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The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6Th Edition A Aaron's Rod, a novel by D. H. *Lawrence, published alistic prose works, written by *Colum, *Ervine, L. 1922. ^Robinson, *0'Casey, and others. Robinson took over The biblical Aaron was the brother of Moses, the management from Yeats in 1910 and with a short appointed priest by )ehovah, whose blossoming rod break continued until he became director in 1923. (Num. 17: 4-8) was a miraculous symbol of authority. There were contentious but highly successful tours of In the novel Aaron Sisson, amateur flautist, forsakes Ireland, England, and the USA. his wife and his job as checkweighman at a colliery for After the First World War the Abbey's finances a life of flute playing, quest, and adventure in bohe- became perilous, although O'Casey's Shadow of a mian and upper-class society. His flute is symbolically Gunman (1923), Juno and the Paycock (1924), and broken in the penultimate chapter as a result of a bomb The Plough and the Stars ( 1926) brought some respite. explosion in Florence during political riots. In 1925 the Abbey received a grant from the new government of Eire, thus becoming the first state- Aaron the Moor, a character in Shakespeare's *Titus subsidized theatre in the English-speaking world. Andronicus, lover and accomplice of Tamora. From the late 1930s more plays were performed in AbbeyTheatre, Dublin, opened on 27 Dec. 1904 with a Gaelic, and actors were required to be bilingual. In double bill of one-act plays, W. B. *Yeats's On Baile's 1951 the theatre was burned down, and the company Strand and a comedy Spreading the News by Lady played in the Queen's Theatre until the new Abbey *Gregory. The theatre rapidly became a focus of the opened in 1966, where the tradition of new writing by *Irish Revival. In 1903 Miss A. E. *Horniman, a friend B. *Friel, Tom *Murphy, and others continues to of Yeats from his London days, had been introduced by flourish. him to the Irish National Theatre Society, an amateur ABBO OF FLEURY (7945-1004), a French theologian, company led by F. J. and W. G. Fay, which had already author of the Epitome de Vitis Romanorum Pontificum produced several plays by contemporary Irish writers, and of lives of the saints. He was invited to England by including Yeats's Cathleen and G. *Russell's (Al's) *Oswald (bishop of Worcester and archbishop of York) Deirdre. She decided to provide a permanent Dublin to teach in his monastery of Ramsey; it was at the home for the Society (which had Yeats for its request of the monks of Ramsey, he tells us, that Abbo president) and took over the disused theatre of the wrote his 'Life of St Edmund' which was the source for Mechanics' Institute in Abbey Street (built on the site *y£lfric's famous sermon. Abbo became abbot of of a previous Theatre Royal), together with the old city Fleury where he died; during his abbacy *Aristotle's morgue next door, and converted them into the Abbey Categories was commented on and his Analytics copied Theatre, with Lady Gregory as holder of the patent. The in Fleury. company, led by the Fays, with Sarah Allgood as principal actress, turned professional in 1906, with Abbot, The, a novel by Sir W *Scott, published 1820, a Yeats, Lady Gregory, and J. M. *Synge as directors, and sequel to *The Monastery. This novel, set around the in 1907 successfully survived the riots provoked by escape of *Mary Queen of Scots from Loch Leven, Synge's *The Playboy of the Western World. The Fays, largely redeemed the failure of The Monastery. It is who had become increasingly at loggerheads with much better constructed, but is remembered now Horniman, Yeats, and the leading players, left in 1908. mainly for the portrait of Mary herself, for attracting In 1909 Lady Gregory, as patentee, withstood strong tourist trade to Loch Leven, and for being the first pressure from the lord-lieutenant to withdraw The sequel novel in English, thus influencing the work of Shewing-up of Blanco Posnet, by G. B. *Shaw, before * Balzac, *Trollope, and many other i9th-cent. novel­ production; but the company staged it, almost uncut, ists. knowing they might lose their patent. It was a great Abbotsford, the name of Sir W. *Scott's property near success and there was no more trouble with censor­ Melrose on the Tweed, purchased in 1811, which gave ship. its name to the Abbotsford Club, founded in 1834 in Meanwhile Miss Horniman had become increas­ memory of Sir W Scott, for the purpose of publishing ingly disenchanted with the company, and in 1910 did materials bearing on the history or literature of any not renew her subsidy; however she offered the country dealt with in Scott's writings. It ceased its purchase of the theatre on generous terms, and publications in 1865. Yeats and Lady Gregory became principal sharehold­ ers and managers. Over the years the early poetic À BECKETT, Gilbert Abbott (1811-56), educated at dramas had been gradually replaced by more natur­ Westminster School and called to the bar at Gray's Inn. À BECKETT I ABSENTEE 2 He was the editor of Figaro in London and on the Hear Voices, was published in 1958 by the *Olympia original staff of * Punch. He was for many years a leader Press, and his plays include Green Julia ( perf. 1965, writer on * The Times and the * Morning Herald, and was pub. 1966), a witty two-hander in which two young appointed a Metropolitan police magistrate in 1849. men discuss an absent mistress, and Tests (1966), He wrote many plays and humorous works, including a which collects surreal playlets written for Peter Comic History of England (1847-8), a Comic History of *Brook's Theatre of *Cruelty. Rome (1852), and a Comic Blackstone (1846). Abora, Mt, in Coleridge's *'Kubla Khan', is perhaps to À BECKETT, Gilbert Arthur (1837-91), son of Gilbert be identified with Milton's Mt *Amara. See J. L. Abbott *à Beckett, educated at Westminster School and *Lowes, The Road to Xanadu (1927), 374-5. Christ Church, Oxford. He was, from 1879, like his Absalom and Achitophel, an allegorical poem by father, a regular member of the staff of *Punch. He *Dryden, published 1681. wrote, in collaboration with W. S. *Gilbert, the suc­ A *mock-biblical satire based on 2 Sam. 13-19, it cessful comedy The Happy Land (1873). deals with certain aspects of the Exclusion crisis, ABELARD, Peter (1079-1142), a native of Brittany, a notably the intrigues of the earl of Shaftesbury and the brilliant disputant and lecturer at the schools of Ste ambition of the duke of Monmouth to replace James Geneviève and Notre-Dame in Paris, where *John of duke of York as Charles II's heir. Various public figures Salisbury was among his pupils. He was an advocate of are represented under biblical names, notably Mon­ rational theological enquiry, and his Sic et Non could be mouth (Absalom), *Shaftesbury (Achitophel), the regarded as the first text in scholastic theology (see duke of *Buckingham (Zimri), Charles II (David), SCHOLASTICISM). He was primarily a dialectician rather *Oates (Corah), and Slingsby Bethel, sheriff of London than a theologian, though his theological views were (Shimei). The poem concludes with a long speech by declared heretical by the Council of Sens ( 1142) where David vigorously but paradoxically affirming Royalist he was vigorously opposed by St *Bernard. He was a principles, and asserting his determination to govern student of Roscelin, who is noted as the first *Nomin- ruthlessly if he cannot do so mercifully. alist and against whose views Abelard reacted. The pre­ In 1682 a second part appeared, mainly written by N. eminence of the University of Paris in the 12th cent, *Tate. However, it contains 200 lines by Dryden, in owes much to Abelard's popularity as a teacher. He fell which he attacks two literary and political enemies, in love with Héloïse, the niece of Fulbert, a canon of *Shadwell as Og and *Settle as Doeg. Notre-Dame in whose house he lodged; she was a ABSE, Dannie (Daniel) (1923- ), doctor and poet, woman of learning and Abelard's pupil. Their love born in Cardiff of a Welsh-Jewish family. His first ended in a tragic separation and a famous corres­ volume of poetry, After Every Green Thing (1948), was pondence. Héloïse died in 1163 and was buried in followed by many others, including Tenants of the Abelard's tomb. Pope's poem *'Eloisa to Abelard' was House: Poems 1951-1956 (1957) and Collected Poems published in 1717. See J. G. Sikes, Peter Abailard ( 1932). 1948-19/6 (1977); in a foreword to the latter he notes ABERCROMBIE, Lascelles (1881-1938). He began as a that his poems are increasingly 'rooted in actual literary journalist in Liverpool, and became succes­ experience', both domestic and professional, and sively lecturer in poetry at Liverpool University (1919- many display a reconciliation between Jewish and 22), professor of poetry at Leeds (1922-9), and reader in Welsh themes and traditions. Other volumes include English at Oxford. His first volume of verse, Interludes Ask the Bloody Horse (1986), White Coat, Purple Coat: and Poems, appeared in 1908 and further volumes Collected Poems 1948-88 (1989), Remembrance of followed, including his collected Poems ( 1930) and the Crimes Past (1990), and On the Evening Road verse play The Sale of St Thomas (1931). Abercrombie (1994). His novels include Ash on a Young Man's contributed to * Georgian Poetry and several of his verse Sleeve (1954), an account of Welsh boyhood and plays appeared in New Numbers (1914).
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