DOCSLIB.ORG

MULTIPLE SEX-Chromosome MECHANISMS and POLYPLOIDY in ANIMALS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MULTIPLE SEX-Chromosome MECHANISMS and POLYPLOIDY in ANIMALS MULTIPLE SEX-CHrOMOSOME MECHANISMS AND POLYPLOIDY IN ANIMALS BY ELISABETK GOLDSCHMIDT Department of Zoology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (With Two Text-figures) Received ~'n July 1949 Almost twenty-five years have passed since Muller (1925) pointed ou~ why polyploidy must be rare in bisexual animMs. He assumed tha~ two tetraploids of different sex were most unlikely to appear simultaneously in one population and to breed together. 'If, however, by a rare coincidence two or more tetraploids of different sex have beeu formed and they breed together, the problem of an efficient isolation would arise. In XXYY individuals there would be more tendencies for like to synapse with the like (XX, Y Y) than with the unlike homologue (X Y). There would thus be a tendency for the formation of X Y-gametes '--and this would involve a breMcdown o f the mechanism of sex determination. --' The only way in which the tetraploid might be freed from the above reproductive handicap would be through the fusion of like sex-chromosomes into single masses of double size and "potency" or through the formation of some temporary attachment or attraetiou between them operative at the reduction division in such a manner as to carry like chromosomes to the same pole.' This argument has been quite generMly accepted, and it is assumed, accordingly, that polyploidy has played its part, mainly or exclusively, in such groups of animals, in which parthenogenetic or hermaphroditic reproduction (White, 19~0b) is either facultative or obligatory. Classical instances of polyploidy coupled with parthenogenesis are known in Artemia saline (A~'tom, 1928; Gross, 1932; Barigozzi, 1934, 1946), Psychidae (Seller, 1923, 1927, 19~i8) and in terrestriM Isopods (Vandel, 1928, 193~, 1940, 1947). More recently the cases of the Curculionidae (SuomMMnen, 19~i0, 1947, 19~8) and of the Tettigonid Saga (Matthey, 19~11, ] 94:6; Goldschmidt, 194-6) have been added to this series. After a very thorough review of closely related animal species with widely different chromosome numbers, White (19~i5) concludes that one should be eareN1 about accepting any clMms that polyploidy has played a major role in the evolution of animals: 'The evidence has never been of a concNsive kind.' The case for polyploidy in the earwigs, a group apparently devoid of parthenogenetic tendencies,, has recently beml expounded by Bauer (19~7). He shows that the knowu chromosome numbers in this group easily arrange themselves in two series : a lower (diploid) series with 2~ = ] 2-14- and a higher (tetraploid) series with 2n = 2~-25. In the latter series four out of five of the species investigated possess a multiple sex-chromosome mechanism (X1X2Y) in some or all of their members. Bauer concludes that the evolution of the multiple sex-chromosome mechanism must be connected with polyploidy. This conclusion is espeeiMly convincing since he himself describes a hexaploid species, Prolabi~ araohidis, possessing three X-chromosomes and a Y. The tetraploid series can now be increased by another member, Fo~Jicula s,m,y,rnensis Serv. Observations are based on two tomes. One of these was fixed in modified Bouin ELISAB ETI-[ GOLD SCI-[IVIIDT 635 (picrie acid sat. 15 c.c., formalin 5 c.e., glacial acetic ~ c.c.), the other in strong Flemming. The chromosome number is 2n=2l, i.e. somewhat lower than in the other tetraploid species; the sex-trivalent is triangular or chain-like on the [~rst metaphase spiudle. Second mctaphase plates contain either ten or eleven members (of. Fig. t). The known data on the cytology of Forficulina are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. ~orfic'ulina Chromosome Sex- no. of chromosome Species rome (2n) complement Author Labidura bidens 12 X Y Morgan, 1928 L. rl/paria 14 XY Asana & l~'[alr 1934 Labia minor 14 XY Morgan, 1928 Anisolabis maritime 25, (24) XiX2Y Kornh~mser, 1921; 5iorgan, 1928; (gandolph, 1908) A. marginalis 25 X1X.Y Sugiyama, 1933 A. armadillos 25 XtXeY hiorg,~n, 1928 7~'o~:ficula smyrncnsis 21 X1X 2 Y Aut,hor, unpublished 1~~. auricularia 24 XY SLovens, 1910; l?ayne, 1914; l~'Iorgan, 1928; Callan, 1941 25 XiXoY l?ayne, 1914; BioNan, 1928; CMlan, 1941 F. scudderi 24 XY Misra, 1937 Al~lerygida albi~ennis 24 X Y Bauer, 1947 Prolabia arachidis 38 XiXeX~Y Bauer, 1947 Bauer assumes that in an allopolyploid a' fnsion' of the two Y-ehronmsomes (transloca- tion of a large section of one Y to the other) would be sufficient to ensure normal segregation of the two X-chromosomes to the same pole. However, the possibility of autotetraploidy cannot be completely dismissed, especially since the nmnber of ehiasmata is low in earwigs (of. Callan, 1961). This would tend to facilitate a + normal reduction in polyploids of either type.* An X~X~Y mechanism might arise in either an auto- or an allopotyploid as the conse- quence of a single paracentrie inversion in one of the two X-chromosomes in the region over which X and Y are homologous (of. Fig. 2). In the tetraploid male germ-line X- and Y-chromosomes, respectively, will tend to pair prevalently among t~hemselves (Fig. 2b). If one of the X-chromosomes contains a paracentric inversion in the Y-homologous region, synapsis between the two X-chromosomes will occur by loop formation. Crossing-over in this region may occur repeatedly in the same testis and will give rise in each case to a dicentric eN~omosome and an aeentric ll'agment (Fig. 2@ The bridges formed by the dicentric chromosome will break in various manners in the subsequent divisions (eft McClintock, 1961), and after 'healing' of tee ends a whole variety of X-chromosolnes will have arisen containing different portions of the Y-homologous region, but each with a full sex-determiNing set. In the subsequent generations selection will preserve two of these X-fragments containing complementary portions of the Y-homologous region. In the presence of a trivMent consisting of a Y- and two X-chromosomes the second Y will fail to find a partner and will be lost (Fig. 2d). It should be nbted that all the changes involved occur as the direct result of a single inversion and that inversions are among the most frequent types of chromosome aberrations. Unfortunately, the sex-trivalent in Forfieulids, when it first becomes conspicuous, is * Mickcy (1945) describes completely normal synapsis and disjuncLion wibhouL format,ion of mulLivalents in the polyploid germ cells of the insec~ Romalea microptera. f 6 \ ~.~ ~--~ 4 a I ~'~. ~J o t~/~ ~.~ ~ ~.~ ~" ~s~ - ~.~ ~'qo I o. ELISAm~TI-~ GOI~DSCI-I~IIDT ~37 already fully condensed, and its mode of prophase pairing cannot, therefore, serve to test either of these theories (cf. Callan, 19,14). It is interesting to note that F. au~'icula,ria is about to normalize its ,sex-determiniag mechanism and that a sex-determining region of double strength must be contMned in the single X of the 24-type tomes of this species, In Y. scudde'ri and in Al)lerygida alb@ennis the process of normMizatim~ appears to be complete. Homologou~ regioll ~*" a /) c d e f g Sex-determining I eglon abcdefg x/ (~) @ f a I i ._ , ......., I (d) g b c d e f g Fig. 2. Kypotha~ieal evolution of scx-trivalent. (a) X aud Y in the diploid. (h) X attd Y itt {,he hegraploid, (o) Lvol) ibrmation as the result 6f ~ l~araeentric inversion hi one X, Crossing-over giv:mg rise to dieentrie bridge and aeengrie fi'agment, (d) Y-eln'omosome pairh~g with two products of breakage resNting ii'om the bridge (X 1 a~d X,). It seems legitimate to inq~fire whether in other groups, too, the occurrence of a multiple sex-chromosome mechanism might furnish a circumstantial evidence for poiyploidy. The case is very clear in tim genus Gry~ota,ITa (cf. Table 2). Table 2. Gryllotalpa Chromosome Sex- no- of chromosome Species mMe (2n) complement Author G. gryllolalTa 12 (W. Europe) XY Payne, 1916 ; Barigozzi, 1933 ; de Whfiwar~er, t927, 1937 14 (Roum~lfia) X Y S~copoe, 1939 15 (S. Italy) XO do Winiwarter, 1927, 1937; l~arigozzi, 1933 19, 23 XO Kushnh', 1948, 1952 23 XO Ohmaehi, 1929; Asana, 1Kaldno & Niiyama, 1940 G. borealis 23 X1X~ Y P.aync, 1916 G, bqrecdis (PayE% 1916) has [m~g been knowr, to l~ossess a~ peculiar type of segregation, an accessory chronlosome (apparently X,) passing invariably to the same pole as the X (apparently X1). On the other hand, G. c~'~'ieancbwith the same chromosome number (2n=23) possesses a normal sex-determining mechanism (XO), but the X-chromosome is excessively large. A much lower chromosome number is found in G. 9ryllotcdpa, which in 4:38 Mult@le sex-chromosome mechanisms and polyploidy in animals western Europe has only 12 chromosomes, while higher numbers occur farther east, and south. The sex mechanism is XO or XY, but the X is always one of the mediuul-sized chromosomes, l~ecently, Kushnir (19,f8, 1952) has poiated out that polyploidy must have occurred in the evolution of the genus. He furnishes conclusive evidence that 2n = 12 must be the primitive nmnber of the group. He shows that the chromosome variation within Table 3. Pentatom,idae Chromosome Sex- no. of ehronlosomo Species male (2n) eomplenmnb Aut,hor l~enlatoma sen,ills 6 X Y Wilson, 1913 Oebalus pugnax 10 X Y Wilson, 1909 E'uschist.us crassus 12 X Y li'oog & S~robell, 1912 E'uscMstus 4 spp. 14 XY Wilson, 1906 Coen,'u,s delius 14 X Y Mont,gomew, 1906 Euryden~a rugosa 14 X Y Nashimnra., 1927 Mormidea, lugens 14 X Y Montgomery, 1906 Nezara, hilaris, virid'ula 14 ~gl" Wilson, 1905, 1911 Peribal'us limbolaris 14 X Y Men,gerainT, ] 906 Perillus co~/lue'ns 14 X Y Montgomery, 1906 Podisus 2 spp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Polyploidy) / Ancient Genome Duplications (Paleopolyploidy
    Genome duplications (polyploidy) / ancient genome duplications (paleopolyploidy) How to detect paleoploidy? For example: a diploid cell undergoes failed meiosis, producing diploid gametes, which self-fertilize to produce a tetraploid zygote. Timing of duplication by trees (phylogenetic timing) Phylogenetic timing of duplicates b Paramecium genome duplications Comparison of two scaffolds originating from a common ancestor at the recent WGD Saccharomyces cerevisiae Just before genome duplication Just after genome duplication More time after genome duplication Unaligned view (removing gaps just like in cerev has occurred) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Problem reciprocal gene loss (extreme case); how to solve? Problem reciprocal gene loss (extreme case); how to solve? Just before genome duplication Outgroup! Just after genome duplication Outgroup Just after genome duplication Outgroup More time after genome duplication Outgroup Problem (extreme case); how to solve? Outgroup Outgroup Outgroup Outgroup Outgroup Using other genomes Wong et al. 2002 PNAS Centromeres Vertebrate genome duplication Nature. 2011 Apr 10. [Epub ahead of print] Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Clifton SW, Schlarbaum SE, Schuster SC, Ma H, Leebens-Mack J, Depamphilis CW. Flowering plants Flowering MOSS Vertebrates Teleosts S. serevisiae and close relatives Paramecium Reconstructed map of genome duplications allows unprecedented mapping
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity of Plant Sex Chromosomes Highlighted Through Advances in Genome Sequencing
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review The Diversity of Plant Sex Chromosomes Highlighted through Advances in Genome Sequencing Sarah Carey 1,2 , Qingyi Yu 3,* and Alex Harkess 1,2,* 1 Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; [email protected] 2 HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA 3 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX 75252, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.Y.); [email protected] (A.H.) Abstract: For centuries, scientists have been intrigued by the origin of dioecy in plants, characterizing sex-specific development, uncovering cytological differences between the sexes, and developing theoretical models. Through the invention and continued improvements in genomic technologies, we have truly begun to unlock the genetic basis of dioecy in many species. Here we broadly review the advances in research on dioecy and sex chromosomes. We start by first discussing the early works that built the foundation for current studies and the advances in genome sequencing that have facilitated more-recent findings. We next discuss the analyses of sex chromosomes and sex-determination genes uncovered by genome sequencing. We synthesize these results to find some patterns are emerging, such as the role of duplications, the involvement of hormones in sex-determination, and support for the two-locus model for the origin of dioecy. Though across systems, there are also many novel insights into how sex chromosomes evolve, including different sex-determining genes and routes to suppressed recombination. We propose the future of research in plant sex chromosomes should involve interdisciplinary approaches, combining cutting-edge technologies with the classics Citation: Carey, S.; Yu, Q.; to unravel the patterns that can be found across the hundreds of independent origins.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Size, Polyploidy, and Sex Determination in Nasonia
    Cell size, polyploidy, and sex determination in Nasonia Supervision by: Kelley Leung Contact: [email protected], room 5172.0662; language: English olyploidy is the condition of having more Pthan the usual number of chromosome sets. In many ways polyploidy is detrimental because of problems of infertility and abnormal cell biol- ogy. However, polyploidization has happened many times via whole genome duplication in the evolutionary tree (including for humans!). It may have provided benefits such as addition- al gene copies and increased hardiness. This begs the question, how do polyploids overcome disadvantages to derive benefits? One possible adaptation that has allowed polyploids to persist is cell reduction mech- anisms. Polyploid cells are larger than normal cells. In vertebrate polyploids, cell re- duction mechanisms are used to retain fairly normal overall body size and physiology. However, it is unknown if this also holds for invertebrate polyploids, including insects. We will use the parasitoid wasp system Nasonia vitripennis to investigate whether there are cell reduction mechanisms in insect polyploids. Like all hymenopterans, N. vitripen- nis has a haplodiploid sex determination system: normally, unfertilized eggs become haploid (1n) males and fertilized eggs become diploid (2n) females. However, there are many ways that ploidy levels change. Some are naturally occurring. Others can be created by using RNAi knockdown to obtain null mutants of various sex determination genes. These lines produce haploid (1n) females, diploid males
    [Show full text]
  • Homoeologous Shuffling and Chromosome Compensation
    Homoeologous shuffling and chromosome compensation maintain genome balance in resynthesized allopolyploid Brassica napus Zhiyong Xiong, Robert T. Gaeta, and J. Chris Pires1 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Edited by Susan R. Wessler, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, and approved March 31, 2011 (received for review September 22, 2010) Polyploidy has contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes, partic- B. napus affords an excellent opportunity for conducting cy- ularly flowering plants. The genomic consequences of polyploidy togenetic investigations of evolution in a resynthesized allo- have been extensively studied, but the mechanisms for chromo- polyploid. Natural B. napus (AACC; 2n = 38) is thought to have some stability and diploidization in polyploids remain largely un- formed 5,000 to 10,000 y ago by the hybridization of ancestors of known. By using new cytogenetic tools to identify all of the Brassica rapa (AA; 2n = 20) and Brassica oleracea (CC; 2n = 18) homoeologous chromosomes, we conducted a cytological investi- (28, 29, 30). B. rapa and B. oleracea are also ancient polyploids, gation of 50 resynthesized Brassica napus allopolyploids across gen- and large-scale chromosome rearrangements occurred in the A erations S0:1 to S5:6 and in the S10:11 generation. Changes in copy and C genomes following divergence from a common ancestor number of individual chromosomes were detected in the S0:1 gen- (31). Several studies have demonstrated that genetic changes eration and increased in subsequent generations, despite the fact caused by homoeologous chromosome rearrangement are com- that the mean chromosome number among lines was approxi- mon in newly resynthesized B.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Large-Scale Gene and Genome Duplications During the Evolution of Hexapods
    Multiple large-scale gene and genome duplications during the evolution of hexapods Zheng Lia,1, George P. Tileyb,c,1, Sally R. Galuskaa, Chris R. Reardona, Thomas I. Kiddera, Rebecca J. Rundella,d, and Michael S. Barkera,2 aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; bDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; cDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and dDepartment of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 Edited by Michael Freeling, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved March 12, 2018 (received for review June 14, 2017) Polyploidy or whole genome duplication (WGD) is a major contrib- than 800,000 described hexapod species (25) are known polyploids utor to genome evolution and diversity. Although polyploidy is (17, 20). However, until recently there were limited data available recognized as an important component of plant evolution, it is to search for evidence of paleopolyploidy among the hexapods generally considered to play a relatively minor role in animal and other animal clades. Thus, the contributions of polyploidy to evolution. Ancient polyploidy is found in the ancestry of some animal evolution and the differences with plant evolution have animals, especially fishes, but there is little evidence for ancient remained unclear. WGDs in other metazoan lineages. Here we use recently published To search for evidence of WGDs among the hexapods, we transcriptomes and genomes from more than 150 species across the leveraged recently released genomic data for the insects (26). insect phylogeny to investigate whether ancient WGDs occurred Combined with additional datasets from public databases, we assembled 128 transcriptomes and 27 genomes with at least one during the evolution of Hexapoda, the most diverse clade of animals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Frequency of Polyploid Speciation in Vascular Plants
    The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants Troy E. Wooda,b,1, Naoki Takebayashic, Michael S. Barkerb,d, Itay Mayrosee, Philip B. Greenspoond, and Loren H. Riesebergb,d aInstitute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Mu¨nster, 48149 Mu¨nster, Germany; bDepartment of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405; cInstitute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775; and Departments of dBotany and eZoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 Edited by Peter R. Crane, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved June 23, 2009 (received for review November 13, 2008) Since its discovery in 1907, polyploidy has been recognized as an contrast, polyploid incidence is distributed less equitably among ␹2 ϭ Ͻ 2 ϭ important phenomenon in vascular plants, and several lines of families ( 198 4,259.41, P 0.00001, R 0.116). Overall, with evidence indicate that most, if not all, plant species ultimately have the exception of the species-poor gymnosperms, vascular plant a polyploid ancestry. However, previous estimates of the fre- species derived from recent polyploid events are ubiquitous and quency of polyploid speciation suggest that the formation and represent a large fraction of named diversity, a pattern that also establishment of neopolyploid species is rare. By combining infor- holds for bryophytes (12). Interestingly, generic base counts mation from the botanical community’s vast cytogenetic and are negatively associated with polyploid incidence in angio- ␹2 ϭ Ͻ 2 ϭ phylogenetic databases, we establish that 15% of angiosperm and sperms ( 3 2,798.01, P 0.00001, R 0.085; Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyploidy in Drosophila Melanocaster With
    POLYPLOIDY IN DROSOPHILAMELANOCASTER WITH TWO ATTACHED X CHROMOSOMES L. V. MORGAN Columbia University, New York City Received October 4, 1924 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 148 Females with attached X’s. ...................................................... 150 Patroclinous females. ............................................................ 151 Breaking apart of the attached X’s. ............................................... 152 Triploid female.. ................................................................ 154 Crossing over in triploid females. ................................................. 160 Crossing over between the attached chromosomes. .................................. 162 Recessives showing mutant characters determined by differentials in the left end of the chromosome ................................................................. 162 Recessives showing mutant characters determined by differentials in the right end and middle of the chromosome.. .................................................... 163 Redistribution of differentials. .................................................... 165 Crossing over among three chromosomes. .......................................... 166 Recurrence of additional chromosomes. ............................................ 167 Tetraploid female. ............................................................... 167 Non-disjunction in males, ........................................................ 172 Composites ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Polyploidization in Human Leukocytes Induced by Radiation
    CHROMOSOME POLYPLOIDIZATION IN HUMAN LEUKOCYTES INDUCED BY RADIATION Carlos E. Nasjleti and Herbert H. Spencer The Veterans Administration Hospital and The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. INTRODUCTION A great quantity of literature has accumulated on the effects of radiation and radiomimetic agents upon cells. Much of this work has been performed on mam- malian cells both in vivo and in tissue cultures. Some of these damaging effects can be seen in dividing cells. After the development of a technique for tissue culture of human peripheral blood, we were able to demonstrate abnormal patterns and chromosomal poly- ploidy in cultures from patients who had been treated with A-8103 (a piperazine derivative with antitumor activity) ,l nitrogen mustard, 6-mercaptopurine, and A-649 (another antitumor agent).2 During treatment and for some time after treatment in these patients, structural changes could be seen in the chromosomes as either chromatid or chromosome deletions and chromosomal breakage. Abnor- mally shaped chromosomes were also seen, particularly ring forms and dicentrics. Although aneuploidy was observed, the major numerical variation consisted of metaphases showing polyploidy with random distribution of chromosomes and diplochromosomes. When normal human leukocytes were tested in vitro with the chemotherapeutic agents already mentioned, as well as with streptonigrin and cycl~phosphamide,~similar results were obtained. From these studies we postu- lated that two different types of damage were induced in the cells by the chemicals. One type of damage is apparent in the hereditary material, and it can be charac- terized by the structural chromosomal changes. The second type of damage is interpreted as damage to the mitotic apparatus of the cells, as evidenced by the induction of polyploidy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Consequences of Polyploidy
    Leading Edge Review The Evolutionary Consequences of Polyploidy Sarah P. Otto1,* 1Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.022 Polyploidization, the addition of a complete set of chromosomes to the genome, represents one of the most dramatic mutations known to occur. Nevertheless, polyploidy is well toler- ated in many groups of eukaryotes. Indeed, the majority of flowering plants and vertebrates have descended from polyploid ancestors. This Review examines the short-term effects of polyploidization on cell size, body size, genomic stability, and gene expression and the long-term effects on rates of evolution. One of the most striking features of genome structure homology but are sufficiently distinct due to their sepa- is its lability. From small-scale rearrangements to large- rate origins, these pairs of chromosomes are referred scale changes in size, genome comparisons among to as homeologs (see Figure 1). Polyploidy is especially species reveal that variation is commonplace. Even over prevalent among hybrid taxa, an association thought the short time course of laboratory experiments, chro- to be driven by problems with meiotic pairing in diploid mosomal rearrangements, duplications/deletions of hybrids, which are solved if each homeologous chromo- chromosome segments, and shifts in ploidy have been some has its own pairing partner. Additionally, diploid observed and have contributed to adaptation (Dunham hybrids form unreduced gametes (which have the same et al., 2002; Gerstein et al., 2006; Riehle et al., 2001). number of chromosomes as somatic cells) at unusually Changes in genome structure typically have immediate high rates (Ramsey and Schemske, 2002), increasing the effects on the phenotype and fitness of an individual.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Polyploidy Induction on Natural Metabolite Production in Medicinal Plants
    biomolecules Review Effect of Polyploidy Induction on Natural Metabolite Production in Medicinal Plants Hadi Madani 1, Ainoa Escrich 2 , Bahman Hosseini 1, Raul Sanchez-Muñoz 3 , Abbas Khojasteh 4 and Javier Palazon 4,* 1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran; [email protected] (H.M.); [email protected] (B.H.) 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckststraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; [email protected] 4 Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan, XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Polyploidy plays an important role in plant diversification and speciation. The ploidy level of plants is associated with morphological and biochemical characteristics, and its modification has been used as a strategy to alter the quantitative and qualitative patterns of secondary metabolite production in different medicinal plants. Polyploidization can be induced by many anti-mitotic agents, among which colchicine, oryzalin, and trifluralin are the most common. Other variables involved in the induction process include the culture media, explant types, and exposure times. Due to the effects of polyploidization on plant growth and development, chromosome doubling has been Citation: Madani, H.; Escrich, A.; applied in plant breeding to increase the levels of target compounds and improve morphological Hosseini, B.; Sanchez-Muñoz, R.; characteristics. Prompted by the importance of herbal medicines and the increasing demand for Khojasteh, A.; Palazon, J. Effect of drugs based on plant secondary metabolites, this review presents an overview of how polyploidy Polyploidy Induction on Natural can be used to enhance metabolite production in medicinal plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyploidy in Plants: Pharmacognosy
    IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 15, Issue 3 Ser. I (May –June 2020), PP 30-38 www.Iosrjournals.Org Polyploidy In Plants: Pharmacognosy Manorama Ratre* *School of Pharmacy,Chouksey Engineering College, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India Abstract: Polyploidy or make greater in number of chromosomes have been found in living cells of plants as well as animals. Polyploidy is the strength of modern genetics or modern molecular technology in pharmacognosy to provide something new or combinations of characters in the field of plant breeding programs of medicinal plants and also for foods or crops. So the polyploidy is a perfect, popular and futuristic matter for review. Polyploidy is the most essential and useful because life on earth is present mainly, who depends on foods or crops and medicines for live their life. New significant for genome duplications should be measured with ancient ideas and new challenges of meiosis and mitosis. By the help of polyploidy we can be belief predicts which are crops and medicinal plants, usefully improved to obtained stable autopolyploids and which genomes or species adapted and merged to produce victorious new allopolyploids. This review gives information about the meaning of polyploidy, types, causes, factors which promotes polyploidy, examples, mechanisms, applications, advantages and disadvantages of polyploidy. By which we can predicts new significance for future prospective. Key words:- Polyploidy, genetics, molecular technology, plant
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence That Polyploidy in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Originates from Mitotic Slippage Caused by Defective Chromosome Attachments
    Cell Death & Differentiation (2021) 28:2179–2193 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00745-8 ARTICLE Evidence that polyploidy in esophageal adenocarcinoma originates from mitotic slippage caused by defective chromosome attachments 1 2 3 3 4 Stacey J. Scott ● Xiaodun Li ● Sriganesh Jammula ● Ginny Devonshire ● Catherine Lindon ● 2 1 Rebecca C. Fitzgerald ● Pier Paolo D’Avino Received: 2 July 2020 / Revised: 22 January 2021 / Accepted: 28 January 2021 / Published online: 1 March 2021 © The Author(s) 2021. This article is published with open access Abstract Polyploidy is present in many cancer types and is increasingly recognized as an important factor in promoting chromosomal instability, genome evolution, and heterogeneity in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms that trigger polyploidy in cancer cells are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the origin of polyploidy in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a highly heterogenous cancer, using a combination of genomics and cell biology approaches in EAC cell lines, organoids, and tumors. We found the EAC cells and organoids present specific mitotic defects consistent with problems in the attachment of chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Time-lapse analyses confirmed that EAC cells have problems in 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: congressing and aligning their chromosomes, which can ultimately culminate in mitotic slippage and polyploidy. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing, RNA-seq, and quantitative immunofluorescence analyses revealed alterations in the copy number, expression, and cellular distribution of several proteins known to be involved in the mechanics and regulation of chromosome dynamics during mitosis. Together, these results provide evidence that an imbalance in the amount of proteins implicated in the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules is the molecular mechanism underlying mitotic slippage in EAC.
    [Show full text]