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Vol.14 / Issue -3 MARCH 2010 http : // www.wirefabrik.com

PAPER : GRADE FOCUS

Pa per is believed to have been first invented in China using ‘Lightweight Opaque ’ is the name of the lightest grade in this a mixture of bark and hemp. Over the years, paper making category, often used for products such as financial prospectuses, became more specialized with the need to address the and bank and stock reports. ‘Opaque Papers’ were soon being requirement of various segments of society. This resulted in finished with a very thin light clay coating ( 6-8% ) giving rise to the development of innumerable grades of paper. newer grades such as ‘ Satin’, ‘Fine coat’ and ‘Thin Coat’ .

Considering all classifications, today, the total number of Book Papers are designed with specific plans to match the grades may well be exceeding 10,000. width of the spine. The paper must be of sufficient bulk so as to exactly fit into the spine. Hence these papers are specified as WHAT FORMS THE BASIS OF THE GRADES ? ‘pages per inch’ ( ppi) . Such papers need not be ‘high bright’ since Traditionally paper grades have been based upon the high light reflection during extended reading times can be stressful following broad parameters. on the eyes.

Basis weight : Tissue / Paper / Paperboard / Board . Copy Papers, also called ‘copier paper’ , ‘ repro ’ and Raw material : Wood, Agri-residues, Recycled ‘xerographic papers’, are specially ‘moisture-balanced’ to

Colour : Brown : unbleached , White : bleached , Coloured : operate trouble-free in photo-copier machines. Copy papers have Dyed or pigmented. now graduated to newer grades such as ‘Laser Papers ; and ‘ Ink- jet papers’ . Ink-jet papers are a grade with a tighter surface, for Usage : better ink hold-out. Dual-purpose papers have been developed to - Industrial : Packaging, wrapping, filtering, electrical etc. work satisfactorily on both copiers and laser printers. - Cultural : Writing, printing, newspaper, currency etc. - Food : Food wrapping candy wrapping, coffee filter, tea Text and Cover Paper: These are amongst the heavier bags etc. papergrades available . Text Papers are beautiful designer papers, available both in white and colours with a variety of finishes, often Surface Treatment : Coated, uncoated, laminated. lightly patterned . These can also be converted to envelopes. Finish : Fine / coarse , Calendered / supercalendered, MG/ Cover papers and Bristol Papers are heavier papers appropriate MF for business cards, stiff brochures, report covers and other stiffer paper needs. HOW DO GRADES EVOLVE ?

NEWSPRINT Grades have evolved as per market needs. Probably the biggest such evolution has taken place in the case of cultural Newsprint was defined as an unsized paper made of at least papers. Some stages of this evolution have been as follows: 65% mechanical pulp with a basis weight of 40 to 57 gsm and ash content not exceeding 8%.The stipulated Brightness was 65 ISO. PRINTING PAPERS

Offset Papers: The ‘white commodity paper’ has long been Over the years newsprint has metamorphosed into more the traditional workhorse paper for printers. Desire for a higher sophisticated grades such as ‘Deluxe Newsprint ’. Some such grades quality led to the development of ’Premium offset’ a grade contain chemi-mechanical pulps and have basis weights going upto with finishes which are ‘smooth’ or ‘velum ’ and may also 65 gsm Brightness levels are kept as high as 71 ISO, and with Ash include ‘slight patterning’ such as in ’laid ’ or ‘linen’ finishes. going upto 10%.This type of newsprint may also be lightly sized.

BOARD Opaque Papers: Papers with lighter weight but higher opacity was required since books and magazines needed to As per ISO standards, paperboard is a paper with a basis accommodate a higher number of sheets and it was necessary weight of above 224 gms which can be single or multi-ply. to use light weight printing papers. However, lighter papers Paperboard used for the manufacture of folding cartons and rigid have a higher ‘show through’ This problem was solved by set-up boxes is called boxboard and the ones used for the innovating papers with higher opacity leading to this manufacture of corrugated fibreboard are called containerboard . development. A paper pulp based board is referred to as cardboard .

INDUSTRY JK Paper is all set to drastically reduce GHG emissions by 67,235 tons per year. This involves NEWS technology upgradation in 40 different processes resulting in improving energy efficiency by about 10% and reducing water consumption by about 17%.

Like other grades, today many diff erent grades of paperboard Recently TAPPI has also received accredition as a developer are produced. Based on the production process and the source of US standards through the American National Standards of pulp, the industry classifications are as follows: Institute (ANSI) .

Folding Box Board ( FBB / GC / UC ) Apart from TAPPI , standards and test methods are also laid Solid Bleached Board ( SBS / SBB ) out by ASTM , ISO , DIN, BIS and other national test bodies. Solid Unbleached Board ( SUB / SUS ) Private label certifications such as Sodexho Specs and EcoLogo are also available. White Lined Chip Board (WLC) Staples Inc. ,the world’s largest office supply retail store chain, The DIN Standard 19303 "Paperboard - Terms and grades" which sources paper from across the world has recently adopted (Publication date : 2005-09) defines different grades of the TAPPI standards especially with regard to ‘brightness’. paperboard based on the surface treatment (first letter), the main furnish (second letter) and the colour (non-D grade) or bulk The Pulp and Paper Products Council (PPPC) , is a US based (D grade only). organization which is an alliance of several associations of the pulp and paper industry that account for 70% of global market With a plethora of needs for high quality asceptic packaging pulp capacity and 50% of communication papers. required in the food chain, constant development is underway. Liquid Packaging and Barrier Boards are some of the It has graded papers and defined them regionwise (US / developments. Europe / Rest of the world).

WHO GRADES PAPER AND BOARD ? Grade Finders Inc , a leading publisher of paper guides, have set their own standards for the various grade The specs, terms and definitions used for the same grades classifications of paper. This was done by contacting mills in vary across different regions of the world. Area wise many the US and Canada with questionnaires that requested for the distinctions have been observed. ‘target’ manufacturing standards for each grade of paper. After For basis weight the US follows the standard of pounds collating this data, standards for each grade was established. whereas the metric system (gms/m2) is prevalent elsewhere. These standards have now been universally accepted in the

Similarly brightness continues to be measured using the GE Paper and Graphic Arts industry of the US.

Reflectance Scale (although General Electric no longer manufactures The Joint Committee on Printing (JCP) established by the the instrument!). In Europe, whiteness is the standard as per the US Federal Govt. have established specific standards of paper CIE scale of rating. Brightness measurements as per TAPPI to be used by all departments. These are called JCP papers. Standard T 452 is fast gaining worldwide acceptance. CONCLUSION

For newsprint too the specs in the US, Europe and rest of Looking at the ever increasing variety of papers which are now the world are at variance. available, it is clear that grades will continue to be ‘customised’ TAPPI has long been involved with the development and to meet specific end uses. This promises to be an optimistic creation of standards relative to the various grades in the pulp omen leading to a safe and technically sound future for the and paper industry. Paper Industry.

QUOTABLE QUOTE If you only have a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail – Abraham Maslow

SCRABBLE What does D A F stand for? ( Hint : System for Fibre recovery ) First correct answer will win a Parker Vector Roller Pen (Maximum two prizes for one person in a year). Post / Fax / Email your answers to EDITOR-W&F SNIPPETS by 20th March, 2010. WINNER Mr. A. Das, General Manager (Tech), ITC Ltd, PSPD, Unit. Bhadr achalam, Sarapaka FEB’10 Correct Answer : T R C: Total Residual Chlorine

Which gas among the following is not listed as a Green House Gas ( GHG ) as per the Kyoto protocol : Carbon-dioxide, Per - fluoro Carbons, Hydrogen Sulfide, Nitrous Oxide, Hydro - fluoro Carbons, Methane, Sulfur - hexafluoride. ?QUIZ Post / Fax / Email your answers to EDITOR-W&F SNIPPETS by 31st March, 2010.

WINNER No correct answer received. JAN’10 Quiz : Starch and Guar gum are both water soluble polysaccharides having affinity to cellulosic fibres. Which product is structurally more similar to cellulose and in what way? Correct Answer : Guar gum is a Beta polysaccharide similar to cellulose leading to its better affinity, while starch is an Alpha derivative.

1. Best / first correct answer received will win one-year subscription to IPPTA Journal (Maximum one prize for one person in a year).

Prizes 2. Best of the 12 monthly winners in a year, will win one-year subscription to Paper 360 0 Magazine, USA.

☺ With money in your pocket, you are wise, and you are handsome and you sing well too – A Jewish proverb Money

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