Contribución Al Conocimiento De Las Mariposas Del Golfo De Guinea (Lep., Papilionoidea)

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Contribución Al Conocimiento De Las Mariposas Del Golfo De Guinea (Lep., Papilionoidea) Eos, t. LX, págs. 335-369 (1984). Contribución al conocimiento de las mariposas del Golfo de Guinea (Lep., Papilionoidea) POR J. L. VIEJO. INTRODUCCIÓN. Cuando se nos planteó la oportunidad de estudiar las mariposas de Guinea Ecuatorial, hace ya muchos meses, emprendimos la correspondiente labor de bús- queda de la bibliografía relativa al tema, que resultó ser copiosa respecto a faunís- tica y sistemática de especies de las antiguas colonias francesas (Senegal, Ga- bón, etc.), inglesas (Camerún, Nigeria, etc.), e incluso alemanas (Camerún) y por- tuguesas (Guinea-Bissau, Príncipe y Sao Torné) ; y muy escasa respecto a las antiguas colonias españolas del Golfo de Guinea (hoy República de Guinea Ecua- torial). Realmente, y salvo referencias esporádicas en diversas obras, sólo hemos encontrado un trabajo acerca de la fauna de lepidópteros de Río Muni (KHEIL, 1910), dos o tres relativos a Fernando Poo (KHErL, 1910; BACELAR, 1948; BER- NARDI, 1953) v ninguno referente a la fauna de Annobón. El material en el que se basa este estudio está depositado en el Instituto Es- pañol de Entomología. Procede de diversas expediciones a Guinea Ecuatorial, y de las capturas realizadas por entomólogos, funcionarios o colaboradores que vi- vieron de modo más o menos prolongado en Guinea. Parte del material carece de referencias acerca de su colector, y sólo posee una etiqueta en la que dice "Guinea Española" ; por tanto, ignoramos su origen preciso. Los ejemplares estudiados proceden de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial : Río Muni, Fernando Poo y Annobón ; y de la República de Sao Tomé y Prín- cipe: isla de Sao Tomé. LA REGIÓN: FISIOGRAFIA, CLIMA Y VEGETACIÓN. En este trabajo no pretendemos dar un reseña detallada de las características ambientales de Guinea Ecuatorial, pues trátase, fundamentalmente, de una lista comentada de especies de mariposas. Pero bien es verdad que un esbozo geográ- fico, climático y de la vegetación ayudará a situar debidamente estas especies en su marco natural, y permitirá empezar a comprender el desigual reparto faunístico. FISIOGRAFIA : El territorio de Guinea Ecuatorial está repartido entre el con- tinente africano (Río Muni) y las islas de Fernando Poo, Annobón, Corisco, Elobey Grande y Elobey Chico. Próximas a las dos primeras, se encuentran las islas de Sao Tomé y Príncipe, ambas constitutivas de la República del mismo nombre. 336 J. L. VIEJO El territorio continental de Guinea Ecuatorial (Río Muni) tiene una superficie de 25.000 kilómetros cuadrados, aproximadamente, y una forma semejante a un rectángulo, cuyos lados meridional y oriental limitan con Gabón, el septentrional con Camerún, y el occidental (más irregular) está bañado por el Océano Atlántico. Este territorio está situado entre los paralelos 1° y 2° N. y los meridianos 9° y 110 E. El relieve no presenta alturas notables, si bien es posible distinguir tres escalones más o menos claramente definidos (LizAuR, 1941) desde Levante (más elevado : unos 500 ni. de media) hasta el mar. Las alineaciones montañosas se presentan, en general, perpendiculares a la costa, debido a la acción de tres im- portantes ríos : el Campo, el Benito y el Utamboni, que, por otra parte, se abren ampliamente al mar formando estuarios navegables (fig. 1). La isla de Fernando Poo (hoy llamada Bioko) se encuentra en el Golfo de Guinea, a 32 kilómetros de la costa camerunesa. Tiene una superficie de 2.072 ki- lómetros cuadrados y se encuentra enmarcada por los 30 10' y 30 50' N., y los 80 25' y 8° 60' E. Es el primer punto emergente de una cadena volcánica que se extiende desde la lejana isla de Santa Elena hasta el Pico Camerún (en el Conti- nente), y de la que forman parte también Príncipe, Sao Tomé y Annobón. Fer- nando Poo es una isla de relieve abrupto, con una alineación montañosa central, cuya máxima altitud está en el Pico Santa Isabel (3.003 m.) (fig. 2). La isla de Sao Tomé está encuadrada entre el Ecuador y los 00 30' N., y entre los meridianos 6° 30' y 7° E. Dista unos 250 kilómetros de la costa de Gabón, 150 de Príncipe (al NE.) y cerca de 200 de Annobón (al SW.). Tiene una super- ficie de 830 kilómetros cuadrados y el relieve está marcado por la presencia en el centro de la isla del monte Sao Tomé, de 2.140 metros de altitud (fig. 3). Annobón es la más pequeña de las islas del Golfo de Guinea (17 Km. 2). Tam- bién de origen volcánico, su relieve es quebrado, y marcado por planicies, crestas y cerros, con una altitud máxima de 650 metros (PERis, 1961). Annobón está 0 situada entre los 1° 25' y 1° 28' de latitud sur, y entre los 5° 36' y 5 38' de lon- gitud este. Dista 355 kilómetros de las costas del continente (Cabo López, en Gabón) (fig. 2). CLIMA: Toda la región registra un clima ecuatorial, caracterizado por una considerable lluvia total anual (entre 1.500 y 2.000 mm.), una curva de pluviosi- dad que marca dos máximos equinocciales, dentro de una prolongada estación de lluvias (de febrero a noviembre) y una temperatura media anual de unos 26° C, sin fluctuaciones notables en todo el ario. A pesar de la innegable similitud climática entre los territorios considerados, existen diferencias de unas islas a otras y con respecto al continente. No obstante la escasez de datos, podemos afirmar que Río Muni es ligeramente más cálido que las islas, y con la estación seca más prolongada. Fernando Poo posee un clima más variado, debido a su relieve. En Santa Isabel (al nivel del mar) se registra una temperatura media anual de 25,1° C (según WALTER, HARNICKELL y MUELLER-DOMBOIS, 1975) y una pluviosidad to- tal anual de 1.898 milímetros, con una estación seca en diciembre-enero (OCAÑA, 1960) ; sin embargo, con la altura la pluvi6sidad aumenta (hasta unos 3.000 mm.) y la temperatura disminuye (8° C en los pastos del Pico Santa Isabel, según OCAÑA, 1960). El sur de la isla recibe una cantidad de lluvia aún mayor (hasta 10.000 mm. anuales) (fig. 4). La temperatura media de Sao Tomé está próxima a los 24° C; los meses más CONTRIBUCIÓN AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LAS MARIPOSAS DEL GOLFO DE GUINEA 337 Figura 1.- Mapa de Guinea Ecuatorial (sector continental o Río Muni) Pta. Al al PAGA (Ano., Sea MIALAB() A tia "."1"., Santa Isabel/ del PM P , Mar•fin 1.1f ha. sal inda ern 1110.1 orar. ck F ore ha. Are, r.,4 SAO TOME 6'3" Pico del ( entrAWdan n 10 hl .1;7\‘'. 411 , , ral • • Itelo Y PRINCIPE Sta-Crur, • Saora Ilheu Siombom• „.ce4" • 8inde Sund j›,Sr ,to ge; Antonio Salt AM o Tei-reirc V tu‘„.o. waia PRINCIPE rlante D SIN gi7nC.1$ Hentique 'bao» • o de' fa. 111Z, Par o desßonyuma---"------r'r--Zei+ 1°30 aana,aco. ‘, Pko d. cu, hjb., . ' Cdroço del Oente ', ,,. aStirel • ele. )007 , ,kale PerpreAo , . “ aie Grande Ideen Loeoi f 7 - 30 [ .44010hi; ' Y ; de, eek, 7`E Pta. Cabr ,ande iaeht iehbia r >51 San Carlo 0.30' erieWl.• Islote Leven re Peque& Ponta &CIA, ¡el Par Pta. Cara.. a. Sao Tome ;le ta. Canon,, iaba ',Cito Grande orscepetéell Santa Catarina Sant Ana aahia de Concep‘ ndo Caldera (. a Mera ' t 0, Ma.4 SAO TOME -mozo (je A 2240 amó de. 2°,17 Pta. Arpes. B I OKO berra Alonso Sa Carlos --Ma.,/ans (Fernando Poel Pico Kdl, anta Cruz do Lo ZOnaS piantacenes -to Alegre Café cacao banana eta Oertar 11h, das Rolas o sarao,. o Zona cutt,vada inil01415,RO5 PI, %are [1:111 (h.en O n 0 PI• ,dr14,or GUINEA ECUATORIAL ja tee,Of ,sular Figura 2.- Mapa de Fernando Poo y Annobön Figura 3. Mapa de Sao Tomé y Príncipe 22 338 J. L. VIEJO secos son julio y agosto, y los más lluviosos noviembre, marzo y abril, con una sequilla en diciembre-enero (PERIS, 1961). Annobón (de donde no se poseen datos precisos) es algo más fresco por la influencia de las aguas frias de la corriente de Benguela. El relieve de la isla y el régimen de vientos del sur acarrean una mayor nubosidad y humedad en la parte meridional, con la consiguiente influencia en fauna y flora (PERIS, 1961). VEGETACIÓN: El bosque primario de Río Muni pertenece, en general, a la llamada termopluvisilva verdadera ("true Rain Forest", RICHARDS, 1957), que ocupa en África parte de Camerún, Gabón y la cuenca del río Congo, fundamen- talmente. Se trata de un bosque cerrado ("closed forest") cuya riqueza florística es superior a la del bosque húmedo ("wet forest"), y en el que es posible estable- cer tres estratos arbóreos : A, de árboles de alturas comprendidas entre 37 y 46 metros, esparcidos por la selva, de grandes copas que no entran en contacto ; B, de árboles de 15 a 37 metros, de copas pequeñas (menos de 10 im de diámetro), y C, muy denso, con árboles de hasta 15 metros. Bajo este último crece un cuarto Santa Isabel 6 , 16 39,0° C 25,1° C 1898 mm 16,0° C EFM AM .1 .1 A O N D Figura 4.- Curva termopluviométrica de Fernando Poo estrato, arbustivo, formado fundamentalmente por árboles jóvenes de los estratos B y C. A ras de suelo (hasta 1 m. de altura) se localiza un quinto estrato (E), de árboles recién nacidos, hierbas, helechos, etc. Pero esta estructura climácica está fuertemente alterada por la acción humana, y el bosque virgen ha sido sustituido por cultivos o por comunidades secundarias, más pobres en especies y más ines- tables, con elementos procedentes del bosque primario, y con elementos ajenos, si bien, en general (y esto tiene un notable interés biogeográfico), los constituyentes CONTRIBUCIÓN AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LAS MARIPOSAS DEL GOLFO DE GUINEA 339 del bosque secundario están más ampliamente distribuidos que los del bosque pri- mario (pantropicales, etc.) (RICHARDS, 1957).
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