR Missile Firing Unit Derby Missile Python-5 propelled. SPYDER-SR and SPYDER-MR are designed to engage Launch Missile Launch and destroy a wide spectrum of threats, such as attack aircraft, bombers, cruise missiles, UAS, UCAV and stand-off weapons.

SPYDER-MR SPYDER-MR SPYDER-SR Missile Firing Unit Radar Sensor Unit Command & Control Unit www.rafael.co.il >> operations Airborne Operations

The Para Training School (PTS), run by the Indian Air Force at Agra, conducts the parachuting and combat military free-fall training of the Army, the President’s Body Guards, cadets from the Indian Military Academy and NCC, and to some extent the Navy

Photograph: SP Guide Pubns arrangement has been continuing where Paratroopers practising the Army is responsible for procuring air- at Agra Airport borne equipment but the Air Force procures the heavy drop equipment, latter for dropping tanks, BMPs, artillery guns, vehicles etc. Lack of coordination invariably leads to shortages, which in turn affects training and operations. Before the IPKF went into Sri Lanka, severe deficiencies of parachutes for the troops were made up through emergent imports of parachutes from countries like Republic of Korea but neither the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) nor the Air Force had any infrastructure to test these parachutes. When the An-32 and IL-76 aircraft were procured, the Air Force went ahead and procured Heavy Drop Platforms (HDP) and Heavy Drop Equipment (HDE) along with these aircraft from the Soviets without reference to the Army. The result was that though HDP and HDE for low level drops were available, which reduces vulnerability in the air, these were not procured. There have also been periods of severe shortages of combat military free-fall equipment for sustained periods including of oxygen equipment. Shortages have also been accruing because of ad hoc demands sans holistic appraisal. Development of parachutes, combat military free-fall parachutes, HDP and HDE by the DRDO has continued at  Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) by themselves using Army Aviation heli- In addition to PTS, AF, Agra also houses snail’s pace. The indigenous combat military copters, including the Advanced Light Heli- the Army Airborne Training School; an free-fall equipment still has imported oxygen irborne operations in the copters (ALH). PTS, AF, Agra is considered institution totally manned by Army per- equipment despite years having gone by. Indian Army essentially involve the second best avenue in the Air Force both sonnel. This institution trains all ranks of When the An-32 and IL-76 were being both the Army and the Air Force financially and professionally after the flying the Army in courses like Heavy Drop and procured, which incidentally were funded albeit using fixed-wing aircraft stream. Hence, the Air Force fiercely resists Air Portability. There is little interaction by the Army, the plan was to have the capa- and medium-lift helicopters both any intrusion in their exclusive turf of air- between PTS, AF, Agra and Army’s Air- bility to lift the Parachute Brigade in about heldA by the Air Force. However, Army is borne training. This is despite more than ade- borne Training School. In 2002, on behest two lifts. However, factors like serviceability, undertaking helicopter operations at small quate expertise in the Army to jointly man of the Army, JOCOM ordered a joint study wastages and paucity of flying hours on scale using its own integral helicopters. Army this organization. There is also considerable for merger of these two institutions, both account of diversion of fixed-wing effort on also undertakes some training jointly with scope to prune down the manpower of PTS, located at Agra. Though the study strongly non-military tasks has brought us to a stage the Navy. One of the major adverse fallouts of AF, Agra but the Air Force is not inclined to recommended merger of these two training where not one single battalion group exer- not having a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is do so. For example, world over paratroopers institutions, the recommendations could cise even on hard scale has been conducted the absence of jointness and synergy within pack their own parachutes but the Air Force not be implemented because of sustained over the last two decades plus, leave aside the military, which in turn affects all joint does not permit the Indian Army to do so objections by the Air Force. adequate training in heavy drop of equip- operations including airborne operations. and instead maintain their own parachute ment. In the US, the combat military free- Resistance to change and perceived threats packers. Numerous Army officers, JCOs and Air Effort and Equipment fall team, which is 135 strong, undertakes to individual turfs precludes vital reforms NCOs have the qualification to be posted as Para training is done from fixed wing aircraft 10 combat jumps every month by night required to enhance operational efficiency. instructors at PTS, AF, Agra but their post- are the An-32, IL-76 aircrafts and the C-130s. with full equipment including twin ruck- Other than Britain, India is perhaps the only ing as instructors is resisted by the Air Force The recently acquired C-17 Globemaster air- sacks. In India, a 10 jump refresher course country in the world where airborne train- despite decisions taken to this effect after craft are for strategic airlift and not for para- on an average is held once in two years. ing for the Army is handled by the Air Force deliberate discussions at the Joint Operations dropping in the Tactical Battle Area (TBA). While, the Air Force is in-charge of combat but in case of the UK, the British Army has Committee (JOCOM) of the three Services The An-32 aircraft is used for paratrooping military free-fall training, their emphasis is integral fixed-wing aircrafts which is not the more than a decade back. Similarly, numer- only in India, not even in Russia. Their acqui- more on sport free-fall – show jumping. case in India. In an informal discussion in the ous Army personnel are trained in Air Dis- sition from erstwhile USSR was more under Para training is done from fixed-wing mid-1980s Air Force appeared amenable to patch and DZ Safety. However, their employ- political compulsions than operational via- aircraft are the An-32, IL-76 aircrafts and handover the Para Training School (PTS) at ment even during exercises with troops is bility. Ironically, post field trials in India, the the C-130s. The recently acquired C-17 Agra to the Army in exchange for two of the resisted by the Air Force. then Commander of 50 (I) Parachute Brigade Globemaster aircraft are for strategic airlift many Territorial Army (TA) battalions tasked had not recommended the An-32 aircraft for and not for paradropping in the Tactical with ground defence of airfields to the Air procurement since 42 paratroopers from a Battle Area (TBA). Force. However, this was not acceptable to the Other than Britain, India is single aircraft get dispersed over 1.2 kilome- Army and the matter has remained in limbo. tres with attendant problems of getting the Lacunae perhaps the only country in force together by night immediately after the Pilot training of the Air Force for paratroop- Training for Airborne Operations drop. Incidentally, a battalion group paradrop ing is severely lacking, as is evident from The Para Training School (PTS), run by the world where airborne requires 32 x An-32 and 7 x IL-76 aircraft on demonstrated capabilities during major the Indian Air Force at Agra, conducts the training for the Army is full scale (never exercised to date) and 24 x exercises. The first ever exercise to capture parachuting and combat military free-fall An-32 and 5 x IL-76 aircraft on hard scale. an airstrip on an island was conducted in training of the Army, the President’s Body handled by the Air Force Needless to mention that entire Air Force 2001. Though the Army wanted to exer- Guards, cadets from the Indian Military efforts will be required to mount such an cise a battalion group drop by night, the Academy and NCC, and to some extent the but in case of the UK, the operation, but this is feasible when national Air Force could drop only 60 all ranks by Navy. However, the Navy is gearing up to security so demands. day taking 40 minutes for the drop with organise their own paratrooping and com- British Army has integral Airborne operations are conducted in two An-32s making eight circuits each. bat military free-fall training with integral accordance a joint standard operating proce- This is just one example of the pitfalls of fixed-wing and helicopter assets of Naval fixed-wing aircrafts which dure under which all ranks while in the air the Army not being responsible for its own Aviation. As for combat military free-fall are under command the Air Force (pilot of paratrooping training, which is the norm training, Army’s Special Forces battalions is not the case in India. concerned aircraft), reverting to Army con-

www.spslandforces.com are also undertaking such training in situ trol once troops touch ground. A lopsided Continued on page 14

10 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 Modernisation >> Global Air Defence Scenario India’s air defence network has two principal components—the ‘Air Defence Ground Environment System’ (ADGES) and the ‘Base Air Defence Zones’ (BADZ)

Photograph: Lockheed Martin  R. Chandrakanth pany, is the prime contractor for NATO’s Patriot Advanced Capability-3 Air Command and Control System (ACCS). f one looks at the present-day battle (PAC-3) missile NATO ACCS sets new standards of integra- scenario across the globe, it is very clear tion for air operations in Europe, providing that the air threat envelope is spreading a single, integrated approach to planning, beyond one’s imagination. In this back- tasking, monitoring and mission execution. drop, air defence assumes a significant The programme is now delivering a system Irole, requiring deployment of multi-layered that networks air C2 systems across 17 mix of weapon systems. Several countries locations in NATO Europe using the same have developed air defence systems that are system of hardware and software, and shar- not only effective, but also futurisitic. ing operational data over a high-speed com- Countries such as the United States, Rus- munications network. sia, France, India and Israel have all devel- The NATO ACCS programme also has oped missile defence systems and they all a deployable air command and control sys- have been deployed effectively. The need for tem. The Deployable Combined Air Opera- air defence system is imperative in a nation’s tions Centre (DCAOC) with equipment security. From an Indian perspective, there packed in carrying cases for transport, pro- are indigenous air defence systems and also vides the deployed operational planning and India is looking at highly advanced anti- tasking capability. The DARS (Deployable missile defence systems for its two-tiered Air control centre, RAP production centre missile defence shield which is scheduled to , Sensor fusion post) is a mobile, shelterised be deployed in two separate phases by 2016. tactical component of the NATO air com- India is receptive to working with partners mand and control system that will support including the United States, Israel, Russia ida. As well as the US, Patriot is in service offer improved mobility and wider compat- any NATO out-of-area operations. and NATO countries on missile defence. in Egypt, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, ibility with other air defence systems, in In the future, ACCS will integrate missile Kuwait, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and order to create a linchpin for its customers’ defence command and control for NATO; India’s Two-tiered Defence Taiwan. Raytheon is the prime contractor next-generation air defence arrays. MEADS interoperability with Air Ground Surveil- India’s air defence network has two princi- for both domestic and international Patriot International, a multinational joint venture lance (AGS) and Intelligence, Surveillance pal components—the ‘Air Defence Ground Air and Missile Defence Systems and sys- headquartered in Orlando, Florida, is the and Reconnaissance (ISR); and sensor to Environment System’ (ADGES) and the tem integrator for Patriot Advanced Capa- prime contractor for the MEADS system. shooter mission execution. ‘Base Air Defence Zones’ (BADZ). The bility-3 missiles. Major subcontractors and joint venture ADGES network provides for wide area partners are MBDA in Italy and Germany, Russia’s Fifth-generation System radar coverage and permits the detection MEADS Programme and Lockheed Martin in the United States. Russia’s new fifth-generation air defence and interception of most aerial incursions After seven years of tri-national co-devel- system S-500 will be able to destroy any into Indian airspace. The BADZ system is far opment, the MEADS (medium extended NATO’s Cover target at any altitude. According to the Dep- more concentrated with radars, intercep- air defence system) programme success- Air Command Systems International tors, SAMs and AAA units working in con- fully completed its first flight test at White (ACSI), a Thales Raytheon Systems com- Continued on page 17 junction to provide an intense and highly Sands Missile Range recently. The test effective defensive barrier also represented the first launch using a The ballistic missile defence programme MEADS lightweight launcher (Italian con- is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi- figuration) and battle manager (US con- layered ballistic missile defence system to figuration).T he missile’s unique sideways protect India from ballistic missile attacks. manoeuvre demonstrated a 360-degree It is a double-tiered system consisting of capability that today’s fielded air and mis- two interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi sile defence systems cannot provide. It Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude executed a planned self-destruct sequence interception, and the Advanced Air Defence at the end of the mission after successfully (AAD) missile for lower altitude intercep- engaging the simulated threat. tion. The two-tiered shield should be able Using its 360-degree defensive capabil- to intercept any incoming missile launched ity, the advanced MEADS radars and MSE 5,000 kilometres away. missile, MEADS can defend up to eight times The US, like other countries, has the coverage area of currently fielded sys- approached India and offered to sell its tems while using far fewer system assets. Patriot missile system. The Patriot is a com- This greatly reduces deployed personnel, bat-proven and the world’s most advanced equipment and demand for airlift to a frac- air and missile defence system. It is said to tion of that for current systems. be the cornerstone of the air and missile The MEADS programme aimed to defence architecture for 12 nations, includ- replace Patriot missiles in the United States, ing the US and five NATO nations. the older Hawk system in Germany, and Italy’s even older Nike Hercules missiles. Patriot, the Most Advanced System MEADS will be designed to kill enemy air- Patriot is a long-range, high-altitude, all- craft, cruise missiles and UAVs within its weather system that is regularly and rigor- reach, while providing next-generation ously tested with US Army oversight under point defence capabilities against ballistic real-world conditions. The system can missiles. MBDA’s SAMP/T project would be counter threats from tactical ballistic mis- its main competitor, but MEADS aims to siles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft, and is continuously upgraded to keep ahead of evolving threats. Patriot systems are It is fully modernised as to be in service interoperable and can be through 2048 and beyond. Patriot systems are interoperable and can be integrated into integrated into existing existing systems to become part of a larger integrated air and missile defence architec- systems to become part ture. It provides protection against a full range of advanced threats, including air- of a larger integrated craft, tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. air and missile defence Patriot (MIM-104) is produced by Ray- theon in Massachusetts and Lockheed architecture. Martin Missiles and Fire Control in Flor- Untitled-3 1 17/08/12 5:31 PM

4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 11 >> Middle East / Developments Recent Developments in Iraq The ISIS has captured large quantities of sophisticated weaponry from the Iraqi Army and security forces which had fled abandoning their weapons in the face of the ISIS onslaught during the past month

Photograph: USaf  Ranjit Gupta Despite their station being bombed, Iraqi police continue working in the once prosperous, secular, unharmed areas of the station and well administered Iraq is today in work the streets absolute shambles. The current situation in Iraq is essentially the consequence of US policies towardsA Iraq since 1990-91 but particularly of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its subsequent military occupation, marked by thoroughly inept governance, till 2011 when US troops finally withdrew, leaving behind a broken country wracked by sectarian strife and internal insurgencies. The immediate trigger is the unfortunate reality that during the eight years of the US installed Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki’s increasingly blatantly partisan rule, the Sunnis were steadily and continuously sidelined and have been completely alienated; the relationship between the Shia and Sunni communities has never been as poisonous as it is today. A Sunni backlash was inevitable. This is what we are witness- ing in Iraq manifested in particular by the lightening takeover of the Sunni dominated trol of the three distinct regions of the coun- 3,10,000 troops along the border and is in Implications for India provinces of Iraq and the establishment try – the Kurdish Regional Government in touch with Sunni tribal chiefs encouraging The immediate impact of the ISIS sweep of the Islamic Caliphate on June 30 by the the Kurdish areas, the Islamic State in the a revolt against the ISIS; US military advis- across northern Iraq was on the safety Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, the ISIS, an Sunni areas and the Central Government ers have arrived in Iraq and US drones are and welfare of Indians working in the extremist militant group even more radical only in and around Baghdad and control- patrolling over the country, particularly regions under the control of the ISIS. The and brutal than Al Qaeda. ling the Shia areas. The longer this situa- Baghdad. However, President Obama has 46 Indian nurses have been safely brought Considerable portions of Western Syria tion continues the greater is the danger of indicated that the US will not send troops – home as also more than 2,500 other Indi- and most of the area of Iraq’s Sunni prov- Iraq being de facto partitioned, which, even a right decision because it will be politically ans from different parts of Iraq; however inces are part of the territorial domain of without becoming a de jure breakup of the counterproductive domestically in Iraq and 39 construction workers remain and it the newly established Islamist Caliphate country, would have cascading dangerous prevent vitally essential Iranian coopera- is every Indian’s hope that the extraordi- – an area larger than Jordan. Syrian oil- and unpredictable consequences through- tion. Russia has provided Sukhoi fighters. nary efforts that the government made in fields are under its control; it is running a out the Gulf region and West Asia. Given Huge, multi-dimensional and uncondi- successfully bringing the nurses back will complete administration in the Syrian part that much of the world depends for its oil tional help has been and will be available succeed for these workers too. The govern- of its domain and planning to do the same needs on the Gulf region, the global conse- from Iran. An international coalition is the- ment has also put in place mechanisms to in Iraq; the border between Syria and Iraq quences could be catastrophic. oretically in place. However, ultimately, it is bring back any other Indian who desires has been effectively erased while the Iraqi The establishment of the Islamic Caliph- only the Iraqis that can bring about a long- to return. Nobody knows how many Indi- Government is no longer in full and effective ate is clearly a challenge but it also pres- term and permanent settlement of domesti- ans there are in Iraq, but could be 10,000 control of Iraq’s borders with Jordan and ents a huge strategic opportunity. For the cally contentious issues. or even more, mostly in Shiite populated Saudi Arabia; the ISIS has captured large first time since the turbulence in the Arab The first unavoidable and absolutely Southern Iraq, where they are quite safe, quantities of sophisticated weaponry from world started in the winter of 2010-11 and essential step is to have a government of and evacuating all may not be necessary the Iraqi Army and security forces which really only time in decades, all countries of national unity in Iraq encompassing all the or even desirable to prevent loss of confi- had fled abandoning their weapons in the the region and all major powers are united three ethnic and sectarian denominations. dence in the employability of Indians in face of the ISIS onslaught during the past in sharing a common concern and threat Each direct neighbour, all regional coun- the Gulf region. month. It has almost $2 billion worth of posed by the rise of the ISIS in Iraq/Syria. tries and all major powers have specifically Currently Iraq holds the second rank assets. Though its total manpower strength Most encouragingly, both Iraqi Grand Aya- called for this and many have very con- of countries supplying oil to India. This is is only about 10,000-12,000, mostly Iraqi, tollah Ali Al Sistani and Iraqi radical Shia siderable influence on the ground in Iraq unlikely to be adversely affected because the with about 3,000 or so foreigners of various cleric Moqtada Sadr, the founder-leader of with different factions and elements. This oilfields and the port from where the oil is nationalities, it is very highly motivated and a very powerful Shia militia, have publicly is the litmus test – if this relatively easier to exported are in the government controlled well organised. called for a national unity government and handle matter cannot be managed through Shia majority southern provinces. In short, within the territory that it con- recognition of the legitimate rights of Sun- regional and international cooperation, The ISIS’s ultimate objective is to have trols it is a formidable force with little or no nis; also that King Abdullah of Saudi Ara- then the much more difficult issue of dis- all Muslims under the Islamic Caliphate and coherent Iraqi or Syrian Government oppo- bia has called upon Sunnis to join a national mantling the Islamic Caliphate and preserv- the map thereof which has been released sition. Unless the ISIS strongly alienates the unity government. It has the deployed ing the territorial integrity of Iraq would be includes India. In their manifesto Kashmir local population, as it had done in 2005-09 almost impossible to achieve. If, on the other has been mentioned specifically. However, in Anbar province, in its original incarna- hand, such cooperation succeeds in bring- there is no reason for India to be particularly tion as Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) or the Islamic The immediate trigger is ing about a national unity government, this worried. The ISIS is going to be extremely State of Iraq (ISI), it will not be easy for Iraqi will build mutual confidence and promote busy in Iraq and Syria for the foreseeable forces by themselves to dismantle the so- the unfortunate reality possibilities of cooperation amongst these future. However, the Caliphate could be an called ‘Islamic State’, though government countries not only to confront the Islamic ideological beacon for misguided or unem- forces have launched operations against that during the eight Caliphate and but more importantly to help ployed Indian Muslim youth; but the causes the ISIS in and around Tikrit in particular. resolve larger issues in Iraq and in drawing and remedies for that lie with the Indian On the other hand, it is not going to be easy years of the US installed down the civil war in Syria. Government and civil society, not abroad. for the ISIS to expand its territorial domain The Secretary General of the United However, since seven million Indians because it would have to now contend with Prime Minister Nouri Nations needs to urgently convene a meet- live and work in the Gulf region; India is much stronger Iraqi forces and also not al-Maliki’s increasingly ing with a single-point agenda to begin with dependent for over 70 per cent of its oil and have the support of local populations. One – formation of a national unity government gas supplies on the Gulf region; the Gulf or the other side will make marginal gains blatantly partisan rule, the – of countries that can influence outcomes region is also India’s largest trade partner from time to time. I do not see the ISIS foray- on the ground in Iraq—EU, China, Iran, Rus- by far—$181 billion in 2012-13; Islamic ing into neighbouring countries—Jordan, Sunnis were steadily and sia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and the extremism has been surging in the region; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. It is likely that a US to provide international support to a new a major deterioration of the situation in broad stalemate situation will exist for the continuously sidelined government and encourage and incentivise Iraq can have spillover effects leading to immediate future in Iraq but bloodshed and it to undertake badly needed political and regional instability which could affect all violence are likely to continue increasing. and have been completely economic reforms. The reality is that India is Indian interests mentioned above. There- For all practical purposes, Iraq, at least not a player on the ground in Iraq, but India fore, maintenance of stability in the Gulf for the time being, has fragmented with alienated must ask to participate in any such confer- region must be considered as one of the top

SP www.spslandforces.com three different authorities exercising con- ence and will surely be accommodated. foreign policy priorities for India.

12 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 Focus / India >> Raising FDI in Defence - Not lucrative by itself The Defence Research and Development Organisation had identified some 15 critical technologies that it seeks to import through offsets, such technologies would require special approvals by the foreign vendor’s government

Photograph: US Army  Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) India Strategy DI in the Defence sector has been hiked from erstwhile 26 per cent Essential for OEM to 49 per cent. The increase in FDI was definitely warranted consider- Co-Development: ing that we are importing over 70 Fper cent of our defence needs. What needs Telephonics to be examined is whether such a measure by itself will adequately address our Any global aero- lack of self-sufficiency in defence. Why is space and defence it that while the FDI Confidence Index of company must have the country per se is very high, that in the an “India Strategy” defence sector it is extremely low? Why is and with a strong it that despite having 26 per cent FDI in presence in India. defence sector for the past so many years, Telephonics has this barely attracted less than $5 million been in India for 20 foreign investment; just 4.94 per cent in years, supplying airborne weather avoid- last 14 years. Analysis of these reasons ance radar to HAL for installation on would indicate that unless these issues are Firing of the M777 A2 howitzer their helicopters, which now is a ‘stan- addressed, further hike of FDI to 49 per cent dard’ radar on these helicopters. We may just be utopia towards self sufficiency. cherish this rewarding programme. Similarly while the establishment of a - cut the red tape and did not integrate all sector by year 2005 but today in 2014 are We have been fortunate to be selected Facilitation Cell by the Defence Offsets Man- stakeholders when reviewing our policies. we not still just about 30 per cent self-reliant? for the aft radar on the P-8i and look agement Wing (DOMW) is a welcome devel- The Facilitation Cell may not achieve the Have we examined why this equation has not forward to supporting the H-47 pro- opment, it needs to be remembered that the desired objectives unless the reasons for changed in last 19 years (1995 to 2014)? gramme. None of these programmes DOMW was preceded by the Defence Offset failure of DOFA are eliminated. The same Obviously, this has happened because the have helped to further develop the mar- Facilitation Agency (DOFA) that was estab- is applicable to FDI in defence sector. Take powers that be, in concert with the arms ket for us. Options to grow presence for lished in 2006 but had to be shut down as it the annual fanfare with which the Defence mafia, did not want it to change because of medium-sized defence companies like could not deliver upon what was expected. Procurement Policy (DPP) is trumpeted for high level corruption and financial gains. Telephonics are limited. The Defence Research and Development having been ‘simplified’. How come despite Our DPP is still not conducive enough Over time the ‘hired’ presence of OEMs Organisation (DRDO) had identified some years of in-house ‘simplification’ of the DPP to facilitate and absorb foreign technology here have fallen from favour for a variety 15 critical technologies that it seeks to by the Ministry of Defence (MoD), It has because it has ignored time required by for- of reasons. Many medium-size companies import through offsets, such technologies failed to sufficiently attract even the indig- eign firms, accommodate procedure of con- do not have the resources to have business would require special approvals by the for- enous private sector? The explanation is cerned country for exports, requirement of development assets in India on a full-time eign vendor’s government. Till 2012, 16 actually very simple. This cannot be rectified government-to-government negotiations, as basis as the process of establishing a com- offset contracts, worth $4.3 billion, were by the MoD by themselves, which they have required and the like. Then, achieving self- pany here can be daunting. signed and this is expected to cross $25 failed to do over the years. Isn’t it impera- sufficiency cannot be looked at by opening In 2011, we established Mahindra billion by 2020. Why the DOFA failed was tive that all stake holders are integrated in up to private sector while ignoring the dire Telephonics Integrated Systems. We will because we could not streamline procedures reforming defence related policies and pro- need to restructure the MoD and the DRDO- be an important part of the future when cedures, without which raising the FDI limit DPSUs-OF etc. Defence Production (MoD) greater cooperation between public and is unlikely to provide significant dividends. Joint Secretaries and Secretaries of MoD being private sector is to happen. The tech- A large cross-section feels that in case of on the Boards of all PSUs has not helped. nologies that companies like Telephonics FDI Increase, transfer of technology (ToT), the FDI limit To add to this are the startling facts in CAG bring to India will accelerate growth of could well have been raised to 70 to 80 per reports of recent years indicating crores of both public and private sector. Builds Confidence cent. The hike of 49 per cent FDI has hardly rupees and efforts have simply gone down the Despite the fresh face of cooperation seen foreign investors making a beeline to drain without accountability. The DRDO hier- and policy advances, what wins in the in Investors: India. Then, this does not really affect sale of archy themselves admit that despite the fact long-run are successful programmes at whole weapon systems to India by US, Rus- many years and lakhs and crores of rupees the “working level”. Transfer of tech- Raytheon sia, EU etc, which will likely continue if the invested, they only have ‘patches of excel- nology will take time, but it is worth the hiked FDI would not attract foreign investors. lence’ to show. The hard fact is that unless effort to build the right infrastructure The increase in the Take the case of developing the medium-lift professional military expertise is injected at and supply chain in technology areas foreign direct invest- military aircraft. With HAL not allowed to all levels in MoD and similarly without users to advance capabilities while deepening ment threshold is participate, which foreign company would (military) inducted at all levels of control and country ties. We are encouraged by the a step in the right like ToT to an Indian firm that has no exper- management in DRDO-DPSUs-OF, not much Prime Minister, Narendra Modi’s pro- direction to build tise in aircraft manufacture, when not even improvement are possible. business and economic reforms agenda confidence for inter- permitted to retain control? So, the hike to Issue of recent regulations relaxing and view this as a positive influence national manufactur- 49 per cent falls very much short of expec- requirement of licence to produce a large moving forward. SP ers to invest in India’s tations of foreign companies who would like number of components and sub-systems —By Mel French, Vice President, industrial base. Any effective change in this to undertake a JV on Indian soil but would required in fighting equipment other than Business Development, Telephonics regard can be viewed positively to help fos- like to retain control and protect their com- heavier battle field systems like tanks, ter co-production, joint manufacturing and mercial interests beyond fulfilling needs of armoured vehicle, aircraft and warships, offset partnerships with Indian industry. the Indian miliatry. With the poor state of and relaxing control on the dual use items ogy and 74 per cent in case of the transfer Raytheon has long teamed and our defence-industrial complex, the need of with both defence and civilian applications of technology that is not cutting edge. Now partnered with Indian industry in both the hour is to make the Indian defence sector are welcome steps. There is encouragement that the 70 per cent self sufficiency target defence public sector units and private unambiguously lucrative for investors. This in R&D too, example being that for develop- has been pushed to year 2020, the indig- sector companies, and this FDI increase will unlikely happen with the 49 per cent ing prototypes for a BMS for the Army, gov- enous defence industry has to play a major could enhance how we collaborate and hike. The danger is that if foreign investors ernment will foot 80 per cent of the costs. role, as would the FDI since the total esti- innovate together with Indian businesses are not attracted to invest in India and share However, the bottomline is that Indian firms mated products required would be to the to better provide solutions for India’s defence technology, we will continue to take do need foreign investments and foreign tune of $80-$100 billion, since by the end military and national security mission recourse to import whole weapon systems, technology, but 49 per cent FDI is unlikely of the Fourteenth Five Year Plan, the cumu- requirements. SP which suits the arms mafia with attenuated to attract foreign investors. The Department lative capital expenditures over 2012–27 —By Nik Khanna, Raytheon massive financial gains. Under his chairman- of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) are projected to exceed $235 billion. In Company Country Director and ship of Dr (later President) APJ Abdul Kalam has been batting for 100 per cent FDI in absence of attracting desired level of FDI, Senior Executive in India in 1995, a Review Committee had set the case of the investing foreign partner willing government may eventually need to go by goal of 70 per cent self-reliance in defence to make available state of the art technol- the DIPP recommendations. SP

4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 13 >> Technology / operations

Almost Invincible Israel’s ...continued from page 8

antenna rotation. The radar detects a wide It Reflects ELTA’s 35 years of experience ELW-2085 - CAEW - Conformal advanced integration capabilities with vari- variety of low RCS targets such as low flying in tactical military radars. The ELM-2106 Airborne Early Warning & Control ous types of radios and artillery sensors, fighter aircraft, low velocity ultra-lights and ATAR System is a 3D solid state L-band The long-range, high performance, multi- and a deep understanding artillery pro- UAVs. The radar provides accurate target medium range tactical radar with Active sensor AEW introduces a new level of cesses, ballistic computing and battlefield measurements of velocity, range, azimuth Electronically Steering Array (AESA) in ele- performance to airborne early warning, management. and elevation angles. vation. The radar detects a wide variety of tactical surveillance of airborne and sur- The ELM-2026B VSHORAD can be low RCS target such as: low velocity ultra- face targets, and the gathering of signal Air Defence and Mortar Services deployed as a local air defence system pro- lights and UAVs. intelligence. The ELW-2085’s four sen- There are Platform Upgrades – comprehen- viding early warning and target track to The ELM-2106 ATAR can be deployed as sors are: Radar, IFF, ESM/ELINT and CSM/ sive upgrade of existing platforms, includ- surface-to-air weapon systems. a local air defence system providing warn- COMINT. A unique fusion technique con- ing C4I, fire control and navigation systems. ing and target designation to surface-to- tinuously cross-correlates data generated Truck Mounted Guns – artillery modernisa- ELM-2080 - Green Pine Radar System AIR weapon systems including MANPADS. by all sensors: this data is combined with tion for heavy and light platforms utilizing The ELM-2080 “Green Pine” radar system The system can also be deployed as gap fil- an automatically initiated active search by existing towed, track, or mounted guns - is a transportable ground-based, multimode ters for supporting C3I centres for AIR Traf- one sensor for specific targets detected by improving effectiveness, accuracy and sur- solid state phased array radar. Incorporat- fic Control (ATC). THE ELM-2106 ATAR has other sensors. vivability. Autonomous mortar – automatic ing ELTA’s vast experience in surveillance been field proven, operating in noisy and movement mortar system, fully integrated and fire control, the “Green Pine” radar high-clutter environments. ELW-2090 - Airborne Early Warning & with C2, fire control systems, navigation, is designed to autonomously detect and Control (AEW&C) positing and communication, and leverag- simultaneously track dozens of tactical bal- ELM-2106NG - ADSR - 3D Tactical Air ELTA’s integrated mission suite, with a pow- ing existing platforms. listic missiles from long ranges, under all- Defence Radar erful command, control and communica- weather conditions and in the presence of This 3D portable radar detects a wide vari- tion system, supports a variety of opera- High Repetition Range-finders undesired echoes. ety of flying platforms including low level tional missions such as: long-range air The ability to measure the range-to-target high-speed fighter aircraft, hovering heli- surveillance; airborne C4I for air & naval at high repetition rates is critical to improv- ELM-2084 - MMR copters, low ultra-light aircraft and UAVs. operations; airborne command & control ing air defence systems’ operational capa- The ELM-2084 is a mobile S-Band multi- The radar provides accurate range, azimuth post; network-centric warfare operations bilities. Elbit Systems Electro-optics - Elop’s mission radar (MMR) family implementing and elevation angle measurements for each and communication node. (Elop) cutting edge eyesafe, high repetition an advanced 3D active electronically steered target, differentiating between aircraft and This long-range, large cabin,4-engine rangefinders upgrade the capabilities of the array (AESA) supporting modular and scal- helicopters and classifying the helicopter turbojet military transport aircraft, sup- full range of anti-aircraft weapons. able architecture. The MMR family supports type according to its blades returns. ports a comlpete and high performance artillery weapon location and air defence AEW&C suite. The IL-76 provides excep- Virtual Training operational missions and provides optimal ELL-8388 3-D Multi-Mission Ground tional cabin space for the operator’s crew The Air Defence Simulator (ADS) is a sophis- solutions for short, medium and long range ESM/ELINT System including a large rest area for additional ticated indoor training facility that provides missions. The ELM-2084 features high ELL-8388 is a modern advanced 3-D operators. The ELW-2090 IL-76 AEW&C a simulated environment for advanced air redundancy, graceful degradation, high ESM/ELINT surveillance system for tacti- aircraft can be air-refuelled for extending defence (AD) training. The simulator com- reliability and very high availability. cal and strategic intelligence collection mission time. bines training of short-range AD weapon and air defence support. This integrated systems with varying operational scenarios ELM-2106 ATAR Medium Range system has the unique capability of creat- Elbit’s Proven Experience and environmental conditions. The ADS uti- Tactical Air Defence Radar ing a 3-dimensional situation picture by A supplier of advanced artillery systems for lizes a powerful proprietary scenario genera- The ELM-2106 ATAR (Advanced Tacti- providing location and dynamic tracking over 25 years, Elbit Systems Land and C4I tor that supports a large number of simul- cal Acquisition Radar) is ELTA’s fourth- of airborne, shipborne, and mobile/fixed has proven experience with large variety of taneous entities, including high-fidelity generation 3D Tactical air defence radars. ground-based emitters. artillery guns, launchers and mortar types, simulation of virtual blue and red forces. SP

Airborne Operations ...continued from page 10

Photograph: PIB abroad. While truncated battalion level chute Brigade must also train for such tasks drops are being practised in Corps level exer- in conjunction the Special Frontier Force. cises in recent years, the Air Force pilots are There is no reason why we cannot under- observed undertaking reconnaissance on take airborne drops by night in mountains days preceding the drop over the intended where plateaus are available. As part of drop zone in exercise enemy area in broad force projection, we must build capability for daylight – a luxury that will not be available capturing an airstrip on an island by night in actual operations. More significantly, the through airborne assault. It is not without Air Force deploys a heavy vehicle with crew reason that the Chinese PLA is undertak- for DZ safety surreptitiously in the exercise ing high altitude airborne exercises in Tibet enemy area wherein the same task to guide including capture of mountain passes. the drop can be easily done by own Special Since 2010, PLA has been rehearsing cap- Forces in the area or by an Army DZ Safety ture of mountain passes at heights beyond officer dropped or infiltrated, as feasible, for 5,000 metres through armoured vehicles the purpose. Though operationally imprac- and airborne troops. A Chinese Ministry of tical, Air Force continues with such practice Defense report claimed the exercises have to retain its exclusive turf. been conducted at an elevation of more Then is the question of Air Dispatch. than 4,500 metres using air and ground The An-32 is designed to carry 42 para- IAF’s C-130J during the troops on high altitude plateaus. We must Exercise Iron Fist 2013 troopers. If the dispatchers are from the Air ready ourselves for conflict with China since Force, it implies wastage of air capacity as posturing of the PLA in our border regions two dispatchers of Air Force go back with is in line with China’s shifting strategy from the aircraft, dropping only 40 paratroop- to guide the drop can be easily done by own prime Rapid Reaction Force of the Army continental to peripheral defence in sync ers. This despite adequate Army personnel Special Forces in the area or by an Army DZ and the country, whose employment must with Chinese military doctrinal intent of are trained in Air Dispatch who can dis- Safety officer dropped or infiltrated, as fea- be optimised. The US invasion of Afghani- resolving to fight and win local wars on its patch the paratroops from the aircraft and sible, for the purpose. stan was spearheaded by troops from US borders. In this context, the PLA is engaged be the last to themselves jump out. In case 82 and 101 Airborne Division preceded on in capacity building for faster deployment in of the IL-76, which has a four door exit, Requirement ground by Special Forces. A future war with high altitudes of the Tibetan plateau. There carriage capacity of four army paratroop- The requirement for the Indian military is China and or Pakistan may require similar is no reason why we cannot do similarly. ers is wasted because Air Force is using four to review airborne operation holistically actions; establishment of air head(s), verti- Significantly, China maintains an Airborne Air Force personnel for air dispatch duties. and work towards jointness in refining cal envelopment to seize territory and to Corps albeit primarily to ensure integrity of The cumulative wastage of airlift capac- operational capabilities and capacity build- outmanoeuvre and outflank enemy loca- the country and relies heavily on air landed ity amounts to 92 army paratroops in case ing rather consolidating single service turfs. tions. This needs streamlining existing operations post capture of an air head, even of a battalion group drop on full scale and The Army’s Airborne Training School and procedures, reorganisation, training and using civil commercial aircraft. We can 68 army paratroops in case of a hard scale PTS, AF, Agra should be merged into a single joint services procedures. Streamlining of take a cue from this since a mismatch exists drop of a battalion group. The Air Force also Military Airborne Training School directly standard operation procedures must also between our paratrooping trained capabil- rules out paradrops in mountains by night under Headquarters Integrated Defence look into reducing attrition through mea- ity and our airlift capability in background and there appears to be aversion to blind Staff (IDS) that would meet the airborne sures like formation flying, reducing length of operational requirements and an enlarg- drops by night even in plains. training, combat military free-fall train- of the airstream and low level drops. Likely ing China-Pakistan collusive threat. Much The Air Force deploys a heavy vehicle ing, heavy drop training and even airborne drop zones for operations need to be identi- work needs to be done in this regard. HQ IDS with crew for DZ safety surreptitiously in the sports requirements of the Army, Navy and fied, simulated and periodic exercises held to and Army Training Command (ARTRAC)

SP www.spslandforces.com exercise enemy area wherein the same task Air Force. The Parachute Brigade is the hone our capabilities. In all this, the Para- need to seriously examine above issues.

14 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 Focus / India >> Lessons from Kargil War

Operation Vijay was a blend of determined political, military and diplomatic actions, which enabled us to transform an adverse situation into an emphatic military and diplomatic victory

Photograph: PRO army  General V.P. MALIK (Retd) re-thinking on the nature of conflict in the Memorial service in honour new strategic environment and conduct of of martyrs at Dras n July 16, 2014, India cel- wars. This was done under a Group of Min- ebrated the 15th anniversary isters. The National Security Review-2002 of its victory in the Kargil War, recommended several meaningful reforms which was forced upon it by to improve the Higher Defence Control Pakistan. A strategically con- Organisation, its systems and processes. Oscious nation commemorates such histori- Unfortunately, these were either not imple- cal national security events for three rea- mented, or implemented only cosmetically. sons: to remember and pay homage to those India now has a National Security who sacrificed their lives for the nation’s Council. But there is no official docu- future, to recall lessons that emerged from ment outlining its broad national security that event and to pledge for a safer and bet- (including defence) policy and strategy. ter future. The government has hesitated in spelling The Kargil War will always be remem- it out due to lack of political consensus on bered for (a) its strategic and tactical surprise its policies and the inability to address the (b) the self-imposed national strategy of crucial issues of coordination to formulate restraint keeping the war limited to the Kar- and address national security. There is no gil-Siachen sector (c) military strategy and policy document or a white paper on broad planning in keeping with the political man- national security policy and strategy for the date and (d) the dedication, determination, near or long term. The absence of a coher- and daring junior leadership at the tactical ent policy tends to make our responses ad level. In fiercely fought combat actions, on hoc and less convincing. the most difficult terrain that gave immense The National Security Review-2002 had advantage to the enemy holding mountain- recommended creation of the post of Chief tops, we were able to evict Pakistani troops of Defence Staff to provide single-point mili- from most of their surreptitiously occupied tary advice to the government and to resolve positions. The Pakistani leadership was then substantive inter-service doctrinal, plan- forced to sue for ceasefire and withdrawal of ning, policy and operational issues. This its troops from the remaining areas. is necessary because in India, turf wars, Operation Vijay (codename for the war) inter service rivalries, bureaucratic delays was a blend of determined political, military against Pakistan has become a political decision to employ the military is made; the and political vacillation in decision mak- and diplomatic actions, which enabled us imperative for India. political leadership seldom allows autono- ing become major hurdles in defence plan- to transform an adverse situation into an At another level, we have to seriously mous conduct of the war to the military. In ning which is tardy, competitive and thus emphatic military and diplomatic victory. consider the conventional and subconven- practice, therefore, we are seeing a continu- uneconomical. Due to lack of political will As two Prime Ministers of Pakistan later tional conflicts proceeding at multiple levels ing erosion of the dividing lines between and inter-service differences, this important acknowledged, “Kargil war was Pakistan’s below a nuclear threshold. These factors war and politics. recommendation was not implemented. biggest blunder and disaster.” have made the Indian armed forces work on Some other important lessons of the Selective and cosmetic implementation of The war highlighted, once again, two a limited war doctrine and to consider how Kargil War were: recommendations, without changing rules basic assumptions for war planning: (a) small or big is the space between a proxy  Successful outcome of a border war of business, ensured a status quo in the despite whatever effort there may be to pre- war and a conventional war? depends upon our ability to react rapidly. Higher Defence Control, its decision making vent it, there may be a war and (b) we cannot The Kargil War involved a much greater The new strategic environment calls for processes and poor civil-military relations. predict with certainty the pattern of war for level of integration of politics and military faster decision making, versatile combat In June 2012, the UPA Government which we prepare ourselves. On the strategic planning and execution. At military stra- organisations, rapid deployment and appointed the Naresh Chandra Committee front, two major lessons that stood out were tegic level, inter-services planning were synergy amongst all elements involved to carry out yet another national security (a) although possession of nuclear weapons excellent, primarily because all three Ser- in the war effort, particularly the three review. However, till date, its recommenda- has made an all-out war less likely, so long as vice Chiefs had known each other since services. tions have neither been de-classified nor we have border and territorial disputes (like their National Defence Academy days and  A conventional war may remain lim- implemented. A strong, competent and with Pakistan and China), Kargil type mili- also worked together as Vice Chiefs. They ited because of credible deterrence and committed political leadership is required tary conflicts could not be ruled out, and (b) had ready access to the Cabinet Commit- escalation dominance. Such deterrence to bring about improvements in the secu- an irregular or proxy war could easily esca- tee on Security and the Prime Minister. may prevent a war; it will also give more rity policies, Higher Defence Control late into a limited conventional war. The National Security Adviser, late Brajesh room for manoeuvre in diplomacy and Organisation and its systems, including its The war also emphasised that loss of ter- Mishra, was an ideal trouble shooter. In the in conflict. rules of business. ritory, however remote or small, is just not unpredictable strategic and conflict envi-  Information operations are important This realisation has made the govern- acceptable to the public at large or to the ronment that exist presently, it has become due to much greater transparency of ment order yet another review under the political authority in India. Every Indian essential to maintain close and inter-active the battlefield.T he political requirement Naresh Chandra Committee. If the recom- feels that every inch of territory has to be relations amongst military and political of a military operation and to retain mendations of this Committee—now under defended. The strategic impact of such a leaderships all the time. moral high ground (and deny that to study in the government—are processed notion at the national level is that the armed Another aspect related to the nuclear- the adversary) needs a comprehensive and implemented in the same old manner, forces cannot trade space (losing some here ised strategic environment was that even media and information strategy. India may lose yet another opportunity to but trying to capture somewhere else where after the diplomacy has run its course and a make its national security more effective. there is greater strategic advantage!) for All-weather Surveillance major offensive manoeuvres elsewhere. This The Kargil War had highlighted gross inad- Deficiencies in Weapons/Equipment is a peculiar strategic problem and a handi- A strong, competent equacies in all-weather surveillance capa- and Modernisation cap faced by the Indian military, which inten- bilities. Since then, this capability has been When Kargil War broke out, our holdings sifies in a limited war scenario.T his implies and committed political made up with indigenous satellites and aer- and reserves of weapons, ammunition and that much greater attention has to be paid to ial imagery with synthetic aperture radar. equipment were in a depleted state due intelligence, surveillance, and close defence leadership is required to We have also acquired effective unmanned to continuous lack of budgetary support, of the borders or lines of control. aerial vehicles, and most importantly, tedious procurement system, and raising The absence of a proactive politico- bring about improvements acquired and deployed hand-held thermal of Rashtrya Rifles units without sanctions military strategy in India had resulted in a in the security policies, imagers, surveillance radars and ground for their weapons and equipment. To the persistent belief among Pakistan’s military sensors along the lines of control. Individ- media, I had to state, “We will fight with leaders that India can be pushed for politi- Higher Defence Control ual service and joint services doctrines have whatever we have”. cal and military advantages. Since Kargil been revised. Some Special Forces units have It is evident from the letter written by War, such an impression has been further Organisation and its been added to the strength of each service. the former Chief of Army Staff (now a Min- strengthened in the Indo-Pak military ister of State in the NDA Government) to standoff in 2001-02 and 26/11 mayhem in systems, including its National Security Review and Higher the Prime Minister on March 12, 2012 that Mumbai. This has seriously eroded India’s Defence Management deficiencies in our war wastage reserves military deterrence. Many defence analysts rules of business. After the war, it was felt that India required now feel that an activist retaliation policy a holistic national security review as well as Continued on page 17

4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 15 >> Focus / India

Photograph: Wikipedia

A panoramic view of Srinagar Article 370 and its Relevance Today

 General V.P. MALIK (Retd) want culture and traditions of the people of under its own Constitution, flag, and nomen- eral states which are listed in Article 371 these states to be disturbed. However, when clature of its Chief Minister and Head of the and Articles 371-A to 371-I of the Consti- lections time in a democracy viewed strategically through hindsight State. This agreement also brought the State tution. The second is about disqualification are sensitive. Controversial issues get today, that notion has been responsible for under limited jurisprudence of the Indian of women of the State from property rights raised, and challenged. If that leads the delay in the integration of these states Constitution and appellate jurisdiction of due to the definition of Permanent Residents to emotional debates, old scars get with the rest of India. the Supreme Court of India. A provision for given in the State Constitution based on the uncovered and the healing process is Experts justifying Article 370 give two taking over governance in the eventuality of notifications issued in April 1927 and June Efurther delayed. When the Bharatiya Janata other important reasons: (i) it was politi- breakdown of law and order was discussed 1932 during the Maharaja’s rule. There is Party (BJP) called for removal of Article 370 cally expedient to establish credibility of but could not be finalised due to difference no direct provision for it in Article 370 and in its general election manifesto, there were secular India wherein a Muslim majority of opinion. this matter can be easily resolved through strong protests from their rivals and in the state could enjoy same status and privi- In 1953, Sheikh Abdullah did a volte-face civilian activity and judicial interventions. Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) Valley. Political leges as the rest of India (thus trashing the on his relations with India. He attempted to In early 1980s, when I was commanding parties in J&K were quick to take up cudgels ‘two nation’ theory), and (ii) to avoid inter- balance greater autonomy for the State and a brigade in Jammu, nobody in that area felt with the new NDA Government as this gave national pressure due to the self-inflicted finality of accession with India. This obvi- the need for abrogation of Article 370. In fact, them a rabble-rousing issue for exploitation wound of taking the J&K issue to the United ously was not acceptable. The Sheikh had to at an opposition parties’ conclave in Srinagar in the forthcoming state elections. The main Nations which had passed the plebiscite res- be arrested on charges of ‘inciting communal in 1982, leaders of national parties, including issue now is how to handle Article 370 in the olution. It would have been difficult to win disharmony; fostering hostile feelings towards some which form part of the NDA today, had coming years. But before that, it is necessary the plebiscite in J&K-if that was to be held- India and treasonable correspondence with declared that the special constitutional sta- to understand how Article 370 came about without the support of Sheikh Abdullah. foreign powers.’ These events sowed fresh tus of J&K under Article 370 should be pre- and what its real status is today. In my view, the Government of India seeds of alienation among the masses in J&K served and protected in letter and spirit. The The State of J&K joined India as per the made two strategic errors in 1948-49; unnec- till he returned to power in 1974. abrogation demand is a recent phenomenon; Instrument of Accession signed on October essarily taking J&K issue to the United Nations Meanwhile, in February 1954, the Con- more amongst people of Jammu and Ladakh 26, 1947. When the Constitution of India in January 1948 when the India-Pakistan stituent Assembly of J&K confirmed the region. The demand is less due to any restric- was being framed, the Maharaja of J&K war was going in our favour, and including legality of its accession to India and the tions contained in Article 370 and more due issued a proclamation on November 25, Article 370 in the Constitution despite strong State accepted the new bi-cameral Constitu- to regional polarisation and prejudices which 1949, stating: “That the Constitution of opposition from Dr Ambedkar and some other tion which became operational on January have emerged due to poor governance, com- India shortly to be adopted by the Constitu- members of the Constituent Assembly. 26, 1957. It allowed full jurisdiction of the munalism and electoral politics in the State. ent Assembly of India insofar as it is appli- Article 370 defined the special status of Supreme Court and the Comptroller and The Central Government is also to blame for cable to the State of J&K, govern the consti- the J&K State in the Union of India and spec- Auditor General, thereby further cementing creating self-induced doubts about Kashmir tutional relationship between this state and ified that except for defence, foreign affairs, the ties of the State with the Union of India. in and outside the State, not being able to win the contemplated Union of India and shall communications and ancillary matters (as In terms of Centre–State fiscal relations, the hearts and minds of Kashmiri Muslims of be enforced in this State by me, my heirs and specified in the instrument of accession), the the State was brought at par with all other the Valley and delaying physical and mental successors in accordance with the tenor of Indian Parliament needed concurrence of Indian states. integration of the State with the rest of India. its provision; that the provisions of the said the State Government for applying all other Since then, a series of Presidential The relevance of Article 370 as it exists today Constitution shall, as from the date of its laws. The Article was inserted as a ‘tempo- Orders have eroded Article 370. In fact, is more emotional, less substantive. Irrespon- commencement, supersede and abrogate rary provision’, to be replaced as and when there is virtually no institution of Indian sible statements and rabble-rousing debates all other provisions inconsistent therewith ‘the wishes of the people of J&K had been Republic which does not include J&K within during elections can do more damage to the which are at present in force in this State.” ascertained on the larger issue of merger.’ its scope and jurisdiction. The only substan- situation in J&K. Now that the long drawn This proclamation makes it clear that there It must be noted, however, that Article 370 tial differences from many other states relate counter-insurgency and terrorism campaign were no pre-conditions from the Maharaja of notwithstanding, Article 1 of the Indian to permanent residents and their rights; the is about to end and Pakistan seems to be going J&K or from Sheikh Abdullah, then Prime Constitution made it abundantly clear that non-applicability of emergency provisions down the hill, we should avoid raking up this Minister, when J&K acceded to India. J&K was/is an integral part of India. on the grounds of ‘internal disturbance’ sensitive issue. In the present circumstances, Then why was Article 370 added to the The J&K State held its first elections along without the consent of the State legislature. it would be preferable to chip away Article Constitution of India? Evidently, Sheikh with rest of India in October 1951. Sheikh There are two issues which often obfus- 370, as has been done in the past, instead of Abdullah thought about it after Novem- Abdullah’s party won all 75 seats in the cate perceptions about J&K and Article 370. rushing for its elimination. ‘Erosion’ may be a ber 1949. He was able to convince Pandit assembly. Before working on a J&K Consti- The first is related to restriction on citizens better policy than ‘Abrogation’! SP Nehru who was known for his idealist and tution, he negotiated ‘The Delhi Agreement from outside the State to buy property in romantic notions about Kashmir and sev- 1952’ with New Delhi. This Agreement per- Kashmir. This, however, is not unique to The writer is former Chief of the Army

www.spslandforces.com eral other tribal border states. Nehru did not mitted the State to have a distinctive identity J&K. There are similar provisions for sev- Staff.

16 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 Focus / India >>

Lessons from Kargil War...continued from page 15 continue. He complained that the army’s tial equipment from abroad. Despite a large succeeded in speeding up processes for will remain vulnerable to such threats along air defence weapon systems were obsolete, network of Defence Research and Develop- development, acquisition and procurement. its disputed borders unless it builds a cred- the infantry was deficient of crew served ment Organisation laboratories, ordnance There is no point talking about revolu- ible will and capability to deter and dissuade weapons and lacked night fighting capabili- factories and defence public sector under- tion in military affairs, information sys- its adversaries. An enduring lesson of Kargil ties, and its tank fleet was devoid of critical takings, we continue to import 70 per cent tems and net centric warfare if we cannot War, indeed most wars, is that for national ammunition, and alleged that there was of our weapons and equipment. induct relevant weapons and equipment in security, sound defence enables sound for- ‘hollowness in the procedures and process- The government desires that private sec- time. Efforts towards modernisation of the eign policies. ing time for procurements as well as legal tor invests in defence industry and obtains armed forces have not borne fruit, primarily The ongoing dialogue between India and impediments by vendors’. higher technology from abroad. But due to due to the absence of holistic and long-term its two territorial-hostile neighbours may The government has yet to rectify this vested interest of the defence public sector defence planning. result in peaceful, stable relations. The nation chronic problem which has dogged the and its bureaucratic control, it has failed to and its armed forces can hope for the best; but nation for decades. As a result modernisa- provide a level playing field to Indian and Conclusion they must remain prepared for the worst. SP tion of Indian armed forces continues to lag foreign private sectors. The Defence Acqui- The Kargil War was not the first time when behind due to inadequate self-reliance, fear sition Council and Procurement Board, Pakistan initiated a war. And we must not The writer was the Chief of Army Staff of scams and reluctance to procure essen- established after the Kargil War, have not assume that it would be the last time. India during Kargil War.

Global Air Defence...... continued from page 11

uty Defence Minister Yuri Borisov “Work is underway to create a new fifth-generation air defence system S-500 which can destroy aerodynamic and ballistic targets of all types at all altitudes used in combat.” The S-400 systems would continue to be Indispensable supplied to the Aerospace Defence Troops this year. The system “is about 2-2.5 times better than existing systems in terms of cost efficiency.”S-400 Triumf air defence systems were put on combat duty in Russia’s South- ern Military District at the end of last year to replace S-300PM missiles. Supplies of new air defence systems to the 4th Air Force and Air Defence Command in the District started in 2009. Since then, more than 60 pieces of new military hardware have been delivered and put into operation. The Triumf system is Reference about two times more effective that previous systems. Each system can attack 10 targets with up to 20 missiles. The S-400 uses three different missiles to cover its entire perfor-

mance envelope. The Russian MinistryYearbook Milita of SP’s Defence has stated that the S-400 is for the Russian armed forces only; it will not be exported to other countries. SP’s

China’s Capabilities 2014- The People’s Liberation Army of China has developed the KT series of anti ballistic missiles and also have adopted limited anti bal- Military listic capabilities on the HQ-9, KS series, andr HQ-16. China successfully tested its exoat- mospheric interception capability in a testy Yearbook 2015 in 2010 and also in a test in 2013, being the since 1965 42nd issue second of two countries able to do so. 2015 2014

Turkey’s Contribution Roketsan of Turkey was founded on June 14, 1988, to enable the Defense Industries Executive Committee to meet the rocket and missile requirements of the Turkish armed forces (TSK). Roketsan has the Evolved Sea - Sparrow Missile (ESSM) project; trigger control system of Patriot missile and its integration; low altitude air defence (LAAD) missile From 50 Years Old Media House project and the medium altitude air defence (MAAD) missile system project. Under an agreement concluded between ASELSAN and Roketsan, a LAAD missile system with an infrared sensor head and which can be launched vertically is being developed Finmeccanica and India: against airborne targets (helicopter, com- in the spirit of partnership. bat aircraft, UAV etc.) A MAAD missile system, with infrared seeker head and vertical launch capability against airborne targets (helicopters, fighter aircraft, AU V’s, etc.) is also being developed under the scope of the42nd issue contract between ASELSAN and Roketsan. ESSM is a semi-active, guided missile- fired against guided missiles from sea sur- Reserve Your face platforms for defence purposes. The Own Copies, Now! requesting authority in ESSM project is NATO Sea-Sparrow Guided Missile System [email protected] Consortium. Roketsan currently functions in the programme as the party responsible from the work package containing various mechanical and composite parts. SP

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editor-in-chief4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 17

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SP's MYB Cover 2014-2015_Final.indd 1 heritage_220-275_2013-10-11.indd 1 11/10/13 10:36 18/04/14 11:12 AM >> Sp’s Exclusives / news in brief

Indian Army Scouts ‘Smart’ target, so that it can be effectively used in corrections, the DRDO identified certain technology. A few more tests are lined up Artillery Shells not only against field fortification and LoC electro-mechanical snags that doomed before the Mk.II is declared operational bunkers but also in future urban warfare. the missile, veering it dangerously off and handed over to the armed forces and The PCB projectile causes damage to the course and threatening coastal safety. production agencies. target by penetrating the protective layer Top sources say the missile is ready for of the target followed by internal blast. its second test, with two prototypes lined New Defensive Aids For MBT Arjun The proposed projectile has the capabil- up. Internally, the DRDO has committed Proven In Trials ity to defeat light or moderately protected itself to the success, since a cruise missile The Indian Army is looking to procure targets like LoC bunkers, administrative milestone sends out a far more formida- 155mm Trajectory Correctable Muni- buildings, field fortifications”. The new ble message than proven ballistic missile tions (Course Correctable Fuze) for its ammunition has the ability to penetrate and hybrid missile technology that the 155mm artillery guns, and to include a 500mm thick RCC wall at a range of Indian establishment has proven effec- 39/45/52 calibre equipment. Interested more than 1.5 km. The projectile con- tively over the years. vendors have been sent a 34-point ques- tains 2.6 kg high explosive and can tionaire to identify all parameters of pro- engage a 1 m x 1 m target at a range of DRDO’s New Embankment Blasting spective systems, including dimensions 1 km. The DRDO hopes to operationalise Device Successfully Tested and weight of Course Correctable Fuze, the ammunition by next year and hand whether it has any limitations in oper- over consignments to the two Arjun MBT ating in different types of terrain preva- tank regiments already in service wit the An advanced laser warning countermea- lent in India, the extreme atmospheric Army in Rajasthan. sure system and a mobile camouflage sys- conditions in which Course Correctable tem have recently been tested and proven Fuze can effectively operate, whether Nirbhay Cruise Missile on the Arjun MBT Mk.II in the Mahajan it is compatible with 39/45/52 calibre Test Before Diwali Field Firing Range in Rajasthan. Both of 155mm artillery in service with the capabilities will be strong survivability fac- Indian Army, the maximum and mini- tors on the new improved tanks as it heads mum range achieved by firing Course into a crucial phase of user trials. The Correctable Fuze with 39/45/52 calibre new camouflage system has been devel- of 155mm Gun Systems, whether this The DRDO has conducted user-assisted oped to provide multi-spectral signature fuze affects the minimum or maximum technical trials of the Bund Blasting management for Arjun Mk.II, in order range of the standard HE projectile of Device Mk.II, the new improved version to protect the vehicle against all enemy 155mm gun system, type of guidance of the indigenous man-portable embank- sensors and smart munitions. According being used, accuracy (in terms of Line ment blasting device, designed and devel- to the CVRDE, “The performance evalua- and Range), different modes of Course oped by the Terminal Ballistics Research tion trials have been conducted at MFFR Correctable Fuze, efficacy in firing in Laboratory in Chandigarh. The success- and system has been integrated in the High Altitude Area etc. The procurement After a partially failed debut, India’s ful tests were carried out at the Ramgarh Arjun MBT.” The advanced laser warning has been accorded high priority by the Nirbhay subsonic 1,000-km range cruise range by the Army’s 120 Engineering countermeasure system has been devel- Army, which will be looking to wrap up missile is all set for its crucial second test Regiment. The new version of the BBD is oped to increase survivability of Arjun an order within 18 months. that will look to kill the ghosts of the said to be double as effective as the Mk.I Mk.II against anti-tank guided missiles debut. In March last year, the Nirbhay version, requiring half the devices for the (ATGMs) with semi automatic command New Ammunition For MBT cruise missile’s launch, booster separa- same effect. The system consists of a hol- to line-of-sight (SACLOS) system, ATGMs Arjun Tested tion and wing deployment were the only low charge initiation device and the main with a laser target designator, beam rider Trials of new 120mm penetration-cum- successful aspects in what was a disap- HE-filled projectile attached to a rocket ATGMs, and tanks fitted with a laser range blast ordnance for the Arjun main battle pointing day for the DRDO. The missile motor. The hollow charge on initiation finder. During recent trials, the ALWCS tank have been successfully conducted flew to an altitude of 4.5 km and was creates a deep pilot hole. The HE projectile was integrated with the Arjun’s inte- at the DRDO’s Proof and Experimental 17 minutes out when it began to deviate on entering this hole detonates, creating grated fire control system. SP Establishment in Odisha. According to from its predicted flight path, compel- a big crater, fulfilling the requirement. DRDO, “The neutralisation capabilities of ling the programme team to abort and To remove/lower the height of bunds, an —SP’s Special Correspondent MBT Arjun against hard and soft targets remotely destroy the missile in mid-air, array of such devices is fired to get the have been improved by designing new splashing its debris into the Bay of Ben- desired result within the shortest possible For complete versions log on to: ammunitions, viz, PCB for hard concrete gal. After a year of investigations and time, according to DRDO literature on the www.spslandforces.com

US Army contracts Raytheon for Patriot is a long-range, all-altitude, all- systems. The deal is reportedly the biggest indigenisation theme was visible even in the Patriot air defence system upgrade weather air defence system designed to US weapons sale this year, and is also the clearances given on Saturday. For instance, protect soldiers against advanced threats. first acquisition of Patriot missiles by Qatar. the request for proposal for the Avro replace- Developed under the Patriot International Unnamed US defence officials were ment programme would be issued to Indian Engineering Services Programme (IESP), quoted by Agence France Presse as saying private players, who can jointly build the air- the RDP increases the reliability of the digi- that the US will supply around ten batteries craft along with foreign vendors. tal processing system and associated ana- for the Patriot systems, as well as 24 Apache Acceptance of necessity for the pro- logue components by tenfold. Work under helicopters and 500 Javelin anti-tank mis- gramme to replace the fleet of 56 Avro the contract is scheduled to be carried out at siles. Qatar has been investing in missile platforms was accorded by the Defence the company’s Integrated Air Defense Cen- defence systems to counter the threat from Acquisition Council in July 2012. As per the ter in Massachusetts, with support from a Iran, which has strengthened its missile programme, 16 aircraft would be manufac- global team of Patriot system suppliers. arsenal, the officials said. tured by the foreign vendors while 40 would Jointly manufactured by Raytheon and The two ministers also signed and be built within the country. The tender for Lockheed Martin, Patriot is a long-range, renewed the US-Qatar defence cooperation fleet support ships too would be issued to all-altitude, all-weather air defence sys- agreement during Hagel’s visit to Doha. As private sector and public sector shipyards tem designed to protect soldiers against well as governing the interaction between within the country. Another proposal to advanced threats such as aircraft, tacti- the US and Qatari armed forces, the ten-year produce offshore patrol vessels and fast Raytheon has been awarded a contract to cal ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and agreement enables the continued deploy- patrol vessels for the Coast Guard, pegged at upgrade the Patriot air and missile defence unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the ment of US soldiers to installations in the `2,360 crore was also given a green signal. system operated by the US and two allied battlefield. Extensively operated by the US area, including the Combined Air Operations militaries. Awarded by the US Army Avia- forces during Kuwait War and the most Center at Al Udeid Air Base, Reuters reported. Indian Army wants increase in tion and Missile Command (AMCOM), the recent Iraq conflict, the missile is also in Financial Powers of Theatre $235.5-million contract requires the com- service with Egypt, Germany, Greece, Israel, Defence Ministry Clears Procurement Commanders pany to begin full rate production of the Japan, Kuwait, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Proposals worth `21,000 crore As the Narendra Modi Government focuses radar digital processor (RDP) kits for Patriot Spain, Korea, Taiwan and the UAE. India’s Ministry of Defence on Saturday on faster decision-making and quicker modernisation that will deliver significant cleared procurement proposals worth defence procurement processes, the Army’s benefits to troops. The kits are expected to US and Qatar sign $11 billion `21,000 crore. In his first Defence Acqui- regional commanders may soon get to provide improved target detection and iden- weapons sale agreement sition Council meeting, Defence Minister break free of the bureaucratic rigmarole, if tification, as well as enhanced surveillance, The US Government has signed letters of Arun Jaitley cleared critical proposals such their demand for hiking their financial pow- and support of Patriot advanced capabil- offer and acceptance (LOA) worth $11bil- as the much-awaited replacement of Indian ers, in some cases even doubling it, is met ity-3 (PAC-3) missile segment enhancement lion with Qatar for the sale of attack heli- Air Force’s ageing Avro transport aircraft by the Defence Ministry. If this proposal is (MSE) system. Additional benefits would copters and air-defence systems. Signed by fleet, supply of Advanced Light Helicop- approved by the NDA Government, it would include a 40 per cent improvement in over- the US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and ter Dhruv for the Coast Guard and Navy at pave way for speedier purchase of weapons all radar reliability due to increased mean Qatar’s Defence Affairs Minister Hamad bin `7,000 crore and the `9,000-crore proposal and supplies urgently required by the troops time between failure, as well as decrease Ali al-Attiyah, the agreement covers the for fleet support ships for the Navy. Continu- for operational needs in troubled areas in the number of battery replaceable units Boeing-built AH-64 Apache attack helicop- ing the stance that the NDA Government such as Jammu and Kashmir and in the

www.spslandforces.com needed for the system from 759 to 56. ters, as well as Patriot and Javelin missile has taken ever since coming to power, the North East states, say officers at the Army

18 SP’s Land ForceS 4/2014 news in brief >>

headquarters. According to the officers, as part of the research and development the FDI policy, the FDI in defence sector is the Army Headquarters has sought at least contract included in the National Military through FIPB route and / or with approval Publisher and Editor-in-Chief 50 per cent hike in the financial powers of Research Plan and signed with the MoD’s of Government. Further, there are adequate Jayant Baranwal its key formations such as the Udhampur Directorate for Air Armaments. provisions in Government’s policy to ensure Editor headquartered Northern Army Command During the development phase and that the role of DRDO and India’s indig- Lt General V.K. Kapoor (Retd) in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the flight trials, the helicopter successfully com- enous defence production programme are Kolkata headquartered Eastern Army Com- pleted the planned missions in OPH configu- Senior Editorial Contributor not compromised and / or minimized. This Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) mand, responsible for the security of the ration with a safety pilot on board. Specific information was given by Defence Minister North-eastern states, to let them buy weap- test activities included system monitoring, Arun Jaitley in a written reply to Sukhendu Senior Technical Group Editor Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) ons and ammunition. hands off and remote controlled manoeu- Sekhar Roy in Rajya Sabha recently. Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) At present, under the financial powers vres, as well as hovering and a range of mis- accorded to them in 2006 by the previous sion profiles. Derived from the proven SW-4 US Army scientists develop new Assistant Group Editor R. Chandrakanth UPA Government, the commanders from light single-engine helicopter, the SW-4 ballistic protection system the North and the East can buy weapons Solo has been designed for both unmanned Contributors and ammunition worth only up to `50 lakh and piloted operations, providing users with India General V.P. Malik (Retd), Lt General Vijay without the approvals of higher-ups. This maximum operational flexibility. Jointly Oberoi (Retd), Lt General R.S. Nagra (Retd), amount could fetch only bare minimum developed by AgustaWestland and PZL- Lt General S.R.R. Aiyengar (Retd), ammunition for the nearly five lakh troop- Swidnik in Poland, the helicopter can per- Major General Ashok Mehta (Retd), ers cumulatively posted in both Jammu form a range of missions, including intel- Major General G.K. Nischol (Retd), and Kashmir and the Northeast, accord- ligence, surveillance and reconnaissance Brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (Retd), ing to Army officers. In concurrence with (ISR), as well as cargo re-supply in RUAS Brigadier S. Mishra (Retd), Rohit Sharma the Integrated Financial Advisers (IFA), a configuration. The piloted variant can also Chairman & Managing Director system introduced in 2006, the Army com- undertake personnel transport, surveil- Jayant Baranwal manders—who are all in the rank of a Cen- lance and intervention, and can be fitted Executive Vice President tral Government secretary—can at present with a comprehensive mission equipment Scientists from the US Army Natick Sol- (Planning & Business Development) buy ordnance stores up to `10 crore. It is package, including search and communica- dier Research, Development and Engineer- Rohit Goel this financial power, in concurrence with tions / intelligence systems. ing Center (NSRDEC) have developed an Administration the IFAs, that the Army wants hiked by at improved modular ballistic protection sys- Bharti Sharma least 50 per cent. That is, instead of `10 Shortage of Officers and tem (MBPS-X). Creative Director crore, the Army commanders should be Personnel in Army Developed in collaboration with the Anoop Kamath able to buy weapons up to `15 crore. This Shortage of officers in Army as on Janu- Advanced Structures and Composites Center Design would though only help in offsetting the ary 1, 2014 is 8,455 (17.77 per cent). In at the University of Maine, the system offers Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht inflationary factors,” an officer told The Other Ranks, there is a nominal shortfall of increased armoured protection compared Research Assistant: Graphics Sunday Standard. 16,597 (1.44 per cent) as on April 1, 2014. with the existing MBPS. NSRDEC team lead Survi Massey “Most of the amount prescribed at To mitigate any adverse impact on the func- programme engineer Karen Horak said: It’s Sales & Marketing present is pittance compared to the cost of tioning of the Army, appropriate measures a rewarding programme to work on because Director Sales & Marketing: Neetu Dhulia weapons and equipment. Even if the hike have been undertaken including internal we’re protecting soldiers in places where General Manager Sales: Rajeev Chugh proposed by the Army Headquarters is adjustments. Various measures have been sometimes they don’t have protection. “The SP’s Website accepted by the government, it would only taken on an ongoing basis to reduce short- MBPS has been perfected with the MBPS X, Sr. Web Developer: Shailendra P. Ashish help ward off the inflationary effects on the ages in the officers’ cadre. Vigorous cam- which has a lot more protection. Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma defence budget,” a Lt General-rank officer paigns have been launched to attract the MBPS technology has been leveraged to Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal said, requesting anonymity. talented youth to join the armed forces. The protect embassies and consulates around on behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt service conditions of the officers joining the world. The MBPS-X consists of a panel Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this AgustaWestland demonstrates through Short Service Commission (SSC) with a strut behind it that can be strapped publication may be reproduced, stored in a SW-4 Solo helicopter to Italian MoD have been made attractive. The tenure of to other panels, and can be used with any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form SSC officers has been increased from 10 to type of shelter to protect personnel and or by any means, photocopying, recording, 14 years. The implementation of recom- equipment, as panels do not attach to the electronic, or otherwise without the prior mendations of the VI Central Pay Commis- shelter. The MBPS-X includes all the ben- written permission of the publishers. sion with substantial improvement in the efits of the MBPS, which was also devel- Printed in India pay structure of officers of armed forces oped by NSRDEC and the University of by Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd has also made the services more attrac- Maine. Comprising mobile, re-deployable, © SP Guide Publications, 2014 tive. Army has undertaken sustained image reusable, quickly erectable and lightweight Subscription/ Circulation projection campaign to create awareness panels, both systems provide protection for Annual Inland: `600 • Overseas: US$180 Email: [email protected] among the youth on the advantages of tak- personnel and equipment in expeditionary [email protected] ing up a challenging and satisfying career. base camps and an array of shelters, and Awareness campaigns, participation in do not require special tools for assembly. Letters to Editor [email protected] AgustaWestland has successfully demon- career fairs and exhibitions, advertisements MBPS technology has already been used strated the ground-station-based remote in print and electronic media, motivational to safeguard embassies and consulates For Advertising Details, Contact: controlled capabilities of its modified SW-4 lectures in schools, colleges are some of the worldwide, and also in the development of [email protected] [email protected] Solo rotorcraft unmanned aerial system / measures in this direction. All the above the elaborate overhead protection system optionally piloted helicopter (RUAS/OPH) mentioned measures have resulted in grad- for the roofs of shelters. The MBPS-X is SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD Corporate Office to the Italian Ministry of Defence (MoD). ual improvement in the last five years with expected to be deployed in 2016. SP A 133 Arjun Nagar, Opp Defence Colony, Undertaken in Italy and Poland, the nine- shortage of officers reducing from 26 per New Delhi 110 003, India month flight testing programme validated cent in 2010 to 17.77 per cent in 2014. Tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, the helicopter and its potential to offer This information was given by Defence APPOINtMENTs 24620130 enhanced capabilities for the Italian armed Minister Arun Jaitley in a written reply to Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 forces in future. The trials were carried out Naresh Agrawal in Rajya Sabha today.  Lt General Philip Cam- Regd Office pose has taken over as the Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 FDI in the Defence Sector Vice Chief of Army Staff Email: [email protected] >> Show Calendar In May 2001, the Defence industry sector, on August 1, 2014. Representative Offices which was hitherto reserved for the public Bengaluru, INDIA 17–21 September sector, was opened up to 100 per cent for  Lt General D.S. Hooda has Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) Africa Aerospace and Defence Indian private sector participation with FDI taken over Udhampur- 204, Jal Vayu Vihar, Kalyan Nagar, Air Force Base Waterkloof, City of permissible upto 26 per cent, both subject to based Nothern Command Bengaluru 560043, India. Tel: +91 (80) 23682204 Tshwane, Centurion, South Africa licensing to enable private sector industry to as the General Officer www.aadexpo.co.za participate in defence production within the Commanding-in-Chief MOSCOW, RUSSIA country. However, wherever FDI beyond 26 LAGUK Co., Ltd, Yuri Laskin with effect from June 1, 2014. Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., 23–24 September per cent is likely to result in access to mod- Military Logistics Kuwait 11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, Russia. ern and state-of-the-art technology in the Radisson Blu Hotel, Salwa, Kuwait  Lt General Kamal Jit Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, country, decisions can be taken to allow www.militarylogisticskuwait.com Singh has taken over Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 higher FDI on a case-to-case basis with the as General Officer Com- www.spguidepublications.com 13–15 October approval of Cabinet Committee on Security. manding-in-Chief West- www.spslandforces.com AUSA 2014 In the Union Budget 2014-15, it has been ern Command at Chandi- RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25818 Walter E. Washington Convention Cen- announced that the composite cap of for- mandir on August 1, 2014. ter, Washington, D.C., USA eign exchange is being raised to 49 per cent www.ausameetings. with full Indian management and control  Lt General Gurmit Singh, org/2014annualmeeting through the FIPB route for defence sec- former GOC 15 Coops, tor. FDI is one of the route through which has taken over as the 28–30 October the domestic industry can strengthen its Future Mortar Systems Adjutant General at the capabilities required to produce within the Kensington Close Hotel, London, UK Integrated Headquarters country different equipment / weapon sys- www.future-mortars.co.uk of MoD (Army). tems / platforms required for defence. As per

4/2014 SP’s Land Forces 19 Putting it all together for Total Air and Missile Defense

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