t e engine• r •

WINTER 1973 VOLUME 2 NUMBER4 2 Pipeline/News Item s 4 Stop-16/ L eiters to the EditOl' 5 Engineer In terview/ CP T George W . Gipe 8 Foul' Other Faces of Camoufuuie/ LT John S. H O?·n er 12 Tou gh Row to Plow/ En gin eer Staff 15 Color Me Camoufuuie/ L 'I'C E . N . J on es 16 The H elph d W ido w/Engineer Staff 18 The Role of the Erutimeer in Combat Security/ Engin ee?' Staff 21 Camoufuuie, Carnoufuuie, Wherefore A rt. Thou, Ca/moufuuie?/ CPT Georae VV . Gipe 25 The In stan t Obstacle/Robert B. Bockiiruj 28 Dinuumic Trainin g/ En gin eer Staff 30 The Engineers R ole in Defensive Operaticms/ MAJ L eToy A . Sch/m ult 34 Caesar's Etunneere/Ci'T James M. Sm ith 36 BTidgin g The Gap /Career Notes DEPARTMENTS: Chief's Briei e/Pipelin e/ Stop-I s Dynamic Tl·aining/ BTidging The Gap U.S. Army Eng ineer Schoo l Fort Be lvo ir, Virg inia

Commandant MG Robert R. Ploger Assistant Commandant CHIEF'S BRIEFS ..... BG Richa rd l. Ha rris Deputy A ssista nt Colonel Jonathan Williams, the U.S. Army's sixth Chief E ngineer, Comma nda nt and the first Superintend ent of the U.S. Military Academy at West COLCharles A. Mcleod Point, was born at Boston , Massachusetts on May 20, 1750. He was Secreta ry a grand-nephew of Benjam in Franklin, and acted as his private secretary LTC Robert l. Crosby in Lond on and Paris fro m J770 to 1783 . Williams graduate d fro m Harvard University in 1787, and served Editor as secretary of the Am erican Philosoph ical Society in 1788. He is also Robe rt G. McClintic n edited with founding the U.S. Military Ph ilosoph ical Society which Executive Editor , established under the motto : "Science in War is the Guarantee CPT Dennis F. Pierman Contributing Ed itor By 1801 he had been appointed a major in the Corps of Artillerists lLT John S. Horner and En gineers, and Inspector of Fortifications. When that organizati on was discontinued, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Principal A rt Director Engineer in th e new Co rps of Engineers. The same act also constituted John W. Savage, Jr . a Military Academy at West Point, New Yor k, and Major Williams The Engineer is an authorized quarterly publi ... was concurrently designated as the Superint end ent of that establishment. cation of the U.S... Army Eng ineer School. It is He assumed duti es as Chief Engineer on April 13, 1802. published to provide factual and in-depth infor­ mation of interest '0 all Engineer un its . Arti cles, With only four officers acting as teachers and a cadet corps of but photographs and art work of general interest may be submitted fo r c.onsideration to : Editor. three, assignments to build fort ifications along the coas t interfered with The engineer, USA Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060. Views and op inions. expresse d any real program of academics. Th e majority of the commissioned herein are not necessarily 't hose of th e Department of the Army . Use- of funds for p rinting of this officer instructors were soon replaced by teachers and profes sors publication has been approv-ed by Headquarte rs, De pa rt me nt 01 the A,my. July 11, 1969. appointed to instruct in special subjects. Subscriptions to THE ENGINEER m.,gazine are available through the Superintendent of Docu­ As Chi ef Engin eer of the newly creat ed Corp s of En gineers, Williams ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash.. ington, D.C. 2040 2. Annual ra te s are 2.50 for completed the first casemated battcry in the United States-Castle mailing to a domestic or APO address and $3.25 for moi ling to 0 foreign address. Ind iv idual Williams on Governors Island in New York. When the War of 1812 copies of th.e ma g azine are $1.00 eeeh. Check s sho uld be ma de pa y ab le 10 the Superint end e nt broke out he applied for command in the line in accordance with the of Docu rnants. 63d Articl e of War , which requi red the Pr esiden t's approval for engineer officers to command troops of the line. Th e President approved his ABOUT THE COVER requ est, and in July of that year Colonel Williams returned to the Art Director John W. Savage, fortification which had been constru cted under his direction earlier, Jr., envisions the type of camou­ with ord ers to take command. flage the Army of the future will be Colonel Williams resigned from the Ar my in 1812, and subsequently, using in desert operations with this 1814, was elected to Congress. di o rama. The authenticity of the Ie died in Philadelphia, Penn sylvan ia, May 15, 1815 at the age of sce ne is complete down to the , just four days short of his birthday. e colors used in the pattern painting, th e minia ture Sullivan nets, and a dd itiona l scale equipment. ACADEMIC CHAIRS honors the officer who served the neers, both military and civilian, CREATED TO HONOR Army for 30 years, and was called were educated through Mahan's GREAT ENGINEERS from retirement in 1941 to become texts and his department. Commanding General of the U.S. Th e U .S. Army Engineer School First to occupy the Dennis H. Forces Far East, and later Supreme at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, has estab­ Mahan Chair is Dr. Robert E. Allied Commander-in-Chief, Allied lished three academic chairs to Uhrig, th e Dean of the College of Forces in Japan. He then went on honor men who made history in Engineering at the University of to serve as Supreme Commander of military engine ering. Florida. He is a former Associate the U.N . Forces in Korea. The gen­ The school has honored three Professor of Engineering Mechanics eral graduated from the Engineer men who are pre sently making great and Nuclear Engineering at Iowa School of Application (which no contributions to military engineer­ State University, Ames, Iowa, longer exists) in 1908. 1948 to 1960. Also Dr. Uhrig frI. ing by appointing them to occupy the academic chairs for a two-year First to be named to occupy the became Chairman of the NucI term. Douglas MacArthur Chair of Mili­ Engineering Department at the Uni­ All three academic chairs were tary Science is General Bruce C. versity of Florida, and was the created to honor historically famou s Clarke, U.S. Army (Retired) . A Deputy Assistant Director of Re­ engineer offi cers who made con­ 1925 U.S. Military Academy gradu­ search, Department of Defense from tributions to the Corps of Engineers, ate, the general served in Europe 1967 to 1968. the Arm y, and the nation. They arc during World War II as Chief of The George W. Goethals Chair individuals who are now deceased Staff and Combat Command Com­ is named after the major general and whose accomplishments have mander for the 4th and 7th Arm ored who achieved one of the greatest withstood the test of time. Divisions. He later was Commander­ engineering feats in history-con­ The chairs will be occupied by in-Chief, U.S. Army, Europe, and struction of the Panama Canal. Dur­ living persons who have distin­ Commander of the Central Army ing this undertaking, he was Chair­ guished thems elves in engineering Group until his retirement in 1960. man and Chief Engineer of the in connection with the military. Troops caned him the "training" Isthmian Canal Commission from These people, who will ocupy the general of the Army. 1907 to 1914. The general was chairs for a period of two years The Dennis Mahan Chair honors Governor of the Panama Canal the each, will be distinguished individ­ a man who gave the greatest impetus following two years . uals from the military , academic to the Civil Engineering program Brigadier General Herbert D. institutions, and private industry. at West Point. A West Point gradu­ Vogel, U.S. Army (Retired ) is the The thre e chairs are-Douglas ate, Mahan became Professor of first person to occupy the George MacArthur Chair of Military Sci­ Engineering ther e in 1832 and held W. Goethals Chair. A 1924 gradu­ ence, Dennis Hart Mahan Chair of that post until his death 39 years ate of the USMA, General Vogel Military Education and Training, later. He is generally credited with founded and directed the U.S. and the George W. Goethal s Chair putting USMA's Civil Engineering Army Engineer Waterways Expe_' of Military Construction. course on its feet as during that ment Station from 1929 to 19 I The Douglas MacArthur Chair period, the majority of U .S. engi­ He has served as District Engine

2 Pittsbu rgh ; Li eut enant Governor , Engineer units that are interested Look at the record: During its Panam a Cana l Zone; and Vice sho uld send their requirem ents to: tenure ther e, the command . . . Presid ent of the Panama Canal U.S. Army Co mba t Arms Training co nstructed 1,456 kilometers of Company. He also was Division Board, Attn : ATOPS-TNG-BD-B, highway; clear ed more than 800,000 E ngineer , Dallas, Texas; Chairman Fort Benning, Georgia 31 905. acres of jungle ; produced 27 milli on of the Tennessee Valley Autho rity ton s of aggregate and 2. 5 million for eight yea rs; and E ngineer Ad­ ENGINEERS LEFT tons of aspha ltic concrete; used visor to the World Ban k during the LASTING Il\1PRINT eight million bags of cement, one subsequent five yea r period. General billion boar d feet of lumber , three IN VIETNAM Vogel is presently a R esource De­ million bags of lime , 2,400 miles of opment E ngineer Consultant. T he Engineer Command in South reinforcing steel and 2,000 mi les of nv estiture of th e chairs took Vietnam closed out its operatio ns steel angle; drove 100 miles of pil­ ace late last year . Individual s who in that war-tom country almost a ing; co nstructed extensive logistics occupy the cha irs will visit the Engi ­ year ago -April 30, 1972 . Bu t th e cent ers; man aged facilities engineer­ neer School ann ually and will be memory of its accomplish me nts dur­ ing co ntracts valued at more than invited as honor ed guests to spea k ing the six years and five months of S750-million; maintained 15,000 to the students. operation there still lingers on. major items of T OE equip ment ; and First organized on D ecember 1, co nsume d 2.5 milli on gallon s of fuel TROOPS TO GET 1966, the Command reached a peak per month . NEW MAP READING strength of 33 ,000 men in 1969 and Member s of the command re­ POCKET HANDBOOK was augmented with an additional ceiv ed mo re th an 1,300 awards for valor th at included four Di stin­ Ju st off the press is Departm ent 6,000 Local National employees. guished Service Cross es, 42 Silver of the Army Training Circular At top strength, th e Command con­ Stars, and mor e tban 2,5 00 Purple 2 1-26, "Do n' t Get Lost," a ca rtoo n sisted of two brigades, six groups, H earts. styl e pocket handbook th at will 28 battalions, and 40 sep arate Also un its of the command ea rned simplify m ap reading for the in­ companies. 123 M er itoriou s Unit Com menda­ dividual soldier. So uth Vietnam changed grea tly tion s and eight Va lorous Un it Conceived by th e U. S. Army fro m 1966 to 1972. It change d Awards. Enginee r School at Fort Belvoir, socially, econo mically, cultur ally, V irginia, and developed jointly with and ph ysically. M an y of the changes DINNER DATE SET the Defense Mapping Sch ool and can be attributed to co ntributions the Combat Arms Trainin g Board, by the engineer soldier who designed The 106t1l annual Engineer Din­ this new look in informal training and built roads and bridges, trained ner will be held May 4, 1973, at literature, will be followed shortly the V ietnamese on new equipment MacKenzie Hall, Fort Belvoir, Vir­ v "Don't Get Shot " (Camo uflage and technology , opened the coun­ ginia. The theme will be " Engineers, 1 F ield Fortificati on s ) and " Don't tr y to pacification and scratched out the Corps of Professionals." Addi­ Blown Up" (M ines and Booby the traces of civilizatio n in jungles tional information ma y be obtained T raps ) . and wasteland. by caIling USAESBDE 3546962.

3 s - 1

APPLAUSE, APPLAUSE!! dom would welcome the oppor­ petitive spirit. We are tunity to read it. eager to learn and to help Sir/In the Fall 1972 issue COL P.W.A. HOLDSWORTH the troops learn in the of the engineer I read with BRITISH LIAISON OFFICER process, but we are equally interest of the "Command­ MERDC interested in equating that er's Update Packet." I ap­ training with proj ects that plaud your efforts in t ak­ BUTTER BARS can serve a useful purpose ing what is a very impor­ to the unit and the commU­ t ant step to help prepare Sir/I enj oyed the DYNAMIC nity at large. commanders. TRAINING feature in the The 46th Engineers got It is a very good Winter 1972 edition of the involved in dynamic train­ little magazine to keep the engineer. Tr aining has long ing with a community serv­ troops informed. I particu­ neded attention of this ice project for the Boy l arly enj oyed the article nature and I am glad to hear Scouts. It provided our on ""Dynamic Training." that the engineer is trying vertical construction pla­ COL HARRY A. GRIFFITH to obtain feedback from in­ toonS and their young offi­ MOBILE DISTRICT ENGINEER dividual units and at the cers excellent training in s ame time establish a means the erection of a council of communicating the Dy­ hut of their own design. They got a good deal of PARTING GESTURE namic Training theme to the field. satisfaction from doing .~ As you know, we are wit­ whole job themselves Sir/I am retiring from the nessing a decline in troop turning the keys over Corps of Engineers and the strength. That phasedown of a Scout executive with a Army. As Chief of the Unit forces has created a morale sense of pride in a job ob­ Tr aining Branch, Tr aining problem in some units that viously well done. Division, DCSCOPS, Fort can be resolved to some de­ 2LT BYRNE W. STEWART III Monroe , Virginia, I have gree by implementation of FORT RUCKER, ALABAMA taken particular interest a more meaningful training in and watched the engineer program with an innovative grow into a fine publica­ approach to the mai nt enance tion. In many ways, it is of small unit readiness. The getting to the field and dyna~ic approach to train­ providing our engineer ing may be the an swer as it uni t s in the field wi t.h data has been to some degree with on dynamic training faster my own unit, the 46th Engi­ than the Combat Arms Train­ neer Battalion (Cons t r u c­ PRIMER ing Board. tion- here at Fort Rucker. LT C PERRY D. TRIPP, JR. It has proven to be an ex­ Sir/Congratulations on the GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA cellent tool for improv­ Fall 1972 issue of the ing morale, sharpening con­ engineer. struct ion skills and pro­ I found it immensely in­ OLD CHAP viding the means to generate teresting, informative and job satisfaction. I think well written! As well as As British Liaison Offi­ it is the way to develop being a primer on bridging cer I have found the engi­ professionalism. -past and present_it should neer a most interesting I and my fellow, in­ stimulate a lot of thought publication and feel cer­ experienced Second Lieu­ on bridging for the futU. e tain that some of the engi­ tenants are accepting the MG D.A. RAYMOND neer establishments and challenge of dynamic train­ SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION schools in the United King­ ing with vigor and a com­ ENGINEER

4 • • • ~ng l neer InterVlelN:

w ith captain GEORGE W. GIPE

Alter many years of seeming dis­ oufiage and the Engineer's Pioneer Captain G. W. Gipe has some interest and neglect, th e U. S. Army AIT course contains camouflage impressive creden tials to give cred­ is beginning to take a hard look look training as a core subject. Other ence to his views. He holds a as at its camouflage program. It was AfT courses incorporate camou­ degree in Civil Engineering fro m not used extensively in Korea or flage training into applicable train­ the V niversity of California at Vietnam. The reason for this, of ing activities such as biv ouacs and Berk eley and was a Distinguished course, was the fact that we have field training exercises. Engineer Military Graduate. After entering enjoyed total air superiority in both NCOES courses additionally incor­ the Army, he attended the Engineer of those actions. porate formal camouflage instruc­ Officer Basic Course and then went . . The V . S. Army Engineer School tion . on to A irborne Sch ool . at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, conducts Thus it would seem that camou­ Captain Gipe ser ved tw o tours in pure camouflage training for the flage training is well covered within Vietnam. He was a Platoon Leader Engineer Officer Basic Course. The the U. S. Army establishment. The and Construction Offi cer with Com­ other service schools present cam­ Continental A rmy Command posi­ pany C, 46th Engineer Battalion -Iflage training as an inherent part tion , for instance, is the camouflage (C onstruction ) from October 1966 combat training-cover and con­ is an inseparable element oj co ver to October 1967 and later was an 'ealment, remaining in defilade, sit­ and deception and, as such, should Advisor to the Ministry of Public ing of weapons, and patrolling tech­ not receive any great er emphasis W orks for the District Engineer, niques. than any other element of cover and R VN, from March 1969 to March Camouflage training also is in­ deception. 1970 . cluded in the Officer Advanced Many experts argue that camou­ Upon his return to this country, Courses, Basic Combat Training, flage training is a matter of disci­ he was enrolled in the Engineer and Advanced Individual Training pline. So the engineer staff decided for enlisted personnel. Infantry AIT to get a better look at th e problem inherently co ntains significant em­ by interviewing a professional in the phasis on various aspects of cam­ camouflage field.

n increased emphasis in camou­ "Camouflage was virtually ignored "The U. S. Army is currently eval­ age can be expected." in Vietnam." uating its camouflage posture."

5 Officer Advanced Course and grad­ the problems at both levels, the first uated in March 1971. H e subse­ thing that must be done is to co quently was named B ranch Chief of vince commanders that camoufla the Field Engineering Bra nch 0/ the is cost-effective. By that I mean that Department of Applied En gineering [he cost- the time lost while camou­ at th e E ngineer School . In this ca­ UI think everyone flage nets are being erected and pacity , he has been instructing in taken down or the time lost by using cam ouflage for the past year and concealed routes as opposed to open one-half, primarily for the En gin eer in the military has roads-is worth the savings in men Officer Basic Course . and equipment. The second thing The captain also has journeyed that must be done is to incorporate to Fort Hood, T exas, to get a first­ a pretty good idea camouflage in all training exercises. hand look at the Project MASSTER Thi s is done to some extent now camouflage program during 2nd but in many cases it is little more Armored Brigade exercises. He cur­ of what camouflage than a tok en effort . Tie d into the rentl y is working on an MS in Civil need for cam ouflage during training Engineering at Geo rge Washington is the need for camouflage materials Univ ersity . is all about." such as camouflage nets. In many The engineer's questions and areas, nets are just not avai lable. the captain's answers fol/ow- However, there are many aspects of Engr: What is camouflage? camouflage which can be practiced G I PE : I think everyon e in the mili­ without nets . tary has a pretty good idea of what while in the field. This emphasis on Engr: What about training? camouflage is all about. But it is and constant practicing of camou­ GIPE: Training is very important also import ant to understand where fl age are the areas where the U. S. but I think most soldiers receive camouflage stands in relation to Tac­ is farthest behind. sufficient training in their Basic and tica l Co ver and Deception. TC&D Engr: What can we do to improve Advanced Indi vidual Training includ es all types of deception while our camouflage posture? successfully camouflage thernselv cam ouflage is primarily visual de­ GIPE: First, we must recognize that and their equipment. Noncommis­ cepti on . Electronic decepti on and camouflage exists on essentially two sioned officers receive training in electro nic warfare are not con­ levels: the small unit wher e the the NCO Education System. The sidered part of camoufiage. soldier is conc erned about camou­ weakness in the training program is Engr: What is the present state of flaging himself and his vehicl es, and , in the Officer Basic and Advanced the art compared to our allies and for lack of a better term-the staff Courses. Little or no trai ning is potential adve rsaries? level, where camouflage of large given to tactical cover and deception GTPE : As far as sop histicated equip­ scale operations is planned. To solve plan s or to large scale camouflage ment used in camouflage and cam­ operations. We hope the systems ouflage detection, we feel the U . S. engineering of these co urses will is ahead of most countries. As far as correct this deficiency. basic equipment, such as camou­ Engr: How important is camouflage flage nets, paints and uniforms, we at present? feel we arc about average and new GIPE: Camouflage and tactical development in these areas will put cover and deception in genera] ar e us ahead of many countries. Where a means to an end; the end being the U. S. is far behind our aIlies and one of the Principles of War-s-Sur­ potent ial advers aries is in practicing prise. A commander, in ana lyzing a cam ouflage and camouflage disci­ specific situation, should consider pline. In most countries, when field and comp are each of these courses maneuvers take place camouflage is of action in light of these pr incipl es. always practiced as a matter of If the commander is not kn owledge­ course. In some countries, discipli­ able in cam ouflage and TC&D and nary action up to and including wha t they can and cannot do , courts martial can result from him, he will not be able to estim breaches in camouflage discipline the amount of surprise he is capab

6 of achieving. For this reason he will tive come into play because a com ­ . be able to properly apply the mander who can effectively deceive mciple of Surprise. Camouflage, the enemy as to his location, because it is a passive security meas­ strength , and intentions , has got a ure, is also part of the Principle of much better chance of surviving on Security. It is one of the tools a the battlefield . With today's sophis­ soldier can usc on the battlefield to ticated weapons, detection virtually stay alive. For th ese reasons it is assures dest ruc tion. e very important that everyone be aware of camouflage, how to cam ou­ flage, and what it can do for them. Engr: What experience or lessons have we learned from Vietnam? GIPE: With the exception of indi­ viduals on patrols or ambushes, camouflage was virtually ignored in Vietn am. As a result, we did not really learn anything. As far as I know, camouflage was never used Engr: H as camouflage doctrine on a large scale so we cann ot even changed much in recent year s? say that we would have been more GIPE: Camouflage is an interesting or less successful had we used It. and challenging field; one which re­ Engr: What arc some of the future quires a maximum of initiative and trends in this topic ? imagination. The doctrine, as far as G IPE : In general, an increased em­ the basic method s and principles are hasis in camouflage can be ex­ concerne d, has not changed since ted. At the present time, the WWII and pr obably will not. The my is evaluating its camou flage new nets and paints that are being posture and I expect in the near developed today will be great assets future to see some specific results but, there is a danger in dependency from that evaluation. Some of the on them for total camouflage. That areas I expect to see changed to is where the imagination and initia­ some extent are pattern painting of vehicles, camouflage un iforms , and camouflage training. Project MA S­ STER, a group set up to evalua te future doctrine and equipment, is "Camouflage is an currently evaluating camouflage doc­ trine and training as appl ied to an armored unit. We expect to get some interesting and results on doctrine, training and ma­ terials based on what happ ens there. challenging field; Engr: There has been an increasi ng emphasis on the arctic environment. How are we fairing in this area? one which requires GIPE: The Mobility Equipment Re­ search and Development Center at anlaximum of Fort Belvoir is currently developing some new camouflage nets that are designed to replace the stand ard initiative and cotton twine burlap garnished net have had since World W ar II. imagination." ~"=..e of the series of nets is designed or use in an arctic environm ent.

7 .'

FOUR OTHER FACES OF CAMOUFLAGE

lieutenant John S. Horner

amouflage has been used in some form ever since necessitated good camouflage to lessen detection by the Cman began using arms to conquer other nations. A opposing country's almost omnipresent air power. To classic example is the Trojan horse. It was a huge, neglect camouflaging in conventional European war­ hollow horse filled with Greek soldiers that was left at fare would be tantamount to installing neon "bomb the gates oj Troy. As the legend goes, the people here" signs at all key military facilities. brought it into the city during the day but that night Clearcut air superiority is a rare phenom enon in a the soldiers inside the horse came out and opened the combat situation in the European theater . It is a luxury gates [or their Greek Army compatriots. The rest, of no coun try in that sphere of the world can afford to course, is history. They destroy Tro y. think it has. With the close proximity of neighb oring T hus, camouflage is mighty important to any military countries, faster aircraft, and improved surveillance force. Some countries have virtually ignored it when techniques, camouflage has never been more important they have had ground and air superiority but many than it is at the moment. have not. In an attempt to discover just what developm ents The U. S. Army, for instance, has not had to worry and doctrines have evolved from our allies in recent too much about camouflage dur ing the Korean and years, an engineer magazine staffer got some first­ Vietnam wars because it has enjoyed almost total air hand information from the Foreign Liaison officers superiority . A nd while the U. S. has allowed its camou­ from Germany, Great Britain, France, and Australia flage doctrine to blend into the back ground for at least who are assigned to the U. S. Army Engineer School at two decades. some of its allies have been vigorously Fort Belvoir, Virginia. pursuing improvements in cover and concealment doc­ All four officers have glowing military credentials trines . and are quite aware of the im portance of a sound cam­ Most of the European nations have long been advo­ ouflage program in their respectiv e armies. ~ cates of a strong camouflage policy. The reason for this Lieut enant Colonel Joachim Z ickert of the is obvious. The sho rt distance betw een nations has Germ an Army is a real expert in this field because t:

B worked on camouflage development at the German he holds a Masters Degree in Engineering and has gineer School in Munich and at the Office of the served as an instructor at the French Armor School. ermany Army in Cologne from 1956 to 1965. Major Tan R. Sarah of the Royal Australia Engineers Major Ralph B. Hill also is no stranger to camou­ is another who is no neophyte to camouflage doctrine flage. A graduate of the Royal Military Academy at as it pertains to the Australian Army. He is a graduate Sandhurst, the University of Cambridge, M.A., and the of the Royal Military College and holds a Masters British Army Staff College, he points out that camou­ Degree in Civil Engineering from the Royal Melbourne flage plays an important role in Britain's military pro­ Institute of Technology. He has served as a Construc­ gram. tion Officer with units in Australia, Borneo, and the Lieutenant Colonel Henri C. A iglon of the French Republic of Vietnam. Army says he used camouflage effectively as a combat Each of the four Foreign Liaison Officers painted engineer in Vietnam (1954) and Algeria (1961), A interesting pictures about the camouflage doctrines of graduate of the French Military Academy at Saint-Cyr, their respective nations. in turn, here is what they said-

Lieutenant Colonel Joachim Zickert developed the the night. Incidentally, the Russians were masters of camouflage manual utilized by the West German Army. camouflage during WW II and often operated under the The colonel believes that the role of camouflage penalty of death for those who failed to camouflage equipment is misunderstood. To illustrate, much atten­ effectively. n is given to new net designs, patterns, and material Generally, though, the colonel is against gimmickry­ nstruction, yet nets are primarily "aids" which should inflatable tanks, trucks, and so forth, which have re­ De used in conjunction with natural materials (cut ceived attention in recent years. He feels that for decoy branches), in natural surroundings (adjacent to groves action it would be far easier to put up many camouflage of trees). Many of the new nets carried in vehicle nets and have one tank mark up the terrain with an camouflage kits cover only a portion of the vehicle. abundance of tracks leading into the nets. This is to insure that the nets are set up adjoining Colonel Zickert says effective camouflage is depend­ natural vegetation, to be entirely effective. Concerning ent upon three key factors-first, the technical devel­ some of the new nets being developed by the U.S. Army opment of the art; secondly, the individual proficiency (i.e. the radar scattering net), Colonel Zickert says and willingness of the troops to camouflage; and finally, that they are technologically interesting and hold great the amount of emphasis the commander places upon promise for the future if properly developed. However, good camouflage. He pointed out that good camouflage he adds that the new nets could be "a lot of trouble" is nothing but "hard work." This becomes an aggravated due to the care which will probably be required of problem when the troops arrive at a site, begin to cam­ them so as not to damage the special net coatings. ouflage properly, then receive the order to move out. The ideal camouflage color for vehicles is a much At the next location when the word goes out to camou­ discussed topic among NATO nations. The colonel flage, the job will probably be done wtih less attention says each country feels it has the best all around color. to detail, if it is done at all. This is where command Some prefer "olive drab," others NATO green, He emphasis plays such an important role in assuring claims the color can almost be immaterial. The angle camouflage success. of light, natural background, and shadows are the key One final point he mentioned was the trade-off be­ factors in affecting color selection and camouflage tween "rapid movement" and "effective camouflage." success. It is possible that speed could dictate a limited use of In the area of camouflage simulation, he discussed camouflage techniques. With this era of more sophis­ an incident during World War II where the Germans ticated detection equipment (i.e . Side Looking Radar­ ied to deceive the Russians on the number and loca­ SLR) and nuclear capability, mobility must be weighed .n of motor vehicles by playing through loud speakers against stationary camouflage. e recorded sounds of tanks and trucks moving through

9 During the American Revolution the colonists intro­ tory that the British do as a matter of course, it isn't duced the British regulars to their familiar fire from getting too much publicity. behind rocks and trees a la the American Indian and Attitude experience and geography have led the other unsavory but successful fighting forces of the British since WWII to take camouflage more seriously period. The British, of course, were an army of gentle­ than its U.S. allies. Where we have and have had air men-well disciplined, organized, schooled in the superiority and seemingly inexhaustive stores of mobile classic battle tactics popular at Sandhurst, and well war machines , Major Hill cautions, the British have had dressed for the pageantry of battle in their red coats . to consider a more finite inventory of equipment, the If there had been bumper stickers in that period, you politics of international alliances with better equipped might have seen a comment like "Camouflage is Cut­ armies and a tactical role, as a consequence, which is throat" emblazoned in the colors of the Union Jack on more concerned with defense . Then too, one must con­ some carriage fixture. Those colonists certainly had sider geography and the close proximity of the British some nasty habits! Isles to the Iron Curtain nations of eastern Europe. Much has transpired among the British since our Experience has taught a lesson about hiding and wait­ political disassociation from Mother. We call it prog­ ing until the time is ripe for the offensive. ress, they understatedly call it change. Camouflage Americans, says Major Hill, seem impulsive and many doctrine certainly has "changed" since the Revolution, times appear hesitant about "wasting time" playing at if only in the sense that their combat costume is no camouflage in a combat environ . The "push-on, keep longer red and white. advancing" philosophy is the way the Americans do Major Ralph B. Hill, of the Army, discussed the battle . latter day Royal Engineer's approach to camouflage The British camouflage program is expanding a'l using American doctrine as a point of comparison and improving, according to Major Hill. Pattern pain t' contrast. The British, it seems, are more reliant on that is widespread on British tactical vehicles as a mat . old principle-discipline-and implementation of doc­ of policy these days, a departure from the old approach trine. That is to say that the emphasis is on the effective of repainting the olive drab equipment with pattern employment of available camouflage equipment and paint just prior to deployment on an operation. In gear rather than the technological advancement upon addition, all vehicles in troop units are equipped with which we seem to do well while our gear catches dust on a field camouflage kit that is designed for modification the shelves. The research and development people are and improvement when employed in a given piece of working on sophisticated radar scattering paints and terrain by individual crews. Camouflage fatigues, too, fabric and that is exciting news. If we are paying the are being introduced on a replacement basis for the attention to troop dispersion and the individual soldier's outdated field combat uniform of the past. proficiency with camouflage equipment in our inven-

The Australian camouflage doctrine is basically the bordered to the north by the lush, tropical environments same as the American and British doctrine, says Major of New Guinea, the Indonesian Archipelago, and finally, Ian Sarah of the Royal Australian Engineers. That the surrounding countries of Southeast Asia . country's present outlook, however, calls for a defensive The major says Australia had a sound camouflage posture, probably conducted in a tropical environment. program when it entered the Vietnam war. Jungle This has led to a greater emphasis on tropical camou­ camouflage was a fairly well developed aspect of thl flage development in the Australian Army. The "Land warfare program and all personnel passed through . Down-Under" is situated in the Southwest Pacific, Jungle Training Center at Canungra, Australia, befor ­

10 going to Vietn am . At Canungra the troops were able calls a Republic of Vietnam "battalion sweep" on which • brush up on their camouflage techniqu es in a realis­ as an observer, he witnessed a classic example of ho w . enviro nme nt. not to camouflage. H e says that the six foot- six inch The "SAS" forces (Special Air Service), equivalent advisor to the unit wore a shiny, red and yelIow lac­ to the US Special F orces, arc among the most adept q uered helmet which bobbed alon g the horizon , visible users of camouflage. They rely greatly on expert cam­ for miles. The battalion commander's jeep was gar­ ouflage to assist them in carrying out that portion of nished with the unit insignia and adorne d with numer­ their role involving pr olonged periods of activity deep ous ant ennae. Th e major added th at many of the troops into enemy territory. on the sweep carri ed transistor radi os which blared It should be noted th at while jun gle or tropical cam­ away . H e recalls being am azed at the lack of attenti on ouflage has received the greatest amount of emphasis to camouflage and sound discipline . However , th e unit in recen t yea rs, conve ntional or European type camo u­ still captured six enemy soldiers during the sweep. flage doctrine is also covered in Australian Army When asked if the Vietnam experience changed any courses of instruction. Ob viously however, there are views the A ustralian Army ma y have had on camou­ just fewer opportunities to employ this type of camou­ flage doctrine, Maj or Sar ah repl ied that it had not. He flage in the tropic al environment of the Pa cific Sou th­ says their jungle cam ouflage doctrine was well develop ed west. before Vietna m entere d the picture and the lessons there H avin g served a tour in Vietnam, Major Sarah re- merel y reinforced existing practice. FRANCE

One of the first points made by Lieutenant Colon el entire platoon and company size camouflage units can / I enri C. Aiglon was the imp ortance of individual train­ be found. However, gre ater emphasis is placed upon \. g with referenc e to camouflag e employment. The individual skills than with units as a whole. colonel says the use of camouflag e should be aut o­ On the topi c of camo uflage equipment used by his matic-troops should know how to camouflage and country's forces, he repl ied that it is bas ically quite begin to do so even with out word from the commander. similar to that used by the oth er NATO nations. For His example of the prope r troop response was related example, the " ba rracuda " net, utilized to cove r vehicles to his experiences in Vietnam in the early fifties. At that and field artilery pieces, is of Swedish design, but is time he was a young Engineer platoon leader attached licensed for construction and use in France and seve ral to a Foreign Legion Battalion. His unit took heav y other countries. enemy fire as they wer e crossing a rice paddy and im­ The colonel discussed camouflage with reference to mediately his men began digging in with entrenching the three basic types of warfare: A conventional , Euro­ tools, improving their positions. His point of emphas is pean theater war; a guerrilla war; and lastl y, a nucl ear here was tha t no orde r was given by him to dig in. The war. In the first two cases, the historic use of camo u­ men ha d the pro per training, kn ew what to do, and flage is obvi ous - it can be of tremendous importance . responded accordingly. So it should be, he continu es, Tn the third, the nuclear wa r, camouflage "does not fit" with camouflage employment. in the classic sense, says the colonel. If a troop con­ Colonel Aiglon conc edes that pr oper camouflage centra tion or othe r significant target is detected, in less ut ilization can be boring and exhausting work, but it than two and a half hou rs a tactical nuclear warhead mu st be done. And a good commander wiII see that it is could be launched on the location. In such a ca se, done. In the French Army, camouflage is rega rded as a mobility may be the best mean s of avoiding detection . " reflex and fighting attitude" of individuals and crews, Finally, in the area of detection. the colonel adds says the colonel. In other words, camouflage should be that the developm ent of sophisticated sensors by th e pursued with as much vigor and attention as secur ity, hunter, and in turn, electronic countermeasures by the maintenance of weapons, or sound and light disciplin e. hunted, ha ve greatly altered the state of the art. Thus This is not to say th at indivi duals and crews are it is expected that electron ic detection will make the ie only are a to receive emphasis in French camouflage employment of camouflage in future war fare a very octrinc. On the contrary, at the Army Corps level volatile situ ation. e

11

John W . Savage, Jr.

The rebels put cats in the traps. Th e dogs barked . We thought the rebels were trapped and closed in. Then they closed in on us. That my friend was a game ." "You worry too much," laughed the brash lieutenant as he smoothed the cool barrel of his M.A.T. 49 sub­ machine gun. "My pet and I will take good care of you." Seven kilometers further along the road and DuBois' fears would be confirmed and Du rand's jests would be forever stilled in a fusillade of bull ets and mortar fire that a ls o '\V~~ul d take the lives of 23 other brave French­ men. Durand did not realize that his enemy, the Viet Minh, ' ''l~ p~J;only daring on the ir,s ~dt<, but bUlk,too~" : 9FI ~ tfo rln: qf the lush .veget ationthat gre:v u.p .to_• t . q~ ' Qr'this: verdant country, this Viet Nam.. 9 ty c(~~ n ce~ I . Wany thili'is -s ~JJJ i gh t , animals, It, Il arid aeathl '" .' « : .:..f'" "i ~ i" ~,t :tlie-ir war in Indo-China were thi 'rig~, one ,of which. was th~ over­ Here is a close-up of the "stinger" in action, a tractor attachment on the "Rome Plow" which stings slices large trees. The 4,600-pound blade attached to this "Rome Plow," simply tears through the tree.

next couple of hours the hot blade is sharpened to a fine These " Rome Plows" swoep Irees, heavy und ergrowth, and rubble edge with a special grinder. out of their way as ea sily as a hot knife

14 • Lieutenant Colonel E. N. Jones " ott a' minute, Soldier? Have you ever been caught everyone else in the unit to "get with Old Hess" and ( J in a emba rrassing situation or in a place where straighten things out. you shouldn't have been? What'd you do? That's right Okay , so you're probably thinking about now that -exactly what the normal person would do; "color" maybe there is something to this. "camouflage thing" the situation to make it look like something other since you are involved. You probably didn't receive a than it is. Your purpose-Make yourself less con­ lot of instruction on camouflage during BeT. If you spicuous, Or in other words, blend into the background. want a little self-education get copies of FM 5-20 That, Soldier, is called camouflage. You did it naturally. and TM 5-200, and read them. There's nothing magic Why? Because you were directly involved! or complic ated about camouflage . You just have to Now let's apply the same logic to you in your use a few simple principles and apply common sense. everyday activities in the field, and you know what? To bring you up to date with what's going on in the Y ou are directly involved, you should attempt to blend camouflage program, it's worthwhile to mention a few into the background, you should be less conspicuous, things. The Army is looking hard at camouflage, and you should do this naturally, but some how, for your needless to say, a "prod" to get things moving is reason, you don't And you know-it just doesn't underway, School training circulars are being revised, make sense, because "your hide" is at stake! You're commanders are emphasizing, and new equipments are right if you've decided that what I'm saying is-you being developed. If you haven't felt the impact in the and I are lousy in our practice of camouflage in the field yet, you will. The push is forthcoming. So you field. say to yourself-so Department of the Army is con­ Let's take a look at a recent report written around cerned , they're going to put the "pressure on" and observations of camouflage, as you and I practice it get on with this camouflage "kick"- so what? Well­ in the field. During the spring of 1972, a camouflage if you'll pause for a moment and look at the situation team from the US Army Mobility Equipment Research from a practical viewpoint , pose an answer to this and Development Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, ob­ question, "Where should the camouflage "push" come served some field exercises conducted by combat units. from?" Remember the enemy doesn 't like you and the The team's purpose was not only to provide technical next time he sees you, he aims to do something about assistance to the troops on camouflage practice, but it! So-pardon me. Think I'll blend into the back­ also to evaluate the effectiveness of the Army 's camou­ ground , because I am involved. Wanta' join me? And flage materiel and doctrine. To be perfectly frank, you by the way, believe I'll check on "Old Hoss" too, and I didn't "place" too well! Without exception, each because he involves all of usl! e individual could have improved. Even though you personally may practice camouflage Lieutenant Colonel E. N. Jones, is the former Chief to the Nth degree and you are so well blended into the of the Mat eriel Division, Combat Developments Com­ background that "daylight has to be piped to you," mand Engineer Agency. He is a veteran of both the remember one thing! Camouflage is not just an in­ Korean and Vietnam Wars and has been an Army dividual effort, but a team/unit effort, becaus e that 's aviator for 19 years. A graduate of Georgia Tech. the the way we get our job done . Every member of the colonel's basic branch is the Corps oj Engineers. He unit does his share of the unit effort. Of course if has held a number of engineer assignments throughout "Old Hess," your die-hard, faithful buddy doesn 't the world, including a tour of du ty as a staff officer in camouflage, he sticks out like a sore thumb and ex­ the O ffice of the Chief oj Engin eers. Colonel Jones is poses the whole unit's position or activities. Then you currently assigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency become directly involved. So it behooves you and in the Pentagon.

15 T E ELP U 100

rom Black Widow spiders to delicate optical instru­ tion of all the web needed for the exercise, two or thre e Fment s to an inspired sense of self-confidence seems of the shiny black spiders are kept in glass jars at all a strange path, but stud ents of the Topographic Instru­ times, well fed on a diet of crickets. Since the Black ment Repair Course at the U.S. Army Engineer Center, Widow is poisono us and conside red dangerous, at least Fort Belvoir, Virginia, follow it regul arly. two people must be pre sent when one is handled. When Newly arrived students for the l 2-week course often web is needed, the spider is placed on a pointer or other find themselves overwhelmed at the thought of learning long implement and encouraged to drop down, sus­ to dismantle, repair and reassemble the levels, tr ansits, pended by her web. alidades and other sensitive optical instruments used The web is then transferr ed to a spool, which is in surveying, charting and mapping, but several of the turned by hand to take up the web as the spider spins. instruments lend themselves to shoring up wavering When enough web has been obtained, the spider is confidence. returned to her home; the web is then washed with A number of them cont ain a spider web cro ss-hair in acetone and either installed in an instrument or store d. the "eye-piece" to aid in accurate re adings over long Blaek Widow web has been used for many yea rs in distances. Course instructors have discovered that suc­ instruments because its unique mon ofilament struct ure cessfully mastering the seemingly impossible techn ique is smoo ther and retains its shape bett er th an the cab le­ of obtaining eno ugh suitable web, washing, and finally like polyfilamen t web of other spiders. Web cross-hairs installing it acc urately in tiny grooves, convinces the nearly 80 years old are still in use. average student that he is capable of handling the most Although modern optical instruments now hav intricate repair steps. etched glass cross-hairs instead of Black Widow we Th ere is an additional, pr actical aspect, too- having the tiny strands, over 100 times the strength of a proved to himself th at he can do it, the stud ent is ready similar strand of steel, still serve to keep many excellent to tackle the job in the field, com plete with safely instrum ents operating, and to weave a background of coax ing enough web from th e near est Black Widow. self-confidence for each succeeding class of students. Although the school does not rely on local produc­ Hail to the Black Widow! e

The Black Widow spins a single strand of web as a safety line in the adjacent photo. In the two photos (lower right, page 17), first a student examines a spool of newly collected web before beginning the next step. Then, tiny strands in minute grooves are placed in the reticle.

16 A student takes the final st ep as he puts the reassembled instrum ent through a post-overhaul checkout und er th e watchful eye of an inst ruct o r. By now he fe els thot d elicate screw s, m irrors, g ears, ond len ses will be no problem, since he ha s octuolly in stalled" sp iderw e b and made it work. COMBAT SECURITy....J CAMOUFLAGE ~ ENGINEER STAFF

R emember that old childhood game- H ide and Seek? to remote sensing, particularily the electromagnetic Well, that about sums up the objective of military spectru m from ultraviolet through rad ar wave lengths. cam ouflage. If the enemy cannot find you, he is in Active measures intended to jam, interfere , or other­ trouble. This, however, is not a simple task. Today, wise render ineffective the remote sensing mean s or its advances in remote sensing systems and information tran sport are excluded from this definition. processing ha ve mad e it necessary to counter tho se Camouflage technol ogy ha s been defined by Center surveillanc e means in order to reduce the vulnerability experts as a science that is required to minimize the of targets and target complexes. probability of detection, identi fication and location of The Ar my has placed little emphasis on camouflage personn el, structures, material, and terrain features, for many year s but a major effort is now underway to including spoor, through passive means of hiding, change that. Ju st 10 months ago, the U.S . Army Mate­ blend ing, disguise, and simulation. riel Command (AMC) designated the U .S. Army In its role as lead laboratory for camoufl age tech­ Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center nology, the Center has instituted a vigorous effort to (M ERDC ) at Fort Belvoir, Virginia , as the lead lab­ assess the vulnerability of AM C systems and to reduce or atory for camouflage techn ology. their vulnerability by building camouflage features into Since that time, the Center's effort has included equipment design. This includes measures on existin(r camouflage again st all militaril y significant approaches equipment , where pr acticable, but is aimed primarilj

A typical camouflage exercise is being performed during project MASSTER.

18 Here are two excellent examples of camouflage.-A two and a half ton truck under four Sullivan Nets during Lanyard test (above) and a desert type pup tent covering. at the long -term devel opment items. A concert ed, cessfully . The con cept is a compressible foam, which Center-funded , AMC-widc start on this "built-in" can be rapidly molded to the configur ation of he camouflage effort was initiated last May. arche type target item and vacuum packaged to less A co untcrsurveillance anal ytical tool for cate gori zing 1/ J 0 o riginal bulk for storage and transport. The , targ ets, as a function of signa ture, was developed und er recovers original bulk and configuration when unpa ck ~· contract with the Stanford Research In stitute. This aged. T he Land Warfare Labo ratory (LWL) conducted computer model pred icts th e vulne rability of targets experiments for the Research and Development Cen ter and the effectiveness of camouflage treatments relative on gro und mobilization of helicopters for camouflage to the various senso r threats. T he model is being exer­ siting. T he LWL also made progress on reduction of cised and refined in-house on a Com bat Developments glare from helic opter cockpit can opies and rotor blades. Command 6600 computer. Sub-routines are being A demonstr ation of the state-of-th e-art camouflage add ed to determine the effect on terrain massing, ro cap abil ity was conducted at MASSTER (Mobile Army perform cost effectiveness evalua tions, and to pro vide Sensor System, T est, Evaluation and R eview ), Fort a graphical read-out capability. Hood, Texas, during exercises one year ago. The exer­ Two computer pr ograms have been developed in­ cises pointed up the camoufl age problem of the field house to aid in design of camo uflage material. One. the army. As a result , MASSTER exercises ar e being Photomatch program, is being tested to predict the rc­ planned for troop indoctrination on camouflage prac­ sponse of camouflage colorants to spectrozonal pho­ tices, and for devi sing, testing, and evaluating new tography, which will minimize the need for field evalua­ camouflage techniques and material. The Center has tion of development materia ls. The second, the Co1 0r­ established a team on- site to provide a con tinuing qui ck mat ch pr ogram, wiJJ enable computer ized formulation reacti on capability to meet new camouflage needs as of camouflage colorant s to meet any desired spectral they are iden tified in the MASSTER exercise. characteristics, and thus eliminate the inefficien t "cut Oth er actions include development of a complete and try" pr ocess form erly required in color develop­ camouflage system for the H awk missile system . The ment. Preliminary result s, using a base of 18 pigment s, system is expected to be rapidl y deployable and com­ have been ver ified for blends in the visible spec trum. patible with H awk operations. AdditionaJIy, a new The program is being exp anded to a base of several ca mouflage screening system will replace the obso­ hundred pigment s and to cove r the ncar infrared spec­ lescent burlap-garnished, cotto n twine netting. - \ trum as well as special camouflage spe ctral character­ pr incipal components of the system are a ba sic . istics. goba l net cove ring 900 squa re feet and a diamond­ The Center is participating in a joint No rth Atl antic sha ped filler net to maintain symmetry when two or Treaty Organi zation ( NA T O) pro gram to assess the more hexagonal nets arc joined. It is fabricated of vulnerability to detection and identification of militar y polyester garni shed with polyvinyl chloride coated spun­ eq uipment, and measur e the effectiveness of camouflage bonded nylon, each being equipped with quick conn ect­ treatm ents. The effecti vene ss of progress levels of disconnect devices to permit rapid emplacement and camoufla ge will be evaluated as a function of cost and removal. Two basic and fil1 er nets can be joined in effort. Th e plan is being coordinated with NATO coun­ five minutes, with additions in less time. tries for implementation during Fiscal Year 1973 . One module, including basic and a filler net and a Th ere has been progress. An expe rimental far infra­ repair kit, weigh s 50 pounds with carrying ca se . It is red cam ouflage system for concea ling heat-producing designed to provide co ncealment from visual, radar, targets, such as generator sets, has been demo nstrnted photographic, and near-infrared detecti on. The screen­ successfully. It is a modul ar system and will incorp orate ing system will be provided in color co mbinations for visual and rad ar camouflage characteristics to provide use in woodland, desert, and snow areas. It is reve rsible a broad spec trum con cealment. to adjus t to seasonal and color differences existing in Also. the Macroscopc, a compact, indoor rad ar test nature. range, began experimental ope ration in 1972. With use In addition to easier and more rapid handling than of 1/10 scale models of targets, the frequ ency is scaled the large assortment of sizes, shapes, and color blend s to simul ate operational rad ar sensors. This provides a found in (he curre nt standa rd burl ap-garnished cotton detailed ta rget signature analytical ca pability and mini ­ nets, the new system also offers advan tages in durability mizes expensive, time-c onsuming field measurements. and resistance to water and oil absorption. Measur es for signature suppression were studied to Th e woodl and blend completed engineer testin g last provide input to prototype developments by o ther AMC March and currentl y is und ergoing service tests in laborat ories. Panama. A contract was awarded in J972 to de ~ There have been othe r successes. A model of a foam a proc ess for quantity production of this new )j simulato r ha s been developed and demonstrated sue­ weight camouflage screening system. ~

20 Captain G. W. Gipe

CamOuflage is one of the tools of warfare whic h, when never in question so enemy air ob ser vati on was not a properly planned and impl em ented, can save lives and problem. Bec ause the enemy threat was from infiltra­ win battles . Sun Tzu, Chinese philosopher of 25 cen­ tion as oppose d to air power, we not only did not turies ago, recognized that when he said, "A ll warfare ca mouflage our bas e camps, we did everything we is ba sed on deception .. . When able to attack we must could to elimina te the camouflage we had by stripping seem unable : When using our forces, we must seem lar ge are as surrounding those bases. inacti ve: Wh en we are near , we must make the enemy Tn future wars, we may not have the luxury of air believ e we are fa r away. " sup eriority. Instead of base camps, large scale, highly Ale xander of Macedoni a also rec ognized it when he mobile land forces will move constantly, qu ickly est ab­ used camouflage and decepti on to cross the H ydaspes lishing and breaking bivou acs. Because air superiority River and defeat Porus in 326 BC will not be assured, the enemy obs er vation threat will World Wars I and II both contain numerous exam­ have to be counte red . This is where camouflage becomes ples of camouflage operations such as Operation Ex­ important to the tactical commander. ploit, a deception operation in which engineers wer e Camouflage is defin ed as providing the enemy with required to construc t and occ upy a decoy bridge park visual misinformation. The engineer ha s a unique role filled with dummy materials in preparation for crossing in camouflage. Not only is he responsible , as all com­ the Rhine. manders are, for the camouAage of his uni t, but he is In Korea, camouflage was used to a lesser extent. also responsible for pr oviding technical advice and , in Vietn am , camouflage was virtually igno red. assistance to the units he is suppor ting. For inst ance, oes this mean camouflage is no lon ger necessar y? F M 5-1 , Engineer Troop Organi zations and Oper a­ ite the contrary. In Vietnam, air superiority was tions states that "engineers advise and assist other

21 Patterned Painted Bquipment af the 17th Bng In, 2n J,

.' od, Texas, which was utilized during Project MASSTER. troops in utilization of natural features which will aid vanced Course gives two hours and the NCO Basic in camouflage and concealment. . . . Engineers may offers five. install and move decoys, fabricate disguises, and con­ Work also is being done in the area of materials. struct covered routes and positions." Mobility Equipment Research and Development Can This means that as the camouflage experts, the engi­ rnand (MERDC) at Fort Belvoir, is currently testing neers could be called upon to evaluate routes of ad­ a "Light Weight Screening System." This plastic and vance from a camouflage point of view, advise com­ nylon net will replace the old burlap-garnished cotton manders on dispersion and time required for camou­ twine net. In addition to being lighter in weight, the flaging, write camouflage plans and Standard Operating net can effectively defeat most types of radar and Procedures (SOP's), construct dummies and decoys, photographic infrared, and plan the camouflage of large installations such as At Fort Hood, Texas, the Modern Army Selected supply dumps, air fields, and POL tank farms. Systems Test Evaluation and Review Center (Project MASSTER) has been tasked with assisting in devel­ Prior to the late 1960's many of the highly technical oping and evaluating new camouflage doctrine, tech­ tasks might have been assigned to an Engineer Camou­ niques and materials in coordination with Army Mate­ flage Company. This organization was designed to riel Command, Combat Developments Command, and train the units it supported to plan and construct the the Continental Army Command. To do this, the 2nd camouflage for installation and to inspect and advise Brigade of the 2nd Armored Division and the units supported units on camouflage discipline and training. supporting the brigade, arc in the process of pattern The last Camouflage Company was deactivated in the painting their vehicles. Elements of the brigade have 1960's. been issued German and US modular camouflage nets If you could not find an Engineer Camouflage Com­ that arc currently under development. pany, you might have been able to find a Camouflage Limited numbers of camouflage uniform tunics and Specialist (MOS 51 E) who could assist in the more individual camouflage nets also will be issued, Some technical aspects of camouflage. Unfortunately there fairly exotic equipment also will be demonstrated. A are only a handful of these individuals left in the Army. plastic foam dispenser that can be used to change the If you could not come up with a Camouflage Com­ shape of objects has stirred interest. Another interes pany or Camouflage Specialist, you might have been grabber is the terrain reflector. This device is used able to find a few camouflage nets. However, due to reflect the terrain between the observer and the cam the decreased emphasis on camouflage during the 1960's flaged abject. very little new camouflage equipment was produced. What is the purpose of all these tests and dernonstra­ For the most part existing nets have become unserv­ tions? They should provide answers to some very basic icahlc through use or lack of it. With a few exceptions, questions about camouflage and camouflage doctrine. the nets have become almost as rare as the Camouflage Questions like-Should you try to usc camouflage nets Specialists. in a highly mobile environment or is the time lost in All in all, the picture is not very bright. So what is erecting and dismantling the nets not worth the added being done about camouflage now? Tnereased interest camouflage') If you do carry nets on tanks, where do in camouflage at the highest levels is being felt through­ you carry them? How do you camouflage a helicopter? out the Army. Several proposals are currently being How much training does the individual soldier really studied at the Department of the Army level. If need? Where docs camouflage fit on a highly mobile, adopted, they will have a significant impact on the rapidly changing battlefield of the future? camouflage program. Among these arc proposals to While these and other questions may not be totally pattern paint all tactical vehicles, issue camouflage answered at Fort Hood, a start will be made. The re­ uniforms as standard for selected units and modify sults will have far-reaching effects on the Army, and existing Tables of Organization and Equipment to re­ particularly the Corps of Engineers, in the years just quire selected battalion-size units to have a trained ahead. camoufluer on its staff. These individuals would be What Sun Tzu said 2,500 years ago still holds true! trained at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and identified by a Military Occupational Specialty prefix. Captain C. W. Gipe is currently serving as an in­ Another proposal is to increase the camouflage in­ structor and branch chief in the Field Engineering struction that is being presented at the various service Branch of the Department of Applied Engineering at schools, At present, the Engineer Officer Advanced Fort Belvoir, Va . He is a Distinguished Militarv Grad­ Course at Fort Belvoir receives no camouflage instruc­ uate of the University of California at Berkel~Y. ~ ' ~~ tion . And the Officer Basic Course there offers only captain has served two tours in Vietnam and is a gf :; one hour. The Engineer Noncommissioned Officer Ad­ uate of the Engineer Officer Advanced Course. .

24 into the moats and walls of medieval Europe and the engineering marvels of Vauban. Obstacles (usually fences, ditch es, and walls ) ha ve helped hold attackers at bay since before recorded history. Some have held for a few days, some for centuries. Today, man y countries of the free world have potentially hostile frontiers at which tactical sur prise could prov e decisive. Prom inent among these are West Germany, Gre ece, Turkey, Israel, and South Korea. All face the threat , and some have experienced in­ vasion in the recent past. The communist invasion of South Korea in 1950 achieved a measure of tactical sur prise. Despite the mountain barriers in much of the area, enemy columns spearheaded by a few score tanks advanced rapidl y along historic invasion corridors. They shattered much of the deploying Republic of Korea Army north of the Han River and in a few weeks had chased the remnants to Pu san . In 196 8, the Soviet Army and other Communist Bloc forces dashed into Czecho­ Robert B. Bockting slovakia so quickly that resistance was out of the question . The degree of warning versus surprise ex­ perienced in that instance is probably typical of that to be expected in Central Eu rope. There is no gua rante e against a renewal of this attack nor against a surprise invasion of any country bordering the iron curtain . In no instance can the readiness of forces alone suffice to counter the adv an­ This article elaborates a concept that could one day tages inevitably accruing to the aggressor. By the make a cont ribution in the field of barriers. Wh ether same token, natural barri ers alone, however formid­ you readers accept it or not is beside the point. He able, have prov en inad equ ate. The challenge to today's offers this free thought to yo u so that it may attract military engineer is to devise a barrier system to consideration as a solution to part of the problem of counter as far as possible the att acker's advantages. frontier defense . The modern barrier system must be primarily effective against tanks and armored vehicles and must over­ he tank s roar westward on the autobahn at top come the element of surprise and the consequent lack speed. Their thrust gains nearly complete sur ­ of time for barrier construction and force deployment. prise, ending the tension of the past few days . Up The completion of an effective system using current ahead, flanking a defile, stands an odd, tower-like obstacle types requires several days, the efforts of concrete structure. Let us call it a Topple Tower. many hundreds of men, and the transport of vast There is a flash at its base and an explosive thud . amo unts of material. This virtually preclud es the con­ With that, the structure cra shes across the roadways. struction of a conventional barrier of effective pro­ Amid the dust it app ears like a huge cheval-de-frise. portions after an attack mat eriali zes. The obvious The armored column slows, its mine plows and assault alternative, that of pre-hostilitie s construction, has bridg es useless against this massive barricade. Th e serious limitations. sappers will have to try to blast this one; or, in time, Currently, the most prominent an titank barrier com­ they may reduce it with gunfire. Meanwhile, the tank ponent is the minefield . H owever, minefields emplaced column is stopped. in peacetime are a decid ed liability. They render con­ Th e men ace of surprise on a threatened fronti er is siderable areas ha zardous. Th ey deteriorate in effec­ not new. No defender can afford to keep all his forces tiveness , and are expensive and dangerous to maintain. poised and alert everywhere, indefinitely. Th e antidote, While a minefield will disable some of the vehicles lc and present , is the physical barrier. Th e ditch which attempt to cross it, this does not always. stop harpened stakes which blunted the rush of Teu ­ a tank attack. How, then, can an armored column, c warri ors on temporary Roman camps evolved striking by surprise along an autobahn or through

25 an open valley, be stopped? troop safety hazard; and needs no special weather, The Topple Tower is a promising innovation. Th e wind, or soil conditions. concept consists basically of a series of reinforced It is a more effective obstacle than most ty, , \ concrete towers with chambers for explosives built currently used in barriers since it cannot be eros V into their foundations. Th ese are constructed singly or with assault bridging nor breached with mine plows in groups at suitable locations so that when felled or rollers. It can be used in multipl es to provide a they form a barrier. Th e towers are formed with continuous lateral barrier or to increase the barrier projecting limbs , some of which (when the tower is depth. felled) are driv en into the earth to support and anchor Finall y, it is a credible det erren t to attack and, the structure. The remaining limbs extend upward and by its nature, non -escallatory. Whcn used in clusters, outwa rd increasing the height and width of the obstacle. it can form a more formidable obstacle than a nucl ear Th e illustration shows the basic tower in both the demolition, at a fraction of the cost, and with none standing and felled positions, of the inhibiting constraints. In its preferred form, the tower is usually some Th e concept presented here is based on the innova­ 75 to 100 feet in height. It is constructed in rather tion of an obstacle type which is untried and untested . massive design, about six or more feet thick at the It is so simple, however, that most aspects of its use base tapering to ab out four feet at the top . Projecting are evident or calculable. limbs as thick as the tower at their roots and six to Th e free world nations which border iron curtain eight feet long are spaced in clusters of four at inter­ count ries need barriers primarily to discourage aggres­ vals along the tower. -They extend radially from the sion and , should that fail , to gain time for force trunk of the structure at right angles to the tower and depl oyment. Thi s early delay rem ains as strategically to each other. Coils of barbed wire are integral with vital today as it has proved repeatedly du ring the the structure to inhibit breaching. centuries from Th ermopylae to Bastogne. Deterrence The Topple Tower is not intended to completely is enhanced by the potenti al attacker 's knowledge that supplant current obstacle types, but to be used as the time lost at a barri er can cancel the element of basic ingredi ent of a barrier system including other surprise. types of obstacles. It is conceived as the backbone The system proposed is, up to this point, a skeletal element of the system because of a unique series of one. Installed prior to an invasion, it quickly crea t feat ures. barrier in the immediate vicinity of the frontier. T his obstacle can be installed in peacetime because purpose is to stall the sort of bre akthroughs whi it will last indefin itely, requires virtually no mainte­ led to the fall of Fr ance in 1940 and stunned the nance, and presents no hazard to persons or property. Egyptians in the Sinai in 1967. The skeletal barri er It removes an insignificant area of real estate from should prevent a blitz from gaining enough momentum its usual economic use and presents no hinderance to to par alyze defending forces and keep them off bal ance. movement until felled . This solves part of the problem, and the delay The Topple To wer is responsive to an emergency achieved with the Toppl e Tow ers permits the barrier or crisis situation since it can be executed (felled) zone to be expanded . in a few minu tes if an attack should be launched with Barrier design involves selection of obstacle types and little or no wa rning. By installing the explosives, it devising a method for their arrangement. Conventional can be brought to a high state of readiness in the barrier doctrine is well known, having been exhaus­ event of a peri od of political tension. If linked by wire tively restat ed for decades. Innovations in these tactics or radio to a central control, several hundred of these are need ed. obstacles can be readied for insta nt and simultaneous Onc e an attack materiali zes, the full potenti al of execution . To block defiles it may usually be used mine warf are may be exploited. Let us explore some singly. For wide areas, the towers would be spac ed in possibilities. series so that when felled a continuous linear obstacle In Central Europe much of the terrain is wooded, is formed. with a network of forest roads which are easily pa ss­ Th e tower is characteristically more versatile than able to tanks. Th ese areas are ideal for off-road in­ other obstacles since it can be exec uted safely near stallation of rocket type antitank mines. The ease of or within towns or cities with little danger to in­ concealment of the mines is coupled with can alization habitants or damage to property. The tower need not of enemy vehicles . The rocket mine has a command necessarily be felled by explosives. Its base may be fire opti on . A number of them may be set at inte rvals so constructed that the stru ctu re can be toppl ed with along both sides of a forest road . Fired in salvo, a suitable jack . It requires no special release authoriza­ effect on an enemy column should be devesta ~ tion or unusual precauti onary proc edures; presents no Unlike man y other weapons, comm and firing of m __"

26 does not disclose the firer. This " ho rnets nest" of For several years, the Wa rsaw Pact forces have off-r oad mines need not be limited to a single salvo . possessed supe rior eq uipment and techniques for cross­ reover, the installation should include claym ore ing wate rw ays. M an y of th eir vehicles arc amphibians, rc mines to be fired when enemy tr oops att empt and their battle tanks employ sno rkels which permit o dism ount. A cluster of these min es for ms a better th em to ford all but the largest rivers . The limiting obstacle than either an abatis or crat er. It requires factor s are bottom and bank conditions. These co n­ less time to emplace. It is harder to detect by enemy dition s mak e cross ing sites pred ictabl e and permit reconnaissance and is a direct casualty pr oducer . Being countermeasures, Mining of banks and approaches either cont rolled or readily deac tivated by friendly would have obvious adv antages. Comma nd detonated forces , it does not inhibit counterattack . Sensors to mines appear promi sing if fired in salvoes. More detect enem y approach would enhance these tactics. imp or tant, however , ar c the ad vantages created for Now let us co nsider the un forested areas. Usually the use of flame foulgasses and similar flame devices. it is her e that the most serious armored thre at exists. Swimming vehicles and sno rkeling tanks are particu­ Th ou gh the more critical defiles ma y be blocked by larly vulnerable to flam e attack. R estr icted crossing Topple T owers , th ey sho uld be reinforc ed . Min efield s zones and slo w speed inhibit evasive m aneu ver. Flame are the best obstacle for this purpose, but the spee d fuel spreads wel l on a wa ter surface, whil e stream of their installation mu st be increased . Ti me cannot ban ks co ncentrate its effects and hamper the enemy's be spa red for bu rying mines. Instead they will be escape. distributed o n the sur face from a vehi cle or sca tte re d In summary, severe tim e limitat ions will dictate by other m eans. Nearly all ag ricultural land is sown future barrier techniqu es. Doctrine can no longer be habitu ally in some form of cover cro p, if only to based on causing enemy attritio n by the co nve ntional prevent soil er osion. Suitable ca mo uflage crops shou ld mass use of mines. We cannot afford to mine all be grown delib erately in pot ential m inefield sites . Hay approaches, but only those th at are small or restr icted . crops, either sta nding or mow n wou ld provide goo d Mines should be used h abitu ally in close association camo uflage. with other weapon s systems and usually as part of In proper seas on, grai n crops or soy bean s are lik ely an am bush. M ined areas sho uld be sited to set-up th e candi dates. T his will permit much Lister installation of enemy force for de struction by preven tin g his maneuver ines an d a suitable cam oufl age at each location. under fire and restri ctin g his withdra wal. As often as I'h e Sov iets hav e excelle nt training and equipment possible, the use of mines should be associated with or min efield breaching and river crossing. An imp roved at least a local counterattack. friendly barrier technique mu st include meth ods for The tactics proposed here emphasize concentration counteri ng these enemy specia lties. of action at a given tim e and place for grea ter shock Soviet un its breach minefields with a heavy roller effect . Command deton ation affords selectivity between or set of plows attached to the front of a tank. The friend and foe, allo wing unobstructed friendly man eu­ mines ar e detonated either beneath the roll er or in ver. The advent of sensors increases th e opportunities front of the plows. The roller is massive and rare ly to use command initi ated mines , coordinated with sustains dam age. Wh en it does, its parts are readily other weapons and countera ttack. replaced . The plows usually rem ove pressure fused Th e philosophy und erlying thes e concepts stems from mines without detonation . H ere again, the rugged tradition al western mili tary th ou ght and training which construction of th e plows usu ally limits damage if str ess the ideal that an enemy should be defeated by detonation occurs. a decisive act rather than by a strategy of gradual and A simple me thod of defeat ing the se plows and cumulat ive attrition . The pr op osals attempt to offset ro llers is ava ilab le using sta nda rd supply items. The th e effec t of surprise, to co unter other known enemy technique is implem ented as follows. In the forward advantages, and to increase barrier effective ness at edge of a minefield a number of antitank mines are reduced cost. e fused and buried convention ally. T hese are each linked with detonating cord and blasting caps to two inverted shaped charges bur ied below plow depth. The shape d charges arc located about four m eters closer to the R obert B. Bockting has served in W orld War II enemy side of the min efield than to th e fused min es. and the Korean Wa r. H e was a fight er pilot during T hey should be about four meters fro m each other WWll and was recalled in 1950 to see duty in K orea to assure that one of them will be det onated beneath with the Seco nd Infantr y Division . Mr. Bockting re­ tank as the ro ller or plow initiates the fused min e. tired from the Army R eserve with the rank of ma jor pull fuse is added to th e fused mine to insure that in 1971. He has been a civilian em ploye e of the Army will detonate if encountered by a plow. Corps of E ngineers since 1946.

27 11 is gratifying to note that since word got out in the ties, Iack of reusable enginee r materiel stocks, lack of Fall 1972 Issue of the enginee r that Ar my T rain­ adeq uate training bud get, lack of time to prepare for ing Program 5-35T had been drafted for testing in the training, an d rigidity of the present training system . Combat Engineer Battalion, Corps or Ar my, requests • Areas 110t seriously impacting on tr aining for the for that training publica tion have been steadily stream­ Ac tive Army and Reserve Component Engineer units ing into the office of the Engineer Dynamic T rain ing were lack of adequate trai ning aids, safe ty restrictions, Council at F ort Belvoir, Virginia. Hundreds of cop ies lack of emphas is by higher headq uarters, and res istance of the new ATP S-3ST already have been disp atched to depart from traditional tra ining techniques . to Active Army and Reser ve Co mponent Enginee r units • The Ac tive Army engineer trai ne rs considered post worldwi de. support, small unit training and drug abuse as being The Council is extremely happy with this type of "under-rated," and comma nd inspec tions and ra ce rela­ response from the field but now it is time to look at tions "over-rated" by the senior Army lea dership as the othe r side of th e coin and reflect. The Council urges probl ems dema nding the attention of sma ll uni t lead­ you to send in letters expressing your can did opinion ers. of the training value of ATP 35T, its strong and weak • T he Reserve Co mponent engineer trainers con­ points, and what changes should be ma de. This is par­ sidered comm un ity relat ions, small unit train ing, ticu larly important at this time since the U. S. Army drug abuse as being "under -rated." and command E nginee r Sch ool has rece ntly embarked on a pr ogram spections and rac e relations "over-rated" by the seru • to revise all of the Army Trai ning Programs, Non-MaS Army leadership as problems demanding th e attention Army Subje ct Schedu les, and Army Training Tes ts. of small unit lead ers. The Fa ll 1972 Issu e of t he e ngine e r ab o gave a • Former Chief of Staff of the Arm y, Gen eral preview of a few of the Council's survey findings . Since Wiliam C. Westmoreland's June 30, 1971 " Dynamic that tim e the Engineer Dynam ic Training Survey Report Training " guidance had resulted in only min or decen­ has been comp leted and copies arc being mailed to all tr alization of training in engineer units worldwide at company-size and lar ger Engineer units-both Active the time the surv ey was administered (February-May Army and Reser ve Componen t. Here is an excerpt ot 1972 ) . the report 's conclusions­ • Individual tr aining records were still being main­ • Army-wide enginee r unit trainin g has seldom been tained in most engineer unit s at the tim e the survey "dyna mic," and it has been noticeably declining in was administered. rece nt yea rs , • En gineer units need a tra ining noncommission ed • Major obs tacles to achieving dynam ic trammg in offi ce r. engineer uni ts of the Active Army were personn el turb­ • Engineer unit training would be improved if train­ ulence, non-mi ssion sup port to higher headquart ers, ing material s were mor e avai lable. absence of personnel from training due to intern al unit • Th ere is wides prea d parti cipat ion in civic/ do mestic details or ot her com mitments, non-training demands on action projects by engineer un its Ar my-wide , with some ­ unit lea ders , shortage of skille d equip ment opera tors , what grea ter part icipation by R eserve Component units. and reluctance of milit ary authorities to use engineer There is a stro ng preference by both engineer troops troops on construction pr ojects . and leaders for more civic/domestic action projects in • Major obs tacles to achieving dynamic training in lieu of normal trai ning. Civic/ dom estic action projects engineer units of the R eserve Co mpo ne nts were sho rt­ are considered idea l for "dy namic" training, particularly age of T OE equipment, deadl ined TOE equi pment, by construction- type units. abse nce of personnel from tra ining, non-training de­ • T roop constru ction proj ects are a good source ma nds a ll unit lea ders, lack of adequate tra ining faeili­ achieving dynam ic training, particularly by engin

28 con struction-type units. Contract or / un ion ob jections to modern TOE equipment, mor e mon ey for train ing, p aid suc h pro jects are rar e but military authorities appear time for training, ch an ging the present ATP/ ATT into cautio us about usin g enginee r troops on con struction a pro gram designed only for Reser ves, and less effo rt proj ect s. on pr oject s and mor e on training d uring annual sum mer • Engineer un its expressed the desire for mor e ca mps . training/proj ect time, with a corresp onding decrease in While th er e were few startling revelati on s, the Coun­ time spe nt for othe r general military duties. cil believes that it has syn thesized an acc urate mosaic • Teachin g how to teach sm all un it training has been of the engineer training situation and the US AES al­ negle cted in se rvice schools. Teaching meth ods and ready has initiated several actio ns to assist in im proving training man agem ent for sm all unit tr aining sho uld be engin eer training based on the re port's findings. incorporated at all levels in Army Enginee r servic e With the signing of the ccasefire in South Vietn am schools. and the coming at an A11-Volunteer Army, it beco mes • A ctive A rmy engineer units appear to have more of signa l importance tha t each engine er ask himself­ flexibility in ch anging Army Training Programs (ATP's) "how can I help im prove trai ning, for training is the based on th eir ne eds than Reser ve Compo nen t engineer lifebl ood of our uni ts ." ts. While the Council has iden tified those p roblems de­ F ield an d tech nical manuals and locally prepared grading tr aining, it do es no t h ave all the answers th at esson plan s are used far more ex tensiv ely than other are neede d to solve the m. If you have an idea that m ight training publicat ions such as Army Sub jec t Sch edules impro ve training, send it to th e Council. and USAES publicati on s. A nothe r ar ea wher e the USA ES has been hard at • The com pany com m ander is the on-the-spot train­ work has been a union recognition program . Such a ing man ager and is in the best position to foresee prob­ program will pro vide significant recruiting incentive for lems and supervise needed impro vements in un it the M odern Vo lunteer A rmy, en cour age th e soldier to training. impro ve his sk ills in his tr ade , help co mmande rs by • There has been a gen eral loss of confidence sinc e providing a better basis for assigning new arrivals, and 1964 in th e effec tiveness of traini ng and inspection s. help in conducting on-the-job tr aining pr ogram s. For This was bas ed on th e response tha t insp ections " some­ insta nce, after protracted ne go tiations, a br eakthrough times o r usu ally" contributed mainly to th e better ap­ has been mad e with the Initernat ional U nion of Operat­ pe aran ce ( eyewash) of train ing. ing Engine ers, • A significant percentage of those re sponding had While initially the program onl y applies to MOS 62B, never parti cipat ed in a unit test or exercise. Only in E ngi neer Equipment R epairman , it will be extended this Europe has th ere been sign ifican t unit testing below year to all ope rator ski lls. Subject to successful negoti a­ battalion level. Reserve Componen t units have p ar­ tions wit h other unions it will then be extende d to other ticipated m or e than A ctive Army units in FTX's and constr uction and topographic engineer ski lls. CPX's. The spring issue of the engineer will contai n full er • E ngi neer trainin g literature can be improved by cove r age of the un ion recogni tion pro gram-so be on putting all information for MOS study into one manual, th e lookout for it. easy-to-read h andbooks on certain subjects, consolid a­ This article has be en a potpourri of training items. tion of some subjects into one bi ble, mor e pocket cards, It is hoped, however, th at thro ugh thi s medium we have and di viding F M 5-34 into a co mbat engineer and tickl ed your im agin at ion to that poin t that you will struction enginee r handbook . correspond with the E ngineer D yn am ic T raining Coun­ , Solutions that engineer R eser ve Component units cil. We are wa iting to hea r from yo u professionals in elieve would improve sm all un it tr ainin g include mo re the field. e

29 basic types or defensive operations-the area defen se AN OV ERVIEW and the mobil e defense. The primary differences b tween the two are the manner in which the forces depl oyed and th e size and the intended use of the serve force. The division commander specifies the type of defense and the priorities of support construction. Th e division engineer, who wears a second hat as comm and er of the divisional engineer battalion, advises the division commander on engineer suppor t from em­ ployment of engineer troops of assigned and attached engin eer units to barrier plans. He plans base develop­ ment, advises on obstacle erection, mine laying, camou­ flage and Class IV supply requirements. I A divisional engineer company is the workhorse ot the divisional engineer battalion. Each of the three line companies may be attached to or placed in support of one of the thre e brig ade s of an infantry division. In this capacity, the company commander is the "brigade enginee r" and the company part of the combined arms team. Th e normal scope of support is for either an area or mobile defense in the forward area provided by the three line companies while th e remainder of the battalio n pro vides general support. Th e primary mission of the divisional engineers in the defensc is to increase the defensive capabilities of the combat troops by assisting in the organization of the ground. the preparation of the field defenses, and the mo vement of the reserv es in the counterattack. In s1 port of this mission , engineers prepare barriers a v Major Leroy A. Schmidt obstacles, demoliti ons and field fort ifications. They also plan and lay min efields and prepare and maintain roads. In organi zation of the ground, the engineers play a Flagrant examples ot improper employment of the key role in advising and assisting other units in using engineer effort in defen sive operations throughout the and improving the natural defensive qualities of the history of warfare are too numerous to mention. terrain. This support includes the laying of mines, con­ Milit ary commanders are well awar e that inadequate stru ction or arti ficial obstacles, cam ouflage, protective or improperly employed engineer suppor t can signifi­ construction, and improvement of fields of observation cantly reduce the chances of conducting a successful and fi re. It may include integration of barriers into the defen se in a combat situa tion. overall defensive plan to impede the enemy's progress, In eve ry war there has been a requirement for the divert him into areas where he can be destroyed by fire tactical commande r to have a thorough und erstanding and man euver, or to separate attacking echelons. of the engineers role in defen se. Th at requirement is Our research and development people, incid entally, just as important today as it was in the past. have been hard at work developing aids to enhance the Look where U.S. Army soldiers are toda y and why accompli shment of the engineer support mission. To it is imp ortant that there be an awar eness of defen se. menti on a few, they have intr oduced the General Pur­ Our troops arc currently deployed in a defensive posture pose Barbed Tape Obstacle, the Explosive F oxhole both in Kor ea and in Europe. Also, although Vietnam Digger, the Antitank Mine Dispensing System and the was primarily an offensive action, the combat actions Overhead Cover for Foxholes. Let' s take a look at each­ there were laun ched from a variety of defensive base • General Purpose Barbed Tape Obstacle (GPBT O) positions. Thi s makes it impe rative that engineers was developed by MERDC as a rapidly emplaced, anti­ thoroughly understand and advise their tactical com­ personnel obstacl e. Th e double-coil obstacle unit con­ manders on the engineer's role in the defense. sists of two coils of barbed tape sto red within a green So what fighting clem ent of the U.S. Army ends up polystyrne foam disposable container 36" X 36" with the responsibility in a def ensive operation? Th e 5". Two small , parallel, steel spacer cables near basic fighting element is the division and it has two coil bottom connect each coil loop to accept dispensin

30 forces and guaran tee a 24 inch separation between contain er becom es a charge. This detonates 30 seconds ils. In addition, two slack plastic straps located near after the soldie r presses the firin g butto n on the fuze top of the coils function as trip wires, increasing to for m a pilot hole in the gro und . The 30 second dela y 'stacle effectiveness. GPBTO ca n be dispensed man­ allow s the so ldier to retire to a safe distanc e ( 15 yards) . uall y and by vehicle. Manual emplace me nt is accom­ The cratering charge is then asse mbled, ac tivate d, and plished by staking one end of the obstacle to the gro und, placed into the pilot hole. Thirty seconds later, it ex­ th en backing away with the container. With thi s manual plod es to loosen th e soil and make digging with the pull force on th e spacer wires, the barbed tape is pulled sol dier's intrenching tool mu ch eas ier. In use, thi s de­ from the container, loop by loop, to form a relaxed vice permits digging a foxhole in one-third the time unit entangleme nt, 20 meters long and 30" high, The requi red for digging one by convention al me ans . It is total unit wei ght with container is less than 35 pounds particularly valuable in us e agains t surface-fro zen for hand emplacem ent. H and emplacement takes about ground, Since standardization th is item has not been four minutes per un it. The GBTO design includes the procured for stock. capabilities of attach ing th e spacer wir es of severa l • Ant ita nk Mine Dispensing System ( ATMDS) is a units togeth er in th eir packaged form in such a way set of simple, lightweight mech anic al equipme nt designed that a continuous barrier sev eral units long can be for rapidly emplac ing M- 15 mines. This equipme nt dispensed by vehicle with no field assembly. GPBTO is will pla ce min es on or under the surface of the ground shipped in th e veh icul ar dispen ser th at includes eigh t at the ave ra ge rat e of 385 mines per hour. The rate connected un its of barbed tape. Three vehicular dis­ varies with the rythm of work of th e three mine h andlers pen ser s are dispensed side by side, simultaneously, fro m in the tow truck under local conditions. The ATMDS a moving vehicle to form a complete ob stacle seven and includes mine cache equipment consisting of con veyors, one-half feet wide and approxima tely 160 meters long mine containers, and speci al tools, which are designed in about two minutes. A three coil deep GPBTO obsta­ for an assembly line operation to rap idly process the cle provides approximately five times more delay to an deboxin g, fuzing, and containerizing of th e mines at a upright m an than T ripl e St andard Concertina, To date, rear location. The lifting fork is useful when trucks are no individual has been able to crawl through a three rapidly loaded with the preloaded pallctized contain ers ~ 'I deep GPBTO ob stacle. Also GPBTO can be re­ of mines. The Antitank Mine Dispenser is a two red for reuse in a matter of minutes. Currently whee led trailer with a side life moldboard that slices BTO is nearing complet ion of Military Potenti al through the gro und and rai ses it. The mines slide under Tests (MPT) at Fort Kn ox , Kentucky. Standardization the raised fur row. The soil flows ove r th e rear of th e is expected to be accomplished by March 1973. At th at m oldb oard to its original position , providing satisfac­ time GPBTO wiII be an expendable supply item and tory camouflage in tillabl e soils. It can be towed by any will be procured and stocked dependent on dem and ca rgo truck (2V2 ton capacity or larger) or the M- 548 from the Continental Army Command and vario us trac ked tru ck . The ATMDS is tran sportabl e slung Theater Commanders. un der a helicopter. The heavy labor tasks are don e by • E xplosive K it, Foxh ole D igger was developed by the equipment wh ile m anu al dexterity accomplishes the MER DC to assist th e fro ntline combat soldier in ra pidly more intric ate jobs, With the ATMDS about one-fourth att aining below grou nd protection in a foxh ole. Af ter of the number of men are used for similar manual mine four years in th e developme nt stages, it was typ e classi­ laying tasks. In this case, m ost of the soldiers are work­ fied in 1966. The device consists of two sep arate kinds ing in the mine cache to th e rear rather than in the of explosive char ges-a shaped charge and a cr atering for ward minefield. The austere AT DM S was developed charge, The shaped ch arge is used more initially to by MERDC to meet th e ne ed for rapidly installing the bl ast a pilot hol e through the hard surface. Then the smaller tactical rninefields. H owever, several of th em cratering charge is in serted into the pilot hole and ca n replace th e pr evious Mechani cal Min e Planter in allow ed to fall to th e bottom. Placement in th e bottom pr odu cing larg e strategic minefields witho ut the require­ of the pilot hole optimizes the configuration of the me nt for so much suppo rt. The new Antitank M ine resulting cratered fox hole. The device is seve n inches Disp ensing System also requires very littl e technical long and weighs one pound; of which 60 perc en t is tr aining or sophistica ted mainten ance. explos ive weight. Shap ed like a small artillery shell, the • The Overhead Cover for F oxhole wa s develop ed aid is carried on a soldier's belt or shoulder stra p. T o by MER DC to support 18 inches of indigenous soil operate it, two delay-type fuzes, a spike or stability rod , over an emplacement cut into the surface of the terrain and a cratering charge are removed from the approxi­ while maintaining th e strength characteristics to with­ ely seve n by two inch plastic cylinder th at serves stand the blast effects of a nuclear ex plosion . A single container in tr ansit. With the addition of th e spike unit can cover a on e or two -ma n foxhol e, and can be to ancho r it to the gro un d and one of th e fuzes, the combined in multiple to cover the shelter portion of a crew-s er ved weapons emplacem en t. The foxhole cover rier system whi ch lies within its area of tact ical responsi­ (OCF ) is a woven dacron fabric laminated to 0.5 mil bility. polyester film. It is five feet- four inches long by six Th e defense is built around a series of organized feet wide. Connected to each side of th e 6-foot width occ upied tactical positions which are selected for t are tubular sections, six inch es in diam eter and sixty­ natural defensive strength, th eir potenti al enhancement four inches long . It comes packaged at a net weight of the defensive mission, and the fields of observation of 1.95 pounds for its 5.5 by seven-inch size. The OCF might afford . These natural posit ions are strengthened uses a semi-buried soil anchorag e to keep the fabric by field fortifications to suppo rt the fire plan and the tau t across the foxhole. Shallow anchor trenches are scheme of maneuver. The siting and con struction of dug six feet long on each side of the foxhole and six field fort ification s for the protection of the troops is the feet apart. The tubular sections are filled with soil and responsibil ity of the indi vidu al unit commander. The placed in the shallow anchor trenches. Ba ckfill is placed stall enginee r is responsible for the production of ter­ over the fabric to a depth of 18 inches. The backfill is rain intelligence studies from which the fort ifications initially placed over th e anchor tube s and soil shoulders, are plann ed and develop ed . The engineer's primary and finalJy over the foxhol e itself. It will cover as much responsibilities in th e con struction of field fortifications as five feet of the foxh ole . Multiple unit s are connected are to­ by snap fasteners. The joints are as strong as the base • Recommend the amounts and types of field forti­ fab ric. The OCE can be used as an expedient ground ficati on materials and equipment such as hand tools cloth, a Jitter or as protection from chemical age nts. need ed by th e division . Accept ed for standardization in 197 0, it will be stocke d • Furnish technical advice and assistance and issu ed on the basis of demand. • Acco mplish large-scale excavation and backfilling Gett ing back to the role of the divisional engineer , • In crease the effectiveness of extensive emplace­ barrier and obstacle plann ing is developed concurrently ments through the creation of prote cti ve obstacle s with othe r def ensive plans. Th e operations section, G3. • F urn ish special engineer tools and equipment with ha s staff respon sibility for th e ta ctical employment of operato rs barriers and obstacles, bu t the staff engineer ha s the • Pr efabricate empl acement and shelter components spec ial staff responsibility for their planning. or modules for using units and p rotective con structi n The overall engineer responsibility for staff planning for un it command and co mmu nication facilities. includes­ The engineers are resp on sible for the planning, • Planning and supe rvising all engineer activities. struction, repair and mainten anc e of all routes required • Developing terrain studies and reconnaissan ce in­ to permit movement of reserv es to counte rattack or to formation. blocking positions, and for bypasses ar ounds defiles. • Preparing portion s of the barri er /denial pL:Il1 . This resp onsibility includes all combat roads and tacti­ • A s s i ~ t i n g in the de velopment of the logistics esti­ cal bridging. Co ntingency planning sho uld include an­ mate. ticipa ted enemy action to interdict movem ent of reserve • Coordinating th e effor ts of civilian and indigenous echelons by attacks against roads, defiles and b ridging. lab or. T he role of the division al engin eer s in defensive • Recommending and supervising th e allocation of opera tions is a significant and critical one. H ow the engineer resources. unit lead ership and technical exp er tise is applied and • Lo cating and determin ing the effectiveness of in­ utilized by the division and brigade staffs is many tim es dividu al obs tacles and targets. the decisive factor in determining succ ess or failure in In addition to special sta ff planning, th e engineers a tactical area of operations where the foot soldier is fu rnish assistance in th e form of affort, advice and extensively deployed in fire suppo rt bases and base techni cal supervision. They may have the additional ca mps. e resp onsibili ty for the siting and co nstruction of ob stacl es when special skills and equipment are required , whe n Major L. A. Schmidt is prese ntly assigned to the flanks and rear arc exposed. when the obs tacles mu st U.S. Army Engineer School at Fort Belvo ir, V irginia. be prepared before the position- occupying troops arri ve as Chie! oj the En gineering and Taetical Bridging Di vi­ or when the con struction lies beyond the capability and sion, Department oj Applied Engineering . A graduate responsibility of a particular subo rdinate unit. The con­ oj the United States Military A cadem y at West Point. stru ction of obstacles for close defense is the responsi­ N. Y ., the Major holds a masters deg ree [rom Purdue bility of the unit com mander involved, and may be Un iversity. He has served tours in Germany and Viet­ int egrated into a barrier plan of division or higher nam, and only recently completed work at the C echelon . N ormally, eac h tactical unit is respon sible for ma nd and General Sta ff College at Fort Leavenw the construction of the obstacle s of that part of a bar­ Kans.

32 ictured here are (above) the Anti-Tank Mine Dispensing System, the Explosive Foxhole Disger Kit (right) and the Overhead Foxhole Cover (below). THE HENRY LARCOM magine that we are stand ing on the bank of a I large river. The Army comm ander has decided ABBOT AWARD a show of force against hostile units located across river we are observing. Since bridging assets are not availabl e, expedient bridging methods are being used and the river, which is about a quarter of a mile wide CAESAR'S at this point, has been bridged in just under 10 days. The bridge is a 40 foot wide timber tressle. As we watch, the first elements of the army cross and begin the advance into hostile territo ry. Have we been observ­ ENGINEERS ing a combat action in World War II , Korea, or Vietnam? No, none of these. Th e action described took place in 55 B.C. Th e river bridged was the Rh ine, Capta in James M. Smith near modern Cologne. Juliu s Caesar , in command of the Rom an Army, used the bridge to cross the Rhine, and to recross it after subduing two revolting Germanic tribes, and then had the bridge dismantled. The illustration points up the fact that although the Roman Army is usually depicted as an infantry force, it actually had considerable engineer capability. In the early arm y of the Roman Republic ther't )ad been ..a separate corps of engineers, but by .the : time of 1 Caesar this formation had been abolished , with the ':excep,tion of the chief engineer, who remained on the staff. . Troops for engineering tasks were det a ih~d · irom the '1 legion itself, .anp after completing the task at h? ....~ .,, ~ . they were returned to the ranks. The average Romari range"It,*'as :buitt; ht - ·s;~Ties; . each 'story starting just soldier, or legionary, was no stranger to what we O)1t ,of hostile missile range and extending as close as . rld call combat engineering duties. The Roman possible to 'the eneniyfortifications. Workmen were ny believed strongly in field fortifications, which in protected by moveable walls as they came into missile c absence of power tools had to be constructed range. Each story was connected to the next by steps entirely by hand. or ladders. Doctrine for the army in hostile territory called for When the agger had reached the height of the enemy the con struction of a fortified camp at the end of fortifications, the space between it and the city wall each day's march , The "type" camp was large enough was rapidly filled with rubbish, bundles of' straw, to accomodate two legions, and required an area of stones, and other debris, and the assault was made about 2,000 by 2,600 feet. Of course this size might over the wall. Aggers were constructed .up to 80 feet vary depending upon the size of the force or the high, over 200 feet wide, and several hundred feet relative safety of the area. The camp was surrounded long. This was quite a feat for engineers equipped with by a ditch and by a rampart or wall made of the only hand tools. material taken from the ditch. The sizes of the ditch Other engineering tasks were the construction of and wall varied greatly, but the ditch was usually seige engines such as catapults, which shot large about 12 feet wide at the top , 10 feet deep, and three arrows, and ballistae, which threw large stones. This feet wide at the bottom. The wall was from five to heavy artillery of the Roman army was usually carried 12 feet high ane! from six to 10 feet broad at the top. in a baggage train and assembled when needed. At A few simple calculations will show that this requires times, however, it had to be constructed on the spot. moving a considerable amount of earth, all done with What equipment did the legionary have available hand tools. Yet trained Roman troops could complete to accomplish these engineering tasks? A combat engi­ a typical camp in from two to five hours, depending neer of today would be familiar with most of the tools on the ground. used by Caesar's engineers, for they were equipped River cro ssing operations also caIled for engineering with the common shovel, ax, sledge hammer, and saw skills and again the legionary was equal to the task. that make up the pioneer kit of today. Of course, The army usually preferred to ford streams, since powered equipment was not available, so the legionary ing required no preparation, but when this was made do with baskets to transport earth, shovels to practical, bridges had to be constructed. These dig and load, and his own two feet as organic trans­ anged from trees felled across a gap to the bridges portation. Much of the equipment was transported built across the Rhine. These timber tressle bridges in a horse drawn baggage train, but some of the tools, were remarkably like those constructed by modern especially those for construction of the army's march armies. Floating bridges were also constructed using camp were carried by the individual legionary. And boats, and the Romans seem to have experimented since he was an infantry soldier first, it was in addition with inflatable bridging using animal skin floats inflated to sword, shield, spear, and his personal belongings. with bellows. With full combat gear the legionary had a load, of Another task calling for large amounts of engineer from 30 to 70 pounds, which he rolled in a -bundle work was the siege of fortified towns or cities. Roman and carried attached to forked stick over his shoulder. doctrine for siege operations called first for the con­ He was expected to march on the average 16 or 17 struction of a series of trenches and fortified positions miles a day and to work on the fortification of the ". surrounding the city, thus cutting it off from outside camp at the end of the day's march. aid and supply. The city could then be assaulted The Romans were considered the .outstanding'engi­ directly or by more elaborate methods. If assaulted neers of the ancient world (they were the first. to use directly, scaling ladders were built, covered breaching concrete in large building projects) and we can see huts were constructed and material was collected to fill that these engineering skills extended ·to their military ' ' " in ditches or moats. All this was accomplished by forces as welL So, the next time you happen to read legionaries detailed for the work, under the super­ the Latin motto on your unit crest, give a thought to ' vision of the chief engineer. the Roman combat engineer-he was a: dafun.. ..fi.rie, i: If direct assault was impossible, then more elaborate engineer. e methods would be used-methods requiring consider­ able engineer work. Large siege towers were con­ Captain James M . Smith is a recent grqduq,t2 ~rth~ : structed and moved into place. Work was thenstarted Engineer Officer Advanced Course d( 'Fort - Bel~OirJ .. ger-a larg amp which would extend to the Virginia . He was recently presented theiJ.en~y'ti:ucoin ·: fen wall. The agger was constructed Abbot Award ,' for excellence In writing "based on his" . of>" pr tdtio . f" ! esar's n ~1. CRANE OPERATOR TRAINING OFFERED AT LEONARD WOOD T HE E NGINEE R TRAI NI NG CENTER at Fort L eon ard Wood , Missouri, is offering two cr ane operato r courses for enlisted personnel taking Advanced Individu al Training. One cours e, the 73 0-62F20 course, is oriented to training for use of the ho ok block and the other cours e, the 730-62F30 course, includes th e shov el, backhoe, and othe r att achments. Reserve unit comma nders are cautioned to con sider the differenc e when individuals are selected for crane operator tr ainin g. USAES INTRODUCES COMPANY COMMANDER'S PREPARATORY COURSE IN AN EFFORT TO BRIDGE the so-call ed " company-level gap" in the army officer educational system, the E ngineer School ha s recently proposed the Company Commander's Preparator y Course and received CONAR C' S blessing for the plan to administer this cou rse by correspondence. The course is designed as an inte measure to assist both potential and active company commanders by furni shing them with instructional materi al in subject areas that are pertinent to the efficient discharge of their responsibiliti es. Sixty-two credit hours of instruction is included in the course to provide the company commander with a comprehensive knowledge of personnel management, military justice, company administration, supply, maintenance, intellig ence fundamentals, training management and contemporary issues (race relations and drug abuse) . Correspondence Courses provide students with a highly flexible mod e of stud y with th e inherent advantage of working at their own spe ed wh ene ver the opportunity presents itself. Unlike most oth er courses the Company Commander's Prepartory Course is comparatively sho rt and can be completed in a few week s during the student's spare time. Interested personnel may enroll by submitting a com pleted DA Form 145, Army Correspondence ' Course Enrollment Application, thru channels to the Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School, ATTN: DNRI, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060. OFFICER RECORD BRIEF BECOMES A REALITY FOR CORPS PERSONNEL E NG IN EER BRANCH HAS REVIEWED all of the Officer Record Briefs for second lieut enant through colon el. Some of these have been audited, but many have not. Phase I of the ORB-DA Form 66 audit was sche duled for tho se personn el who wer e not in student or tr ansient status, and excluded OBV lieutenants. Ph ase II of the audit is now underway to accomodate those excluded in Phase 1. T hen, beginning in November of 1973, a reissue o f everyone's ORB should cover anyone who was not able to audit his record during Phase I or II. The Officer Record Brief replaced your Engineer Branch copy of the DA Form 66. On ce Branch receives yo ur ORB, yo ur DA Form 66 is closed out and it becom es an historical document in your 201 file. Your ORB then becomes the primary source document for assignment actions and as such should be audited with care for acc uracy now and yearly ( birthdate month ) in conjunction with your friendly ne ighborhood officer personnel section.

36 REQUIREMENTS EXIST FOR LONG TOUR ASSIGNMENTS AND EXTENSIONS OVERSEAS OPO DA ADVISES that they continually have requirements for such long tour areas as Europe, Haw aii, Pan am a, Ethiopia, Turkey, and Okinawa. T o be eligible, officers in CONU S must have served at least 24 months on station at the time of departure, while officers in ove rseas are as must complete their current tour. In all cases the officer must have sufficient time remaining on his obligation to complete the full prescribed tour. R equ ests must be submitted in writing through channels in acc ordance with AR 614-30. As for extending, DA allow s extensions in oversea areas to maintain strength s in particular grades and MOS's and to reduce personnel turnover whenever possible. Although the current trend is for longer tours, requests are not automatically approved because some degree of equity in the distribution of less desirable assignments must be observed. When reviewing requests for extensions OPO DA gives maj or consider ation to the strength of the command in grade and MOS; overall strength of the command; priority of the commnd in comparison with other areas; overall strength of the MOS in which the extension is requested ; and the rec ommendation of the commander. Maj or seas commanders have the authority to disapprove requests for extensions within their commands, hence the iasis on submitting such requests through chann els. E xtensions for forei gn service tours are granted for ods up to twelve months. With the exception of certain intelligence-relat ed MOS's, personnel ma y, subiect to DA approval, voluntarily serve up to five years in an ove rsea command.

DA NAMES 23 "NONCOMS" TO ATTEND NCOES ADVANCED COURSE IN FY '73 THE ADVANCED COURSES of the Noncommission ed Officer Education System (NCOES), which were initiated in January, 1972, are designed to prep are personnel in grades E6 and E7 to perform duty as " noncoms" in grades E8 and E9. A Department of the Army Selection Board selects the personnel that will att end the advanced courses. It picked 23 sergeants first class to att end the Construction Foreman NCO Ad vanced Course at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, during the ea rly part of Fi scal Year 1973. Th ey are Sergeants First Class Joseph Acello, Jr. , Charles O. Adams, Goldman N . Anothy, Bela M . Csejte y, Ernest L. Dilley, Robert S. Dolan, Leslie J. Easley, Raymond Farris, Alfred C. Fisher, Richard 1. Gerner, Delbert M. Hundley, Jo seph L. Je ssee, Ralph E. Hohnson, Glen W. Linville, J ames A. McGee, Sr ., Vernon McIlvain, Dean C. Phillip, Jr., Willis J. R alls. Donald M . Scaff, Charles R . Sheible, Frederick J . Snid er, Tommy L. Stanfill, and James B. Strickland. FIRST SERGEANT DUTY ASSIGNMENTS EXTENDED TO TWO-YEAR TOURS IN ITS CONTINUING EFFORT to incr ease stabilization in assignments of key noncommissioned officers, the Department of the Army ha s extended assignments of personnel performing duties as First Sergeants to 24 months, with a minimum tour of 18 months. Such acti on will also provide a greater degree of continuity in the relationship irst Sergeants to their soldiers, and to the organization to which they are assigned. Noncommissioned .rs desiring to be assigned as First Sergeants are encouraged to volunteer for such duty through usc of the ted Preference Statement (DA Form 2635 ) , indicating their pr eference in Item 15 of the form.

37