Federal Republic of Nigeria

Public Disclosure Authorized

THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT

Public Disclosure Authorized (NEWMAP)

FINAL REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) for Nyangasang II Gully Erosion Site in Calabar, Cross River State

Public Disclosure Authorized

State Project Management Unit (SPMU)

Cross River State, Calabar Public Disclosure Authorized

TABLE OF CONTENTS Federal Republic of Nigeria ...... 0 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... 6 UNITS OF MEASURE ...... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 8 LIST OF TABLES ...... 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 12 Description of Project Activities ...... 12 Existing Safeguard Instruments and Rationale for the ESMP ...... 12 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 12 Biophysical Environment ...... 12 Socio-Economic Characteristics ...... 13 Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact and Analysis of Alternatives ...... 13 CHAPTER ONE ...... 15 INTRODUCTION ...... 15 1.1 Background ...... 15 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention ...... 16 1.3 Rationale for ESMP ...... 19 1.4 Rationale for the study ...... 20 1.5 Scope of Work ...... 21 CHAPTER TWO ...... 23 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 23 2.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects ...... 23 2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01 ...... 23 2.1.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)...... 24 2.1.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) ...... 24 2.1.4 Forest (OP 4.36) ...... 25 2.1.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) ...... 25 2.1.6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ...... 26 2.1.7 Safety of Dams OP 4.37 ...... 26 2.1.8 Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50 ...... 27 2.2 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks ...... 27 2.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment ...... 27 2.2.2 The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) of 1989 ...... 28

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2.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) ...... 29 2.2.4 The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control In Nigeria 29 2.2.5 The National Effluents Limitations Regulation ...... 29 2.2.6 The NEP (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations ...... 29 2.2.7 The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations ...... 29 2.2.8 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999) ...... 30 2.2.9 National Guidelines for Environmental Audit ...... 30 2.2.10 National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv) ...... 30 2.2.11 National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991 ...... 30 2.2.12 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act) ...... 30 2.2.13 The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency Act 2005 (NOSDRA ACT) 31 2.3 Other Relevant Acts and Legislations at Federal Level ...... 31 2.3.1 Land Use Act of 1978 ...... 31 2.3.2 Forestry Act ...... 31 2.3.3 Criminal Code ...... 32 2.3.4 Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) ...... 33 2.4 State Legislations ...... 33 2.4.1 Cross River State Legislations ...... 33 2.4.2 Cross River State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities ...... 34 2.4.3 Cross River State Waste Management Board (CRSWMB) ...... 35 CHAPTER THREE ...... 36 GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...... 36 3.1 Introduction ...... 36 3.2 ESMP Requirements ...... 37 3.2.1 Screening ...... 37 3.2.2 Scoping ...... 38 3.3 ESMP Process ...... 38 3.4 Baseline Study Methodology ...... 39 3.5 Existing Conditions ...... 39 3.6 Mapping of the Project Area ...... 39 3.7 Socio-economic Survey ...... 40

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3.7.1 Data Collection and sampling methodology ...... 41 3.8 Impact Significance Assessment ...... 43 3.8.2 Method for Determining Event Magnitude ...... 44 3.8.3 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity ...... 44 3.9 Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts ...... 45 3.10 Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 46 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 47 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 47 4.0 Introduction ...... 47 4.1 Study Area/Description of gully site ...... 47 4.2 Physical Environment ...... 50 4.2.1 Climate and meteorology ...... 50 4.2.1.1 Explicit climate and meteorology ...... 51 4.2.1.2 Wind speed and direction...... 52 4.2.1.3 Ambient Air Quality ...... 53 4.2.1.4 Ambient Noise Levels ...... 55 4.2.1.5 Topography ...... 55 4.2.1.6 Geology ...... 58 4.2.1.7 Soil ...... 61 4.2.1.7.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soils ...... 62 4.2.1.7.2 Metal Content of the Soils ...... 64 4.2.1.8 Surface hydrology ...... 65 4.2.1.8.1 Physico-chemical analysis of the surface water samples ...... 66 4.3 Biological Environment ...... 70 4.3.1 Ecosystem ...... 70 4.3.2 Vegetation ...... 70 4.3.2.2 Plant physiognomy ...... 72 4.3.2.3 Inventory of economic crops ...... 73 4.3.3 Fauna and wildlife resources ...... 74 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 76 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 76 5.0 Introduction ...... 76 5.3 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Project Affected People (PAP) ...... 79 5.3.1 Gender/Sex Profile ...... 80

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5.3.2 Age Profile ...... 81 5.3.3 Ethnic group ...... 82 5.3.4 Level of Education ...... 83 5.3.5 Families and Households ...... 84 5.3.5.1 Marital Status ...... 84 5.3.5.2 Family Types ...... 85 5.3.6 Residential Status of Respondents ...... 87 5.3.7 Duration of Stay in Area ...... 88 5.3.8 Employment Status of Respondents ...... 89 5.3.9 Income Level of the Respondents ...... 90 5.4 Assessment of Social Infrastructure and Standard of Living ...... 91 5.4.1 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area...... 91 5.4.2 Source of Energy ...... 93 5.5 Assessment of Health Status of Sampled Households ...... 93 5.5.1 Method of Healthcare ...... 94 5.6 Sources of Domestic water ...... 96 5.7 Assessment of Waste Management Methods ...... 97 5.8 Communities‟ Environmental Concerns (CECs) ...... 98 5.9 Impact Evaluation of the Gully Erosion Intervention Activities ...... 102 5.9.1 Project Impact in the community ...... 103 5.10 Other Concerns from IDIs, FGDs and community meeting ...... 105 CHAPTER SIX ...... 106 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 106 6.0 Introduction ...... 106 6.1 Potential Impacts ...... 106 6.1.1 Positive Impacts ...... 106 6.1.2 Negative Impacts ...... 107 6.1.3 Social Impacts ...... 116 6.2 Analysis of Alternatives ...... 119 6.2.1 No-Action alternative...... 119 6.2.2 The Use of Civil Works ...... 120 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 123 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 123 7.0 Introduction ...... 123

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7.1 Mitigation Measures ...... 123 7.1.1 Pre-construction phase...... 123 7.1.2 Construction phase ...... 126 7.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase ...... 145 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities ...... 150 7.2.1 Pre-construction Phase ...... 150 7.2.2 Construction Phase ...... 151 7.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase ...... 153 7.3 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures ...... 156 7.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan ...... 156 7.3.2 Waste Management Plan ...... 158 7.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan ...... 160 7.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan ...... 162 7.3.5 Water Management Plan ...... 163 7.3.6 Air Quality Management Plan ...... 164 7.3.7 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan ...... 164 7.3.8 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan ...... 165 7.3.9 Cultural Heritage Management Plan ...... 166 7.3.10 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan ...... 167 7.3.11 Social Investment Plan ...... 167 7.3.12 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan ...... 168 7.3.13 Community Health & Safety Plan ...... 170 7.3.14 Stakeholder Engagement Plan ...... 171 7.3.15 Chemical Management Plan ...... 173 7.3.16 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) ...... 173 Table 7.7: Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures ...... 173 7.3.17 Training Programmes ...... 174 7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 176 7.5 Implementation Schedule ...... 178 7.6 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis ...... 179 CHAPTER EIGHT ...... 181 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 181 Education ...... 183 1. Assets...... 184

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2.0 Household Services ...... 185 4.0 Income ...... 186 4.1 Remittances ...... 186 5.0 Other Income ...... 186 6 Total Income ...... 186 Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) ...... 191

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ARAR - Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand CR(S) - Cross River (State) DO - Dissolved Oxygen EA - Environmental Assessment EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD - Focus Group Discussion FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment GPS - Global Positioning System

H2S - Hydrogen sulphide IDI - In-Depth Interviews ISO - International Standard Organisation LGA - Local Government Area MDAs - Ministries, Departments and Agencies NEWMAP - Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Programme PMU - Project Management Unit VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter TDS - Total Dissolved Solids TSS - Total Suspended Solids WHO - World Health Organisation

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UNITS OF MEASURE

0C - degree Centigrade

0F - degree Fahrenheit cfu - colony forming units

CO2 - carbon dioxide dB - decibel g - gram

Ha - Hectare hr/h - hour kg - kilogramme km - kilometer

L - litre m - metre max - maximum mg - milligram ms-1 - metre per second

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.1: The ESMP Methodology…………………….………………………………….36 Fig. 3.2: FGD with the Nyangasang Community leaders and Site Monitoring Executive Members Monitoring Executive Members……………………………………………………….….42 Fig. 3.3: Field officers engaging respondents on the details of the Socio-economic survey with the questionnaires being administered using the Ibibio language………………………………………………………………....42 Fig. 3.4: A field officer engaging of the respondents on the details of the socioeconomic survey with the questionnaires being administered using English language……………………………………………………………………………….……43 Fig. 4.1: Cross River State Showing Calabar Municipality LGA………………………48 Fig. 4.2: Erosion and watersheds of Calabar……………………………………..…….49 Fig. 4.3: Image Map of Nyangasang Gully Erosion site ……………..…………....….50 Fig. 4.4: Monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze days…………………….…53 Fig. 4.5: Ambient air/noise sampling points……………………………………………..54 Fig. 4.6: Nyangasang Gully Topographical Map…………………………….…...………..57 Fig. 4.7: Geology of Southeastern Nigeria with constituent formations……..……….59 Fig. 4.8: The Calabar Flank and associated formations……………………………….60 Fig. 4.9: The geological timescale relations with the lithological classifications and related formation of the the Calabar Flank and the Southern Benue Trough………………………………………………………………………….……………61 Fig.4.10: Textural classification of soil from the project area……………………….…62 Fig. 4.11: Soil sampling points……………………………………………………………63 Fig. 4.12: Surface water sampling points…………………………………………….….67 Fig. 4.13: Vegetation of the Project Area………………………………………………..71

Fig. 4.14: A typical farm plot with series of vegetables, cassava and other adjoining crops planted along the gully erosion alignment…………………………....72 Fig. 5.1: The nature of the gully that developed along the watershed in Nyangasang……………………………………………………………...…78 Fig. 5.2: Sex Profile of Respondents………………………………………...………….81 Fig. 5.3: Age Profile of Respondents…………………………………………………….82 Fig. 5.4: Ethnic groupings and Classification of the Respondents………..………….83 Fig. 5.5: Educational Level of the Respondents……………………………….………84 Fig. 5.6: Marital Status…………………………………………………………………….85 Fig. 5.7: Head of household………………………………………………………………86

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Fig. 5.8: Household typology…………………………………………………………86 Fig. 5.9: Size of Households………………………………………………………….87 Fig. 5.10: Residential Status of Respondents……………………………………...88 Fig 5.11: Length of Residence……………………………………………………..…88 Fig. 5.12: Main Occupation of Respondents……………………………………..….90 Fig. 5.13: Income Status……………………………………………………………....91 Fig. 5.14: Health Status of Sampled Individuals and Households………………..94 Fig. 5.15: Ailment/Sickness Rampant Among the Sampled Households…….….95 Fig. 5.16 Sources of Domestic water………………………………………………97 Fig. 5.17 Solid Waste Management Methods……………………………………....98 Fig. 5.18: The gully being used as a waste dumpsite……………………………...98 Fig. 5.19: Nearby building already under threat in project area…………………..99 Fig. 5.20: Myy Hotel the newest private investment under threat of the gully…..99 Fig. 5.21: The width of one of the degraded fingers of Nyanggasang gully ………………101 Fig. 5.22: A major source of the gully expansion is the drainage outlet of runoff off the Access-Nyangasang Road……………………………………………………………...... 101 Fig. 5.23: Possible causes of youthful restiveness during the project…………..102 Fig. 5.24: Possible positive benefits derivable from the project………………….103 Fig. 5.25: Possible negative benefits derivable from the project…………………104 Fig. 5.26: Expectations of the community residents towards the project………..104

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Details of the sampling methodology and the questionnaires administered……………………………………………………………...41 Table 4.1: Some precipitation and temperature characteristics of the project area...51 Table 4.2: Ambient Air Quality Results…………………………………………………..54 Table 4.3: Geographic coordinates of the air quality samples…………………..……54 Table 4.4: Ambient noise levels for the project area…………………………………...55 Table 4.5: Physico-Chemical properties of top soil (0 -15 cm)………………………..62 Table 4.6: Physico-chemical properties of sub soils (15 -30 cm)……………………..63 Table 4.7: Geographic coordinates of the soil samples………………………………..63 Table 4.8: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the top soil (0–15 cm)…...……64 Table 4.9: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the sub soil (15–30 cm)……....65 Table 4.10: Geographic coordinates of the surface water samples………………….66 Table 4.11: Physico-chemical parameters of surface water samples from the project area………………………………………………………………………………………….67 Table 4.12: Concentrations of cations and anions in surface water samples……….68 Table 4.13: Heavy metal concentrations in surface water samples…………...…….68 Table 4.14: Comparison of the borehole ground water quality with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for potable water……………………………………...69 Table 4.15: List of crops and fruits planted in the project area………………………..72 Table 4.16: List of Economic crops and trees…………………………………………..73 Table 4.17: List of bird species identified in the project area………………………....74 Table 4.18: Butterfly taxonomy in the project area……………………………………..75 Table 5.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Cross River State…..…………..79 Table 5.2: Type of Materials in the Building and Tenure Systems……………………92 Table 5.3: Source of energy for lighting…………………………………………………93 Table 5.4: Health Facilities and Associated Data………………………………………96 Table 5.5: Perceived environmental Impacts of the gully erosion across the various stages of the rehabilitation project……………...………………………………………100 Table 6.1: Noise Emission Levels for Various Types of Construction Plant……….112 Table 6.2: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utilities…………………………113 Table 6.3: Appraisal of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works………..121 Table 7.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-construction phase…………………………125 Table 7.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction phase……………………………………………………………………………….……...129

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Table 7.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction phase……………………………………………………………………………….……...134 Table 7.4: Mitigation Measures for the socioeconomic impacts in the Construction phase…...………………………………………………………………………………….137 Table 7.5: Mitigation Measures for the public health impacts in the Construction phase……………………………………………………………………………………....142 Table 7.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation phase…………………………………147 Table 7.7 : Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures ……………………173

Table 7.8: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan …………………………………………175

Table 7.9 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures ………………………………177

Table 7.10: ESMP Implementation Schedule ………………………………………………….178

Table 7.11: Cost Analysis of the Nyangasang Gully Erosion ESMP Implementation …….179

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Cross River State Government has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit through the World Bank Assisted Project on The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) to finance the age-long erosion malaise in the State through the intervention of prioritized gully erosion sites. Consequently, there is the need to assess the Environment and Social Impacts of intervention project by the Cross River NEWMAP. Considering the category of the proposed project and the number of the affected people, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed Nyangasang gully erosion intervention site become necessary.

Description of Project Activities

This assessment covers the proposed project activities financed by World Bank NEWMAP at Nyangasang in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria which was to rehabilitate the degraded lands and control erosion at Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site in Calabar, Cross River State through civil works and biophysical cum bioengineering rehabilitation such as tree planting.

Existing Safeguard Instruments and Rationale for the ESMP

ESMF, PAD, PIM and RPF are the existing safeguard instruments that address the eight triggered safeguards policies of World Bank (Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01, Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Forest (OP 4.36), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Safety of Dams OP 4.37 and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50). The ESMP is designed to guard the process of the proposed intervention projects with a view to enhancing project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental practice for sustainable development in the state.

Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

The requirement for an Environmental Assessment and Social Management Plan is in compliance with the Federal Republic of Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws and World Bank policies that are geared towards achieving sustainable development goals through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social well-being of her citizens. This report was prepared in accordance with NEWMAP provision of ESMF, PAD, PIM and RPF.

Biophysical Environment

The assessment of biophysical environment of the study area covers general climate and meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, hydrology, water and soil quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, inventory of economic crops, and fauna and wildlife resources. Most parameters measured were in

12 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t conformity with local and international standards and mitigation measures were provided where environment will be affected.

Socio-Economic Characteristics

The socio-economic characteristics reveal that:

 Women and children were more vulnerable to the threat posed by the Nyangasang gully;

 A high proportion of respondents are farmers and urban service workers who have lived in the area for over five years and has a sound knowledge of the gully history;  The farmers are essentially on small-scale level with subsistence agriculture thus the proposed project will affect families that rely on the farmland for livelihood;  A high proportion of married individuals with medium family size;  Low proportion of literate population with minimum secondary level of educational attainment;  Income level is largely between N10,000 to N50,000; and  Malaria and cold are the predominant ailment of the people.

Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact and Analysis of Alternatives

The social impacts of the project implemented are highly positive. There was unanimous agreement among the respondents that the proposed project will enhance accessibility and encourage high productivity. It also affirmed that the proposed project will reduce economic stress that is usually experienced in the area during the rainy season especially after torrential rainfall. Other concerns associated with the project include; Safety of lives and properties, Employment opportunities, Securing public infrastructures. Minimization of flooding, Rehabilitation of affected lands, vegetation and forests, Impacts on Flora and Fauna, Impacts on Water and Water Resources, Impact on Biodiversity and Loss of Habitat, Land Excavation and Camp Sites Construction, Noise, Traffic and transportation.

Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action The Civil Work

Overall Protection of This will not benefit the concerned The rehabilitation of the Environment and stakeholders and community residents degraded environment Human Health owing to the observed level of destruction coupled with remediation of (General protection the gully erosion has had on the area. the biological life forms will mechanisms) Private properties and public lead to improvement of life. infrastructures have been severely Properties will be secured, affected leading to loss of lives and other lives being saved, resources

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landed properties, land degradation, loss being recovered, of agricultural fields, etc. Adopting this transportation facilities alternative will not benefit Project Affected enhanced and general People or improve the environment in restoration of livelihood. It will anyway benefit the community residents.

Compliance with This does not require ARARs The Cross River State ARARs NEWMAP-PMU will ensure that standards and permit requirements are met.

Short-term The No-Action alternative does not add The timeline for the civil and Effectiveness any specific input to the stated criteria. other construction works is long term. Nevertheless, the benefits derivable are still better than a No-Action alternative.

Long-term This alternative does not meet the long- Civil works will provide long- Effectiveness and term effectiveness and permanence term effectiveness for the Permanence criteria. roads and the watershed development.

Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Impacts at pre-Construction Phase include: displacement of people, high expectation of improvement in livelihood, induced development Potential impacts during Construction Phase include; land slide, rock cave in, mudflow, soil compaction, topography alteration including borrow pit at the source of filling materials, Impacts on Flora and Fauna, Water and Water Resources, Biodiversity and Loss of Habitat, Soil/land Excavation and Construction of Camp Sites, Noise, Disruption of Communication Routes, Disruption of Public Utilities, Disruption of Public Access and Workers‟ safety. Potential impacts during implementation phase include: maintenance operations, air quality issues, and or Water quality issues, Traffic and transportation. Measures were stated to mitigate the identified impacts. Other identifiable components of the environment, social sphere and health implications were considered with respect to the projects implementation. Best available control technology including overburden stabilization, reduce overburden, lowering over hand before using escavator with long boom or extended boom of 25km etc were stated as the principal mitigation measures while there are others stated for the specific impact. Proper waste disposal systems, planting of fire-resistant trees, speed limit indications and speed breaker, controlled chemical application, integrated vegetation management, engagement of the community on health, safety and environment amongst others. A cost estimate of One Hundred and Ninety Thousand US Dollars ($190,000 us dollars) was estimated for the implementation of this ESMP.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nigeria is currently facing enormous soil erosion complications. These come in the form of both sheet and gully erosion and they can be attributed to natural and anthropogenic (human) causes. Currently, over 6,000 km2 of the country‟s land are affected by erosion out of which about 3,400 km2 are highly vulnerable. Erosion has a devastating effect on many peoples‟ lives and destroys essential infrastructure for economic development and poverty alleviation. Specifically, gully erosion contributes to environmental problems and damages estimated at over $100 million annually (mostly in southeastern Nigeria). This undermines economic growth and is a threat to the developmental programme of the Federal Government of Nigeria including “Vision 20-2020”.

Recent valuation of the situation in the country confirms that the measure of the problem surpasses wards, communities, local governments, up to the federal level. The extent of the disaster had led to the request of the Federal Government seeking international development partners such as the World Bank. Consequently, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) sought the support of the World Bank to tackle this age-long worsening problem of erosion and degraded watershed in seven southern states of Nigeria comprising Abia, Anambra, Cross Rivers, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu and Imo through an eight-year project titled “The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project henceforth referred to as NEWMAP”.

As one of the beneficiaries, Cross River State has taken a bold step towards finding lasting solution to age-long erosion malaise in the state and this has resulted to assessment of potential impacts of the proposed intervention project at Nyangasang gully erosion site which is one of the sites under a serious threat by the gully. As a consequence, the need to assess the Environment and Social Impacts of the proposed intervention project by the NEWMAP calls for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in the proposed project area.

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This report therefore presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site in Calabar Cross River State under the Cross River State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project Project Management Unit (Cross River NEWMAP-PMU). The assessment is site-specific consisting of a documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. It also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the entire section watershed in the proposed intervention site.

1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention

The Federal Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Federal Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by the concerned States and those implemented by the Federal Government.

The lead agency at the federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FEnv), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments. Local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project. This shows that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management.

The NEWMAP intervention is an 8-year multi-sectoral and multi-scale program that targets seven States of Nigeria with severe gully erosion (Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu and Imo), while also laying the foundation for scaling out to southern and northern states. It focuses on improving livelihoods in these and additional states through sustainable management of natural resources.

The specific objective of the project is to reduce the vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-watersheds. This innovative, multi-sectoral program will finance State- led interventions to prevent and reverse land degradation on a demand-driven basis,

16 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t initially focusing on gully erosion sites that threaten infrastructure and livelihoods in ready southeastern States.

The project‟s strategic approach to intervention sites in the southern parts of the country is to:

(a) Start with “damage control” to slow the expansion of a targeted set of existing aggressive gullies, thereby reducing the loss to property and infrastructure and helping cultivate community ownership;

(b) Leverage the gully intervention to support integrated watershed management1 and move towards greater adoption of sustainable land and water management practices by local people in the sub-watershed where the gully is located;

(c) Improve or protect rural livelihoods in the sub-watershed and carefully implement local Resettlement Action Plans;

(d) Strengthen disaster risk reduction and preparedness at state, local, and community levels; and

(e) Underpin these efforts by strengthening relevant institutions and information services, including urban storm water drainage management planning.

There are four essential components in the NEWMAP comprehensive detailed elements; these are:

I. Erosion and Watershed Management Investments;

II. Erosion and Watershed Management Institutions and Information Services;

III. Climate Change Agenda Support; and

1Integrated Watershed Management provides a framework to integrate natural resource management with community livelihoods in a participatory and sustainable way. It addresses the issues of degradation of natural resources, soil erosion, landslides, floods, and other disaster risks, low agricultural productivity, biodiversity, water quality and quantity, and poor access to land and related resources from an integrated perspective.

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IV. Project Management.

NEWMAP interventions are designed at be at three stages of sub-watershed level: creating conditions for gully and watershed rehabilitation and livelihood development, including community sensitization. These include;

o Social mobilization and capacity building to ensure ownership and a strong foundation for subsequent interventions;

o Implementation of sub-watershed management plans including disaster response, and livelihoods development; and

Continuing financial and technical support for gully and sub-watershed rehabilitation and livelihood activities as well as monitoring, while phasing out civil engineering activities.

The civil engineering activities will involve the use of low, medium and heavy duty equipments including but not limited to Loader, Grader, Vibration Roller, Bulldozer, Generator, Impact Drill, Mixer, Concrete Pump, Pneumatic Hammer Specifically the program details for stabilizing the Nyangasang II Gully Erosion site will span for the period of four months for phase I and phase II (pre-construction and construction). Cross River State NEWMAP will continue to support community sensitization, social mobilization and capacity building as part of operation and maintenance phase. This will continue for the eight year of the NEWMAP project. During this period, community ownership for sustainability development of the entire watershed will be entrenched.

Pre-construction activities include: Community sensitization on the commencement of civil works, construct facilities for storage of materials and equipments, construct site office for the Consultant and his staff, site preparation and clearance; haul all plants and equipments necessary for the works to the site: Purchase of Project Vehicle.

Construction activities include: carry out all demolitions identified by RAP, excavations, filling and compaction for all concrete structures, culvert construction, haulage of laterite to site, filling of the sides of the culvert and compaction,

18 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t construction of the drainage channel, filling of the sides of the drainage channel and the area, Planting of trees, site clean-up and removal of all equipment from the site. Operation and maintenance phase activities will include; Ensure free flow of water in the channel constructed, nurturing the grasses and plants used to stabilize gully and continuous awareness on negative attitude and behavious that could cause damage to the facilities provided. It is however, estimated that the expected (indicative) labor requirements for pre-construction, construction, operation and maintenance phases will be about 10, 70 and 10 people respectively. The construction camp will be located at about 50m away from gully edge.

1.3 Rationale for ESMP

The major developmental objective of the ESMP is to facilitate effective decision making and to ensure that implementation processes during the execution of the proposed project activities such as, construction, ensuring that civil and rehabilitation works are environmentally-sound, encouraging community consultation and participation, enhancing social wellbeing and are sustainable. Specifically, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process including action plan to integrate environmental and social considerations into the NEWMAP project. The specific objectives of the ESMP are to: . Ensure the project is carried out in accordance with today‟s sustainable development tenets; . Provide a structure/strategy for the integration of social and environmental consideration at all stages of the project planning, design, execution and operation of various sub-projects; . Ensure overall positive social and environmental impacts of sub-projects and avoid/minimize, and manage any potential adverse impacts; . Establish clear procedures and methodologies for incorporating environmental management requirements including stake holder engagement in the implementation of the project and all sub projects; . Provide guidelines to appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns of the program and sub-projects;

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. Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMP; . Comply with regulatory and policy requirements (local and international) that are applicable to the program and sub projects; . To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (rehabilitation, extensions of or new constructions in gully erosion sites, livelihood adaption, etc), whether positive or negative, and propose measures and plans to reduce or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project; . To identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project; . To establish clear directives and methodologies for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIAs) as might be needed for specific sub- projects; and . Identify modalities for estimating and budgeting the costs for the implementation of the environmental Management Plan for the projects; and . To ascertain the agencies responsible for the implementation of the project‟s Environmental Management Plans and the projects‟ Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E). This ESMP report will be used together with a separate report providing a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project Nyangasang gully erosion rehabilitation site by the NEWMAP in Cross River State. In seeking to implement the proposed NEWMAP project, it is mandatory by the government of Nigeria to take into cognizance relevant state-owned laws, where the project will be executed and as well comply with all national and international environmental requirements in order to meet legal obligations and to ensure a sustainable project implementation.

1.4 Rationale for the study

Generally, Nyangasang is a settled suburban town which forms an essential part of the Calabar metropolis. There are buildings which served residential purposes situated along the slopes of the watershed. Prior to the residential expansion, most of the land within the gully areas were initially farm plots allocated to different farmers who in turn plant perishables and seasonal crops and fruits such as banana,

20 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t plantain, vegetables, pineapples, etc. The current spatial landscape and the extent of gully expansion which has put lives and valuable properties such as the newly opened Myy Hotel at risk of destruction.

Apart from the lives at risk of the gully expansion, means of livelihood of the residents particularly farmers are at risk. Within the Nyangasang community, subsistence farmers predominate. Most plant fruits and crops as well as vegetables that meets family needs and some sells at the local market at Edim Otop. Hence, the expansion of the gully alignment would great undermine the living standard and the provision of accommodation for the residents. In addition, there are spaces and traces of footpaths and minor roads under the threat of the expanding ravine. These roadways provide pedestrian access to the main road linking the Calabar metropolis. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a study that will ensure that the entire watershed is rehabilitated to ensure sustainable environment for both the dwellers, the landowners and the general public.

1.5 Scope of Work

The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Nyangasang Erosion Gully sub-project(s) in Calab, Cross River State intervention site(s). The specific tasks include the following: o Describe biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies; o Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; o Drawing on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub- watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); o Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with relevant public and government agencies; o Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;

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o Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; o Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; o Identify monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above; o Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; o Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; o Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and o Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

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CHAPTER TWO

INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects

The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harms to people and their respective environment in the developmental processes. These policies provide guidelines for the Bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects.

The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of the attention given to these policies. Safeguard policies have also provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design, and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations.

The environmental and social safeguard policies of the WB triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed intervention are as follows:

2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01

The NEWMAP Intervention projects have been classified as a Category A projects, although most of the activities of the project classified as Category B for environmental assessment. Category A projects are those that require full scale Environmental Assessment (EA) with and “without project situation”, and recommends measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts. This is due to its scale, the types of problems it addresses, the possibilities of significant adverse impacts if the interventions it supports are not correctly designed and implemented, and the challenges presented by the need to strengthen institutional capacities at Federal, state and local level, where the

23 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t functions of environmental enforcement and NEWMAP implementation are closely linked. In essence, an Environmental Assessment is conducted to ensure that Bank- financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision- making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. Any World Bank project that is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence requires an EA indicating the potential risks, mitigation measures and environmental management framework or plan.

2.1.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)

This Policy is triggered by the NEWMAP in the sense that the project has the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). For projects with potential adverse impacts in the natural habitat, the Bank takes into account the borrower's ability to implement the appropriate conservation and mitigation measures. If there are potential institutional capacity problems, the project has to include components that develop the capacity of national and local institutions for effective environmental planning and management. If the environmental assessment indicates that the project and sub- project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the proposed project will not be eligible for financing.

2.1.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09)

The NEWMAP intervention projects as noted above will inevitably lead to loss of natural habitats and forests. These two activities will at the long run culminate into the prevalence of pests and thus the use of pesticides which triggers the pest management policy of the WB. The Bank‟s position is that rural development and health sector projects have to avoid using harmful pesticides. A preferred solution is to use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques and encourage their use in the whole of the sectors concerned.

Thus, if pesticides have to be used in crop protection or in the fight against vector- borne disease, the Bank-funded project should include a Pest Management Plan

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(PMP), prepared by the borrower, either as a stand-alone document or as part of an Environmental Assessment.

2.1.4 Forest (OP 4.36)

The NEWMAP projects also triggered the forest operational policy of the World Bank. This is more so as the policy applied to the following types of Bank financed investment projects:

a. Projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests;

b. Projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and

c. Projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned.

This operational policy is designed to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. The policy recognizes the role forests play in poverty alleviation, economic development, and for providing local as well as global environmental services.

2.1.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11)

The proposed NEWMAP also triggers the physical cultural resources policy. This policy addresses physical cultural resources, which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. The project in itself will not be implemented in any culturally sensitive site. Sites of cultural significance will be avoided. In the case of a chance find however, cultural artifacts will be collected and secured.

Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as

25 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t integral parts of a people‟s cultural identity and practices. The Bank using this policy seeks to assist countries to manage their physical cultural resources and to avoid or mitigate adverse impact of development projects on these resources.

2.1.6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

In order to effectively tackle the problem of soil erosion and land degradation, the NEWMAP will involuntarily resettle persons in the most affected areas. Thus, these automatically trigger the policy on involuntary resettlement. The intention of this policy is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement. The key objectives of the World Bank‟s policy on involuntary land acquisition are to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production level, or at least in restoring them; encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood whether or not the affected people must move to another location. In triggering this policy, a Resettlement Action Plan or an abbreviated plan would be prepared when less than 200 people are affected by the project. In situations, where all the precise impacts cannot be assessed during project preparation, provision is made for preparing a Resettlement Policy Framework.

2.1.7 Safety of Dams OP 4.37

The policy on the safety of dams is also triggered by the NEWMAP. This is based on the fact that some major dams such as the Shiroro and Jebba dams receive their waters from the River Niger which also is the major river giving out tributaries to the rivers in the NEWMAP states. The safe operation of dams has significant social, economic, and environmental relevance. NEWMAP activities will need to employ dam expertise especially if watershed management activities may lead to foreseeable gradual overflow of dam reservoirs over the project time frame.

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2.1.8 Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50

This policy is triggered by the proposed intervention project. This is more so as the policy is applicable to projects like flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways and water bodies that form a boundary between two states or any other water body that is a part of these boundary water bodies. Projects on international waterways may affect relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and goodwill of riparians is essential for the efficient use and protection of the waterway. Therefore, it attaches great importance to riparians' making appropriate agreements or arrangements for these purposes for the entire waterway or any part thereof.

The project‟s interest on watershed management thus triggers this policy. Thus, NEWMAP‟s intervention project which essentially affects the Niger River, a major river in the West Africa, which transverse Mali, Niger, Benin and Nigeria, discharging through the Niger Delta into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean that makes this policy essential.

2.2 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks

A number of national and local environmental guidelines are applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP. A summary of these are provided below:

2.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment

The Act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development and industry activity, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed in the National Guidelines and Standards, and comply with relevant regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria as may be released by the Ministry. To fulfill this mandate a number of regulations/instruments are available (See section on National Legal Instruments on Environment). However the main instrument for ensuring that environmental and social issues are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. With this Act, the FMEnv prohibits public and private sectors from embarking on major developmental projects or

27 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t activities without due consideration, at early stages, of environmental and social impacts. The act makes an EIA mandatory for any development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies.

As part of effective utilization of the EIA tool, the Ministry has produced Sectoral guidelines detailing the necessary requirements of the EIA process from each Sector. One of these Sectoral Guidelines that apply to the proposed intervention project is the „Sectoral Guidelines on Infrastructure Development.‟ Procedurally, in Nigeria, it is worthy to note that before any commencement of an EIA, the FMEnv issues a letter of intent on notification by the proponent, approve the terms of reference, ensure public participation, review and mediate. The possible technical activities expected for a proposed project include screening, full or partial EIA Study, Review of existing relevant documents as case maybe, Decision-making, Monitoring, Auditing and Decommissioning/Remediation post-closure. The relevant National Legal Instruments on Environment will be explained as follows:

2.2.2 The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) of 1989

The National Policy on Environment, 1989 (revised 1999), provides for “a viable national mechanism for the cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which requires the establishment of effective institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government, that is, federal, state and local government”. The objective of the policy is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria pertaining to:

 Secure a quality environment adequate for good health and wellbeing;

 Conserve the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;

 Raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environmental resources and developments and encourages individual and community participations in environmental improvement efforts

 Maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity; and

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 Co-operate with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation.

2.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv)

This Act provides the guidelines regulating activities of development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs.

2.2.4 The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control In Nigeria

This was launched on March 12th 1991 and represents the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling industrial and urban pollution.

2.2.5 The National Effluents Limitations Regulation

This instrument makes it mandatory that industrial facilities install anti-pollution equipment, make provision for further effluent treatment, prescribe maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed for discharge, and spell out penalties for contravention. It also provides that all industries in Nigeria should be operated based on Best Available Technology (BAT).

2.2.6 The NEP (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations

Restrictions are imposed hereunder on the release of toxic substances and requirement of Stipulated Monitoring of pollution to ensure permissible limits are not exceeded; Unusual and accidental discharges; Contingency plans; Generator's liabilities; Strategies of waste reduction and safety for workers.

2.2.7 The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations

These regulate the collection, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous waste for municipal and industrial sources and give the comprehensive list of chemicals and chemical waste by toxicity categories.

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2.2.8 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999)

The guidelines establish the requirement for an Environmental Management System (EMS) in all organisations/facilities in Nigeria‟. They also state that this EMS should be audited annually or as deemed necessary.

2.2.9 National Guidelines for Environmental Audit

These are designed to serve as a reference for compliance with the Environmental Audit requirements of the FMEnv. It states that it is mandatory for a company to carry out an audit every 3 years or at the discretion of the Hon. Minister of the FMEnv.

2.2.10 National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv)

This policy addresses the need to combat erosion in the country utilizing the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines, developed by the WIC Environmental Committee which was set up to plan an operational platform for these issues.

2.2.11 National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991

The FMEH is the regulatory agency charged with enforcing ambient air quality standards in Nigeria. The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards were adopted in 1991 as the national standards by the FMEH. These standards define the levels of air pollutants that should not be exceeded in order to protect public health.

2.2.12 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act)

After the repealing of the Federal Environmental Protection Act of 1988, the NESREA Act, 2007 became the major statutory regulation or instrument guiding environmental matters in Nigeria. It specially makes provision for solid waste management and its administration and prescribes sanction for offences or acts, which run contrary to proper and adequate waste disposal procedures and practices.

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2.2.13 The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency Act 2005 (NOSDRA ACT)

This statutory regulation makes adequate regulations on waste emanating from oil production and exploration and its potential consequences to the environment.

2.3 Other Relevant Acts and Legislations at Federal Level

2.3.1 Land Use Act of 1978

The land-use Act of 1978 states that, “It is in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the Natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved‟. This implies that acts that could result in the pollution of the land, air, and waters of Nigeria negates this decree, and is therefore unacceptable.

Furthermore, the Land Use Act of 1978 (modified in 1990) remains the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state in the Federation in the Governor of the state and requires that such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

According to the Act, administration of land area is divided into urban land which will be directly under the control and management of the Governor of each State; and non-urban land, which will be under the control and management of the Local Government. State Governors are given the right to grant statutory rights of occupancy to any person or any purpose; and the Local Government will have the right to grant customary rights of occupancy to any person or organization for agricultural, residential and other purposes.

2.3.2 Forestry Act

This Act of 1958 provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. It is an offence, punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment, to cut down trees over 2ft in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances. Nigeria is at present a wood deficit nation. In order to ameliorate the situation, the

31 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t policy on forest resources management and sustainable use is aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in all aspects of forest production through the use of sound forest management techniques as well as the mobilization of human and material resources. The overall objectives of forest policy are to prevent further deforestation and to recreate forest cover, either for productive or for protective purposes, on already deforested fragile land.

Specifically, the National Agricultural Policy of 1988 in which the Forestry Policy is subsumed, provides for:

 Consolidation and expansion of the forest estate in Nigeria and its management for sustained yield;  Regeneration of the forests at rates higher than exploitation;  Conservation and protection of the environment viz: forest, soil, water, flora, fauna and the protection of the forest resources from fires, cattle grazers and illegal encroachment;  Development of Forestry industry through the harvesting and utilisation of timber, its derivatives and the reduction of wastes; and  Wildlife conservation, management and development through the creation and effective management of national parks, game reserves, tourist and recreational facilities, etc.

2.3.3 Criminal Code

The Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 month imprisonment for any person who:

 Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carry on business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way: or  Does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal.

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2.3.4 Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA)

The Nigeria Inland Water Authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 997 established NIWA whose functions are among others are to:  Provide regulations for inland navigation;  Ensure the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland water- ways network connecting the creeks and the rivers with the economic centres using the river-ports as nodal points for inter model exchange;  Ensure the development of indigenous technical and managerial skill to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation; and  Carry out environmental impact assessment of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right-of-ways.

2.4 State Legislations

Some of the functions of the State Ministries of Environment include:

 Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMEnv to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment;

 Co-operating with FMEnv and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry;

 Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards;

 Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State; and

 Monitoring the implementation of ESIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in at State level.

2.4.1 Cross River State Legislations

Structurally, the meditation of environmental authority centers on the principle of cooperative leadership by the Federal Government. This identifies immediately for the establishment of a Federal Environmental Protection Agency at the centre, and

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Environmental Management Boards at state levels. The Boards would give an administrative umbrella under which the managements of different phases of the environment are coordinated at State level. In order to maximize the collaboration of the public, the traditional power structure of the Obong (paramount chiefs and community leaders) must be involved in the conception and implementation of environmental planning. Citizen participation would in turn be maximized if the neighbourhood is adopted as the jurisdictional unit, upon which environmental administration and management are systematically built.

The administrative arrangements to handle environmental problems in Cross River State include the Town Planning Division, which enforces building and housing codes and land use regulations; and the Task Force on Environmental Sanitation, responsible for solid waste management. Effective environmental planning administration adopts a holistic approach, which recognizes the need for a comprehensive environmental planning and a concentration of environmental authority. This is based on the premise that environmental issues are the responsibility of one agency but an obligation for all.

2.4.2 Cross River State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities

This is the Cross River State ministry which is responsible for managing issues pertaining to the environment. Specifically, the organization is responsible for waste management, flood and erosion control, forest depletion and degradation and general environmental and atmospheric pollution. It should be renowned that the ministry changed from the Cross River State Environmental Protection Board (CRSEPB) into a full-fledged Ministry in respect of the national realignments during 2000.

This ministry is made up of five departments and a Board. The participation of the Department of Environment (DE) is of particular importance to the Project. The ministry‟s functions also consist of the formulation of policies for environmental protection and control (Nigerian Government, 2011).

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2.4.3 Cross River State Waste Management Board (CRSWMB)

The CRSWMB is an agency under the direct supervision of the Cross River State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities (CRSMEPU). The Board‟s functions embrace the compilation, transport, processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials. This includes solid, liquid and gaseous substances. Other responsibilities consist of the development of guidelines, standards and regulations for pollution control and waste management as well as examination and compliance monitoring of industrial facilities (Nigerian Government, 2011).

Finally, it is essential to understand that, the World Bank categorization (A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project.

However, in the event of conflict between the two, the World Bank safeguard policy shall take precedence over Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or standards. In the same vein, the Federal laws overrule the Cross River State policy in case of conflict.

This ESMP is prepared in compliance with existing Federal, State and local laws of Nigeria as well as the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) safeguards instruments prepared for NEWMAP at the beginning of the project. Several laws policies, safeguards instruments and international conventions at various levels have been reviewed. However, in the case of conflict between the World Bank policies and any of the national, state and local Environmental laws, the World Bank policies take precedence.

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CHAPTER THREE

GENERAL METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a description of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) process adopted for the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Rehabilitation Project in Calabar Municipal Local Government Area of Cross River State. Simply put, the chapter presents a synchronized approach for conducting the ESMP with series of well-connected procedures designed to link the in-situ socioeconomic conditions and constraints as well the environmental challenges towards the rehabilitation works on the Nyangasang network of eroded watersheds. The methodological procedure designed for the ESMP is presented in Fig. 3.1 below.

Fig. 3.1: The ESMP Methodology. This was designed to depict the entire process of project conception, ESMP design, consultation with stakeholders, public disclosure and contribution as well as follow-up processes and reviews.

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Essentially, this typifies the entire process of the ESMP for the project area. There are five essential aspects of the methodology. The first is the project definition and interaction with design process. This stage is much of ex-situ NEWMAP approach in which principal aspects of the gully rehabilitation process are designed. The outcome of the design leads to the development of project concepts as well as the best selection process for the proposed. At this stage, the line of project approach is designed and closely monitored. The baseline studies, which is a fallout of the ESMP scoping is designed with respect in-situ studies. The eventual document will generate the impact assessment report and after proper consultation with key stakeholders such as the gully erosion site committee and members of the Nyangasang community, the final ESMP document is produced and reviewed alongside the project definition aims and objectives.

3.2 ESMP Requirements

The integration of environmental and social considerations into the operational stage of the intervention project is an essential part for the understanding of the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the gully rehabilitation project and its contribution towards sustainable environmental development. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is internationally accepted as the effective way of achieving this integration in a method that is efficient. In addition, the ESMP meets the requirements of regulators, project financing institutions, civil society and project affected communities, i.e. the stakeholders. There are two essential steps required and designed for this ESMP study, viz. screening and scoping.

3.2.1 Screening

Screening is the first step in the ESMP process. It confirms the need (or otherwise) for an ESMP by appraising the type of project and its associated activities throughout the project‟s lifecycle in the context of its biophysical, socio-economic, policy and regulatory environments. Given the location, scale and planned activities, it has been concluded that the project should be subjected to an ESMP under the Category “A”, and the ESMP should take account of applicable national and international legislation, which is addressed in the institutional framework chapter.

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3.2.2 Scoping

Scoping is a high level assessment of anticipated “interactions” between project activities and environment „receptors‟. Its purpose is to focus the ESMP on key issues and eliminate certain activities from the full impact assessment process based on their limited potential to result in discernable impacts. To arrive at a conclusion, to “scope out” an activity/event, a mixture of expert scientific judgement based on prior experience of similar activities and events and, in some instances, scoping level quantification/numerical analysis (e.g. emission and discharge inventories and generic modelling) is used.

Based on the findings and results of these reviews, investigations and consultations, the ESMP Team identified:

• Potential project – activities and environment; and • where the extent, depth and/or quality of environmental, socio-economic and/or technical data is insufficient for the ESMP process, thus identifying additional work to complete the ESMP.

3.3 ESMP Process

Since the assessment was based on proposed project aiming at rehabilitating the gully alignment, the study focused on the construction and operational characteristics and the potential impacts on the environment and socio-economic activities of the affected persons. The key steps taking for the ESMP include:

 Pre-study activities: This stage establishes the environmental, social and cultural considerations in advance of detailed studies. This study also involves collation of relevant secondary data for the ESMP.  The ESMP study: This stage concerns with the field survey. It involves site visit to gather environmental and socio-economic data on project affected communities and their surroundings. Integral to this study is the development of measures to mitigate and reduce or remove adverse impacts.  The post-study stage: This stage concerns with the preparation of ESMP report. It involves the analysis, presentation and interpretation of primary and secondary data acquired, and the production of ESMP report.

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3.4 Baseline Study Methodology

For the impact assessment of the proposed project, a wide range of well-connected methodologies were employed. This section aims to provide an overview of all methodologies utilised for each of the environmental and socio-economic impacts assessment as well as providing criteria from which the current quality and importance of features can be evaluated. A good understanding of the baseline is important to the understanding of the nature and importance of the project impacts.

3.5 Existing Conditions

In order to identify potential impacts, an understanding of the existing conditions was established regarding the project area and the proposed rehabilitation and related construction activities. This was based on primary data acquisition using employed experts and consultants. Based on empirical study, it was revealed that the projects have different impact components – positive and negative. However, the project would likely affect the following receptor groups: Biological/Ecological; and Socio- Economic/Human.

3.6 Mapping of the Project Area

Mapping of the study area was implemented using archival satellite images and in- situ GPS data collection. Essentially, data used for capturing spatial details of the project area were based on location of the project area cum identification of specific key socioeconomic features and infrastructures located in the area that might be impacted. A high accuracy Garmin GPS was used to collect in-situ data, particularly on the project area, with the consideration for key social and economic facilities such as schools, buildings, roads, churches, mosques (if any), and other socioeconomic facilities and germane infrastructures.

ArcGIS 10.1 was used as the mapping software as well as for image preparation and processing. The images used were extracted from spatially-enabled Google Earth Pro which is a high spatial resolution image archive. The final maps are image maps detailing the building and environmental details of the project area as well as the structures along the threshold limit of the gully.

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3.7 Socio-economic Survey

The socioeconomic assessment gives an insight about the social, cultural, and economic conditions of stakeholders including individuals, groups, communities and organizations through the administration of structured questionnaires for individuals and households and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) adopted at the overall community level. A blend of investigative methods which includes the following, were used to acquire the socio-economic data:

 Review of existing data;  Reconnaissance survey to identify the focal community and the adjoining communities that will be directly or indirectly affected and to alert the communities‟ leaders and residents on proposed project;  In-depth interviews with community leaders of the focal community (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and youth leaders) as well as key investors in properties and assets.  Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders and project affected peoples (PAPs) in the focal community;  Field observations by the consultants and interviewers using strategic instruments and devices to record and note observation and detections;  Scientific tools used during FGDs, specifically community mapping, and paired needs ranking and case studies formulation;  Structured questionnaire to collect baseline information and to gather the perception of the PAPs on the proposed project. Simple random sampling technique was used for the administration of the questionnaire and enumeration of the combination of the fundamental socio-economic characteristics.  Population estimation was based on the combinations of questionnaire survey and projection from 1991 and 2006 census figures by the National Population Commission (NPC). In all, a total number of 200 questionnaires were administered and all were returned.

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3.7.1 Data Collection and sampling methodology

The socioeconomic data collected for the study was based on integration of series of data collection approaches that were integrated within a universal sampling frame. As shown in Figs 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4, data collection was based on focus group discussion, pairwise questionnaire and individual questionnaire administration and interviews. In specific terms, IDI (in-depth Interview) was employed to gather scientific information from selected individuals who are majorly property owners in the project area. In general, data collection was based on the following criteria:

 Adequate representation of the relevant social groups in the study location for general group discussion (FGD);

 Inclusion of groups and individuals with different demographic cum population characteristics as well as socio-economic status;  Participation of those with access to relevant information;  Evidence of different type of livelihood activities;  Inclusion of males and females where possible; and  Inclusion of activities that connect land and the gully erosion.

Survey methodology designed is displayed in Table 3.1. It depicts the classified categories of the stakeholders sampled and the proportionality of the questionnaire administered with FGD, IDI and Town hall meeting held at the house of the eldest man in the community.

Table 3.1: Details of the sampling methodology and the questionnaires administered

Categories of Questionnaire Questionnaire FGD IDI Town hall Stakeholders Sampled Administered Returned meeting

Direct Project Affected 50 50 1 1 Persons (PAPs) Key Stakeholders 20 20 1 1 Other members of the 130 130 community Total 200 200 2 1 1

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Fig. 3.2: FGD with the Nyangasang Community leaders and Site Monitoring Executive Members. (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

Fig. 3.3: Field officers engaging respondents on the details of the socioeconomic survey with the questionnaires being administered using the Ibibio language. (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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Fig. 3.4: A field officer engaging one the respondents on the details of the socioeconomic survey with the questionnaires being administered using English language. (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013).

Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed in order to understand the anticipated impacts of the intervention. The qualitative data collection involves the use of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview with key informants in the proposed project site. The FGD was used as a tool to obtain information from fundamental stakeholders, farmers, and property owners particularly landlords and other key groups such as youths and women. Questionnaires were administrated based on quantitative analytic terms to obtain credible information concerning the gully and the impact the rehabilitation project would have on the environment and the social life of the residents prior, during and after the rehabilitation projects have been concluded.

3.8 Impact Significance Assessment

An impact is defined as “Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organisation’s environmental aspects (activities, products or services)” (EMS, ISO14001:2004). Where project activity and

43 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t environmental receptor interactions occur, an impact is defined. The ESMP assesses impacts according to their “significance” determined by considering project activity “event magnitude” and “receptor sensitivity”. Determining event magnitude requires the identification and quantification (as much as practical) of the sources of potential environmental and social effects from routine and non-routine project activities. Determining receptor sensitivity requires an understanding of the biophysical environment.

3.8.2 Method for Determining Event Magnitude o Extent / Scale: Events range from those affecting an area of up to 500m from the source; to those affecting an area greater than 500m and up to 1km from the source; and to those affecting an area of greater than 1km from the source. o Frequency: Events range from those occurring once; to those occurring up to 50 times; and to those occurring more than 50 times or continuously. o Duration: Events range from those occurring for less than 24 hours; to those occurring for more than 24 hours and up to one week; and to those occurring for periods longer than one week. o Intensity: Concentration of an emission or discharge with respect to standards of acceptability that include applicable legislation and international guidance, its toxicity or potential for bioaccumulation, and its likely persistence in the environment. This ranges from a low intensity event, to a moderate intensity event, and to a high intensity event.

3.8.3 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity

(i) Biological/Ecological Receptors

• Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from species or community unaffected or marginally affected, to probability of species undergoing moderate but sustainable change which stabilises under constant presence of impact source, with ecological functionality maintained; and to probability for substantial loss of ecological functionality (e.g. loss of species in key groups, substantially lower abundance and diversity). • Presence: Routine, regular or reliably predictable presence of any species which is, in reverse order, a unique, threatened or protected species, to

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regionally rare or largely confined to project area or sensitive to disturbances; and to a species which is none of the above and is therefore assessed at the community level only.

(ii) Human Receptor

. Presence: This ranges from people being uncommon in the study area of anticipated impact; to people being present some of the time (e.g. commercial property); to people being permanently present (e.g. residential property) in the area of anticipated impact. . Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from people being least vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise)) are well below applicable legislation and international guidance); to quite vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are below adopted standards)); and to the most vulnerable groups (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are at or above adopted standards)).

Impact significance, as a function of event magnitude and receptor sensitivity was subsequently ranked as “Negligible”, “Minor”, “Moderate” or “Major”. Any impact classified as “major” is considered to be significant and where the impact is negative, requires additional mitigation. Impacts of negligible, minor or moderate significance are considered as being mitigated as far as practicable and necessary, and therefore, do not warrants further mitigation.

3.9 Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts

Trans-boundary impacts were impacts that occur outside the jurisdictional borders of a project‟s host vicinity. Potential trans-boundary impacts considered include:

o Social and economic issues surrounding the sourcing of labour, goods and services; o GHG emissions to air; and o Discharges to the marine environment.

Cumulative impacts arise from:

o Interactions between separate project-related residual impacts; and

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o Interactions between project-related residual impacts in combination with impacts from other projects and their associated activities.

For the NEWMAP ESMP, potential cumulative impacts were therefore considered to include:

• Physical presence of improper solid waste management; • Cumulative discharges of waste water, and farm waste including poultry droppings and improper management of other farm activities; and • Cumulative emissions from farm activities.

3.10 Mitigation and Monitoring

A wide range of different measures to mitigate impacts have been identified in the ESMP Report. These have been brought together in an impact summary table. In addition an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Project describes how the mitigation will actually be delivered and reporting. The ESMP will be in line with national and international performance requirements.

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CHAPTER FOUR

BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.0 Introduction

This chapter outlines the environmental and socioeconomic conditions under which the proposed project will be implemented. It entails the description of the prevailing environmental variables such as the physical environmental characteristics as well as the social baseline conditions. The approach adopted is to focus on those elements of the environment that may be impacted or have a direct impact on the proposed project.

Relevant data on physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the project area from studies, researches and governmental agencies within the project area formed the fulcrum of the environmental setting of the project area.

4.1 Study Area/Description of gully site

The Nyangasang gully site is in Calabar, Calabar Municipality LGA Cross River State of Nigeria (Fig. 4.1). Calabar is located within Latitudes 4° 18‟ and 5° 09‟ N and Longitudes 8° 15‟ and 8° 26‟ E and lies between the valleys of two rivers: the Great Qua River on the eastern side, and the Calabar River on the west. Atakpa is on the bank of the Calabar River (Fig. 4.2)

The project area is located in Nyangasang II, a peri-urban (suburban) community, southern part of Calabar Municipality. It spans approximately 0.9 km in length (North – South), and 0.35 km in width (East-West). This area represents a significant 20% of total landmass available to Nyangasang II community. However, the most active section of the gully has an approximate length of 180m with heights varying from 5m to as high as 10m in the most severe areas. The portion of the gully with maximum height also development of property which has been abandoned due to the threat being posed. The width of the main gully varies from about 4m at the downstream end to a maximum of approximately 15 m in some areas, eating up a major access road to residential homes and limiting access to agricultural farmlands.

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Fig. 4.1: Cross River State Showing Calabar Municipality LGA

Approximately 50 m north of the main gully is an adjoining gully finger which empties its flow into the main gully thus widening the gully width, which otherwise would have narrowed due to a decrease in flow velocity. Uncontrolled runoffs from the east and northeast contributing to the gully have also contributed to the formation of other gully fingers and ravines.

The upper watershed of the gully posed an elevation with heavy built-up area that accelerates the speed of the run off while the lower watershed beyond the gully is a gentle slope into a major stream that serves the community and farm lands. Fig. 4. 3 displays the topographic map of the Nyangasang gully erosion site.

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Fig. 4.2: Erosion and watersheds of Calabar

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Fig. 4.3: Image Map of Nyangasang Gully Erosion site

4.2 Physical Environment

4.2.1 Climate and meteorology

Weather and climate are two of the most common atmospheric parameters that can affect any location. Climate is the characteristic of atmospheric conditions measured over a long period of time (about 25 years); while weather describe the daily characteristic of various elements of climate. An understanding of the characteristics of weather and climate in an around the project area is important as it provides information on the prevailing atmospheric conditions in and around the study area for most part of the year which is essential for all proposed rehabilitation works. The understanding of the climate conditions prevailing has also showed how the proposed civil works might likely impact on the local climate and meteorology of the project area.

The data used in this study were derived from the climate and meteorological data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, Lagos State. The data

50 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t provide information on the general climate and meteorology conditions such as the air temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction. Detailed descriptions of these climatic parameters are provided in the subsequent subsections.

4.2.1.1 Explicit climate and meteorology

Based on geographic location, the project area is influenced by sub-equatorial climate. The temperature is moderately high and not fluctuating greatly. The maritime position of Calabar exercises considerable ameliorating influence on its climate. The mean temperature is about 250C with a range of about 80C. The annual rainfall exceeds 300 millimeters, most of which comes in the wet season from May to October. The relative humidity is high throughout the year, giving a mean annual figure of about 84%. (Thompson, 1975; Udo, 1975).

Climate in this area is influenced by two air masses namely the South-East trade wind and the North-East trade wind. The South-East trade wind is hot and humid as it blows from Atlantic Ocean and carries a lot of rain to most part of Cross River State. The North-East trade wind on the other hand is hot, dry and dusty because they originate from the Sahara desert. The North-East trade wind prevail especially between the month of November and February and is often refers to as Harmattan. These two air masses are separated by a zone of discontinuity called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This zone moves north-south following the movement of the sun. This apparent movement of the ITCZ largely account for variations in weather and climate. The movement of these air masses results in the two weather seasons that is, the wet season from April to November, the dry season from December to March typical of the project area. (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978). Annual precipitation and temperature summary of the project area is presented in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Some precipitation and temperature characteristics of the project area Month Average rainfall (mm) Average Temperature (0C) Maximum Minimum January 41 28 27 February 69 29 28 March 157 29 28

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April 216 28 27 May 292 28 27 June 394 27 26 July 445 26 25 August 394 25 24 September 409 26 25 October 310 26 26 November 175 27 26 December 50 28 26

4.2.1.2 Wind speed and direction

The project area is proximate to the Bight of Benin (Atlantic Ocean). It is therefore geographically expected to be influenced by the impact of the sea breeze from the ocean (Soboyejo, 1975). According to Abayomi et.al (2007), the monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze, which is an annual climatological phenomenon, within the project area is less than 40% within the months of January, June to August and December (Fig. 4.4). The monthly variation of mean wind speed of the sea breeze in the project area shows that it has a minimum value of 1.5 ms-1 with a peak/maximum value of 2.0 ms-1. Annually, the wind velocity rises from about 1.64 ms-1 then fluctuates until it reaches the maximum value of about 2.0 ms-1 in June, then declines towards the end of the year. This therefore defines a seasonality pattern in wind speed. The wind pattern is average in dry season within the average of 1.64 ms-1 and peaks in wet season with a velocity of 1.78 ms-1. In all, the wind direction reduces northwards with increasing distance away from the southwards and eastwards water body.

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60

50

40

30

20

10 Frequency (%) of occurrenceFrequency

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month Fig. 4.4: Monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze days (adapted from: NIMET & Abayomi et.al, 2007)

4.2.1.3 Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality was computed through the of digitalized air quality equipment for NH3, SOx, CO2 and NOx. Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) were determined using photoionization detector. Concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the ambient air were determined using digitalized handheld air monitor (Microdust Pro).

The SPM values recorded based on 8-hour daily measurements were low with an average of 0.164µg/m3 – 0.184µg/m3. The concentrations of noxious gases were equally low and in most cases below the detection level of the equipment as shown in Table 4.2. The values recorded revealed that the air quality is within the Federal

Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits. The concentrations obtained for SO2 ranged from 0.09 to 0.10 ppm with a mean concentration of 0.094 ppm, 0.0 to 0.01 ppm for

NH3 with mean of 0.006 ppm, and 0.09 to 0.22 ppm for volatile organic carbon VOC, while 0.0 ppm CO were obtained.

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Table 4.2: Ambient Air Quality Results

S/N Sampling Code SPM SO2 NO2 NH3 CO VOC 3 (µg/m )

ppm 1 A1 0.169 0.09 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.22 2 A2 0.185 0.10 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.19 3 A3 0.166 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.16 4 A4 0.164 0.09 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.09 5 A5 0.184 0.09 0.0 0.01 0.0 0.14 FMEnv Limits 0.250 0.10 0.04-0.06 NS* 10.0 NS*

*(NS = Not Specified) (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

Table 4.3: Geographic coordinates of the air quality samples Sampling code Easting Northing

A1 8o 21' 33.094" E 4 o 58' 37.470" N

A2 8 o 21' 33.375" E 4 o 58' 31.571" N

A3 8 o 21' 31.026" E 4 o 58' 43.152" N

A4 8 o 21' 29.457" E 4 o 58' 34.122" N

A5 8 o 21' 33.938" E 4 o 58' 34.850" N

Fig. 4.5: Ambient air/noise sampling points.

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For all the sampling locations (A1 to A5), the ambient concentrations obtained for

SO2 were all observed to be within the FMEnv value. Also, the observed reading for

SPM, NO2, NH3 and VOC were all lower than the FMEnv regulatory limit of 250 for

SPM, 0.10 for SO2, and 004-0.06 ppm for NO2 as shown in Table 4.2 above. The geographic coordinates of the air quality samples are tabulated in Table 4.3 and displayed in Fig. 4.5.

4.2.1.4 Ambient Noise Levels

The ambient noise levels recorded in the project area ranged from 55.2 to 65.6 dB(A) with a mean value of 59.3 dB(A). The values obtained were below the FMEnv recommended standard of 90 dB(A) for 8 hours exposure (see Table 4.4).

Table 4.4: Ambient noise levels for the project area s/N Sampling code Recorded noise level 1 A1 65.6 2 A2 60.3 3 A3 60.1 4 A4 55.2 5 A5 55.3 FMEnv Limits 90.0

(Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) 4.2.1.5 Topography

On a general scale, Calabar can be divided topographically into three main units, namely: the central plain, the western scarp, and the eastern scarp. The central plain is a gentle sloping to moderately undulating region, stretching roughly NNE-SSW and with elevation of 40- 50 meters above sea level. The western scarp is the termination of the central plain with the Calabar river valley. Moreover, the eastern scarp is the termination of the central plain with Great Kwa river valley. The project area falls within the classification of the central plain with undulating local relief structure each with geomorphologically-separated drainage divides. Each drainage divide defines the watershed and its related topographic-geomorphologic functions. The average levitation at this scale is about 25 metres above sea level. The peak elevation atop the drainage divide is about 28 metres. The downstream of the watershed elevation recedes to about 5 metres above sea level. Elevation ranges at the watershed base correlates with hydromorphic structures and features such as spots of lacustrine wetlands, and a shallow river that runs towards the Great Kwa

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River. The topographic nature of the project set the tone for movement of running water from rain. Thus the sharp slope angle from the upper line. The topographic map of the Nyangasang gully erosion site is depicted in Fig. 4.6.

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Fig. 4.6: Nyangasang Gully Topographical Map

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4.2.1.6 Geology

The geological formation of the project area is better understood within the framework of the extended geological formation of the south-eastern Nigeria (Wright, 1966; Dessauvagie, 1972; Nyong, 1995). Geologically, South Eastern Nigeria is predominated by geology formation dating from the Precambrian period. One of the most spectacular events in geologic history of the earth started in the Middle Jurassic (about 160 million years ago) and by early Cretaceous times climaxed in the break-up of the super-continent of Gondwanaland; which is referred to as Continental Drift. A key fallout of the continental drift is the separation of South American Plate separated from the African Plate leading to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. This event initiated the process of geological tectonism in southern Nigeria and eventually led to the development of the Benue Trough (Wright, 1966; Nyong, 1995). The emergence of the Benue Trough provided the structural control frame for subsequent geological advancement of south-eastern Nigeria (Dessauvagie, 1972).

In general, south-eastern Nigeria comprises of the following tectonic and structural elements: the Calabar Flank, Oban Massif, Obudu Massif, Southern Benue Trough, and part of the Niger Delta Miogeosyncline. The Southern Benue Trough further consists of the Abakaliki Anticlinorium, Afikpo Syncline, Ikom-Mamfe Embayment and Ogoja Sub-Basin (Egboka and Nwankwor, 1985). These structural elements control and dominate the geologic evolution, and litho-stratigraphic succession of South Eastern Nigeria (Fig. 4.7).

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Fig. 4.7: Geology of Southeastern Nigeria with constituent formations (Source: Amah et.al., 2012)

The Calabar Flank forms the fulcrum of the geological characterization of the project area (Fig. 4.7). The Calabar Flank sedimentary basin extends from the southern margin of the Cross River to the boundary of Oban Basement complex further southwards to the Niger Delta. Here, sudden sediment thickening demarcates the Niger Delta Basin that formed as the latest of a series of basins in the Benue Trough, diagonally crossing Nigeria from the southwest to the northwest.

According to Ofoegbu, (1984), northwest-southern trending basement structures underlie the Calabar Flank and define the ltu High and the lkang Trough, thus relating the Calabar Flank to the South Atlantic Cretaceous marginal basins with similar horst-and-graben structures in Angola and Gabon. The sedimentary

59 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t succession on the Calabar Flank is mostly of Cretaceous age, comprising ancient river-borne sandstone, the Awi Formation; and the overlying marine Odukpani Group of Albian to Late Cretaceous age (Fig. 4.8).

The Odukpani Group comprises the Mfamosing Limestone, the Ekenkpon Shale and the New Netim Marl, which are all exposed near the Odukpani local government area headquarters. The Nkporo Shale unconformably covers this. Tertiary marine shales and regressive sandstones overlie the Cretaceous succession. The total sediment thickness in the surfaces of the Calabar Flank is over 3500m. Further details of the vertical descriptions and lithosgraphic elucidations of the Calabar Flank is presented in Fig.4.9.

Fig. 4.8: The Calabar Flank and associated formations (Source: Amah et.al., 2012)

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Fig. 4.9: The geological timescale relations with the lithological classifications and related formation of the the Calabar Flank and the Southern Benue Trough. This is the fundamental geological structure on which the project area falls. It is therefore essential to understand the functional geological bed, formations and constituents that underlie the rock structure of the project area in order to comprehend the intricate nature of the gully erosion susceptibility. (Source: Amah et.al., 2012)

4.2.1.7 Soil

The type and nature of bedrock to a large extent influence the soil developed upon it. Also, it reminds one about its geology and the topographic nature of the land. In the project area, there are generic soil classified based on international soil classification system based on textural classes. These are depicted in Fig. 4.10 below. The soils formed on Coastal Plains Sands range from Dystric Nitosol and Dystric Cambisol, to Dystric Acrisol are quite common in the project area. Texturally these include sands, loamy sands and sandy loam top soils with sandy clay loam to sandy clay sub-soils. The

61 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t soils are generally very deep and well drained generally susceptible to erosive potency of precipitation in the area.

Fig. 4.10: Textural classification of soil from the project area. (Source: UNDP 1995) 4.2.1.7.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soils

The results of the physico-chemical analysis of the soils in the project area in Calabar are presented in Tables 4.5 and 4.6 for the two essential soil layers viz. topsoil and subsoil respectively. Fig. 4.11 and Table 4.7 show the geographic coordinates and the spatial distribution of the samples respectively.

Table 4.5: Physico-Chemical properties of top soil (0 -15 cm) 3- - - 2- 2- Sampling pH PO4 Cl NO3 CO3 SO4 THC O & G Point (mg/kg) S1 5.3 6.4 16.0 0.74 0.003 3.0 ND 0.03 S2 5.4 6.8 15.0 0.77 0.001 5.0 ND 0.03 S3 5.4 7.5 15.0 0.75 0.002 4.0 ND 0.01 Min. 5.3 6.4 15.0 0.74 0.001 3.0 - 0.01 Max. 5.4 7.5 16.0 0.77 0.003 5.0 - 0.03 Mean 5.37 6.9 15.33 0.75 0.0 4.0 - 0.02

(Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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Table 4.6: Physico-chemical properties of sub soils (15 -30 cm) 3- - - 2- 2- Sampling pH PO4 Cl NO3 CO3 SO4 THC O & G Point (mg/kg) S1 5.4 6.2 15.0 0.85 0.005 3.0 ND 0.02 S2 5.4 6.5 14.0 0.92 0.001 4.0 ND 0.03 S3 5.5 6.9 15.0 0.86 ND 4.0 ND 0.02 Min. 5.4 6.2 14.0 0.85 0.000 3.0 - 0.02 Max. 5.5 6.9 15.0 0.92 0.005 4.0 - 0.03 Mean 5.43 6.53 14.67 0.88 0.002 3.67 - 0.02

(Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) Table 4.7: Geographic coordinates of the soil samples

Name Easting Northing

S1 8o 21' 30.499" E 4 o 58' 42.306" N

S2 8 o 21' 31.077" E 4 o 58' 35.763" N

S3 8 o 21' 33.710" E 4 o 58' 39.210" N

Fig. 4.11: Soil sampling points

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Soil pH: The pH values recorded for soils in the study area ranged from 5.3 to 5.4 with a mean of 5.37 for the topsoils and 5.4 to 5.5 with an average of 5.43 for the subsoils. The soil pH is moderately acidic. This indicates that the basic cations might have been leached away from the soil column by the high rainfall of the area.

Total Nitrogen: Soils in the study area have total nitrogen ranging from 0.74 to 0.77mg/kg with an average of 0.75mg/kg for the topsoils; and 0.85– 0.92mg/kg (mean, 0.88mg/kg) in the subsoils. Surface soils had a higher total nitrogen content compared to subsurface soils and this may be attributed to the fact that nitrogen mineralisation occurs readily in the surface than in the subsurface soils.

Available Phosphorus: Surface soils in the study area have available-phosphorus values ranging from 6.4 to 7.5 mg/kg (mean of 6.9mg/kg) and subsoils have 6.2 to 6.9 mg/kg (average of 6.53mg/kg).

Sulphate: The topsoils of the study area have sulphate content ranging from 3.0 to 5.0mg/kg, with an average of 4.0mg/kg, and the sub soils have sulphate content ranging from 3.0 to 4.0mg/kg, with an average of 3.67mg/kg. The sulphate contents of the soils are considerably lower than 500mg/kg which is often regarded as the level beyond which the soils are said to be chemically aggressive.

4.2.1.7.2 Metal Content of the Soils

Data obtained from the study area for the basic and heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are presented in Tables 4.8 and 4.9, for the topsoils and subsoils respectively.

Table 4.8: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the top soil (0–15 cm) Sampling Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg) Locations Cr Cu Cd Fe Ba Hg Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+

S1 ND* 3.1 ND* 0.06 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 25.35 12.5 5.4 4.2 8.2

S2 ND* 2.6 ND* 0.02 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 24.26 11.2 5.3 3.6 11.1 S3 ND* 2.9 ND* 0.04 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 23.56 10.5 4.2 3.4 12.2 Min. 0 2.6 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 23.56 10.5 4.2 3.4 8.2 Max. 0 3.1 0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0 25.35 12.5 5.4 4.2 12.2 Mean 0.0 2.87 0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.39 11.4 4.97 3.73 10.5 *ND- Not Detected (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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Table 4.9: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the sub soil (15–30 cm) Sampl Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg) ing Locati ons Cr Cu Cd Fe B H Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ a g

S1 ND* 2.1 ND 0.05 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 25.12 10.5 5.1 3.2 8.5 S2 ND* 2.6 ND 0.04 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 22.56 8.6 4.3 2.6 10.2 S3 ND* 2.5 ND 0.05 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 28.26 11.2 3.6 2.5 7.8 Min. 0 2.1 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 22.56 8.6 3.6 2.5 7.8 Max. 0 2.6 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 28.26 11.2 5.1 3.2 10.2 Mean 0 2.40 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 25.31 10.10 4.33 2.77 8.83 *ND- Not Detected (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) Basic Metals: The basic metals (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) with the exception of Na are important plant nutrients. It was observed that the basic metals were dominated by Na+, Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+. Mg2+ had a mean concentration of 3.73mg/kg for the topsoil and 2.77mg/kg for the subsoil; Na+ had a mean concentration of 10.5mg/kg for the topsoil and 8.83mg/kg for the subsoil; K+ had an average of 4.97mg/kg for top soil and 4.33mg/kg for subsoil. The mean concentration of Ca2+ for the topsoil was 11.4mg/kg and 10.10mg/kg for the subsoil.

Heavy Metals: Concentrations of the heavy metals investigated in the study area are presented in Tables 4.8 and 4.9 above. The most prominent metal detected in the soils collected from the study area was Zn, with a mean concentration of 24.39mg/kg for the top soil and 25.31mg/kg for the subsoil. Other heavy metals detected were Fe and Cu. The mean concentration of Fe was 0.04mg/kg for the top soil and 0.05mg/kg for the subsoil. Cu had a mean concentration of 2.87mg/kg for the topsoil and 2.40mg/kg for the subsoil. Ba, Pb, V, Ni, Hg were not detected. The values obtained for heavy metal concentrations were within the limits described as the normal range in unpolluted soils by Allen et al. (1974) and Alloway (1991).

4.2.1.8 Surface hydrology

There are two major drainage systems in Calabar. These are the Calabar River system and the Great Kwa river system. Therefore, these complex surface hydrological systems tend to have a double hydrological complexes impact on settlements located within the hydrological divide. The project area is proximate to one of the tributaries of the Great Kwa River, hence, hydrological fluctuations and

65 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t soil conditions which is dictated by the geology contributes immensely to the behaviour of ecosystems and biological life forms. Consequently, the sloppy nature of the project area coupled with the high drainage density; affect the action of water and the features created along its path. Accordingly the local scale watershed characteristics of the project area. Thus, the surface water nature of the project area is typified by lacustrine wetland with seasonal/rain-fed running water. This water system runs across the depression which in turn feeds the river downslope and eventually connects the Great Kwa River.

4.2.1.8.1 Physico-chemical analysis of the surface water samples

The concentrations obtained for the physico-chemical parameters, the cations and anions and heavy metals are presented in Tables 4.11, 4.12 and 4.13. Table 4.10 shows the geographic coordinates of the samples while Fig. 4.12 displays the spatial distribution. Electrical conductivity varied between 279 to 332 S/cm with a mean concentration of 281.7S/cm, thus the surface water within the study area is essentially freshwater. The pH of the water samples ranged from 6.0 to 6.2 with a mean value of 6.1.

Variations in the TDS and TSS levels from one sampling station to the other ranged from 111.0 to 161.0 mg/l with an average of 134.7mg/l, and 90.5 to 128.0 mg/l with an average of 107.8mg/l respectively. The BOD and COD values ranged from 4.9 to 6.50 mg/l with an average concentration of 5.83mg/l and 7.50 to 12.50 mg/l with an average concentration of 9.83mg/l respectively.

Table 4.10: Geographic coordinates of the surface water samples Sampling code Easting Northing

W1 8° 21' 22.270" E 4° 58' 43.674" N

W2 8° 21' 30.351" E 4° 58' 44.365" N

W3 8° 21' 32.500" E 4° 58' 42.871" N

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Fig. 4.12: Surface water sampling points Table 4.11: Physico-chemical parameters of surface water samples from the project area Sample pH Salinity EC Alkali- COD BOD DO TSS TDS THC Turbidity Total Code ppt µS/cm nity (NTU) anions mg/l W1 6.2 0.19 332.0 40.0 12.50 6.10 2.59 128.0 161.0 ND 0.29 0.27 W2 6.2 0.15 279.0 28.0 9.50 6.50 2.76 105.0 132.0 ND 0.30 0.22 W3 6.0 0.15 234.0 28.0 7.50 4.90 2.34 90.5 111.0 ND 0.29 0.22 Min 6 0.15 234 28 7.5 4.9 2.34 90.5 111 0 0.29 0.22 Max 6.2 0.19 332 40 12.5 6.5 2.76 128 161 0 0.3 0.27 Mean 6.1 0.16 281. 7 32.0 9.83 5.83 2.56 107.8 134. 7 0 0.29 0.24 SD 0.1 0.02 49.1 6.9 2.52 0.83 0.21 18.9 25.1 0 0.01 0.03 (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) The cations and anions content of the sampled surface water are shown in Table 4.9. Sodium was the highest with an average value of 32.50mg/l, followed by magnesium with an average concentration of 14.7mg/l. Calcium and Potassium had average concentrations of 9.33mg/l and 0.009mg/l respectively. Chloride accounted for the bulk of the anions while mean nitrate and sulphate concentrations were below 1.00mg/l.

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Table 4.12: Concentrations of cations and anions in surface water samples - - - - 2- 2- Sample NH3 Ca CN Mg Na K NO3 Cl SO4 CO3 S Code mg/l

W1 ND 8.0 ND 20.0 37.74 0.002 0.1 96.0 0.39 ND ND W2 ND 8.0 ND 16.0 29.88 0.007 0.39 76.0 0.40 ND ND W3 ND 12.0 ND 8.0 29.88 0.017 0.17 76.0 0.37 ND ND

Min. 0 8 0 8 29.88 0.002 0.1 76 0.37 0 0 Max. 0 12 0 20 37.74 0.017 0.39 96 0.4 0 0 Mean 0 9.33 0 14.7 32.50 0.009 0.22 82.67 0.39 0 0 SD 0 2.31 0 6.11 4.54 0.008 0.15 11.55 0.02 0 0 (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

The heavy metals concentrations are presented in Table 4.10. In all the sampling locations, the individual and average concentrations of other heavy metals investigated were significantly lower than 1.00 mg/l and are therefore not considered polluted with respect to the heavy metals.

Table 4.13: Heavy metal concentrations in surface water samples Sample Ba Fe Cu Hg Cr Ni V Pb Zn Cd Code mg/l W1 ND 0.95 0.02 ND 0.01 0.04 ND ND 0.32 0.004 W2 ND 0.99 0.01 ND ND 0.02 ND ND 0.30 ND W3 ND 0.95 0.03 ND 0.02 0.03 ND ND 0.33 ND Min 0 0.95 0.01 0 0 0.02 0 0 0.3 0 Max 0 0.99 0.03 0 0.02 0.04 0 0 0.33 0.004 Mean 0 0.96 0.02 0 0.01 0.03 0 0 0.32 0.001 (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

4.2.1.8.2 Groundwater

Groundwater temperatures in the project area ranged from 21.6oC to 28.4oC (mean 29.6oC). This range is normal for the region and is an indication of the physiographic conditions of the area. pH values (3.75 – 5.00, mean. 4.52) for the project area indicates that the water is strongly to moderately acidic. High Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mean; 77.7%), high Eh (mean; 95.3 (mv), low chemical oxygen demand

(COD) (0.1-0.45 mg/l) as well as low biological oxygen demand (BOD5) (0.6 – 1.8mg/l) indicated low respiratory activity and low organic matter.

Values for TDS, TSS and conductivity are low and ranged from 12.6 – 24.5mg/l (mean; 18.4mg/l), 22.4 - 49.2mg/l (mean, 32.4mg/l), and 140.2 – 168µs/cm (mean,

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147µs/cm) respectively. Low salinity (0.01 – 0.021%, mean, 0.02%) and low chloride (10.6–16.2mg/l, mean, 14.0mg/l) were also recorded in the study area. These low values are indicative of fresh water.

Turbidity values are high and ranged from 14.8 to 23.4 NTU, with a mean of 19.4 NTU. This could be attributed to the oxidation of ferrous ions in the water to produce insoluble residues.

Values of sulphate (0.6-3.0 mg/l, mean; 1.73mg/l) phosphate (0.02 – 0.034 mg/l, mean, 0.027mg/l), Nitrate (2.0 – 3.6 mg/l, mean; 2.77mg/l) and nitrite (0.01 – 0.0 2mg/l, mean, 0.02mg./l) are low. Similarly values obtained for ammonium (0.11 – 0.19mg/l, mean, 0.14mg/l) silicate (0.01 – 05mg/l, mean, 0.03mg/l) carbonate (6.2 – 12mg/l, mean, 8.78mg/l) as well as bicarbonate (14 – 21.6mg/l, mean, 17.3mg/l) are all within the WHO maximum permissible limits.

Values of the samples for sodium (15.2 – 28.4mg/l), mean, 21.70mg/l), calcium (14.8–20.6mg/l, mean, 18.4mg/l), potassium (17.6–30.6mg/l, mean, 19.7mg/l) and magnesium (12.6–25.4mg/l, mean, 18.2mg/l) were low and normal for fresh water.

The comparison of some of the parameters for the ground water with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for potable water is presented in the Table 4.14. In general, most of the concentrations recorded fall within the acceptable limit.

Table 4.14: Comparison of the borehole ground water quality with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for potable water Parameter/Unit Borehole WHO Limit Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable pH 5.0 6.5-8.5 Conductivity, (µS/cm) 147 2000 Temperature, ( 0C) 29.6 <40 Total Solids, (mg/l) 400 Total Dissolved Solids, (mg/l) 18.4 - Total hardness, mg/l CaCO3 100 Chloride, mg/l 14.0 200 Nitrate, mg/l 2.77 50 Sulphate, mg/l 1.73 200 Phosphate, mg/l 0.027 - Calcium, mg/l 18.4 75 Magnesium, mg/l 18.2 30 Iron (total), mg/l 0.3 Zinc, mg/l 0.0008 5.0 Lead, mg/l 0.01 0.01 Copper, mg/l 0.001 1 Manganese, mg/l <0.001 0.1 Oil and Grease, mg/l <1.00 Nil Total coliform count, MPN/100 ml Nil (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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4.3 Biological Environment

4.3.1 Ecosystem

The ecology of the project area could be viewed from its surrounding landscape. As a suburb of the city of Calabar, it is influenced by the built nature of the landscape. However, the gully-affected area is a nexus of the natural landscape and the rain-fed subsistence agricultural activity (Olaniyan, 1975) cum plantation. Apart from the upper section of the watershed which is completely built, the lower section is partly cultivated and further down is semi-pristine. The semi-pristine ecosystem is a pointer to the disturbed natural ecosystem of the project area with disturbed forest strands and swathes of wetland proximate to the sinuous tributary of Kwa River. Within this milieu, a maze of palms can be observed with shrubs and herbaceous plants proximate to the wetlands bordering the tributary.

In addition, there are flora life in form of plant regrowth and secondary formations such includes regrowth of grasses, shrubs and coastal marsh plants which are indicators of human alteration of the natural landscape to produce secondary ecological areas.

Overall, the observed ecology of the project area suggests a suburb landscape with nascent structures built along strands of farmlands and natural ecology. The farm plots located further down the gully suggests a dependence on the farm output for family survival. The derived forest observed close to the Federal Girls Government College is a proxy information on the nature of the gully eroded areas prior to human occupation of the land. However, it suggest further of the nature of the predominant flora and fauna life form of the project area prior to human domination of the milieu.

4.3.2 Vegetation

Vegetation is an integral part of the terrestrial environment. It and performs several functions that are crucial to the sustenance of the environment. Some of these functions include:

i. Protection of the fragile soils from the erosive impacts of rains and wind. ii. Maintenance of soil fertility through continuous nutrient recycling. iii. Conservation of water resources through shading

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iv. Preservation of water sheds. v. Regulation of air and soil temperatures. vi. Moisture balance. vii. Provision of habitat for countless terrestrial flora and fauna viii. Purification of the environment through the carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the release of oxygen for human and animal respiration

Vegetation in the study area consists of swampy species as well as upland species (Fig. 4.13). The swampy species occurring around the western end end of the project area appears to be semi-permanent cum periodical yet swampy.

Fig. 4.13: Vegetation of the Project Area (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

4.3.2.1 Plant Characterization / Identification

The general physiognomy of the plants presently existing within the study area is secondary vegetation, resulting from agricultural/ development within the study area. A description of the observations made on the vegetation of the area is described below:

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4.3.2.2 Plant physiognomy

The vegetal composition within the project area is generally of a disturbed ecological zone albeit with trees, annual herbs and perennial species. These include Elaeis guineensis, Alstonia boonei, Musanga cecropioides, Terminelia superb, Anthocleistra vogelii, Harungana madagascariensis, Pandanus candelabrum, Nypa fruiticans, Albizia zygia amongst several other species and botanical families (Fig. 4.14). Table 4.15 enlists the crops and fruits that typified the project area.

Fig. 4.14: A typical farm plot with series of vegetables, cassava and other adjoining crops planted along the gully erosion alignment. (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

Table 4.15: List of crops and fruits planted in the project area Common name Botanical name Banana Musa Spp Oil palm Elaeis Guineensis Plantain Musa Paradisiaca Pineapple Ananas Sativus Mellon Cucumis Melo Garden eggs Solanum Melongena Maize Zea Mays Okra Abelmoschus Esclentus Pepper Capsicum Spp Cucumber Cucumis Sativis Flutted pumpkin Teifairia occidentalis Cocoyam Colocasia Esculenta Yam Dioscerea Spp Cassava Manihot Esculenta (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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4.3.2.3 Inventory of economic crops

The prevalent economic crops in the general vicinity include Talinum triangulare (water leaf), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam), Capsicum spp. (pepper), Lycopersicum esculetum (tomato), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Carica papaya (paw paw), Telfaria occidentales (Fluted pumpkin), Citrus spp. Magnifera indica (mango), Musa paradisiaca (plantain), M. sepientum (banana), Psidium guajava (guava), and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) (See Table 4.16).

Table 4.16: List of Economic crops and trees Common name(English/Traditional names) Botanical name Bush mango Irvingia Gaboneensis Mahogany Etandrophragra Spp Mimosup Baillonelia Toxisperma Iroko Melicia Excelsa Small leaf Piptadenistrum Africanum Achi Brachystegia Spp Native mango Mangifena Indica Silk cotton tree Ciba Pentandra Umbrella tree Musanga Cecropoides Locust bean Parkia Spp Sheanut Poga Oleosa Wild palms Elacis Guineensis Native Kola Cola Acuminata Bitter Kola Cola Nitida Native pear Dacryodes Edullis Afang Gnetum Afriamum Editan Lasianthera Africanum Star apple or Udara Chrysophyllum Albidum Hot leaf/seed Piper Guineensis Pawpaw Carica Papaya Groundnut tree Ricinodendron Leudetii White Afara Teminalia Superba Mahogany Etandrophragma Spp Mimosup Baillonellia Toxisperma Bread fruit Triculia Africanum Atama Heinsia Crinata Ceda Lovoa Trichiloides Cane wood Pterocarpus Osun Opepe Nauclea Diderrichii Cedar Lovoa Trichiloides Ebony Diospyros Spp Sugar cane Saccharum Officinarum (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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4.3.3 Fauna and wildlife resources

Available information on wildlife of the project area shows a degradation of wildlife and dominance of birds and butterfly species. Thus points to the possible migration of wild animals owing to human invasion of the area. Naturally, the area should have been a suitable habitat for wild animals such as wild rats, cats, Mona monkeys as well as other herbivores. Some of these animals might have migrated further down within the wetland to areas of ecological-fitting ambience.

List of birds observed in the project area are documented in Table 4.17 below with their respective status. It should be noted that some of these birds are rare while most are very common. The rare species such as the Little Egreatta and Hadada black kite are seasonal. Others such as the laughing dove, lesser stripe sparrow, mourning dove are very common in the area (Mackworth-Praed and Grant, 1973).

Available information on butterfly shows that there five taxonomical categories available in the project area. The Nymhalidae family has the highest specie compared to other butterfly species. Details of these are presented in Table 4.18. However, none of the plant species and bird species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the FMEnv and IUCN.

Table 4.17: List of bird species identified in the project area Scientific name Common Name Status

Egretta garzetta Little Egretta Rare Bostrycgia hagedash Hadada Black kite Rare Abundant Milvis migrans migrans Hooded Vulture Common Common Necrosyrtes monachus Common Buzzard Rare Common Bueto bueto Helmeted Guinea Fowl Very rare Numida meleagris Little Button Quail Very rare Tunix sylvatica African Mourning dove Abundant Streptopelia decipiens Laughing dove Abundant Streptopelia selegalensis Lesser stripe swallow Abundant Hirundo cucullata Village (Black headed) Abundant weaver Ploceus cucullatus Compact weaver Abundant Ploceus superciliosus Parasitic weaver Abundant

(Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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Table 4.18: Butterfly taxonomy in the project area N Family Genus/Specie 1 Pieridae Leptosia medusa Catopsilia florella Mylothris rhodope Mylothris chloris Colotis evippe 2 Nymhalidae Acraea eponina Précis oenone Hypolimnas missippus Hypolimnas sp Euriphene tadema Eunica amulia Byblia achellia 3 Lycaenidae Thermoniphas micylus Zezeeria knyssna Spindasis sp Spindasis mozambica 4 Satyridae Ypthima doleta Bicycles asoctus Ypthima sp Bematistes vestalis 5 Acraeidae Acraeidae (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

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CHAPTER FIVE

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

5.0 Introduction

Social and economic variables are essential components of any meaningful and development-oriented environmental assessment study. It gives a foretaste (much more a general) overview of the nature of the socioeconomic conditions of the project area with respect to the current activities as it affects the current or future population. It thus becomes germane that such conditions be carefully studied and presented succinctly but broadly with a view to examining the impact of either the proposed or an existing project on the generality of the socioeconomy of the project area. Therefore, it is used for achieve the following objectives;

1. As a tool of informing the project community including residents, landowners, property owners, developers, and all concerned with the fundamental details of the project. 2. To understand the gravity of impact such proposed project might have on the community. 3. To gather community perspectives and positions on the nature of the project as well as the anticipated positives and negatives such project might have on the current population and the future of the community. 4. To understand the socioeconomic variables and parameters that are essential to the design, construction, operation and maintenance phases of the project in order to take precautionary motives in the project initiation, design and implementation channels. 5. To create a balanced mechanism for all community groups and associations concerned specifically for the avoidance of inequalities issues across age, affinity amidst all categorization and limit designs. 6. To prepare concerted and localized mechanisms for mitigation of negative impacts and maximization of positive impacts of the proposed project(s).

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Therefore, this social cum economic study is designed to provide a background for the project ESMP document preparation. Expectedly, this study provides estimates of changes in demographics, housing, public services as well as the aesthetic quality of the settlements and Project Affected Peoples (PAPs) and that will be impacted by the proposed rehabilitation project. The study similarly gives an opportunity for diverse community values to be integrated into the decision-making process. A component of this assessment provides a foundation on how positive impacts of the proposed project can be enhanced in a sustainable manner. This impact assessment report has been prepared regarding the all-encompassing impacts of NEWMAP interventions project aiming at rehabilitating the watershed. The project area and geographical scope of the social baseline covers Nyangasang community with a view to assess the impacts of the gully rehabilitation project.

5.1 The project area

Nyangasang gully is located within the Nyangasang community, a suburb of Calabar metropolis of Cross River State. The gully is located entirely within Nyangasang community which is located within Ediba political ward of Calabar Municipal Local Government Area. The community is predominantly a residential cum farming settlement with a community head and other key traditional heads. Information gathered from the IDI and FGD revealed that the gully started in late 2011 to early 2012 when the road construction commenced in the area. It was gathered that the runoff was channeled to the towards the previous minute ravine and gradually it opened up to become a huge gully which claimed properties and led to displacement of property owners and farmers within the area. The physical description of the gully showed that it followed the pattern of ephemeral water network which only becomes active during and after heavy downpours. The water network formed with respect to land configuration in the sense that the gully developed along the pattern of water movement from the roadside drainages into the area, thereby forming a network of gullies. A typical example is depicted in Fig. below. It can be inferred thus that the gully in Nyanasang is a network of watershed-based gullies that formed along waterlines.

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Fig. 5.1: The nature of the gully that developed along the watershed in Nyangasang. This also shows a particular residential building within the gully alignment (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013).

There are several residential buildings within the range of the gully alignment. This shows that few buildings are already susceptible to the devastating effect of the erosion. Apart from residential structures situated along gully alignment, there is the newly opened Myy Hotel. The hotel is located just few metres away from the main gully making it the most valuable property being threatened by the erosion.

Road connectivity is high in the area. The road that connects the city centre is well tarred with its floodwater being directed into the gully. This is the only access road to and fro Nyangasang linking Calabar city centre and other adjoining communities such as Oso Ediba, Nkama Nfa Usoro, Osera Ediba, Nyomidibi, Ekaha Ekong, Edim Otop amongst others.

5.2 Population Characteristics of the Project Area

The project area is located in Calabar Municipal Local Government Area (LGA) in Cross River State. Owing to the extent of rehabilitation works anticipated in the

78 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t project area, the Nyangasang community and the adjoining communities will be impacted either positively or negatively or both. The demographic profile of this settlement was examined in the context of the profile of the Calabar Municipal Local Government Area (LGA). Data used for the profile analysis was drawn from all the relevant document of the LGA and the feedback forms from the administration of questionnaires used during the field survey. In view of the fact that, the community of concern does not have a specific population record, and because it constitute part of the overall population of their respective LGA in which they are sited, the population sizes were estimated using the population of Calabar Municipal LGA of the Cross River State.

Estimate of population for Cross River state and the Calabar Municipal LGA is presented in Table 5.1. The figures show the 2006 population estimates by National Bureau of Statistics and the projected 2020 values based on population growth rates. The demographic growth rate of Cross River State is computed as 2.26%. At this rate, the population will increase to 3.8 million. Similarly, the growth rate of Calabar Municipal LGA is computed at 0.70%. The population is anticipated to reach over 200,000 value by the year 2020. Further, the gender ratio shows that there are more males than females. However, it is anticipated that the population will increase drastically since the project area is an entirely suburban with urban-based residents.

Table 5.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Cross River State Year Male Female Total

Cross River State 2006 1,471,967 1,421,021 2,892,988

2020 1,953,400 1,855,824 3,809,250

Calabar Municipal 2006 93,092 90,589 183,681 LGA

2020 101,422 100,220 201,641

(Source: National Bureau Statistics, 2010)

5.3 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Project Affected People (PAP)

Socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed intervention project was based on administration of the structured questionnaires, interviews and focus group

79 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t discussions with project affected people and communities. This sub-section assesses the socio-demographic information of the respondents which basically limited to their age, gender, education, marital status and monthly income of the in- scope households and individuals. The distribution of responses according to the above mentioned parameters designate the respondents‟ stance to several other desirable attributes related to the information provided. The socio-demographic information considered provides a depiction of the Project Affected Parsons (PAPs).

5.3.1 Gender/Sex Profile

It is understood that, the sex profile of a given population concerns with the comparative proportion of males and females in such area. It is an image of the proportionality of gender towards the social and economic development of the residence of the proposed intervention project area. This can also be referred to as the sex ratio or distribution. The sex composition of the respondents is presented in Fig. 5.2 below. The result presented in the figure shows that there are more males (65.79%) than females (34.21%).

Going by the proportion of leadership and property ownership in the project area, this proportion is not unexpected. During the sampling and survey, the gully erosion monitoring committee therefore has sensitized most of the landowners, most of the concerned individuals were willing to participate in the survey.

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Percentage

65.79% 70.00

60.00

50.00 34.21% 40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00 MALE FEMALE Respondents' Gender

Fig. 5.2: Sex Profile of Respondents (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.3.2 Age Profile

The age profile is an essential socioeconomic parameter for ascertaining the demographic structure of a given population. It is an essential element of vital statistics for planning and organization of developmental and welfare programmes for any society that seeks socioeconomic advancement. The age distribution of respondents is presented in Fig. below.

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59.46 60

50

40 Percentage 29.73

30

20

10 5.41 5.41

0 <18 18-45 46-65 >66 Ages (Years) Fig. 5.3: Age Profile of Respondents (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

The age distribution illustrated above shows highest proportion of the respondents within the age range of 18-45 years (59.46%) and this was followed by the respondents with age range of 46-65 years (29.73%). This implies that, 89.19% of the sampled individuals belong to the active age who are mainly working class. Besides, the respondents below 18 years who are considered to be too young to be property-owners and the age group 66 and above had 5.41% each. Those of these age-group are the basic dependent population group that relies on the proceeds of the working age to sustain their living. Fig. 5.3 shows the age profile of the project area.

5.3.3 Ethnic group

The ethnic composition of the project area is depicted in Fig.5.4 below. The distribution of the ethnic classification and composition as depicted showed that most of the PAPs are Ibibios (89.19%). The traditional landowners–the Efik constitute a mere 5.41% showing a sharp departure from the anticipated ethnic grouping. The minorities are the Igbos and the Yorubas each of which constitute 2.70% each. This goes to show that the PAPs are not traditional landowners and therefore social stratification and resettlement plans should be handled with the comprehension of

82 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t their cultural ties to land and the importance and understanding of their means of living cum livelihood as it concerns the gully eroded area.

Ibibio 89.19%

Yoruba 2.70% Ethnic Ethnic group

Igbo 2.70%

Efik 5.41%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percentage Fig. 5.4: Ethnic groupings and Classification of the Respondents (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.3.4 Level of Education

Education is a socioeconomic barometer used as enlightenment parameter. It is a key parameter in understand the extent of exposure to knowledge and its application in any society. The educational level of the project area is presented in Fig. below. It shows that on the average the PAPs in Nyangasang are enlightened. Most of the respondents have secondary school (High School) education (35.14%). About 16.22% have tertiary education while 2.63% specifically have university education. 29.73% have primary education while 16.29% have no form of education. It should be noted that this level of education does not prevent most of the residents from communicating in English language. Overall, Fig. 5.5 presents the level of education of the residents of the project area.

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40 35.14 35 29.73

30 Percentage 25

20 16.29 16.22

15

10

5 2.63 0.00 0 None Primary Secondary Tertiary University Post School School Graduate Education Level Fig. 5.5: Educational Level of the Respondents (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.3.5 Families and Households

There are various categories of families and households observed in the proposed project affected community. As result of this, the categories will be discussed under two sub-categories, namely; marital status and family type and other paramount components.

5.3.5.1 Marital Status

This has been considered as types of existing relationships between adults (male and female) within that particular population. With respect to sampled individuals and households, it shows the number of individuals of marriage age that are actually married and those who are yet to get married. Fig. 6 shows the marital status of respondents.

The Fig. 5.6 above illustrates that the most involved in the sample frame are married (67.57%). This has inferences for which there is a potential population increase. This high proportion also determines the household type, the consumption power and the infrastructure needs of the resident of the area. Since marriage is a way in which the level of responsibility can be described as well as influences the amount of risk an individual can take, it may in some way checkmate issues relating to destructive violence in the area. So also, 2.62%of the sampled individuals have not married, i.e.

84 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t single. The divorced constitutes 2.70% while 8.11% represent the separated in the population.

67.57% 70.00

60.00

50.00

Percentage 40.00

30.00 21.62%

20.00 8.11% 10.00 2.70%

0.00 Single Married Divorced Separated Marital Status

Fig. 5.6: Marital Status (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.3.5.2 Family Types

Family type is a designation and description of the family structure. This is defined based on the arrangement of the family with respect to the head of household, household typology and the size of the family. Each of these is described for the entire sampled population in order to get an overview of the family structure in the project area.

As illustrated in Fig. 5.7 below, there are four typologies of head of household. 50% of the respondents are the head of household. 21% claimed that their spouses are the head of household. This shows that these respondents are females and their respective husbands are the head of the household who are not around during the period of the socioeconomic survey. 24% of claimed that their children are the household head while there are other family groups which constitute 5% of the sampled respondents.

85 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

Head Household Head of Other

Parent

Child

Spouse

Self

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percentage

Fig. 5.7: Head of household (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

The type of household is another medium to differentiate the nature and structure of the family in a given population. In the project area, there are three distinguished classes of household typologies–headed by a man, a woman or a child. Expectedly, most of the sampled families are headed by a man (67.57%). Households headed by a woman and a child in the family are 16.22% each of the entire sampled population. This is illustrated in the pie chart depicted in Fig. 5.8.

Child, 16.22%

Woman, 16.22%

Man, 67.57%

Fig. 5.8: Household typology (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

86 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

Much more important is the size of the family. The size of the family is a germane socioeconomic and psychosocial parameter used in understanding the complex structure of the family make-up in a particular population. It is used in understanding the average number of people expected in a family in an area. As shown in Fig. 5.9 below, there are five family size categories with three (6.90%) as the minimum and over seven being the maximum family size (44.83%). Others include four (17.24%), five (17.24%), and six (13.79%). By implication, the number of people that are susceptible to social and environmental impact of the proposed project is high within a particular family. Therefore, the average family size anticipated in the project area during the pre-construction, construction and maintenance and operation phase is about five (including the parents).

7+ 44.83%

6 13.79%

5 17.24% Household Household size

4 17.24%

3 6.90%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Percentage Fig. 5.9: Size of Households (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.3.6 Residential Status of Respondents

The assessment of the in-situ households‟ residential status is illustrated in Fig. 5.10 below. As presented in the illustration, 84.21% of the sample individuals and households were permanent residence in the proposed project area with well over a decade of stay. The visitors who are not permanent residents and the back home returnees constitute 7.89% each. The residential status of the sampled households has an implication on the desirable socioeconomic information concerning the existing situations in the project area. By implication, much of the socioeconomic data extracted from the study constitute the views of those who have had much

87 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t experience on the nature of the area and the genesis of the gully in the project area. A detailed result is graphically shown in the Fig. 5.10 below.

Non Resident, 7.89%

Returnee, 7.89%

Permanent Resident, 84.21%

Fig. 5.10: Residential Status of Respondents (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.3.7 Duration of Stay in Area

The residence period of the respondents has implications for the study. It is generally believed that, the validity of the data collected from the sampled population determined by the longevity of the residence by the interviewees since all should have been seen as result of living in the area for quite a reasonable number of years.

>10 82.05

6-9 7.69

3-5 2.56 Duration (years) Duration

0-2 7.69

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percentage Fig 5.11: Length of Residence (Source: Field Survey, 2013)

88 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

Most of the sampled individuals and households (82.05.0%) have lived for over ten years in the area. The respondents who have lived in the area between 6–9 years constitute 7.69%, while 2.56% of the respondents have stayed in the area between 3–5 years. The new residents with about 0–2 years of residency are about 7.69% of the sampled individuals in Nyangasang. The high proportion of the residents of the area with over a decade of stay, it be inferred that these well-established residents will possess credible environmental information useful for assessment and examination of the development of the gully and the impact it had had on the residency structure of Nyangasang. The graphic presentation of the result is shown in Fig. 5.11.

5.3.8 Employment Status of Respondents

It is understood that the employment status of a given population is an indication of the major source of income of the household members of the population. It gives an insight into the potential source of labour in such area. It is a pointer to the source of livelihood and family socioeconomic sustenance.

As depicted in Fig. 5.12 below, most of the respondents are agriculturists and those engaged in a potpourri of urban jobs better classified as miscellaneous activities 27.78% each. Most of these farmers engaged in direct crop cultivation in a small- scale especially on a rainfed approach. Some of the crops cultivated are planted along the gully alignment particularly downstream. Crop cultivated include vegetables, pineapple, maize, plantain, banana, okra, oranges, mango, oil palm amongst others. Those engaged in other urban-based activities are essentially service based workmen and women. They render diverse support-based services for different categories of industry within the urban areas of Calabar.

The employed (salaried) constitute 8.33%, self-employed (8.33%), traders (5.56%), daily labourer (2.78%) and artisan (2.78%). This shows that the labour structure of the project area is composed of salary earners and self-employed individuals who are shop owners and service renderers such as barbers and hairdressers. Others are essentially unemployed (16.67%). The unemployed group are essentially retirees and school leavers. A detailed finding is graphically presented in Fig. 5.12 below.

89 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

30 27.78 27.78

25

20

16.67

15

10 8.33 8.33

5.56 Percentage 5 2.78 2.78 0.00 0

Occupation Fig. 5.12: Main Occupation of Respondents (Source: Field Survey, 2013)

5.3.9 Income Level of the Respondents

The income status of the sampled individuals and households refers to the average income a respondent expects to get daily, weekly and monthly for being engaged in an economic activity through self-employment or as an employee. It shows the economic status of a particular population. The income status of the respondents as estimated on monthly basis is graphically presented in Fig. 5.13 below. The income structure of the project area showed that most 69.24% earned about 60,000 monthly, i.e 6–20,000 and 21,000–6 0,000 each with 34.62% of the population each. The lower income group that earn less than 5,000 and 5,000 constitute 7.69% each while the high income group of 61,000 – 100,000 and 100,000 also constitute 7.69% each. Thus, the average income within the area is about 40,000 in a month. A detailed illustration of findings is depicted in Fig. 5.13 below.

90 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

40

34.62 35 34.62

30

25

20

Percentage 15

10 7.69 7.69 7.69 7.69 5

0 Less than 5,000 5,000 6,000 - 20,000 21,000 - 60,000 61,000 - 100,000 101,000 and above Total income Fig. 5.13: Income Status (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.4 Assessment of Social Infrastructure and Standard of Living

5.4.1 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area

The housing characteristics of an area are a description of the materials used for the construction of the particular building. This measure is an essential socioeconomic parameter of standard of living, which is used to correlate employment status and income structure. The higher the quality of materials used in the construction of the buildings, ceteris paribus, the higher the standard of living and the quality of life.

Table 5.2 presents the distribution of materials used for the construction of the different sections of the building and the tenure systems of land and building. For the wall construction, most of the buildings are made of concrete blocks (82.05%), plastered mud (15.38%) and other materials (2.55%). This is expected in a suburban setting. For the roofing, 58.82% have corrugated roofing sheets, 35.29% aluminum, asbestos 2.94%, and others 2.94%. This is also expected within a suburb of a city. Floor materials are mainly made of concrete cement (73.68%), earthen floor (13.16%), tiles (10.53%), and other materials (2.63%). This also matches the earlier wall and roofing material description expected within a suburb setting. The number of rooms was also used as a housing definition parameter. It is an essential element is ascertaining the available space used for living by the households within the project

91 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t area. Most of the residents (80%) of the project lived in about 3–4 room apartment excluding the rest rooms (toilet and kitchen). Others (20%) live in 1–2 rooms. The available toilet facility was also assessed. It however showed that 51.28% of the residents use the pit latrine toilet. 41.08% use the water closet, while 7.69% have their toilets located outside the building. There are no cases of no toilet even though some of these toilets could be shared by different households. In general form, most of the residents of the project area lived in average housing structure. The tenure of housing showed that most of the buildings (92.31%) are occupied by the owners who are mainly landlords and landladies. Only a few percentages (5.13%) are tenants (occupier on rent basis) while 2.56% are occupiers based on rent-free. This group is essential occupiers of a family building or inherited property from their late parents.

Table 5.2: Type of Materials in the Building and Tenure Systems Proportion Proportion Building section Materials (%) Building section Materials (%) Plastered Wall Materials Mud 15.38 Toilet Facility Pit Latrine 51.28 Cement block 82.05 Water Closet 41.03 Outside Others 2.56 Dwelling 7.69 TOTAL 100 None 0.00 Corrugated Roofing roofing 58.82 TOTAL 100 Tenure of Aluminium 35.29 Housing Owned 92.31 Asbestos 2.94 Rented 5.13 Occupied for Tiles 0.00 free 2.56 Others 2.94 Others 0.00 TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100 Floor Materials Earthen 13.16 Tenure of Land Owned 92.31 Concretes 73.68 Rented 5.13 Occupied for Tiles 10.53 free 2.56 Others 2.63 Others 0.00 TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100 Number of Rooms 1-2 Rooms 20.00 3-4 Rooms 80.00 Others 0.00 TOTAL 100 Source: Field Survey, November 2013

92 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

5.4.2 Source of Energy

Availability and utilization of energy for domestic and commercial usage is mainly of two perspectives, i.e. lighting and cooking. Undoubtedly, energy is a key household service necessary for socioeconomic assessment. Table 5.3 shows the ranking of energy used for cooking by the residents of the project area. In all, most of the residents relies on the usage of lantern (66.67%), followed by public electricity from PHCN (56.52%), generator (53.57%), and candle (50%). This shows that electricity supply to the area is very low. This is also one of the fallouts of the interviews conducted in which respondents complained bitterly about the nature of power supply for general usage in the area being very low compared to other parts of Calabar Municipal LGA.

Table 5.3: Source of energy for lighting Energy Source Rank Percentage Energy Source Rank Percentage Public Electricity 1 56.52 Candle 1 25.00 2-3 23.91 2-3 50.00

>3 19.57 >3 25.00

TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100

Generator 1 46.43 Torch 1 35.71 2-3 53.57 2-3 7.14

>3 >3 57.14

TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100

Lantern 1 66.67

2-3 33.33

TOTAL 100

Source: Field Survey, November 2013

The main source of energy for cooking in the project area based on ranking and choice is the use of firewood (65%). This is closely followed by the use of kerosene stove (35%). Firewood was preferred by the resident because it is cheep, its ease of usage and availability in the area.

5.5 Assessment of Health Status of Sampled Households

The general health status examination of the project area was based on the management of health issues and mainly the connection between the health status and the gully in the area. In order to understand the status of the residents, the

93 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t relationship between the health status and the gully was assessed based on the cause-effect analysis. In the assessment, 78.79% claimed that their health status is neither triggered nor related to the gully. This statistic formed the basis of other health assessment in the project area.

5.5.1 Method of Healthcare

An initial assessment of the respondent‟s current state of health was conducted and they all claimed to be healthy. However, when the method of healthcare was assessed, variations in responses were noted and computed in Fig. 5.14 below. In case of any ailment, most (65.71%) claimed to use the available health facility by attending the nearby hospital. The proportion that uses the nearby-chemist alternative constitutes 25.70% of the residents. This group engages in self- medication. 5.70% of the respondents claimed to use the trado-medical alternative in which natural herbs are used at home to treat ailment. 2.89% uses other alternative medical treatment methods.

Other 2.89

None 0.00

Trado-medicals 5.70 Healthcare methodHealthcare

Buy Drugs from Chemist 25.70

Attend Hospital 65.71

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percentage Fig. 5.14: Health Status of Sampled Individuals and Households (Source: Field Survey, 2013)

5.5.2 Assessment of Ailment/Sickness Dominant in the Project Area

It is paramount to understand the dominant health condition since the previous parameters has been established. As displayed in Fig. 5.15, the most common health challenge/ailment in the project area is Malaria (65.63%). Others in

94 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t hierarchical order include Catarrh (12.5%), water-borne diseases (6.25%), skin diseases (6.25%), and cough (3.13%).

The perception of the residents on the dominant health challenges showed that the environment affects their health significantly. This was emphasized further by the claim that the diseases are sometimes seasonal. It was expressed that in the wet season some of these diseases becomes prominent affecting the family either simultaneously or consecutively from one family member to another. Other diseases such as tuberculosis, asthma, dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera, pile, hypertension, congestive health problem, rheumatism, rashes, eczema, ringworm, eye pains, cataract, glaucoma, typhoid fever, sickle cell anaemia, epilepsy, and migraine were screened in the project but recorded no response. However, skin diseases reported include eczema, rashes, and other external signs of unhealthy skin were captured in the group. Thus, malaria is the most dominant health issue which according to the residents is seasonal and sometimes related to temperature changes. This is in agreement with the report from the available health records from the Ediba health post which is situated in the project community.

80

65.63%

60

40

20 6.25% 12.50%

3.13% Percentage 0 6.25% Skin 6.25% Cough Diseases Catarrh Malaria Water-borne diseases Other

Diseases

Fig. 5.15: Ailment/Sickness Rampant Among the Sampled Households (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

5.5.2 Health Records in the Project Area

95 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

Health records within the immediate vicinity of the project remains the most accessible data which corroborates the perceived health accounts provided in the previous sections. Table 5.4 shows that there are three health facilities in the project area - two government-owned and one private specialist clinic. The level of functionality of the government-owned facilities shows that they are structure to handle menial health cases at the ward level for instance, the Ediba health centre is to handle minor cases of medical challenges while the health post is a makeshift medical post located at the Ediba Community Hall. Therefore, data on number of beds, number of patients attended to and other key medical and health records are very scanty showing low medical care within the Nyangasang vicinity.

Table 5.4: Health Facilities and Associated Data

S/n Name of Healthcare Facility Type of Facility Ownership

1 Ediba Primary Health Centre Primary Healthcare Centre Public (PHC)

2 Nyahasang Health Post Health Post (HP) Public

3 City Clinic Specialist Health Facility (SHF) Private

Source: Ministry of Local Government Affairs (2010)

5.6 Sources of Domestic water

There are three main sources of water available for daily usage in the project area. First, there is a commercial borehole from which water is sold to community members as they fetch. Second, some depend on the public water pump which flows periodically daily with long queues. This source of water is difficult and challenging and timewasting. And, a few community members fetch water from the river further down the gully.

Out of the three, the borehole is the most used for general water needs, i.e. for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing. As shown in Fig. 5.16, 89.47% relies on borehole for drinking, 86.49% for cooking, and 86.49% for bathing and washing. Therefore, it can be established that the borehole is the main source of water for the community. The assurance of the water in terms of quality remains a challenge. Some of the community members complain of the poor quality owing to lack of proper treatment of the water as well as general unhygienic nature of the

96 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t environment where the water is fetched. Water pump from government constitute 7.89% for drinking, 8.11% for cooking, bathing and washing respectively. However, a very minute percentage of the residents claimed to use the river: 2.63% for drinking, 5.41% for cooking, bathing and washing respectively.

89.47 86.49 86.49 Borehole 90 Water pump

80 River Percentage 70

60

50

40

30

20 7.89 8.11 8.11 5.41 5.41 10 2.63

0 Drinking Cooking Bathing and Washing Purpose of water Usage Fig. 5.16 Sources of Domestic water (Source: Field Survey, 2013)

5.7 Assessment of Waste Management Methods

Waste management is an essential socioeconomic cum environmental yardstick for measuring safety and environmental cleanliness and awareness. The management of waste generated simply deals with waste handling across the spectrum of generating, collecting and general waste treatment. A properly handled waste management approach determines the extent of vulnerability to diseases and epidemics.

Fig. 5.17 shows the refuse collection methods by the residents of the project area. Most of the residents of the project area (84.21%) dump their refuse in the gully. Fig. 5.18 shows a boy dumping waste into the gully. The explanation for this is that the waste will help reduce the risk of the gully expansion and that it helps reduce the cost of living as the central waste collectors charge huge sums for waste collection. 10.53% claimed to use the so-called community dumpsite, while 2.63% use the flowing water as dump channel and the government accredited waste collector

97 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t respectively. The use of the gully for waste dumps affects the health status, air quality and the general environmental outlook of the project area.

90 84.21

80

70

60

50 Percentage 40

30

20 10.53

10 2.63 2.63 0.00 0.00 0 Backyard of Water Community Burning Waste Gully/ravine House dumpsite collector Waste dumpsite Fig. 5.17 Solid Waste Management Methods (Source: Field Survey, 2013)

Fig. 5.18: The gully being used as a waste dumpsite. A boy is seen here dumping waste into the gully (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013) 5.8 Communities’ Environmental Concerns (CECs)

One of the most prominent global environmental challenges is erosion and land degradation. Its impacts on human live is tremendous, it could curtail livelihood and

98 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t even lead to death if left unchecked or uncontrolled. Its impact can also be intensified by the global climate change phenomenon. The project area is not immune to these impressions. It is against this background that the proposed project becomes inevitable as human lives and properties (Fig. 5.19 and Fig. 5.20) become susceptible to the devastating effect of the gully.

Fig. 5.19: Nearby building already under threat in project area (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

Fig. 5.20: Myy Hotel the newest private investment under the threat of the gully (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

99 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

Despite the fact that, the communities embraced the commencement of the proposed project, some environmental and socio-economic concerns were raised. Accordingly, Table 5.5 below presents the adverse environmental impacts of the gully erosion and the potential impacts of the proposed intervention during construction and operation phases as suggested by the respondents.

Table 5.5: Perceived environmental Impacts of the gully erosion across the various stages of the rehabilitation project Environmental Challenges Existing Gully (%) Operation (%) Maintenance (%) Soil Infertility 13.16 3.03 0.00 Poor Drainage 15.79 6.06 7.41 Bad Road 28.95 6.06 0.00 Low Visibility 0.00 3.03 7.41 Bad Land 2.63 9.09 11.11 Flooding 18.42 15.15 3.70 Environmental Degradation 7.89 6.06 3.70 Degraded Land 5.26 12.12 14.81 Destruction of public infrastructure 5.26 36.36 48.15 Pollution (air, surface water, groundwater, noise) 2.63 3.03 3.70 TOTAL 100 100 100 (Source: Field Survey, November 2013)

Without doubt, the gully has had much impact on the generality of the livelihood, lifestyle and the environment of the project area. Bad road is the most obvious environmental impact (28.95%). This is followed by flooding (18.42%), poor drainage (15.79%), soil infertility (13.16%), and environmental degradation (7.89%). Others include degraded land, destruction of public infrastructure, and pollution. However, during the period of construction in which the gully rehabilitation and other related civil works, there are environmental challenges that will be introduced into the project area (Fig. 5.21 and Fig. 5.22).

The potential environmental concerns raised with respect to construction phase of the project include destruction of public infrastructure (36.36%), flooding (15.15%), possible land degradation (12.12%), and bad lands (9.09%). There are traces of soil infertility (3.03%), bad roads (6.06%), poor drainages (6.06%), environmental degradation and pollution of key aspects of the environment (air, surface water, groundwater, noise). Only a handful of these environmental distresses were highlighted for the operation and maintenance phase of the project. The major

100 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t concern expressed by the residents of the project area is related to destruction of public infrastructure (48.15%). Other concerns include development of degraded lands (14.81%), bad lands (11.11%), poor drainage (7.41%) and poor visibility (7.41%).

Fig. 5.21: The width of one of the degraded fingers of Nyanggasang gully. The foreground shows the extent of badlands created with visible soil profile, and the other side of the image shows the plant life under the threat of the gully. (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

Fig. 5.22: A major source of the gully expansion is the drainage outlet of runoff off the Access- Nyangasang Road. The image was captured during a torrential rain and the velocity of the floodwaters can be seen as it smashes the soil surface of the gully channel (Source: Fieldwork, November 2013)

101 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

5.9 Impact Evaluation of the Gully Erosion Intervention Activities

For every enhancement or environmental rehabilitation activities, there are perceived implications for the community level. At this scale, the community perception will go a long way to underpin the extent of success such a project would have. For the project area in Nyangasang II, relevant questions were used to screen the respondents on their perception of the project. The awareness of the NEWMAP intervention project is high in the community as 84.62% of the concur that through the local gully erosion site monitoring committee, consistent and continuous information has been disseminated to virtually all concerned stakeholders on the gully erosion and the proposed project activities. The medium for the dissemination of the community information is the consistent community gathering. In fact, 87.88% of the respondent claimed that the community gathers as soon as matters of urgency arise. To this end, most of them claimed to have attended the community meetings where the gully erosion project was discussed in depth.

Members of the community affirmed that the community is peaceful. Thus, the project will not stimulate any form of youth restiveness. 40.54% respondents agree while 59.46% vehemently differ. This shows that it is possible for youths of the area to disrupt the rehabilitation activities if some issues are not properly addressed. Issues that could stimulate youth restiveness in the area were screened. The response shows is depicted in Fig. 5.23.

58.33%

60

50

40 29.17%

30 Percenatge

20 12.50%

10

0 Loss of Possible Theft of Local people not Farmland/Property Sacred Items employed Possible causes of Youth restiveness Fig. 5.23: Possible causes of youthful restiveness during the project (Source: November 2013)

102 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

5.9.1 Project Impact in the community

The impact of the project on the entire community as expressed by the residents is depicted in Fig. 5.20 and Fig 4.21 below. On one hand, Fig. 5.24 expresses the perceived beneficial impacts derivable from the projects. The benefits include improved drainage (25%), good roads and infrastructure (25%), safety of lives and properties (20.83%), provision of employment for locals (youths and able-bodied men), development across spheres of live (8.33%), and improved healthcare. This outcome represents the variety of expectation of the community towards the project. The level of success expected goes beyond the rehabilitation project to other key infrastructure provision such as roads, electricity, and pipe-borne water amongst others.

30

25

20

15

25.00 25.00

10 20.83 16.67

5 8.33

4.17 0 Improve Provision of Good roads & Improve Safety of Lives Development Drainage Employment Infrastructure healthcare & property

Fig. 5.24: Possible positive benefits derivable from the project (Source: November 2013)

On the other hand, Fig. 5.25 depicts the danger that might accrue to the project as expressed by the community residents. 50% claimed that the project would lead to destruction of their farmlands and properties. Others opined that the project might lead to development of bad roads (16.67%), environmental pollution (16.67%), and security threat to the community (16.67%). These fears show that there are hidden threats that the project portends for Nyangasang community with personal properties and means of livelihood being the principal concern. It is therefore paramount that

103 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t the RAP report should be conducted carefully and all-inclusive in order to cover every form of property and economic activities that might be affected during the construction stage of the project.

Bad roads

Pollution Impacts Security Threat

Loss of Farmland/Properties

0 10 20 30 40 50 Percentage Fig. 5.25: Possible negative benefits derivable from the project (Source: November 2013)

Following from the fears expressed above, is the deep expectations from the community that the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU should take germane to the project (Fig. 5.26). Most of the respondents claimed that employment of the locals (87.18%) should be taken paramount. This is not unexpected if the previous responses are carefully examined. The community expects their youths to be employed.

2.56% Employment of 10.26% Locals Compensation of those affected Others

87.18%

Fig. 5.26: Expectations of the community residents towards the project (Source: November 2013)

104 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

Also, 10.26% claimed that the compensation programme must be intact and all- encompassing. One of the fallout of the FGD showed that compensation must be handled paramount to all affected residents and the payments should be made in concrete terms.

5.10 Other Concerns from IDIs, FGDs and community meeting The main concerns and impact expressed by the residents of Nyangasang concerning the gully rehabilitation works include:

 Increase in the expansion of the gully in recent time;  Massive damage to lives and property especially during rainy season;  Destruction of existing road and foothpaths to connect nearby communities;  Threats to the safety of all residents of all ages especially children and the aged;  Threats to means of livelihood particularly to farmers especially rainy season;  Previous palliative exacerbate the existing gully malaise as the project was abandoned.  Local palliatives only reduce the velocity of the waters rushing downslope but did not prevent the destructive potency of the gully.

However, with respect to the proposed intervention, expectation of the people during construction phase includes:

 Employment of the locals during the construction phase of the project;  Adequate compensation to people whose property‟s will be loss due to the intervention.

Also, the communities assure total cooperation with the Cross River NEWMAP, contractors and consultants. They promise adequate security / protection of live, properties and equipment‟s during construction.

105 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t

CHAPTER SIX

ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.0 Introduction

This chapter is a succinct presentation of the potential impacts of civil works, bioengineering and other related activities that will be conducted during the pre- construction, construction as well as maintenance and operation phase of the proposed project. It further discusses the alternatives for either the acceptance of the proposed project or its rejection. The stated impacts cover the broad spectrum of the environmental and social dimensions of the proposed rehabilitation works at the Nyangasang gully erosion site in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria.

6.1 Potential Impacts

6.1.1 Positive Impacts

The positive impacts stated in this section cover the principal periods of the rehabilitation project in Nyangasang i.e. the construction and operation phases. Based on the socioeconomic profile and social status of the residents of the project area, construction works and associated provision of infrastructure cum rehabilitation works will reduce the unpalatable experience of the residents to barest minimum. The essential positive impacts of the project are listed as follows.

Public safety: With the proposed rehabilitation and construction project in the project area, civil safety will increase with respect to properties and human lives at the risk of the gully expansion. The safety of lives particular during the wet season when the gully seem to expand overland will be reduce and the number of lives at the risk of being submerged with the earth/soil particles will be reduced. The high incidence of flooding which is a seasonal experience in the project area will also be reduced. The loss of farmland and crops planted towards the onset of the rainy season will also be reduced. In addition, it was gathered during the field study that whenever it rains heavily, schoolchildren would not be able to attend school owing to high current of floodwaters running across the gully alignment. Thus, with the initiation and implementation of the project, this will be halted and pupils can attend school without any form of disruption.

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Employment opportunities: This is the principally a positive impact to the community. The project will create significant temporary employment for construction workers, equipment maintenance and support staff. While a small number of senior project managers may come from overseas and other specialists from elsewhere in Nigeria, the majority of project staff are expected to be recruited locally from within the Nyangasang workforce. The number of temporary jobs created during during the Nyangasang gully erosion rehabilitation works is likely to be 100-150 covering different aspect of the construction professionals, skilled labour and unskilled labourers.

Minimization of flooding: Within the catchment of the gully, the velocity of floodwaters is high as a result of movement downslope. This often leads to massive flooding affecting builidngs and structures proximate to the gully slopes. The natural surface configuration coupled with the nature of the soil as well as the direction of drainage waters of the Nyangasang–Access Road combine to exacerbate the gully formation which initially started as localised and simple soil erosion. The challenges associated with the flooding is enormous; obstruction of movement within the community, loss of crops planted on the farmland, etc. At the completion of the project, these challenges of flooding and the associated loss of lives and properties will be curtailed.

Rehabilitation of affected lands, vegetation and forests: The construction works will lead to a transformation of the land area. For instance, degraded lands will be rehabilitated while the general feeling of living in unsafe environment will be reduced. Residents will also have reduced fear or perception of loss of property. Indigenous population of the area will have a sense of confidence in the restoration of their ancestral origins.

6.1.2 Negative Impacts

The identified potential negative impacts have been on the basis of whether they occur during the pre-construction, construction or operation phase in the subsequent sections. This is necessary to facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures that are outline in the Environmental and Social Management plan (ESMP) included in the next chapter of this report.

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6.1.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase

Displacement of People: The proposed development will displace people within the gully alignment, and will be forced to relocate their buildings. These areas will have to be acquired by the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU via the state policy of land acquisition which should recognise the mutual agreement with the affected landowners. All affected persons must be compensated adequately, taking into consideration the following for those who may have to be relocated to different location. This should involve;

 Appropriate identification and mapping of the PAPs (Project Affected Persons),  Compensation for land and assets lost to people developing land for resettlement,  logistical provision for resettling the people  Compensate the people in terms of earnings (loss of current earnings)

According to the World Bank OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement, displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups:

(a) Those who have formal legal rights to land (including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country);

(b) Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets--provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan and

(c) Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying.

Persons covered under (a) and (b) above are provided compensation for the land they lose, and other assistance as necessary. Persons covered under (c) are provided resettlement assistance in lieu of compensation for the land they occupy, and other assistance, as necessary, to achieve the objectives set out in this plan, if they occupy the project area prior to a cut-off date established by the borrower and acceptable to World Bank. Persons who encroach on the area after the cut-off date are not entitled to compensation or any other form of resettlement assistance. All

108 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t persons included in (a), (b), or (c) are provided compensation for loss of assets other than land.

It is envisage that about 5 structure involving not more than 20 families will be affected. However, the RAP report will provide detail information on resettlement issues.

Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood: These are associated with expectations of the residents of the community residents along the gully alignment and the entire watershed. In the project area, the information about the project raised hopes of the residents of better infrastructure provision to their community and anticipation of general improvement of the socioeconomic life pattern. There is a general land speculative feeling with tendency to the cost of land and other properties and assets in the area being hiked. The residents also anticipated a rise in trading activities particularly with the markets located within the area as a result of construction and employment provided by the project activities. Therefore, the general feeling of the community in Nyangasang is overall infrastructural development with the gully erosion intervention project being a precursor to many life-improvement projects to come. This perception has an adverse impact on the project as residents may develop overwhelming expectation for the project.

Induced Development: With the rehabilitation of the gully, Nyangasang will increase in popularity. Modern infrastructure particularly a desired infrastructure for rehabilitation stimulates investment and employment helps improve marginal investment opportunities. The extent to which development becomes a positive or negative impact will be determined by the effectiveness of the planning framework. With an ineffective framework, the overall impact could be substantially negative. Therefore, the Calabar Municipal Town Planning Authority of Cross River State has the legal responsibility to ensure that the threshold negative pattern is transformed to a well-planned settlement for residents. Otherwise, vacant lands in the area may become prime targets for squatters and land speculators who will make their own unauthorized connections.

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6.1.2.2 Construction Phase

A critical requirement with the level of construction anticipated in the project area is the right of way. Vegetation will be cleared from sites, large drains will be constructed and other related constructions will be erected. These activities during the construction phase will intensify and the environment will be disturbed and affected. Broadly, key negative impacts of the development are likely to include:

Impacts on Flora and Fauna: Plants and animal life irrespective of size and extent of living footprints will be impacted adversely. Birds and climbing animals will be affected in addition to life forms that are attached to the soil of the project area. Animals in high densities that have built adaptation mechanisms and those living naturally in the gully area will be displaced from their natural habitats. It was observed during the field study that some of the residents are using a part of the gully alignment for cultivation of different crops such as banana and plantain, vegetables, cassava, yam, etc. During the construction phase, these activities will be completely halted and organisms that feed on the floristic life forms will be completely displaced. It was also observed that further down the gully erosion alignment, there are birds that live on trees. These birds will be displaced thus; a mitigation strategy of planting trees with soft shallow roots will reduce the extent of migration of the birds.

Livestock and wildlife will also be negatively affected. There are evidences of herdsmen using the luxuriant grasses and shrubs of the gully site as source of food for their cattle. With the commencement of the project, the livestock grazing will be restricted within the sphere of the construction activities and the herdsmen will have to look for alternative grazing areas. Wild animals that feed on fruits and leaves of the vegetation within the project area will be restricted from feeding owing to the intensive construction activities. This will impair their natural food sources.

Vegetation is also affected within the construction area of the watershed. Trees and grasses will be cleared for construction purposes. Thus, the natural vegetal structure will be altered from tropical rainforest to open stretch woodland or shrub land within the high-rainfall forest zone. During the construction phase, the movement of vehicles and heavy-duty machineries will further reduce the chances of development of biological succession.

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Impacts on Water and Water Resources: Impact on water resources is critical to the project area. The watershed structure of the Nyangasang gully shows a drainage pattern of interconnected gully that links a river further down the basin. Therefore, a point source of water pollution from the construction could lead to severe impact on the surface and groundwater water resources of the project area. In addition, earthworks during construction might release suspended particles in the water which could have detrimental effect on water organisms. However, the critical concern is the impact of the construction activities on the hydrological functions of shallow water bodies such as wetlands in the area. Sources of waste-related point source and non- point pollution of water bodies could include:

i. Wastewater containing high suspended solids; ii. Oil residues and industrial fluids from the washing of plant and vehicles that spilled into nearby water body and seeped into groundwater; iii. Spilt fuel oil around fuel storage tanks that seeped into groundwater and nearby stream; and iv. Waste oil, grease and de-greasing solvents from vehicle and plant servicing.

Impact on Biodiversity and Loss of Habitat: The level of work anticipated at the construction site will not cause significant effects on the generality of the biodiversity of the project area. Since the gully erosion do affect trees and other biological life forms, tree and bush clearance will be limited as most tree/shrubs within the gully alignment are not as dense as those within the natural watershed of Nyanagsang which are not be directed affected by construction activities. The cleared vegetation will be recovered by planting small trees and plants. The construction works will not harm any major bird or animal migration routes.

Soil/Land Excavation and Construction of Camp Sites: The nature of the gully erosion will require some form of land excavations and other land clearance. This could stimulate further land degradation if poorly managed or executed in an unsustainable manner. Thus, these activities should be done with respect to the engineering best practices which will reduce associated such any form of dilapidation. Depots and working camps should be located in such a way that they can either be used for other purposes after the time of construction (i.e. in

111 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t conjunction with local plans), or be removed without trace. Areas of thin soil layers should be identified so as to cut out any occurrence of aggravated problems.

Noise: During the construction, permissible/acceptable human noise levels can be temporarily exceeded due to the operation of lorries and equipment in the working zone of the gully erosion site. Noise abatement measures will be taken in the zones crossing the residential areas, including adequate work scheduling. The scheduling should also be designed to incorporate every form of social activities that might be affected in order to reduce any form of infringement. Typical noise emissions for plant and equipment likely to be deployed in the Nyangasang gully erosion rehabilitation works are listed in Table 6.1 together with typical international standards.

Table 6.1. Noise Emission Levels for Various Types of Construction Plant

Distance between Plant and Typical International Type of Plant Observer Standard 5 m 20 m 50 m Day Night Loader 90 78 70 75 55 Grader 90 78 70 75 55 Vibration Roller 86 74 66 75 55 Bulldozer 86 74 66 75 55 Generator 98 86 78 75 55 Impact Drill 87 75 67 75 55 Concrete Mixer 91 79 71 70 55 Concrete Pump 85 70 62 70 55 Pneumatic Hammer 84 86 78 75 55

Figures in dB(A)

Disruption to Communication Routes: The excavation of trenches and installation of concretes along main roads within the town will result in considerable and unavoidable delays in traffic flows. From the time of construction up until its completion, the overall impact upon the community would be the difficulty of accessibility to free traffic flow. The impact upon vehicular movement will generally be confined to increase journey time and other costs associated with delays, which in the majority of cases will only cause minor inconveniences. Effective traffic management will be key in determining the severity of impacts.

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Delays will be most noticeable during morning and evening peak 'rush-hours‟ even though these are relatively modest in Nyanagasang. Resulting delays will be most serious when they impact ambulances, fire engines, blood bank vans and other emergency vehicles. There are expected to be no significant impacts to non- vehicular traffic.

Disruption to Public Utilities: During the installation of new infrastructure, it is very easy to damage existing service cables and electrical lines or temporarily interrupt supplies to consumers. The levels of potential impacts arising from disruption damage to public utilities are summarised in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2. Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utilities Utility Nature of Impact Severity

Interruption of Supply Severe production loss and public High Voltage Personal Injury inLikeconlyv deaenietnhce of operator Electricity Cables Cost of Repair/Delay to Very severe Works

Interruption of Supply Severe production loss and public Medium Voltage Personal Injury inProbconavbleen iedeathnce of or serious injury to operator Electricity Cost of Repair/Delay to Severe Cables Works

Interruption of Supply Localised but severe public inconvenience Low Voltage Personal Injury Possible serious injury to operator Electricity Cables Cost of Repair/Delay to Minor production loss. Short public Works inconvenience

Interruption of Supply Localised but significant public inconvenience Local Personal Injury Unlikely Water Networks Cost of Repair/Delay to Minor Works Extreme disruption to national and international Telecom Interruption of Supply telecommunications Cables Personal Injury Unlikely Cost of Repair/Delay to Very Severe Works Disruption of Public Access: In addition to the general disruption of communications, rehabilitation works of the gully might result in the temporary loss of access as work progresses past individual property entrances. This will be most serious when crossing roads and in front of public building and emergency service centres.

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Workers’ Safety: All construction sites are inherently unsafe and for those employed on the project the risks are varied and omnipresent. Safety issues are therefore essential to all workers to keep to the principle of “safety first” in their execution of devoted responsibilities. It is expected that the inherent dangers would have been communicated to all workers concerned with the best safety practices being imbibed and followed strictly during construction works.

6.1.2.3 Operations and Maintenance Phase

At this operation and maintenance phase, there are series of activities that will impair the environment across different scales. Maintenance and repairs could stimulate issues such as air quality impairment, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic and transportation, occupational health and safety issues, amongst several others.

Maintenance works: During the maintenance works, the topography of the project might be affected. Activities such as construction and other civil works coupled with increased vehicular traffic in the area might intensify to an adverse extent thus reducing road transportation capacity.

Landscape planting will need to be maintained, with die back routinely removed and replacement planting undertaken. It is not expected that pesticides and other chemical products will be used. Weedkillers may be used at along drains and around the alignment of the rehabilitated area to ensure smooth water flow.

The soil of the study area is very rich for agricultural activities hence the local communities might convert some of the right-of-way areas to agricultural use which might affect the engineering design and the overall design of the project works. Thus maintenance issues should examine issues of design alterations, departure of the on-site activities from the initial project design, etc. Maintenance therefore should examine issues from the standpoint of maintaining and sustaining the original standard and design for the project area.

Air quality: Air quality issues will arise owing to increased vehicular traffic in the project stimulated by the rehabilitated gully eroded areas. Dust particles and other potentially injurious particles will be released to the environment which could prevent visibility and affect the general environmental outlook of the project area. These might be noticed by the residents or even traced with the hospital records close to

114 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t the project area. It therefore becomes imperative to put a consistent structure to check the air quality of the project during this phase of the project.

Noise and vibration: This is a likely phenomenon that can be related to the increased traffic, air quality issues and the machineries that will be used. It is anticipated that improved condition of the project area will attract heavy traffic as the rehabilitation works will lead to inward movement of people. Thus, number of vehicles will increase and the facilities that will be used for the maintenance of the structures put in place will also generate noise in the area. These activities could increase the ambient decibel levels beyond permissible limits. Water quality issues: Water quality issues could arise from runoff from the Nyangasang–Access Road, community solid wastes, and agricultural wastes. The catchment characteristics of the gully show that it connects a river further down. These activities could raise water quality issues. It therefore becomes imperative to ensure that measures such as pH levels, turbidity, water colour and other physical and chemical measures are examined from time to time during this phase.

Traffic and transportation: At this phase, intense traffic is expected. It was gathered during the community diagnostics and FGD that traffic levels have increased since the construction of the Nyangasang–Access Road in 2012, traffic, road transportation level at the maintenance phase will increase thus cases of logjams, and bottlenecks might be recorded. Proper traffic maintenance measures should be out in place by the local traffic maintenance authority in order to curtail man-hours waste on roads.

Occupation health and safety: Workers and other contractor staff members might be exposed to accidents at this stage of the project. The condition of work is also very essential to be considered, working under stringent environmental hazards, exposure to insects, carnivorous animals and other unsafe working conditions are possible scenarios. In some cases, in situ workers might be injured and some members of the public might be affected at this stage. Thus, proper safety measures must be put in place and first aid materials must be made available.

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6.1.3 Social Impacts

The project area is located within a purely residential area with few traces of other land uses such as lock-up shops and kiosks. The local populace engaged in small- scale agriculture with produce being sold at local markets. Therefore, there will likely be large negative impacts due to dense population in the watershed, the farmlands and other private properties such as Myy Hotel.

Cultural Impacts: The gully erosion alignment is not expected to cause any damage to historical, archeological and cultural sites. The Cross River State NEWMAP office will consult widely in conjunction with the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee to monitor the operations of the contractors throughout the works period to ensure no archaeologically valuable areas will be disturbed.

In the event that an archaeological resource is discovered during the construction process, a procedure for the safeguard of such resource must be implemented. Such a procedure should identify the importance of such archaeological resource and should outline what will happen if previously unknown physical resources are encountered during project construction or operation. The procedure should include record keeping and expert verification procedures, chain of custody instructions for movable finds, and clear criteria for potential temporary work stoppages that could be required for rapid disposition of issues related to the finds. The site Environmental Officer will inspect and secure the site, and will then contact Cross River State Ministry of Arts and Culture for advice and arrange for a survey or salvage work as appropriate.

Impact on Agriculture, Settlements and Community facilities: Most of the impact on social life along the gully erosion alignment will be during the construction period. The impacts will be both positive and negative. Positive impacts include temporary markets for goods and services, including sources of employment for certain tasks during construction. Some of the recreation requirements of the work force are likely to cause negative impacts. Use of alcohol among the working crew may affect the local population negatively through increased violence and abuse of local women. There will also be an increased risk for spreading of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS in the project area.

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It seems agriculture is both an economic activity and a form of social activity going by the festivities associated with the area such as the “New Year Festival”. Thus reduction in the activities of farmers will reduce the participation in such social festival.

Similarly, the community facilities being used for this celebration will be affected in terms of patronage. The patronage of the community hall might be reduced thereby reducing income and social activities within the community facilities.

Impact on Ambient Air and Traffic: The air emissions from construction machinery will be minor and they will have negligible impact on ambient air quality. However, the extent of traffic generated during the construction phase will be a source of concern. The only road that connects Nyangasang to Calabar Municipal is the Nyangasang–Access Road which is directly impacted by the gully erosion. Although, this road is not directly impaired by the gully, the pressure of intensive activities at the operation stage might stimulate wear and tear issues. Movement of heavy-duty machineries, lorries and other construction works might impact traffic and air quality thereby affecting road users. Thus, road signs and other road safety measures as well as traffic diversion signs will be used to properly direct traffic to ensure safety and proper movement of vehicles plying the road.

Solid Waste: There will be loss of existing under growth during the clearing of the gully erosion alignment in readiness for the construction and related engineering works. There will also be solid waste generated from the excavation works. Some of the excavated soil could be reused as backfill while the rest will be disposed of to the designated areas. Solid topsoil wastes from the sites will be the main form of solid waste. Other solid wastes will include metallic pieces, wooden planks, and stone debris. All the wastes will be disposed of according to the legislation guiding the same.

Health Issues: Some of the significant health concerns associated with new projects include shortage of facilities like toilets and catering facilities for construction workers. In this instance the constructor remains the only responsible party to ensure that his or her workers are provided with the required facilities. These facilities could either be put in place before the construction work commences or arrangement could

117 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t be done such that the personnel working along gully alignment could get the facilities from the neighbouring communities.

The control building for equipment and control facility will be supplied with portable water and shall have sanitation and wastewater facility. Periodical investigations, maintenance, and remedy of failures and accidents will be performed by specifically trained staff.

Gender Issues: In order to ensure gender balancing within the community, the women stated that the impact of the project will be intense particularly on their livelihood. Most of them claimed that their farmlands will be lost to the project. It is therefore, paramount to provide training for the women in alternative skills / adaptive livelihoods, in addition to compensation for lost farmlands, for their survival. . In addition, some also requested that they should be permitted to offer culinary services to construction workers during the construction period of the project.

Safety Issues: During the construction phase, the work will involve the use of sharp objects, noisy machineries and dusty environment. The constructor will be required to provide his workers with the relevant protective gears like boots, gloves, protective clothing dust masks and earmuffs. These should be provided for in the project budget. The ground will also be made wet to prevent dust. Warning signs will be expected to be displayed next to dangerous points and machines so as to restrict the movement of unauthorised personnel on site during construction and to warn heavy- duty vehicles that will be at the site against possible danger. All litter and debris will be picked up and disposed in a central disposal site so as to avoid subsequent injuries during and after the construction, work is complete.

A safety officer will be at the construction site during the construction phase, at all times. The safety officer will make sure a first aid kit is always available and that the skilled workers are aware of the safety rules.

The immediate surrounding will experience an increase in human traffic and noise during ground preparation. In a construction site, noise is likely to be produced by the construction machinery excavator and lorries during the civil works. Noise is also most likely to emanate from the regular masonry operations such as stone dressing. The machine operators and workers who will be in close proximity to the machinery

118 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t will be required to wear protective gears such as earmuffs during the construction period.

Workers must wear safety gears like gumboots, helmets, safety belts (harness), dust masks and approved welding glasses for welders. The Safety Officer should know the location of the nearest hospital and health office. Other safety precautions are stipulated in the WB/IFC EHS Guidelines.

6.2 Analysis of Alternatives

The history of the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Intervention project and the development of NEWMAP policies towards the rehabilitation work towards the watershed management and restoration showed a revitalisation pattern needed for developmental efforts. However, there arises the need to examine the need for the project and to present substitutes or complementary efforts.

In the context of the ESMP, analysis (assessment) of project alternatives refers to the performance of the resources with or without the completion of the project or with or without the implementation of the measures designed with this ESMP and/or safeguard instruments considered appropriate. It is therefore a comparison of possible alternatives to be considered with respect to the proposed project.

One of the stated alternatives will be prescribed owing to its outstanding merits over the others. The choice will be centred on the fundamentals of meeting with the threshold of criteria concerning all considered environmental and social variables that are paramount to the project (i.e Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARAR)).

For this project, analysis of the various alternatives is presented as follows:

6.2.1 No-Action alternative

The assumption on this alternative is based on the impression that there will be no alteration to the existing condition at the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site. Specifically, the prevailing erosion status of the area will be left untouched, unaddressed and without any civil works or any engineering construction works. The gully eroded areas and the expansion of the gully will be left to persist without any attempt at addressing the environmental challenge. Consequently, the conditions at the gully

119 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t erosion site and its alignment will worsen resulting in destruction of houses, farmlands, roads and road infrastructures, public facilities, educational facilities etc. With the no-action alternative, accidents on the road will increase, flooding will persist unchecked and uncontrolled. Other environmental and social effects such as reduction of existing road capacity, exposure to risk and dangers from the high currents of floodwaters, high cost of transportation, destruction of soil, exposure of flora and fauna to devastating imprints of erosion, loss of land and landed properties, and likely surface and groundwater pollution will intensify. Essentially, the prevailing conditions will be left without any amelioration efforts.

As a result of these effect, the no-action alternative is not recommended for this project.

6.2.2 The Use of Civil Works

For the anticipated restoration and rehabilitation of the entire erosion degraded area of the project area, all elements of the watershed cum the environmental and social components should be considered. This approach will ensure that germane components of the natural and human environment under the threst and risk of destruction such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities will be secured in the project area.

The modus operandi of such rehabilitation works and associated enhancements will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Thus, physical construction works and bioengineering cum technological approaches will be adopted in restoring and enhancing affected areas as envisioned according to the goals of NEWMAP. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly minimised in such a way that the benefits outweighs the demerits, thus, manageable.

Further, drainage construction works will curtail frequency of loss of properties and wastage of economic resources currently being experienced in the project area. Furthermore, quality of lives and enhancement of livelihood for the community residents will be enhanced with the implementation of the stated measures in the ESMP. The cost of transportation will either normalised or be reduced to the anticipate cost. Agricultural commodities being transported to the traditional markets will be delivered at expected time thus reducing prices of commodities in the market. Adverse impacts such as air, water and noise pollution, destruction of vegetation,

120 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t disruption of economic activities might be experienced during various stages of the implementation of the provision of ESMP. These impacts will be slight and of short duration thus are manageable.

The merits of the Civil Works Alternative outweigh the No-Action Alternative and it is thus recommended.

The two alternatives will be evaluated based on the benchmarks indicated in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: Appraisal of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action The Civil Work

Overall Protection of This will not benefit the concerned The rehabilitation of the Environment and stakeholders and community residents degraded environment Human Health owing the observed level of destruction coupled with remediation of (General protection the gully erosion has had on the area. the biological life forms will mechanisms) Private properties and public lead to improvement of life. infrastructures have been severely Properties will be secured, affected leading to loss of lives and other lives being saved, resources landed properties, land degradation, loss being recovered, of agricultural fields, etc. Adopting this transportation facilities alternative will not benefit Project Affected enhanced and general People and the environment. restoration of livelihood. It will benefit the Project Affected People and the residents.

Compliance with This does not require ARARs The Cross River State ARARs NEWMAP-PMU will ensure that standards and permit requirements are met.

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Short-term The No-Action alternative does not add The timeline for the civil and Effectiveness any specific input to the stated criteria. other construction works is long term. Nevertheless, the

benefits derivable are still better than a No-Action alternative.

Long-term This alternative does not meet the long- Civil works will provide long- Effectiveness and term effectiveness and permanence term effectiveness for the Permanence criteria. roads and watershed.

From Table 6.3, it can be summarised that the Civil Work alternative is better than No-Action even though the cost implication of the former would be much more than for the latter. The Civil Work alternative will provide the solution that NEWMAP soughts while the No-Action alternative will further aggravate the problem currently being experienced in the project area.

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CHAPTER SEVEN

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses the essentials of the environmental and social management plan. It presents, enlists and discusses the structure for mitigation procedures taken to address the adverse impacts identified in chapter five. It outlines the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities that will ensure that all the provisions are effected under strict organization. Further, the cost implication of addressing all the identified avenues was also provided for.

7.1 Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures outlined in this report are structured to curtail the observed adverse environmental and social impacts itemised in the previous chapter. The arrangement of the mitigation measures will follow the pattern of the evolvement of the NEWMAP intervention programme for the rehabilitation of the gully-eroded areas of the project area, Nyangasang gully erosion site in particular. These are presented in the subsequent subsections.

7.1.1 Pre-construction phase

At the pre-construction phase, the mitigation measures are stated are to resolve the adverse effects of the project prior to the commencement of civil works. In particular, this phase covers the preliminary works that predates the construction and developmental works in the Project area. essentially, there are two critical issues that might be of cogent significance – land acquisition and community perception of the project. Each of these is discussed and presented as follows.

Land acquisition: It is essential to acquire land particularly in along the gully alignment. In addition, this will cover the legally binding right-of-way for civil construction features such as large drains along the gully lines. To mitigate this activity, comprehensive actions must be taken these are stated in Table 7.1.

Community perception of the project: It is a normal scenario for the host community of the project to have a divergent perception about the authenticity of the

123 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t proposed NEWMAP intervention project. Inability to manage this may give the project a negative impression from the community. This could be based on the perceived laidback attitude to project by officials or previous experience in the community. In order to resolve this challenge, there are germane steps to be taken as mitigation measures to checkmate any doubt about the legitimacy and authenticity of the project. These measures are itemised in Table 7.1 below.

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Table 7.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-construction phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source Land acquisition 1. The RAP report should form the . Cross River State 0 1 1. All issues should be challenges and issues framework for mitigation measures. NEWMAP-PMU settled prior to the from the members of the . Nyangasang Gully commencement of community Erosion Site civil works. Monitoring Committee . RAP (Resettlement Action Plan) Consultant Community perception of 1. Proper sensitization of the entire 1. This should be extended . Cross River State 1,850 2 the project community on the critical aspects of to the pre-construction and NEWMAP-PMU the project. construction phases. . Community Based 2. Executive members of the local Organisations gully erosion site monitoring . Nyangasang Gully committee should be contacted to act Erosion Site as local information dissemination Monitoring base for the project. Committee 3. Members of the community should also be contacted on the need to support the project as well as the merits should be communicated. 4. The community should be engaged using English, Efik and Ibibio languages in order to cover all areas as much as possible. 5. Prospects and challenges of the project should be discussed in order to find a common ground for resolving emerging issues. 6. Posters, notices and signboards should be erected at strategic and vantage points to pass information to locals.

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7.1.2 Construction phase

Civil work is anticipated to have various environmental and social impacts. Such impacts are expected to traverse different aspects of the environmental as well as social and cultural components of the project area. As required several governmental MDAs (State Ministries, Departments and Agencies) will be involved in the follow up process of the mitigation process.

7.1.2.1 Potential Environmental Impact

Land Slide: Due to the geomorphologic nature and structure of the Nyangasang gully site, landslide poses the greatest environmental threat during construction. In this case, it includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows. Although the action of gravity may likely be the primary driving force due to the base materials down deep the gully have been eroded, vibration from machinery and traffic during construction can also trigger landslide. Rock Cave in: This includes rock breakage, rock collapse inward or downward, rockfall under the weight of overhead materials such as heavy-duty vehicles, filling laterite and other constructional materials. Overland flow and heavy rainfall can also cause the gully landscape to cave in during construction.

Mudflow/Flooding: Construction activities, especially during the wet season can results in mudflow that will arise from not only the gully debris materials but also from imported materials to be used for gully land rehabilitation. If proper care and sound environmental mitigation measures are not put in place, it may even result in mast wasting of the already tilting overhead materials at the gully head. Also, flooding a phenomenon that has caused untold hardship on the residence of the Nyangasang gully watershed may pose serious challenges to construction activities through washing away of construction materials and make construction work a nightmare for the workers.

Soil impact: Impact on soil could arise from different constructional activities. In particular, engineering activities involving excavation, grading, compaction, filling, and others could affect the edaphic environment adversely.

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In situ Waste: Construction activities generally generate wastes, which may include excavated soil and other materials from site. These include water used in construction, washing of equipment, and other cleaning activities. Such waste should be handled carefully and managed sustainably to ensure a safe and environmentally-fitting milieu. Wastes from construction sites can be recycled or be re-used for other in-situ purposes.

Land use: This is usually connected to the period of resettlement and the need to extend the project area of activity or construction influence. The possibility of this is assessed based on the likelihood of feeling being deprived of the use of land for either economic activity or traditional or indigenous purposes such as cultural or social purposes. To mitigate this probable development, the necessary safeguard policies of the World Bank such as OP 4.12 (Involuntary resettlement) as well as Federal and State legislative provisions should be implemented.

Channelization of floodwaters: Channelization in this context implies any developmental activity on river systems that re-directs the natural course of a river/stream in other to alter its velocity as well the amount of water flowing into it. It generally entails geomorphological and hydrological study and civil engineering works to ensure proper channelization. Within the scope of the proposed project, the drain from the Nyangasang–Access Road should be constructed properly to avert the re-occurrence of the gully. Also, other gully networks required proper drainage construction along the respective gully alignment. Best control technology should be engineered with the construction activities to ensure that the drainage outlines are well directed to curb gully development.

Topographic alterations: At the specific stages of the construction, there are possibilities of excavations, removal of soils, and other earth materials for construction purposes as well as in-situ clearing. This could lead to the alteration of the topography of some parts of the project area.

Air Quality: Air quality issues such as noise and dust may pose serious environmental challenges during construction. These will arise as a result of different constructional activities, such as mobilisation of equipment, construction works as earthworks, grading, filling, excavations, emission from vehicles, fumes, dust from road and construction site, etc.

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Water Quality: Due to the nature of the environment at the gully site, water quality will be impacted on by wastewater discharges from construction activities as well as equipment maintenance and personal water uses for the construction workers. This scenario could lead to rise in turbidity and siltation affecting use of water by man and animals as well as aquatic organisms in the area.

Increased sedimentation and runoff: One of the most intense challenges anticipated in the Nyangsang gully erosion site is the possibility of increased sedimentation and high runoff from rainfall intensified by construction activities. Sediments can significantly affect surface waters and wetlands with silts and pollutants such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons and toxic substances. These eroded sediments can adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem and can even increase the risk of flooding and eutrophication. The mitigation measures for these concerns during construction phase are stated in Table 7.2.

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Table 7.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source 1 Land slide 1. Keep heavy duty machinery and filling 1. Daily  Site Engineer 1150 material at about 30 meters away from gully throughout the  Cross River channels construction State NEWMAP 2. Avoid Machines that can cause vibration duration  Ministry of 3. Construction work should carefully stabilize Environment overburden before further works 4. Lower the over hand before using escavator with a long boom or extended boom of at least 25 meters 5. Use manual efforts to reduce overburden 2 Rock cave in 1. Keep heavy duty machinery and filling  Daily  Site Engineer 950 material at about 30 meters away from gully throughout the  Cross River channels construction NEWMAP 2. Avoid Machines that can cause vibration duration  Ministry of 3. Lower the overhand before using excavators Environment with a long boom or extended boom of at least 25 meters 4. Construction work should carefully stabilize overburden before further works 5. Use manual efforts to reduce overburden 6. Ensure filling materials are adequately compacted during gully stabilization activities 3 Mudflow 1. If possible limit construction activities to  Daily  Cross River 1,200 dry season throughout the NEWMAP 2. Proper channelization of runoff through construction  Ministry of drainage before actual gully work duration Environment 3. Temporary shoulder must be hydrologically stable so that it is not wash away if it rains 4. Temporary ballast and 5. Wicker work put in place 4 Soil impact from 1. Erosion control measures such as water bars, 1 Daily throughout the  Site Engineer construction activities gabions, straw bales, and re-vegetation should construction duration  Cross River such as excavating, be implemented during and after construction State NEWMAP- grading, leveling, phases.

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compacting etc. 2. Planting of forest trees should be in PMU accordance with the native trees  Cross River 3. Localised environmental designs should be Ministry of implemented. Environment 5 In situ waste 1. Designated sites are selected for waste 1. Daily throughout the  Site Engineer 1,200 management. construction duration  Cross River 2. Measures should be taken to ensure that State waste is handled in an adequate manner. NEWMAP- 2. Cover of waste bins and other waste PMU collection materials.  Cross River 3. Cover dumped waste as quickly as possible. Ministry of 4. Construction waste could be recycled and Environment reuse, this option should be given top priority for proper in situ waste management. 5. Ensure liquid wastes are properly disposed of. 6 Land use issues arising 1. Recommendations of RAP report should be 1. Three months before  Cross River 1150 from displaced individual followed. actual construction State NEWMAP- and members of the 2. The necessary world Bank safeguard policy PMU community during the should be implemented based on the impact of  Cross River construction phase of such land use issues. State Ministry of the project Land and Survey 7 Channelization of flood 1. Ensure adequate free flow of storm water in 1. This should be set  The Engineer 1050 waters drains such that it does not obstruct prior to the  Cross River construction activities. commencement of State NEWMAP- 2. Where necessary, divert the water to safe civil work on the gully PMU environment where it could be utilized for other site.  Cross River purposes. State Ministry of 3. Watershed and bioengineering techniques of Environment. using trees as ecological buffer should be implemented for the gully site due to the fragile nature of the environment. 8 Topographic alterations 1. The construction works such as road grading, 1. Before actual civil  The site 700 due to the construction filling of large holes should be carried out with work on the gully site Engineer and other civil works respect to local topography and hydrology.  Cross River including borrow pit 2. Old drainage systems should be maintained, State NEWMAP- created at the source of if needed, new ones should be constructed. PMU sand for gully 3. Ensure that site-specific plans are designed

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remediation purposes with respect tom local topography.  Cross River 4. Remediation materials used for construction State Ministry of should be sourced from government-approved Environment sites. 9 Air quality (Dust) 1. Use of breathing protection masks for 1. Regular check for  Site Engineer 1,100 employees and other task-specific Personal. adherence to safety  Cross River 2. Protective Equipment during construction concerns. State NEWMAP- Routing water sprinkling to minimize dust during 2. Ensure that road PMU construction. signs are placed along  Cross River 3. Use of dust suppression method to minimize the road corridors. Ministry of airborne particulate matter that may result from 3. Ensure that speed Environment the construction activities. limits are strictly adhere 4. Provide (PPE). to. 5. Reduce travel distances by placing 4. Ensure that vehicles constructions campsites close to work areas. are in good condition 6. Ensure that vehicles and other equipment so as not to pollute the are regularly inspected and schedule environment when maintenance if need be. driven along the roads. 7. Also, ensure that vehicles and machineries 6. Ensure that comply with international standards for exhaust motorists adhere to emission. stipulated speed limits. 8. Maintenance of engines and exhaust gas checks to minimize exhaust emissions. 10 Water quality 1. Mobile toilet facilities, which will be provided 1. Daily throughout the  Site Engineer 1,100 for the workforce be maintained, emptied daily construction duration  Cross River and disposed of at approved sites. State NEWMAP- 2. Sewage can be composted in compost bin PMU (mixtures of sewage, straws and hays), which  Cross River can be feed to soils as source of manure for the Ministry of community, thus, recycling of sewage waste. Environment 3. The Contractor should ensure that proper storage facilities are provided at worksites. They should be leak proof and fitted round with bunds to prevent leakage into the water streams. 4. Development and implementation of proper Waste Management Plans (WMPs) by the Contractor (s). 11 Air Quality (Noise) 1. If Possible ensure the construction is limited 1. Daily throughout the  Site Engineer 1,200

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to day time. construction duration  Cross River State NEWMAP- PMU  Cross River Ministry of Environment 12 Increased sedimentation 1. Identify sensitive areas in order to protect During storm rainfall  The site engineer 1,050 and runoff surface water and prevent non-point source  Cross River 2. Ensure that the stipulated water flow and State NEWMAP- safe environment designs are adhered to in the PMU construction. 3. High flow of water during rain should be controlled using the stipulated construction guidelines pollution.

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7.1.2.2 Biological impact

Impact on Flora and Fauna: The impact of the construction phase covers different aspects of the biological life, which can affect their productivity or even existence of some scare local species. This challenge will surface during the process or vegetation clearance and other construction activities especially during the construction of camp sites. Exposure of the plant surfaces to dust particularly during the transportation of materials will destroy them as such could impair the ability of the plants to produce their foods from solar energy (i.e. obstruction of the photosynthesis process).

In addition, most faunas which may have created ecological niches for themselves will be disturbed especially borrowing mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects. This could lead to development of secondary plants and invasive flora such as weeds coupled with proliferation of opportunist species. Probable mitigation measures could include proper measures in site identification prior to campsite selection, use of nurseries to prevent loss of local species, etc. These should be handled in cooperation with Ministry of Forest Resources and NEWMAP officials. Other measures are stated in Table 7.3.

Impact on Wildlife: Animals in the wild could also be impacted adversely by the construction activities on site. Construction activities such as land clearing, civil works, deforestation and related forest clearance could lead to disappearance of wildlife from their original location to another place. Appropriate measures to address this in a sustainable manner are stated in Table 7.3.

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Table 7.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source Impact on flora and 1. Identify any Site of Special Scientific 1. Ensure regular . The Engineer 2,650 1 fauna Interest. environmental assessment . Cross River State 2. Co-operate with relevant MDAs such with interest on the flora and NEWMAP-PMU as the Federal Department of Livestock, fauna of the project area. . Cross River State Privately-owned wildlife conservation 2. Ensure consistent checks Ministry of parks, Zoos and Zoological departments on the management of Environment of Universities, for the housing of waste. . Environment possible animals that may be relocated 3. The use of chemicals that (FEnv) as a result of the construction. will adversely affect the . NESREA 3. Ensure that affected flora species are localised flora and fauna transferred and raised in available should be discouraged or nurseries. totally avoided. Impact on wild life 1. Ensuring that all the necessary World 1. Ensure consistent checks . The Engineer 1,150 2 Bank safeguard policies on wild animals on the adherence to safety . The Contractor and their related habitats are addressed regulation; . Cross River State and strictly adhered to such policies 2. Ensure regular cleaning NEWMAP-PMU include OP 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural and clearing of the . Federal NEWMAP- Resources and Forest respectively. environment. PMU, 2. Wild life Departments and Forest 3. Apply localised World . Cross River State Management Department of the Cross Bank safeguard policies with Ministry of River State Ministries in charge of forest knowledge and contributions Environment management should be liaised with in of stakeholders. . Environmental order to provide greenhouse habitats for 4. Local trees should form Officers of the animal species until new habitats are the fundamentals of Federal NEWMAP- provided. afforestation plans. PMU, 3. Afforestation practices should be 5. Wildlife areas should be . Environmental encouraged created in an undisturbed Officers of Cross 4. Sustainable forest management zone so as to avoid forced River State practices should be adopted. migration of wild animals. NEWMAP-PMU 5. Wildlife reservation areas for birds and . Federal Ministry of other migratory animals should be Environment created within their various natural (FEnv), NESREA niches to avoid extinction of scarce species.

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7.1.2.3 Socio-economic Impact

Traffic and transportation impact: Movement of people via the main road – Nyangasang Road and other connecting roads will be heavily impacted on during the construction phase. This is as a result of the concentration of socioeconomic activities with transportation of people, commodities and good and services. Thus, the nature of traffic diversion and movement of heavy-duty trucks and heavy-duty machinery will impact the threshold traffic and transportation pattern of the project area. To mitigate the socioeconomic impact of the changes in traffic and transportation, appropriate measures are stated in Table 7.4.

Accident: This is one of the unavoidable incidences during the construction phase of any project. Movement of materials, equipment, pedestrians, goods and commodities could lead to accidents. In order to curtail the frequency of occurrence or to prevent accidents, specific measures should be put in place. These are listed in Table 7.4. More importantly, the contractor should conduct a risk-based assessment of all construction and operations tasks, and provide appropriate safety measures. Also, the contractor should register with a government hospital or certified private hospital nearby and have planned route to get to the hospital in the case of emergency.

Employment: This is the most important component of the construction phase that will positively affect the socioeconomic life of the project area as a result of to the diversity of service opportunities the project will yield. However, the influx and migration of people of different professions including the local artisans and labourers will result in indirect adverse impact in the project area. This will bring indirect implications as well. The level of crime rates recorded might increase, traffic will increase, rent and property values will increase, prostitution and spread of diseases will be rampant. In order to mitigate this impact, procedures listed in Table 7.4 are recommended.

Human Displacement: Civil works, bioengineering activities and other intensive watershed management activities could adversely affect human lives leading to human displacement due to the nature of the area. In the event of this, the provisions of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be implemented to alleviate the experience of the affected parties. Other mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.4.

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Aesthetics: Generally, environmental aesthetics will be affected during the construction phase. Mainly this may result from construction and civil works leading to re-shaping of the aesthetical form of the community. Mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.4.

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Table 7.4: Mitigation Measures for the socioeconomic impacts in the Construction phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source Traffic and transportation 1. A good traffic management plan 1. Implement the traffic . The Contractor 2,150 1 impact should be designed and management plan with . Cross River State implemented with respect to respect to local traffic NEWMAP-PMU safety rules, speed limits, use of management strategy. . Cross River State road signs and traffic warnings, 2. Information on road speed Ministry of guidance on the need to drive should be placed strategically Transportation within speed limits as construction along the road. activities are on-going and heavy 3. Information on road safety duty equipment are moving, etc. should be written in local 2. The local community and road language and English for users should also be sensitized of ease of communication. the need to concur to these rules. 4. Clear road diversion tapes 3. Well designated area for and other information tactics storages, work depots, campsites, should be used and devised and work sites should be clearly to avert traffic logjam. marked for proper identification. These should also be located in vantage areas that will not disrupt movement of vehicles. 4. Information on probable road closure in some cases should be should be made public via the local media – radio and television. In addition, large billboards and signage should be erected in strategic locations indicating the road closure. 5. All requisite road signs are put in place and detours made possible in specific areas to divert traffic. 6. Ensuring that all road signs are put in place and detours made possible to divert traffic.

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7. In case of total road closure to pedestrians, alternative footpaths should be provided for community residents. 8. The contractor should liaise with state transportation and traffic maintenance agency as well as Federal Government agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) throughout the construction phase to ensure that traffic safety is maintained and ensured during the period. Accidents 1. All workers should be sensitised 1. Sensitization should be . The Contractor 1,500 2 and monitored on the need to carried in clear terms and all . Cross River State keep the first rule of civil and workers should understand NEWMAP-PMU construction works which is safety safety rules and regulations. . Cross River State first. 2. Signs and safety Ministry of 2. Ensure that workers are information should be written Transportation and provided with health and safety in local language and English Environment equipment such as High visibility for ease of comprehension. vest, safety helmets, earplugs, 3. The Standard Operating safety glasses, and safety boots Procedure (SOP) should be and, stress on the need to use summarised and placed along them always. strategy points on site for 3. Ensure that proper signs and proper guidance. barriers are put up within the 4. Workers should be allowed project location sites. to work smarty and not late in 4. Standard Operating Procedure order to avert accidents owing (SOP) should be applied during to fatigue. the project activities to all workers. 5. Contractor to know the 5. On site safety officer should be location of nearest hospital, engaged to monitor the register and have a clear compliance of workers to safety planned route to get to the rules. hospital 6. Proper safety signs and information signage should be placed at strategic locations within

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the site. 7. Working hours should be stipulated and kept to avoid stress and poor health management 8. contractor should conduct a risk-based assessment of all construction and operations tasks, and provide appropriate safety measures Employment 1. Ensure that individuals from the 1. Selection of locals as part . The Contractor 700 3 project community are given of the workforce should be . Cross River State priority to reduce in any based on merit and not any NEWMAP-PMU socioeconomic rife from local inclinations or any prior . Cross River State youths. suggestions. Ministry of 2. Public consultation will be 2. Clear-cut information on the Transportation and implemented to address any need for full cooperation of Environment situation of wrong notion created the community should be by members of the communities. implemented to avoid 3. The campsite for workers confusion. should be located remotely away 3. Proper on site work duties from the community particularly and safety precautions are away from familiar kin who might taken during civil works by all not allow construction activities to workers on site. progress based on project timeline. 4. Contractors and Project managers should ensure that the workers are prohibited from patronising prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs within the site areas. Human displacement 1. World Bank OP 4.12 1. The voluntary resettlement . The Engineer 500 4 addressing involuntary document (RAP) should be . Cross River State resettlement will be applied for this implemented with respect to NEWMAP-PMU impact in the affected areas of the concerned stakeholders. . Cross River State project area. 2. Employment of PAPs Ministries of Land, 2. Compensatory activities should should be based on merit and Physical Planning be established based on not feeling of compassion and Urban

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replacement value or market value which may not lead to job Development of the affected property satisfaction. 3. In order to be provided a sense 3. Displacement issues of inclusion the affected person should be ironed out with local could be employed based on community members and experience, qualification and parties concerned. fitness for the position. 4.All issues of resettlement / compensation are being addressed in RAP Aesthetics 1. Proper use of engineering 1. The use of best technology . The Engineer 1,000 5 practice should be adopted with with environmental safety . Cross River State the best available construction should be given top priority. NEWMAP-PMU technology which recognises the 2. The provisions on wild life . Cross River State need to keep local aesthetics. and flora and fauna should be Ministries of Land, 2. Further, an engineering expert integrated with the Physical Planning in the field of aesthetics should be environmental aesthetics in and Urban employed as part of the team to order to have a synchronized Development. ensure that environmentally provision for the environment. friendly approach is adopted.

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7.1.2.4 Public Health

HIV/AIDS and STDs: Public health issues particularly sexually transmitted diseases could become rampant due to the living standards of people. However, influx of people particularly workers from other areas could also stimulate the propensity to record such health challenges. Thus, social vices, which affect the health status of the community, could increase within the construction phase of the project. To address this, mitigation measures have been itemised and are stated in Table 7.5.

Water-Borne Diseases: These could arise owing to poor environmental sanitation and poor hygiene and health consciousness of the workers. Diseases such as cholera, dysentery, amoebiasis, salmonellosis, etc. could develop as a result of overstretching of existing facilities. The mitigation procedures to curtail or control the challenges concerning the health challenges are identified in Table 7.5.

Malaria: Pools of stagnant water in an area of high water footprint could stimulate the required breeding ground for mosquitoes which transmit malaria. During construction activities, these pools could be created and eventually malaria disease could develop in the area. To curb the escalation and proper treatment of reported malaria cases, the measures to be taken are stated in Table 7.5.

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Table 7.5: Mitigation Measures for the public health impacts in the Construction phase S/N Environmental Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) and social impact source HIV/AIDS and 1. Effort will be made to enlighten the 1. Public health enlightenment . The Engineer 2,000 1 STDs employees on HIV/AIDS and STD and counseling sessions . Cross River State awareness programme in each of the should be conducted using NEWMAP-PMU project areas. local and English languages. . Cross River State 2. Other activities will include treating 2. Medical examinations for Ministries of Health other sexually transmitted diseases, employees should be distributing condoms, and providing conducted periodically to counseling, screening, and support ascertain medical fitness for services for employees. the job. 3. Medical examinations not only for 3. Work safety relations with HIV-AIDS, but for general health issues health of workers should form should be performed on new employee a key aspect of monitoring and repeated regularly throughout the workers‟ health attitude. term of employment. 4. Assistance for workers 4. The contractor should have infected should be operating procedures that control instantaneous as soon as it is unsafe behaviours amongst personnel detected. especially considering the fact that 5. Counselling should be there will huge influxes of workers and timely and periodic for all the likely spread of STD‟s due to members of workforce. possible sexual interactions between workers and members of the project affected communities. 5. Initiate assistance for those already infected or at risk, and conduct community awareness training. 6. Support local Blood Transfusion Service in any health facility located within the project area, to enable them commence HIV screening for all donors. Water-borne 1. Provision of proper human waste 1. Safety of the environment . The Engineer 1,150 2 diseases disposal facilities for the construction should be the priority of all . Cross River State

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workers. including the members of the NEWMAP-PMU 2. Good sanitation including proper workforce. . Cross River State waste disposal at its operation and 2. The environment should be Ministries of Health residential accommodations. kept clean and safe. 3. Participate in environmental 3. Ensure that waste are sanitation initiatives in communities dumped at designated sites. where its workers are domiciled. 4. Ensure that wastes are not 4. Avoid any deterioration in public dumped in any waterlogged health and environmental sanitation as area, within the gully or along a result of the project. the river. 5. Participate on improvement of community sanitation and public health through the community development programmes. 6. Involvement of NGOs and civil societies in waste management and healthcare activities. Malaria 1. Poor environmental sanitation habits 1. Ensure that the environment . The Engineer 1,250 3 by members of the contractor‟s is clean and safe. This should . Cross River State workforce. be the priority of all including NEWMAP-PMU 2. Movement of waste into the the members of the workforce. . Cross River State watershed 2. Regular sanitation and Ministries of Health 3. Proper reservoir operation, engage cleaning of the workplaces in disease surveillance and insecticide where water is being used. sprays to prevent the proliferation of 3. Ensure that waste are the disease vector; conduct routine dumped at designated sites. medical check-ups and development of 4. Devoid from usage of dirty medical facilities. water for personal use. Clean 4. Government programmes to improve water must be used for all existing medical and health services in construction operations. the local communities should be 5. Workers‟ residence should supported as much as possible by the be clean and safe. Project. This includes Mosquito control programmes such as the distribution of insecticide treated nets to affected community members. 5. Provision of good sanitation including proper waste disposal at its

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operation and residential accommodations. 6. Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives in communities where its workers are domiciled. 7. Maintenance of good drainage at construction areas to avoid creation of stagnant water bodies.

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7.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase

At the operation and maintenance phase, air quality issues, noise and vibration, water quality issues, traffic and transportation, health and safety issues will surface. For each of these there are specific mitigation measures which will separately curb the identified adverse impacts.

Maintenance operations: The surface topography might be affected during maintenance, coupled with earth-shaping activities and equipment on site. With the nature of the soil of the project area, such alteration is inevitable. The recommended mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.6. Air quality: Intensified vehicular traffic owing to the improved nature of the environment and the concomitant ease of movement in the area irrespective of the season of the year will stimulate air quality issues. The mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.6.

Noise and vibration: Increased vehicular traffic and road transportation in the area could raise the ambient noise and vibration in the area. To curb this effect, the following measures are recommended. Water quality issues: Runoff from roadsides, community solid waste and sewage could be dumped along the drainages designed during the construction. The proximity of the project area to the nearby stream makes it imperative to have a consistent water quality measures such as pH levels, turbidity, water colour and other physical measures are conducted at specific periods of the year. Mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.6.

Traffic and transportation: Traffic and transportation activities is seen as having cumulative effect as they drive, the influx of people to and fro the area and it contributes to ambient noise and vibration. Traffic logjams are not unexpected particularly at critical road junctions along the Nyangasang–Access Road. The mitigation measures are stated in in Table 7.6.

Health and safety: Safety issues are critical at the maintenance stage of the project. Workers and maintenance contractor will require the services of a health and safety officer to ensure that the safety measures implemented during the construction phase are extended to the maintenance phase. This is to ensure continuity of

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Table 7.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation phase S/N Environmental and Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility Cost ($) social impact source General maintenance 1. Indiscriminate activities of the 1. The community should Cross River State 1,100 1 operations residents and others members of the engage in safe and clean Ministry of community such as indiscriminate environment. . Environment waste dumps should be outlawed. 2. Ensure that wastes are . Forestry 2. Maintenance operations should dumped in designated waste . Transport be designed according to dumps. . Works and environmental safety guidelines of 3. Environmental checks should Infrastructure the Cross River State Environmental be consistent and orderly. Protection Agency and Federal Ministry of Environment. 3. Regular checks should be conducted by constituted authorities to ascertain the environmental quality prior to and after maintenance operations. Air quality 1. Periodic checks on ambient 1. Regular check for adherence Cross River State 950 2 environmental quality particularly air to safety concerns. Ministry of 2. Vehicles without road worthiness 2. Ensure that all areas have . Environment should not be permitted to use the trees planted along the road . Forestry road in such. corridors. 3. Traffic control measures should 3. Ensure that road signs are be put in place to curb road-based placed along the road corridors. air pollutant effects 4. Ensure that speed limits are 4. Regular checks on the nature of strictly adhere to. the road should be conducted with 5. Ensure that vehicles are in respect to air quality parameters. good condition so as not to pollute the environment when driven along the roads. 6. Ensure that motorists adhere to stipulated speed limits. Noise and vibration 1. Speed limits signboards should 1. Limit the usage of heavy-duty Cross River State 750 3 be placed at strategic locations machines to essential works Ministry of along the Nyangasang Road for the 2. Ministry officials should vet . Environment use of motorists and road users. the environmental noise . Forestry

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2. Safety information should be impacts of the machines . Transport placed at specific locations to 3. On-site movement heavy . Works and convey road safety information to equipment should be minimized Infrastructure motorists 4. Environmental safety should 3. The local road transportation be ensured officials should be empowered to checkmate the activities of careless motorists. Water quality issues 1. Ensure that waste dumps are not 1. Ensure that proper waste Cross River State 1,050 4 situated proximate to the project management practices are Ministry of area to avoid water pollution cases. adhere to; . Environment 2. Wastewater and sewage should 2. Adherence to the principles . Forestry be channelled appropriately of safe and clean environment according to safety guidelines. should be taken paramount; 3. Solid waste should be dumped 3. Road users should be made indiscriminately along the to observe the mitigation rehabilitated alignment. measures. 4. A clean and safe environment principle should be the guideline for all workers and on site members. 5. Safety of the environment should be paramount for all concerned during the construction phase. Traffic and transportation 1. Ensure free flow of traffic 1. Implement the traffic Cross River State 950 5 2. Ensure that road infrastructures management plan with respect Ministry of that will ensure that the rehabilitated to local traffic management . Transport alignment is kept free and safe from strategy. . Works and accidents such as speed limit 2. Information on road speed Infrastructure regulations, street lighting systems, should be placed strategically road marks, etc are provided. along the road. 3. Road furniture are provided are 3. Information on road safety designated bus stops and terminals should be written in local along the Nyangasang–Access language and English for ease Road. 4. Ensure that traffic officials of communication. are strategically positioned at 4. Clear road diversion tapes specific junctions to provide safety and other information tactics

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guidelines and ensure free flow of should be used and devised to traffic within the project area. avert traffic logjam. Health and safety 1. Maintenance workers are 1. Sensitization should be Cross River State 950 6 expected to imbibe the workplace carried in clear terms and all Ministry of safety rules via proper sensitisation workers should understand . Environment procedures prior to maintenance safety rules and regulations. . Transport works. 2. Signs and safety information . Works and 2. Ensure that workers utilise safety should be written in local Infrastructure tools such as safety boots, safety language and English for ease helmets, and other essential safety of comprehension. wears on-site. 3. The Standard Operating 3. Ensure that first aid tools for Procedure (SOP) should be minor injuries are treated prior to summarised and placed along being forwarded to a medical centre strategy points on site for for proper treatment. proper guidance. 4. Ensure that workers are the best 4. Workers should be allowed to state of health during work hours work smarty and not late in any reported case(s) of ill health order to avert accidents owing should be referred to a nearby to fatigue. medical centre. 5. Ensure that a Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) officer is available prior to and during maintenance works. Sand Mining at 1. Ensure Mining is done at Cross River State 500 7 1 Before construction and at the Excavation site Government approved site Ministry of end of construction before final 2. Proper decommissioning should . Environment clearance is given to contractor be ensured . Transport . Works and Infrastructure

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7.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities

Well-defined roles and responsibilities and adequate institutional arrangements are central to the effective implementation of the environmental and social safeguard measures outlined in the current ESMP. Accordingly, details of institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the current ESMP are discussed below.

7.2.1 Pre-construction Phase

7.2.1.1 Key Agencies

The Key Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP the during pre-construction phase are:

. The Contractor; . The Federal NEWMAP-PMU; . The Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU; . Cross River State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Information, Human Capital Development, Land, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development, and Agriculture); . Community Based Organisations; . The Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee; . The RAP (Resettlement Action Plan) Consultant; and . The World Bank.

7.2.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies

The main responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP lies with the Contractor. At the preparation stage which ground works and preparatory meetings and consultations are being conducted with the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee, Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as well as members of the concerned communities in the project area. The contractor will liaise with the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU on the issues raised in order to find a balance in responding to the issues to meet international safeguard polices of the World Bank. These issues will be communicated to Cross River State Ministries with their respective departments and agencies (MDAs) for prompt action

150 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t on issues raised. In cases of displacement of people due to the land properties along the gully alignment the provisions of the RAP will be implemented. It is assumed that RAP consultant would have consulted widely prior to the submission of the final report to Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU.

The implementation of the issues raised will be managed based on the Federal NEWMAP-PMU in conjunction with the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU as well as World Bank.

7.2.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up

The Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee through its secretary should forward the details of the several meetings held to the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU. This is to foster a feedback as well as reporting and follow-up mechanisms for the issues raised and the respective means of their implementations. The issues raised will be forwarded with the contributions of the Cross River State NEWMAP who would have reviewed the comments within the scope of the project and their suitability to World Bank requirements. The Contractor will ensure that the observed comments and notes are implemented strictly as agreed and the feedback relayed to the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU.

This process continues through a continuous chain of reporting-feedback, follow-up and response mechanism until the pre-construction phase of the project is completed.

7.2.2 Construction Phase

7.2.2.1 Key Agencies

The Key Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during construction works are:

. The Engineer; . The Contractor; . Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU; . Federal NEWMAP-PMU; . Cross River State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry);

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. Environmental Officers of the Federal NEWMAP-PMU; . Environmental Officers of Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU; . Federal Ministry of Environment (FEnv), NESREA; and . World Bank.

In addition to the key agencies, the Cross River State Government through the MDAs will also have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation.

7.2.2.2 Role of Involved Agencies

The main responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP lies with the Engineer; therefore, the Engineer through its Environmental and Social Specialist (ESS) will be responsible for regular supervision and reporting on ESMP implementation. The Engineer‟s ESS will have access to a team of experts in different fields (water, soil, social consultant etc) in order to ensure sufficient capacity to oversee implementation of ESMP.

The implementation of the ESMP will be managed by the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU through the Environment Officers and (EO) that will be primarily responsible for daily inspection and monitoring of ESMP implementation.

The Cross River State Ministries of Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry will monitor ESMP implementation on the fundamentals of the internal mechanisms and policies as established by laws guiding their operations. These institutions may conduct announced and unannounced site visits with representatives of Federal NEWMAP-PMU. The reports of the findings should be forwarded to the World Bank.

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FEnv) and NESREA should also send Environment Officers and officials monitoring ESMP projects under the Federal NEWMAP approved projects to observe the level of implementation of the provisions of the ESMP.

At the local level, the Cross River State Ministries of Environment can also pay visits to the project site to observe and monitor the level of compliance to the provisions of the ESMP.

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7.2.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up

The follow-up process is duty-based. First, the Environmental and Social Specialists (ESS) will prepare and document monthly and incident reports that will be submitted to the Cross River State NEWMAP project coordinator for comments, observations, and recommendations. Then, the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU will send feedback to the Engineer through the consultant(s) or directly when urgent action is required. In essence, checking and reporting on the implementation of follow-up action will also be part of the duties of the ESS.

The contractor in conjunction with the Site Engineer will prepare and submit monthly reports the implementation of the ESMP to the Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU. The ESS officers who will advise the project management unit accordingly will vet this report. In case of any discrepancy on environmental issues, the project coordinator will convene Project Environmental Management (PEM) meeting to discuss and instruct on the way forward. The Engineer and the Contractor will participate in the meetings. Wherever possible, representatives of World Bank and Federal NEWMAP-PMU will also be invited to such meetings. Also, serious accidents (involving lost time, evacuation to a hospital, or a fatality) should be reported immediately to the PMU and the World Bank.

7.2.2.4: Contractor Social and Environmental Management System

The contractor should have a documented Social and Environmental Management System (SEMS) that identifies individuals in the contractor’s organization who have responsibility for EHS issues, their scope of work, and reporting lines and requirements.

7.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase

It must be stated that the mitigation and monitoring activities will not be the sole responsibility of Cross River State NEWMAP or Federal NEWMAP during the operational phase. The Cross River State NEWMAP in conjunction with the Federal NEMWAP as the managing entity of the rehabilitated Nyangasang gully erosion site

153 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t has the responsibility to consider these measures, and to bring these to the attention of other government agencies for their action as appropriate.

7.2.3.1 Key Agencies

During the operational phase, the key institutions to which Cross River State NEWMAP will enter into collaborative relations are Cross River State Ministries which include:

. Environment; . Forestry; . Transport; . Works and Infrastructure; and . Police.

Likewise the construction phase the Local government administrative council during the operational phase will has a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation and in ESMP up-dating.

7.2.3.2 Role of Involved Agencies

The responsibilities of the institutions having a role in the process of the operation of the rehabilitated Nyangasang Gully erosion monitoring are stated as follows.

 The Monitoring and Supervision Unit of the Cross River State Ministry of Environment will conduct regular visits to the site to examine and verify how the gully erosion site is operated and maintained. Several components such as water, soil, flora and fauna of the environment, waste management, noise and vibration, air and water quality and others will be monitored. This will be conducted within the legal and administrative capacity of the Ministry of Environment through their respective departments, and agencies.  The Cross River State Ministry of Forestry will conducting regular inspections to check the compliance of the site operators with afforestation plans which should be in concordance with international standards.  The Ministry of Transport will will check the nature of vehicular traffic and road transportation pattern in the area with respect to transportation safety and vehicular controls. This will be conducted with respect to safety of road users and the residents of the community.

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 The Ministry of Works and Infrastructure will conduct regular checks on the nature of infrastructure provided within the duration of the project and the period of assessment. The approach will conducted in such a way to provide a mechanism for prompt response and rehabilitation of any of the provided infrastructure within the gully erosion alignment.  The Police should ensure that crime and criminal activities are reduced to the barest minimum in order to avoid wrong attachment of such events to the rehabilitation of the gully.

7.2.3.3 Institutional and implementation arrangements for implementing the ESMP at the local level At the local level, NEWMAP ESMF vested the overall implementation of the ESMP on the Site Monitoring Committee. The committee, has mentioned earlier, represent the interest of the community in the entire process of the proposed intervention. The Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee has already been constituted by Cross River State NEWMAP and the committee forms a critical mass of source of information and community liaison during the field activity for the preparation of this ESMP. The committee has several sub-committees including women wing and environmental sub-committee. However, considering the diverse background of the committee members and the need to for adequate knowledge on the environmental procedure of the proposed project, the committee and sub-committee members‟ need further capacity building on environmental and social issues on implementation of the ESMP at all stages of project implementation. Consequently, capacity strengthening and sensitization of the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee and the Environmental sub-committee members is critical to successful implementation of this ESMP. The content of the training should include but not limited to (i) Role of community during construction and post contraction (ii) Sustainable practice to ensure gully stabilization (iii) Implementation of the ESMP at the local level. The details of training programme are shown in section 6.3.16.

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7.3 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures

The subsequent sections of this chapter provide a framework for the content of the ESMPs envisioned for the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site. As the project progresses through the several rehabilitation civil and related construction works, these EMSP provisions will be expandedto include specific procedures to guide implementation by Cross River State NEWMAP-PMU personnel and contractors, and to provide for periodic updating, and when and where necessary.

7.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan

The primary purpose of the Flora and Fauna Management Plan is to protect the biodiversity of the area from any unintended damage due to the rehabilitation constructions and operation, and to protect the Project personnel from dangers associated with the native flora and fauna. This plan will include the following provisions as well as others that may be identified as it is further developed:

 Animals shall not be handled, removed, killed or unnecessarily disturbed by the NEWMAP/World Bank officials or its employees, or by NEWMAP/World Bank‟s contractors‟ or their subcontractors‟ employees;  Cross River State NEWMAP will not tolerate poaching of fauna or flora by its personnel or by any of its contractors or subcontractors;  Cross River State NEWMAP will ensure through a High Conservation Value study that all High Conservation Value Forest sites are properly marked and left untouched;  Cross River State NEWMAP will help to maintain the integrity and quality of biodiversity in the project area;  Cross River State NEWMAP will assist in protecting the swampy section from liquid effluent generated in the rice processing centre;  Land clearing operations are expected to drive wildlife away from the clearing operations for the various Cross River State NEWMAP activities , however, if any species classified as VU by the Ministry of Environment moves to the project areas is trapped or hurt during land clearing operations, the Wildlife Division under the Ministry will be informed to determine whether translocation

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or other actions are required to save the individual. Cross River State NEWMAP will allocate funds for such contingency;  The gully rehabilitation is to occur over a period of eight years. Cross River State NEWMAP should plan its development projects in advance to minimize the impact on the fauna, help identify and control impacts such as flood zones and to result in a lower amount of biomass to manage;  Cross River State NEWMAP shall monitor the general condition of the aquatic habitat downstream to ensure that its water withdrawals are not creating significant stresses to that habitat and if so, Cross River State NEWMAP shall develop plans to install wells to replace enough of the surface water usage to mitigate the significant impacts;  Cross River State NEWMAP shall ensure that the site is kept clean, tidy and free of garbage that would attract animals;  In order to reduce the risk from invasive species, the monitoring programme for the interventions should track what types of invasive species occur, where they occur, how they were most likely introduced to the area, how they were eradicated, and the success of the various eradication measures. If any of the Cross River State NEWMAP officials or contractor identifies a continuing problem with invasive species, it should determine the root cause of that problem and investigate additional measures to address that root cause;  In order to decrease the demand for local bush meat, Cross River State NEWMAP should take the following measures: o decrease hunting pressure by ensuring that adequate supplies of meat other than local bush meat as well as other protein sources are available in stores and markets within the study area; o educate its employees on the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat; o to the degree possible, prohibit and enforce prohibitions on hunting inside the project area; o sponsor education programmes in local villages about the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat; and o sponsor programmes to transition hunters to other, sustainable livelihood activities.

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 Cross River State NEWMAP will work with conservation groups and other stakeholders around the Project Area to help prevent poaching. Initiatives may include hiring guards, posting signs among others.

7.3.2 Waste Management Plan

The primary purpose of the Waste Management Plan is to ensure that wastes (solid/liquid) are minimized and any wastes that are generated are properly managed and disposed to avoid damage to the environment. This process can be expressed as follows:

 Minimize waste production as much as possible;  If waste is produced, reuse or recycle that waste as much as possible;  If reuse or recycling is not possible, the waste should be treated, neutralized, or transformed into inert materials; and  If this is not possible, the waste must be disposed in a way not harmful to the environment or to human beings.

The following summarize important elements of a Waste Management Plan:

 The plan must establish the responsibility for waste management and appoint an overall Waste Management Supervisor, who must be fully trained in the implementation of the Waste Management Plan;  The Cross River State NEWMAP must develop a list of all wastes generated at the different facilities with estimated quantities of each on a monthly basis or other time interval, particularly Hazardous Wastes;  The Cross River State NEWMAP must provide well labeled storage bins for the different categories of waste in specially designed plastic or metal bins so that each type of waste can be treated or disposed of as necessary;  Hazardous Wastes must be properly disposed based on their specific properties as noted in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and may not be disposed with non-hazardous wastes;  Hazardous Waste at the Cross River State NEWMAP area is expected to be primarily composed of the following:

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o empty chemical substances containers (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides); o empty petrochemical substances containers (e.g. oil, grease, lubricants); o used lubricants; and o used towels soaked with oil and grease or lubricants;  Hazardous Wastes cannot be mixed unless specifically noted in the plan;  The Cross River State NEWMAP must establish a list of accredited waste disposal contractors and obtain a Certificate of Accreditation from each to ensure that they are operating legally;  The Cross River State NEWMAP must have accredited waste disposal contractors for the following items and activities: o used engine oil recycling contractor/facility; o lead and lead battery recycling contractor (also other heavy metal pollutants); o tire and rubber recycling contractor; o plastic recycling contractor, particularly for plastic containers which must be rinsed prior to disposal (note – do not burn PVC in open air because dioxins and furans can be generated); o used batteries (not car and equipment batteries) and e-waste (electronic waste) recycling/exporting contractor; o Hazardous Waste incineration contractor (for incineration at high temperatures in specially constructed incinerators); and o domestic waste collection contractor;  The Cross River State NEWMAP must track all hazardous waste disposal activities using an appropriate Waste Manifest Form and all completed forms shall be kept for record purposes;  The Cross River State NEWMAP should periodically (e.g. every six months) reconcile its estimated disposal quantities with the waste manifests and other records of actual wastes generated, and investigate any significant discrepancies;

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 the Waste Management Supervisor must ensure that periodic inspections are conducted of waste management practices to ensure compliance with this plan.

7.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan

The Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan will provide guidance to control soil erosion and the transport of sediment to surface waters particularly in a deeply eroded area as the project area. Soil erosion is a major soil degradation process affecting the soil quality not only by directly reducing nutrients and organic matter levels, but also by affecting soil properties such as infiltration rates if uncontrolled it could lead to gully erosion which is the example of the project area.

A systematic erosion and sedimentation is required within the threshold of a deeply eroded environment. All exposed soil areas in the Project area will be managed through a diversified set of measures and strategies that minimize the risk of erosion and run-off, control the flow of storm water over exposed soil areas, retain sediments within the cleared areas as much as possible, and control erosion and run-off downstream of the cleared areas. These measures are grouped and presented below.

The Cross River State NEWMAP shall monitor the effectiveness of erosion and run- off control through systematic verification of the compliance with control measures implemented through monitoring of impacts to surface water quality downstream (turbidity) and run-off accumulation at streams and natural drainage channels downstream of construction fronts.

Erosion and runoff will be minimized through the implementation of the following types of measures:

 Vegetated buffer zones will be protected along streams to help control sedimentation;  Site clearing operations will progress in a gradual and phased manner to ensure there are no large increases in sediment discharge;

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 While vegetation clearing and earthmoving activities are in progress and permanent erosion control devices cannot be implemented, temporary erosion control devices will be used;  As a rule, the only rainwater that will be allowed to flow over cut and fill slopes is that which falls directly on them. All exposed soil working surfaces will be tilted towards the base of cut slopes and, where this is not possible, measures such as berms will be installed at the upper limits of fill slopes to minimize uncontrolled storm water flow over them;  Slopes of all cut and fill areas will be rigorously controlled and will at no time be allowed to be greater than the slope established in the final design;  Temporary protection of exposed soil surfaces with measures such as plastic film, bio-membranes or other means, will be implemented whenever necessary;  Permanent erosion control on may be achieved through measures such as terracing along with a re-vegetation programme. The terraces would consist of low, broad-based earth levees constructed approximately parallel to the contours designed to intercept overload flow before it achieves great erosive force and to conduct it to a suitable discharge point;  Erosion protection such as riprap, or sacked concrete may be used around culvert entrances;  Inlet structures used to collect storm run-off will be constructed of any suitable construction material. The structures will ensure efficient removal of design- storm runoff in order to avoid interruption of construction during or following storms and to prevent erosion resulting from overtopping of the inlet;  Piles of soil or other materials will be allowed for short periods of time and will be located only in flat areas and away from any storm water courses. Only topsoil piles will be allowed to remain for extended periods and will be protected from rainfall;  Above all, all geomorphologic, hydraulic and hydrologic, and civil engineering preparations with respect to the site must be designed in line with the ESMP procedures to have an environmentally-friendly, coherent and consistent engineering design and implementation for the project area;

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Storm water will be controlled through the implementation of the following types of measures:

 All flow of storm water over exposed soil surfaces will be along pre- established paths that will not interfere with vehicle and other activities and will contain breakers and other devices to control flow velocity. Hydraulic stairs, drop structures or other energy dissipation structures will be used when necessary to convey storm water to lower grounds;  Careful considerations will be given to the drainage of all roads, facility areas, borrow pits, and surplus soil deposit areas; and  All storm drainage will be discharged via surface drainage systems. Maximum use of natural drainage features will be used. Runoff from cleared areas will be collected in open channels or ditches for removal from the immediate area. The use of buried pipe will be minimized and buried pipes will be day-lighted to open channel drains as soon as practical.

7.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan

The Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan will be required both during the implementation phase and operations. For both phases, the following will be incorporated, as appropriate:

 During the new employee orientation process, all workers will receive health and safety training on standard work processes and other health and safety requirements applicable to their work activities;  All workers at work fronts will receive weekly safety orientations that last at least 15 minutes. If significant accidents occur or other health and safety issues arise, these orientations may be supplemented;  The training status for all workers will be recorded;  Health and safety training will be detailed in the Integrated Health and Safety Plan (IHSP) that will specify the contents, target groups, frequency and forms of evaluation of each type of training to be applied. It will include at least the following modules: o Induction health and safety training; o Community relations training;

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o First aid; o Venomous animals; o Use of PPE; and o Safe Work Procedures.

7.3.5 Water Management Plan

The Water Management Plan will address the appropriateness of water conservation, protection of water resources, responsibly using surface water and groundwater for farming and farming activities plantation and mill purposes, and practicing rainfall harvesting. The important aspects of this plan will be:

 Training of all workers to ensure that they understand the significance of protecting all water sources;  Implementation of measures contained in the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to control sedimentation of surface water resources and minimize the loss of nutrients and therefore the need for chemical fertilizers;  Implementation of the measures contained in the Chemical Management Plan to ensure that all chemicals used on the site are used properly and in the minimum necessary quantities to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater;  Implementation of the measures contained in the Waste Management Plan to ensure that all wastes generated on the site are properly stored and disposed to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater by liquid effluents or by leachate from solid wastes;  Monitoring significant effluent streams on a periodic basis to ensure that they meet applicable discharge requirements;  Developing and implementing a site-specific water quality monitoring plan for both surface water and groundwater to ensure that management measures are achieving the desired results; and  Development of parameters for the installation of water wells to ensure that the wells meet all applicable national standards and that they do not have significant adverse impacts on other groundwater users.

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7.3.6 Air Quality Management Plan

The Air Quality Management Plan will include the following important aspects:

 Noise levels in mills and other Project areas shall meet the requirements of both Federal and Cross River State Ministries of Environment;  All Project vehicles used for transportation will be properly maintained and fitted with standard pollution control equipment to minimize emissions; and  Cross River State NEWMAP will avoid the use of ozone depleting substances for uses such as coolants or cleaning operations;

7.3.7 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan

The Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan will ensure that all vegetation clearing and biomass management for all aspects of the Project activities will be conducted in accordance with detailed procedures that will meet the requirements of Nigeria as well as international best practices.

Site clearing for construction and campsite construction (where applicable) and other infrastructure development can damage the habitats of terrestrial flora and fauna species. If clearing is not done properly, it could result in the removal of ecologically important habitats and species. The conversion of forests, even secondary, reduces biodiversity, with species reductions occurring for insects, birds, reptiles, and soil microorganisms.

This plan will include procedures for the following:

 Delineating areas to be cleared;  Delineating areas to be protected;  Specifying methods for clearing in various types of areas or terrain, including methods to allow fauna to relocate out of the area to be cleared;  Specifying methods for best utilization of merchantable timber;  Specifying procedures for ensuring that non-timber forest products are reasonably utilized by local villagers before or immediately after areas are cleared; and

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 Specifying procedures for utilizing and/or disposing of the biomass generated by the clearing activities.

This plan will be used on conjunction with the Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan and the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to ensure that workers/farmers, the environment, and surrounding communities are protected.

7.3.8 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan

The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include procedures for addressing all reasonably foreseeable and possible emergencies such as:

 Fires;  Floods;  Spills or releases of hazardous chemicals or wastes to the groundwater or surface water;  Medical emergencies; and,  Other weather-related emergencies.

The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will define the methods of intervention and required resources to be implemented by Cross River State NEWMAP in the event of an accident to protect staff and property and to prevent harmful effects on the local population and the environment. As part of the plan, Cross River State NEWMAP will facilitate the alert of rescue services and inform the competent relevant authorities. Spills are the release of substances (solids or liquids) in a magnitude that could cause substantial negative effects to the system receiving it; the system in question could be, for example, soil, river, lake, sea or the atmosphere. The spill response aspects of the plan will be outlined for all employees and relevant employees will be trained in specific spill response procedures for the substances for which they are responsible. The impacts of spills can have very adverse effects on the environment and humans.

Spills can occur during many of the typical operations such as: refuelling of equipment, painting, changing oil, during transfer of the liquids or solid from container to another, rinsing drums containing liquid or solid that is harmful; they may also occur as a result of a burst hose or pipe, the malfunctioning of an overflow valve

165 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t of a tank or road accident of a fuel tanker. The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include the following features to address spills or releases of hazardous materials:

 Identify the personnel responsible in the event of a spill as well as a hierarchy for notifications both within the Commercial Agriculture as well as Government and emergency response personnel;  Provide the structure for a spill response organization;  Characterize the different types of materials and potential quantities of spills that could occur as a result of the project activities;  Outline spill response procedures as well as equipment, protective equipment, supplies, and materials to support the response;  Provide specific training guidelines and procedures for personnel to ensure a safe and effective response to potential spill events; and  Provide training guidelines for recovery and disposal of all materials contaminated in the event of a spill.

The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will also define the procedures, training, supplies, and materials for designated personnel to respond to fires, medical emergencies, and other significant emergencies or incidents during both construction and operations of various project activities.

7.3.9 Cultural Heritage Management Plan

The Cultural Heritage Management Plan will ensure that known cultural sites are identified and adequately protected, and that a procedure is in place for identifying any unknown or unmarked sites that may be encountered during development (Chance Find Procedure).

In order to mitigate impacts on known sites, Cross River State NEWMAP will demarcate, along with each affected village and community, the cultural and sacred sites used by that village and community for traditional practices, so that those sites can be excluded from any vegetation clearing or other construction activities.

During the course of construction, if any artefact or human remains are discovered, work in the immediate vicinity of such artifacts shall be stopped immediately and

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Cross River State NEWMAP will implement a Chance Find Procedure that will include the following:

 The Cross River State NEWMAP„s HSE coordinator shall take reasonable precautions to prevent any person from removing or damaging any such item;  all work will be moved at least 30 m away from the artifact, or outside the boundaries of the site containing the artifact;  the local village Chiefs and Government Officials will be notified of the find to determine whether it is significant from a cultural perspective;  if the artifact appears to be pre-historic, the national museum will be notified; and  Appropriate actions will be taken after consultations with the relevant authorities.

7.3.10 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan

The Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan will include the following provisions:

 The Cross River State NEWMAP will place speed limits and appropriate road signage along all Project roads;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will enforce speed limits for safety, air quality, and noise purposes both on the Project site and beyond;  All Cross River State NEWMAP drivers should be trained by a road safety specialist; and,  All vehicles should be properly maintained and undergo periodic safety inspections.

7.3.11 Social Investment Plan

The Social Investment Plan outlines the types of measures that Cross River State NEWMAP will consider as it develops the Project intervention to assist the communities in and around the Project area to benefit from the presence of the Project. As a basis, Cross River State NEWMAP will sign Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) with villages and community to ensure that there is no loss of village farms or plantations and will provide for farmland for future generations to avoid impacts related to food insecurity. Cross River State NEWMAP will demarcate

167 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t such farmland for each village and community in coordination with a team to be composed of the villagers, Cross River State NEWMAP personal, Subdivision Farm Council, and Regional Delegation under the appropriate Ministry.

Some of the programmes being considered by Cross River State NEWMAP as part of its Social Investment Plan include:

 Assisting in the creation of ranches or farms to provide workers/community residents and villagers with meat (e.g. cows, goats, sheep, poultry) at avoidable price and to decrease the hunting pressure on wild animals;  Using a portion of the agric-waste (e.g. rice husk) as fuel for cooking and domestic and industrial source of energy where applicable (e.g. compacting into briquettes) to decrease the need for fuel wood from the forests;  Providing technical assistance to out-growers as well as a market for agricultural products grown on village farms and plantations;  Improving the provision of health care services to both its workers, farmers and the broader community in the Project area;  Improving the provision of potable water to both its workers/community residents and the broader community in the Project area;  Improving the provision of educational services to both its workers/community residents and the broader community in the Project area;  Providing access to electricity to project affected communities at low cost;  Providing scholarships for deserving local students in; and  Providing priority for employment to local residents where applicable.

7.3.12 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan

The Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for the Project will comply with all Cross River requirements as well as international best practices. It will address measures for hygiene, health, and safety at the work place and include an ongoing training programme for all employees‟ project beneficiaries. Cross River State NEWMAP will provide the necessary safety equipment to its employees. The plan will address issues such as:

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 The proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;  Permit to Work especially when risks are significant;  Analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;  Provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of PPE;  Training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages, the plantation, nurseries, and mills;  Training and implementing procedures for confined spaces;  Physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where dangerous equipment is in use;  Training related to job-specific risks and activities; including:  Electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);  Mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds, equipment shock);  Lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision);  Machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with a vehicle or machine);  Hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution, poisoning, dazzle);  Workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with machines);  Sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace, explosion risk);  Power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution risk); and

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 Provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well- stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite injuries.

Also, the Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan will address safety in “Confined Spaces and Excavations. Examples of likely confined spaces of the proposed include: hoppers, utility vaults, tanks, sewers, pipes, access shafts, ditches and trenches. The occupational hazards associated with confined spaces and excavations should be prevented according to the following recommendations:

 Controlling site-specific factors which may contribute to excavation slope instability including, for example, the use of excavation dewatering, side-walls support, and slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize the risk of collapse, entrapment, or drowning;  Providing safe means of access and egress from excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or stairs and ladders; and  Avoiding the operation of combustion equipment for prolonged periods inside excavations areas where other workers are required to enter unless the area is actively ventilated.

7.3.13 Community Health & Safety Plan

The purpose of the Community Health and Safety Plan is to address the potential impacts on the human population living in and around the farm settlement. These mitigation measures include:

 Construction activities can draw significant numbers of single men and others attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and diseases, including HIV/AIDS, so Cross River State NEWMAP will attempt to recruit most of its construction workers from the immediate area, thus minimizing the number of single men migrating for work;

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 The Cross River State NEWMAP will also ensure that it and its contractors provide adequate training and enforcement codes of conduct to minimize worker participation in risky activities such as sex trade, drugs, and alcohol;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will conduct sensitization of local communities regarding potential impacts from construction workers and inform those communities about the terms and conditions of Cross River State NEWMAP‟s worker Code of Conduct;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will conduct community training and awareness programmes to ensure that the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic activities for short-term economic gain;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will coordinate with local Government Councils to ensure that they fully understand the risks of large-scale construction activities and support Cross River State NEWMAP‟s efforts from a law enforcement perspective;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will work closely with the health districts of the Ministry of Health in the State and promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid risky activities; and Cross River State NEWMAP will work closely with the health districts to monitor the incidence of diseases and other health measures that has indicated a need for further intervention to protect community health and safety.

7.3.14 Stakeholder Engagement Plan

The Cross River State NEWMAP has been implementing its Stakeholder Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project invention. It includes the following major considerations:

 Identification of Project stakeholders;  Summary of past consultation efforts;  Planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities;  Stakeholder engagement during construction;  Stakeholder engagement during operations;

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 Resources for stakeholder engagement;  Monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and  Formation of the site monitoring committees particularly the Nyangasang Gully Erosion Site Monitoring Committee.

In coordination with its Stakeholder Engagement Plan, Cross River State NEWMAP will develop and implement a Grievance Procedure that will include the following components:

 Anyone may contact the Project, in person, by email, or by telephone to submit a grievance;  Contacts about grievances may be by the affected person or through an agreed local liaison committee;  All complaints will be documented by Cross River State NEWMAP and tracked to resolution, and information on the status will be available to the person making the complaint;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will investigate the complaint, using technical assistance if necessary, and determine the response including, if applicable, proposed actions;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will inform the person making the complaint, either verbally or in writing, of LSCADP‟s response and proposed actions (if any);  Prior to construction, Cross River State NEWMAP will work with stakeholders to develop a binding arbitration system for resolving complaints;  The grievance mechanism will inform complainants of their options if the complaint cannot be resolved;  The Cross River State NEWMAP will strive to investigate and resolve complaints promptly;  There will be no cost to the person presenting the complaint;  All complaints will be treated with appropriate confidentiality;  Complaints will be investigated and resolved without retribution to the complainant or other persons; and,  Project personnel, especially those who have contact with the public, will be briefed/trained about the grievance procedure, including who to contact within

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the Cross River State NEWMAP or the Cross River State Government about a complaint.

7.3.15 Chemical Management Plan

This plan addressed storage of hazardous chemical and fuel.  Stored in sheds or fenced areas with impermeable surfaces;  Segregated chemical from each other;  Containment capacity should be 110% in case of spills, and accompanied by MSDSs;  limit access to storage area to authorized person only;  Proper record-keeping on movement and utilization of hazardous chemical and fuel;  Fuel should be handled by authorized persons using appropriate procedure and all necessary signs provided in area where fuel will be exposed; and  Machine should be washed by authorized person in designated areas using appropriate procedures.

7.3.16 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

The Project will require involuntary resettlement. Therefore, there is need for a Resettlement Action Plan framework. The comprehensive details of the resettlement for affected members of the Project community are expected to cover within the framework designed by the RAP consultant. It is the duty of Cross River State NEWMAP that such framework must be all-inclusive with the affected person(s) fully engaged and integrated as part of the report.

Table 7.7 shows the Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures for the various plans

Table 7.7: Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures

Activities Situation within Timeline for the Cost of Project Cycle preparation Preparation US Dollars ($)

Flora and Fauna Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000 Management Plan

Waste Management Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000

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Erosion and Sedimentation Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000 Management Plan

Employment, Training, and Pre-Construction and 2 Weeks 6000 Awareness Management Construction Phases Plan

Water Management Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000

Air Quality Management Pre-Construction, 3 Weeks 6500 Plan Construction and Operation Phases

Vegetation Clearing and Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000 Biomass Management Plan

Emergency Response and Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000 Incident Management Plan

Cultural Heritage Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000 Management Plan

Traffic and Vehicle Pre-Construction and 2 Weeks 6000 Management Plan Construction Phases

Social Investment Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week 4000

Health, Safety, and Pre-Construction 1 Week 3000 Security Management Plan

Community Health & Safety Pre-Construction 1 Week 3000 Plan

Stakeholders‟ Engagement Pre-Construction and 3 Weeks 3000 Plan Construction Phases

Chemical Management Construction Phases 1 Week 3000 Plan

7.3.17 Training Programmes

The Cross River State NEWMAP will develop, implement, and track training programmes at both PMU and community levels. Table 7.8 described the institutional capacity strengthening plan that Cross River NEWMAP should followed at both the PMU and community levels. The programme should include but not limited to:

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 Safeguards training for the entire PMU on World Bank safeguards policies triggered by the NEWMAP;  GIS and Image Interpretation training for the safeguards officers. This is to enhance the officers‟ capability to interpret and analyses gully site imagery that will be delivered alongside the ESMP as contained in the TOR;  Training of PMU on Implementation of all emergency response procedures as identified in the Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan; and  Training on Health, Environment, Safety, and Security Management Plan for PMU.  Community training on general environmental awareness and Nyangasang ESMP mitigation measures.

However, to build the capacity of both the PMU and the community, Cross River State NEWMAP should develop, implement, and track training programmes

Table 7.8: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan Target Audience Description Application Duration PMU Training In-depth understanding of the Personnel require Three days mitigation measures proffered appreciation of WB‟s, seminar

by the ESMP. Federal/State

PC, Environment environmental policies, Satellite Image interpretation of and safeguards as well as, an application the Nyangasang gully specialist, Project of these policies in watershed imagery for critical engineer and implementing the World assessment of changes that Social Bank support for might occur during project safeguards Nyangasang gully implementation. specialist erosion control.

Community General environmental By the NEWMAP 1 day awareness seminar that will institutional workshop Nyangasang include ecological and social arrangement, the target gully erosion site science principles, legal audience will be monitoring responsibilities, consequences responsible for site committee of non-sustainable monitoring and liaising members development and costs of poor between community and environmental decisions as it the Cross River State affect Nyangasang gully NEWMAP as well as erosion site. Mitigation contractors. measures proffered in the ESMP.

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7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation

The Project will develop a detailed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan to monitor key elements of both the biophysical and human environments. The purpose of this monitoring will be to ensure that significant impacts were correctly identified in the assessment process, then to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. The results of monitoring activities will be regularly reviewed to determine if existing management measures are adequate, or if those measures should be revised, deleted, or supplemented.

Monitoring will include aspects such as:  Water quality of the effluent streams discharged from the construction activities;  Water quality and general aquatic health of streams receiving effluents from the construction activities;  Invasive species;  Bush meat sales in local markets;  Interactions between local fauna such as birds and the plantation to determine if additional mitigation measures are required and if implemented, how effective they are working;  The effectiveness of waste management activities;  The effectiveness of sediment and erosion control measures and of storm water management measures;  All clearing activities for compliance with the Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan;  Implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance Find Procedure;  Compliance with the Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan;  Health and safety indicators, including accidents, for all workers and farmers working in the Project;  Grievances of workers, farmers and the local community;  Health indicators in the local communities to inform any modifications to the Community Health and Safety Plan; and  Flora and fauna in the project Area.

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Table 7.9 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures Parameter Responsibility Frequency Cost Source of ($) fund

Effluent discharged NEWMAP Weekly 6000 Cross River from the construction (Env. Officer) NEWMAP activities

Streams receiving NEWMAP Weekly 6000 Cross River effluents (Env. Officer) NEWMAP

Effectiveness of waste NEWMAP Weekly 6000 Cross River management plan (Env. Officer) NEWMAP

Local Flora and NEWMAP Quarterly 5000 Cross River Fauna issues (Env. Officer) NEWMAP

Effectiveness of NEWMAP Annual 6000 Cross River sediment and erosion (Env. Officer) NEWMAP control measures

Effectiveness of storm NEWMAP Annual 6000 Cross River water management (Env. Officer) NEWMAP measures

Land clearing NEWMAP As the need 2000 Cross River activities (Env. Officer) arise NEWMAP

Implementation of the NEWMAP Annual 2500 Cross River Cultural Heritage (Social Officer) NEWMAP Management Plan and associated Changes

Health and safety NEWMAP Annual 10000 Cross River indicators including (NEWMAP NEWMAP community health Env. Officer / issues Consultant)

Grievances of NEWMAP As the need 2000 Cross River workers, PAPs and (NEWMAP arise NEWMAP the local communities; Social Officer Consultant)

Chemical NEWMAP Quarterly 2000 Cross River Management Plan (NEWMAP NEWMAP Env. Officer / Consultant)

TOTAL 53500

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7.5 Implementation Schedule

The implementation schedule is necessary to give a clear-cut direction on the timeline of implementation of the stipulated mitigation measures. It is expected that each of the stated measures should be time-based for proper implementation and apt monitoring. Table 7.10 below documents the schedule for the mitigation measures with respective time lapse.

Table 7.10: ESMP Implementation Schedule s/n Mitigation measures Mitigation timeline

1. Pre-construction phase I. Acquisition of land A month (4 weeks) prior to initiation of construction activities

II. Community perception of the project Six weeks before the commencement of construction activities

2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts (including landslide, rock cave-in, mudflow/flooding, soil impact, in situ All through the duration of the construction waste, land use, channelization of floodwaters, period topographic alterations, air quality, water quality, and increased sedimentation)

2. Biological impacts particularly impact on flora & All through the duration of the construction fauna and wildlife. period

3. Socioeconomic impacts including traffic and All through the duration of the construction transportation, accident, employment, human period displacement, and aesthetics.

4. Public health impacts including HIV/AIDS & All through the duration of the construction STDs, water-borne diseases, malaria. period

3. Operation and maintenance phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, All through the duration of the operation & traffic & transportation, and health & safety maintenance period

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7.6 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis

The cost analysis presented in this section is designed for each of the identified mitigation measures to be effective and efficiently implemented. It is designed specifically for each of the activity itemised for each of the phases of the gully rehabilitation project. Thus, it covers the preconstruction phase, the construction phase as well as the maintenance and operation phase mitigation measures. Hence the cost is designed for a global spread across the stated measures. Table 7.11 presents the synoptic details of the ESMP costing.

Table 7.11: Cost Analysis of the Nyangasang Gully Erosion ESMP Implementation

S/N ESMP Activities based on stated mitigation measures Cost Estimate ($)

1 Pre-construction phase I. Acquisition of land; - II. Community perception of the project. 1.850

TOTAL 1,850

2 Construction phase (a) Environmental impacts including landslide, rock cave-in, mudflow/flooding, soil impact, in situ waste, land use, 11,850 channelization of floodwaters, topographic alterations, air quality, water quality, and increased sedimentation. (b) Biological impacts particularly impacts on flora & fauna and 3,800 wildlife. (c) Socioeconomic impacts including traffic and transportation, 5,850 accident, employment, human displacement, and aesthetics. (d) Public health impacts with respect to HIV/AIDS & STDs, water- 4,400 borne diseases, malaria.

TOTAL 25,900

3 Operation and maintenance phase 6,250

4 Preparation of Monitoring Plans 62500

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5 Institutional Capacity Strengthening Programme

PMU 190,000

Community 25,000

Sub-Total 40,000

Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 53,500

Grand Total

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CHAPTER EIGHT

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The study has provided a well-defined procedure including action plans to incorporate environmental and social considerations into the proposed rehabilitation project at Nyangasang gully erosion site located in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. It measures the basic biophysical and social baseline information of the proposed intervention site, identifies sensitive environmental parameters that may be impacted on at the various phases of project development and provides the necessary mitigation measures for such identified impacts. However, since the development objective of NEWMAP is to restore degraded lands and reduce longer- term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas, the ESMP for the proposed Nyangasang gully erosion intervention, adequately provides the guidelines for achieving the NEWMAP objectives without compromising the tangible and intangible human and environmental values with the project area.

The study has established that most residents in the area engage in rain-fed small holder farming activities and service-based urban workers. During the data gathering process, participants generally appraised their living standard and socio- economic status as “average” which is typical of a semi urban environment.

An examination of the ground situation showed that the nature and extent of expansion of the gully erosion has increased the vulnerability of lives and properties along the different gully tributaries. This shows the extent of complexity of the gully formation of the area. The intervention works will positively and otherwise impacts on human lives, flora and the general environment where civil and other works activities will take place.

The Nyangsang community has also significantly spelt out their desires for the intervention, calling for better drainage system and access road to enhance their socio-economic life. Thus, the proposed Nyangasang gully erosion intervention is a welcome development by the affected community. To enhance the benefits of the proposed intervention by Cross River State NEWMAP at all phases of project execution, the mitigation measures provided in the Nyangasang ESMP should be strictly adhered to.

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Appendix I

QUESTIONNAIRE ON ENVRIONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ON NEWMAP Nyangasang Gully Erosion Intervention Project in Calabar, Cross River State

Dear Respondent, Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey! The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight from the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of gully erosion intervention project. This is your chance to tell us what you think!

NOTE: Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.

Settlement/Community: ……………………………….. State/L.G.A: …….………………………………………….….. Name of Interviewer: ……..…………….……………………….. Date: ……………..……………………………………… Coordinates: Northing ……………………………………… Easting …………………………………………………..

Survey Location: (a) Major Urban (b) Other Urban (c) Rural

SECTION A: Household data 1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female 2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs 3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed 4. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non Resident, Visiting 5. Ethnic Group: (a) Ibibio (b) Igbo (c) Yoruba (d) Other, specify…………. 6. Religion: (a) Islam (b) Christianity (c) Traditional 7. Education: (a) None (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate 8. Relationship to HH: (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify 9. Type of HH (a) Normal (Father) (b) Woman (c) Child 10. Size of the HH …………………………… No. of Adults (Above 18) Men Women No. of Children (below 18) Boys Girls

11: Are you affected by the gully development? (a) yes (b) no 12. If question 11 is yes, how (a) loss of farmland (b) loss of building (c) loss of landed property (d) others specify……………..

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13. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed (salary) (f) Self Employed (g) Social Support (h) unemployed (i) Others specify…………………………. 14. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above 15. If non-resident, please state your actual location: ………………………………………………….. (Location/LGA/State) Education 1.1 Does anyone in the household currently A Yes b No attend school (If no, skip to 2) 1.2. Where do the children go to school? School Category Number (Place name) a Primary

B Junior High

c Senior High/ Tech/ Voc

d Post-Secondary

1.3. How long does it take to get to school? a <5 mins

b 5-15 mins (Note response to each school accessed) c 15-30 mins

d 30-60 mins

e 60+ mins

1.4. What method of transport is used to get a Foot to school? b Bicycle

(Note response to each school accessed) c Mini bus

d Taxi

e Private Car

f Okada

g Tri-cycle

SECTION B: HEALTH STATUS 1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by the gully erosion? (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, in what way? (a) Skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Malaria (e)Water-borne diseases (f) Other, Specify……………………... 3. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify……………………………………………. 4. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one.

5. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly? Degree Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never Degree Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never Whooping Cough Rheumatism Tuberculosis Rashes Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm

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Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma Hypertension Typhoid fever

Congestive health problem Malaria Sickle cell Pneumonia anaemia Sexually transmitted Epilepsy diseases

6. Do you think your ailment/sickness will be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed intervention? (a) Yes (b) No 7. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Noise/air pollution (e) Others, specify:……………………………………

SECTION C. STANDARD OF LIVING / SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 1. Assets 1.1 Do you have any of the following items Quantity Quantity a. radio / tape recorder k. beds b. television l. furniture set c. DVD player m. fan d. telephone (land line) n. computer e. mobile phone o. generator f. stove p. mosquito nets g. fridge q. insect screens h. fishing traps r. hunting trap i. fishing nets s. other hunting equipment j. fishing hooks t. other (specify)

1.2 What sort of transport does your family own Quantity Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)

1.3 What mode of transport do you frequently use a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)

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1.4 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - Walls Plastered mud c. Number of rooms 1-2 Cement blocks 3-4 Other (specify) Other (specify) b. Construction material - roofing Corrugated roofing d. Other structures on plot Animal Pen Aluminium Granary

Asbestors Shops Tile Kiosks Other (specify) Other (specify) e. Construction material - floor Earthen Concretes Tiles Other (specify) f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine Water closet Toilet facility outside dwelling Pier latrine Other (specify) None g. Tenure of housing Owned Rented Occupied rent free Other h. Tenure of land Owned Rented Occupied rent free Lease hold Others specify

2. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste? (Multiple options) (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify…………………….. 2.0 Household Services 2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,...in hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source) (a) PHCN (b) (c) Lantern (d) Candle (e) Palm (f) (g) Wood (h) (i) Gas Generator Oil Lamp Torchlight Kerosene Battery

2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking?

(a) Fire (b) Coal (c) (d) (e) Animal (f) Gas (g) Crop Others Wood Kerosene Electricity dropping Residue/saw dust

3.0 Sources of Water for drinking for cooking for bathing and washing a. Lagoon Yes No Yes No Yes No b. Well Yes No Yes No Yes No

185 | P a g e Nyangasang ESMP R e p o r t c. Borehole Yes No Yes No Yes No d. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No e. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No f. Piped water outside dwelling Yes No Yes No Yes No g. River Yes No Yes No Yes No h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No k. Other (specify) Yes No Yes No Yes No

4.0 Income 4.1 Remittances 1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 Yes 2 No 2. If yes, how much (per month) N

5.0 Other Income 1. Do you have other income streams Yes No 2. If yes, please specify the amount? YesN No 6 Total Income

1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? N 7. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? a. Same b. Better c. Worse 8. Is the option in 7 propelled by the gully erosion problem (a) Yes (b) No 9. If 8 is yes, do you think the proposed intervention will improve the situation (a) Yes (b) No 10. If 9 is yes specify how the project will improve the situation………………………….. 11. How do you ensure gender equity in the community (a) women are elected in public office (b) females are given equal opportunity and access to education and employment (c) quotas on genders are ensures in leadership of community based organizations (d) others specify. SECTION D: RESOURCES/ CULTURAL PROPERTY 1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and whose cause can be linked to the gully erosion? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c)Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Bad lands (f) Flooding (g) environmental degradation (g) Degraded land (h) Destruction of infrastructures (i) Others (specify) ………………………….. 2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed gully erosion intervention project during construction? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) ………………………….. 3. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed gully erosion intervention project during operation? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) ………………………….. 4. Do you think the gully erosion intervention activities will affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in your area? (a) Yes (b) No 5 If yes mention the name(s) of the valued resource/cultural/archaeological property…………………………………………….

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6. How will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify: …………………………… SECTION E: Gully Erosion/ Intervention Activities Impact Evaluation

1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by NEWMAP (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, from which source (a) community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet) (c) Others specify 3. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) Yes (b) No 4. If 3 is yes how will the proposed intervention result in restiveness (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by contractors (b) loss of farmland / Property (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: …………………………… 5. How will the proposed project impact on your livelihood and environment? Positive impacts Negative impacts (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

6. Can you name some of the animals and other habitat around the gully site that may be affected by the intervention ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 7. What do you expect from the activities of NEWMAP intervention? (a) employment of Locals during construction, (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please specify…………………….. 8. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the intervention project in your area, please state clearly? …………………………………………………………………………………

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Appendix II

MINUTES OF MEETING HELD WITH NYANGASSANG GULLY EROSION SITE MONITORING COMMITTEE AND OTHER COMMUNITY LEADERS ON NOVEMBER 2, 2013 AT 4.20 PM The MEETING was designed to elicit relevant information from stakeholders of the impact of the proposed NEWMAP Gully Erosion Intervention in Nyang-assang Community of Calabar, Cross River state. Specifically, the following points were discussed:  Perceived cause(s) of the gully  Effect of the gully on the community (social and economic)  Suggested solution  Awareness of the NEWMAP intervention  Effect of NEWMAP intervention during construction and operation (social and economic)  Potential challenges by NEWMAP consultants and contractors during construction and operation  Assistance from the community to the NEWMAP consultants and contractors during construction and operation  Advice on environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness for NEWMAP intervention exercise.

In Attendance were 15 persons as shown on the attendance list below: s/n Name Phone No

1 Evang J.A. Asuka 08039420899

2 Bassey Essenowo 07030315325

3 Godwin Udo Essien 08136779393

4 Alex Effiong 08086786797

5 Usen Usanga 08027604044

6 Edet Ekong 08065465976

7 Okon Asuquo 08038764243

8 Esema Samuel 07037879104

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9 Etim Umoh 07034648435

10 Ruth Victor 08062625524

11 Uwen Sunday 07068517512

12 Emmanuel Uko 07030685737

13 Mercy Dande 08132759894

14 Utibeabasi Asuquo 07032885259

15 Dr E.O. Asuquo 08063656950 (Chairman Site monitoring committee)

Opening Remark The meeting started with introduction of key community members and the consultant and team member by the community secretary. The lead consultant thanked the community members for making themselves available for the meeting. He told the community members that the project is known as the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). He explained that the team was in the community to gather information that will pave way for the smooth implementation of the project. Perceived cause(s) of the gully On the perceived cause(s) of the gully, the community members indicated that it started in 2012 after the construction of the road. This is mainly attributed to the poor drainage channelization which is seriously eroding access path of the floodwater to the river. Effect of the gully on the community (social and economic) The gully has resulted in the loss of buildings, farmlands and even human lives. Suggested solution The problem would be solved with the concretization of the drainage channel Effect of NEWMAP intervention during construction and operation (social and economic) On the benefits the community is expecting from the project the following were listed:  Employment of youths who will constitute the labour force  Those who are vocationally equipped should be part of the project.  Payment of compensation to women whose farms are affected.

Awareness of the NEWMAP intervention The community members are very much aware of the proposed project Potential challenges by NEWMAP consultants and contractors during construction and operation

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 The community members stated that there will be no challenges that will hinder the execution of the project.  The community said that, maximum cooperation will be given to contractors and consultant during project construction and operation. This will however be fast- tracked if issues like the payment of compensation to people whose Farm lands and Economic trees will be affected are quickly addressed

Assistance from the community to the NEWMAP consultants and contractors during construction and operation  The community said the security of the contractors, equipment and workforce will be their responsibility.  The community members stated that their primary focus for now is the execution of the project while other issues are secondary.  It was agreed that the community will meet, discuss and come up with training options that will empower those affected with alternative livelihoods.

Advice on environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness for NEWMAP intervention exercise  On environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness, the community members opined that they have already formed sub committees that will discuss and handle issues of employment and corporate social responsibility. The issues of surveillance, security, maintenance of the project to ensure sustainability would also be handled by the community.  The community stated that the project design and job specification should be made available to them to enable them monitor contractors during implementation.  He further stated that incase any unplanned property is affected during construction the contractor may handle that.  On the expectation of the community from the World Bank, the consultant said the civil work has been advertised and evaluation is ongoing after which the work will commence immediately.  However, impact assessment and socio-economic survey reports would be ready before the project starts.  The meeting ended at 6.20 pm

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Appendix III Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Pollutants Time of Average Limits Particulates Daily average of daily values 250µg/m3 1hour 600 µg/m3 Sulphuroxide Daily average of hourly 0.01ppm (Sulphurdioxide) values 1 hour 0.1ppm Non-methanehydrocarbon Daily average of 3- 160µg/m3 hourly values Carbonmonoxide Daily average of hourly 10ppm values 8-hour average 20ppm Nitrogen oxides Daily average of hourly values 0.04- 0.06ppm (range) (Nitrogen dioxide) Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.06ppm Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991)

Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria

Duration per Day, Hour Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1.5 102 1 105 0.5 110 0.25 115 Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution

Noise Level Guidelines Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Day time (07:00 -22:00) 22:00 – 07:00 Residential; Institutional; 55 45 educations Industrial; commercial 70 70

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Source: World Bank Group 2007: General EHS Guidelines

Groundwater Samples Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEnv Desirable Permissib Limit Level le Level pH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.5 Conductivity, - µS/cm NS 1000 Temperature, <40 0C NS NS Turbidity, 1.0

NTU NS NS Total 500 Dissolved Solids, mg/l 200 500 Salinity, ppt NS NS Hardness, mg/l 200

CaCO3 100 500 Alkalinity, - mg/l NS NS Dissolved 7.5 Oxygen, mg/l NS NS

BOD5, mg/l NS NS 0 COD, mg/l NS NS - Chloride, mg/l 200 600 250 Nitrate, mg/l - - 10 Sulphate, mg/l 200 400 500 Phosphate, 5 mg/l NS NS Sodium, mg/l NS NS 200 Calcium, mg/I 75 200 - Magnesium, - mg/l 30 75 Potassium, - mg/l NS NS THC, mg/l 0.01 0.3 - Oil and Grease - - 0.05 Heavy Metals Iron, mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0 Zinc, mg/l 5.0 15.0 5.0

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Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEnv Desirable Permissib Limit Level le Level Lead, mg/l NS NS 0.05 Mercury, mg/l NS NS 0.01 Copper, mg/l 0.05 1.5 0.05 Chromium, 0.01 mg/l NS NS Cadmium, 0.03 mg/l NS NS Nickel, mg/l NS NS - Arsenic, mg/l NS NS -

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