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December, 2012 ASSOCIATION FOR TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA P.O.Box 141210 Gainesville, FL 32614, USA Editor: Andrei Sourakov Assoc. Editor: Thomas C. Emmel NOTES December 2012 %XWWHUÀLHVRI2LO3DOP)RUHVWV/LEHULD:HVW$IULFD ,QWURGXFWLRQ EXWWHUÀLHVLQIRXUIDPLOLHVZHUHUHSUHVHQWHG The Upper Guinea Forest Ecosystem is one of the most The following taxa were recorded: 3DSLOLRQLGDHGraphium GLYHUVHLQ$IULFD,WLVKRPHWRQDWLYHEXWWHUÀLHVUHFRUGHG policenes; 3LHULGDH Pseudopontia paradoxa paradoxa, Colotis to date (Larsen 2008). The Liberia forests, part of the Upper HXLSSH HXLSSH &DWRSVLOLD ÀRUHOOD (XUHPD KHFDEH VROLIHUD Guinea Forests, are home to an estimated 725-775 species of (XUHPDVHQHJDOHQVLV%HOHQRLVFDO\SVRFDO\SVR$SSLDVV\OYLD Lepidoptera. Forty-three of these are thought to be endemic $ HSDSKLD HSDSKLD /HSWRVLD DOFHVWD DOFHVWD / PHGXVD (Larsen 2008, Fox et al. 1965). Liberia’s lowland tropical /\FDHQLGDH 0LPHUHVLD OLEHQWLQD LVDEHOODH $[LRFHUVHV broadleaf forests have been ravaged by a 14-year civil war. KDUSD[ +\SRO\FDHQD DQWLIDXQXV DQWLIDXQXV + VFLQWLOODQV These forests are threatened by commercial and subsistence /DULQRSRGDHXUHPD(XFKU\VRSVPDODWKDQDPDODWKDQD=L]XOD factors, including hunting, small scale collecting of non-timber K\OD[ 1\PSKDOLGDH 1HSWLV QHPHWHV QHPHWHV 1 PRURVD forest products, and small and large scale farming. As a result, -XQRQLD RFWDYLD VHVDPHV - VRSKLD - RHQRQH RHQRQH - PDQ\IRUHVWEXWWHUÀLHVPD\KDYHEHHQXQDEOHWRVXUYLYHEHFDXVH WHUHDWHUHD$ULDGQHHQRWUHDHQRWUHD$DFWLVDQHV&\PRWKRH of the absence of a closed canopy. Others may be well adapted FDHQLV%HEHDULDWKHRJHQLV(XU\SKXUDFKDOFLV+DPDQXPLGD to survival in disturbed habitats (Larsen 2008). GDHGDOXV(XSKDHGUDMXVWLFLD+\SROLPQDVPLVLSSXV$FUDHD ,ZDVLQWHUHVWHGLQEXWWHUÀLHVFRORQL]LQJIUDJPHQWHGIRUHVW URJHUVL $ DOFLQRH $ HQFHGRQ HQFHGRQ $ HQFHGDQD $ patches and edges adjacent to water bodies. I selected seven FDHFLOLD$FDPDHQD$VHUHQD$QHREXOH$HSHDHSHD$ different forest habitats to survey. These included two oil palm ERQDVLD$DFHUDWD%LF\FOXVVDQGDFH%GRURWKHDGRURWKHD% plantations, three rubber plantations, an urban forest on a river, IXQHEULV<SWKLPDGROHWD(O\PQLRSVLVEDPPDNRREDPPDNRR and a forest disturbed by iron ore mining. The two oil palm 'DQDXVFKU\VLSSXVFKU\VLSSXV$PDXULVGDPRFOHV$QLDYLXV habitats showed higher species richness than the other habitats FRPELQHG7KHVHQRWHVOLVWWKHEXWWHUÀLHVFROOHFWHGIURPWKHVH %XWWHUÀLHVRI1RWH two oil palm habitats and offer some comments on a few Graphium policenes, the Common Striped Swordtail, does noteworthy species. a good job of surviving in both wet and dry forested areas. It is commonly found around farming areas. They mudpuddle around %XWWHUÀ\&ROOHFWLQJ creeks and rivers where villagers gather to bathe and wash clothes :HFROOHFWHGEXWWHUÀLHVIURPWZRRLOSDOPKDELWDWVDGMDFHQW and are usually found with %HOHQRLV species (Larsen 2005). We to a creek, either within a forest patch, or along a forest edge. We FROOHFWHGDVLQJOHEXWWHUÀ\DWDEDWKLQJFUHHNQHDUZKHUHSDOP collected daily, twice a day, in the morning and in the afternoon oil was being processed. 3VHXGRSRQWLDSSDUDGR[Dthe Ghost, IRUDQHLJKWGD\SHULRG%XWWHUÀLHVZHUHDOVRFROOHFWHGDWQLJKW LVDOLWWOHEXWWHUÀ\IRXQGLQPRVWRI:HVW$IULFD,W prefers wet by looking for sleeping or roosting individuals, when feasible habitats and the shade conditions under the canopy cover of an (Bakowski & Doku-Marfo, 2006). We had to get permission from each village chief before collecting. Our request was met with great interest when we entered each village and we always found children happy to KHOS XV FDWFK EXWWHUÀLHV %XWWHUÀ\ VSHFLPHQV ZHUH SULPDULO\ collected with hand-held nets, mostly while walking transects along trails on the forest edge or within a forest patch and near the creek. We also used bait traps with a homemade fermented concoction of bananas, sugar, and yeast. %XWWHUÀLHV,QKDELWLQJ2LO3DOP)RUHVWV Oil palm has been traditionally farmed in Liberia at least since I was growing up there in the sixties. As far back as I can remember, oil palm farms have been a common sight when travelling up into the interior. Collecting at the two oil palm habitats turned out to be productive. Sixty-three species of 1. Oil Palm Habitat bean crops (Larsen 2005), is common in disturbed areas where Fabaceae species grow abundantly with oil palm. With eleven species, the genus$FUDHDwas the largest representive among Nymphalidae. $FUDHDHHQFHGRQ is common in villages and surrounding forests. An interesting reproductive feature of this species is that more than half of all broods are all-female. In Sierra Leone, Larsen (2005) recorded 95% out of 61 broods as female. This happens when male embryos are killed off by parasitic and sometimes symbiotic bacteria in the genus :ROEDFKLD (-LJJLQV HW DO1998). Also of note is 'DQDXV F FKU\VLSSXVthe Common Tiger, a dry season species commonly found in disturbed forest areas. Breeding grounds located in dry river beds are inundated and destroyed when the rainy season comes in. It is not until the rains stops six months later that this species can breed again (Larsen 2005). 2. Worker Toting Oil Palm Fruit Individual Lepidoptera species are closely linked to their habitat and host plants. However, these species appear to be well adapted to survival in disturbed areas, including oil palm habitats. This collection took place during the dry season so any VSHFLHVQRWLQÀLJKWGXULQJWKLVWLPHZHUHH[FOXGHG2XUQH[W collection will be taken during the rainy season and will likely SURGXFHPDQ\RWKHUVSHFLHVQRWLQÀLJKWGXULQJWKHGU\VHDVRQ $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV Funding for this collection was provided through an APUS Faculty Research Grant for 2011. Thanks to Dr. Jacqueline Y. Miller, Curator and Associate Director of the McGuire 3. Graphium policenes Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity for her help in species LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ7KDQNVWRDOOWKHORFDO/LEHULDQVZKRKHOSHGWR FDWFKEXWWHUÀLHV 5HIHUHQFHV G¶$EUHUD% %XWWHUÀLHV RI WKH $IURWURSLFDO 5HJLRQ /DQGVGRZQH (GLWLRQV LQ association with E. W. Classey, Melbourne, Australia and Hong Kong, China. 593 pp. )R[5$$:/LQGVOH\+.&OHQFKDQG/'0LOOHU 7KH%XWWHUÀLHVRI/LEHULD0HPRLUVRIWKH$PHULFDQ(QWRPRORJLFDO Society, N. 19, 438 pp. -LJJLQV)0+XUVW*'' 0DMHUXV(1 1998. Sex ration distortion in Acraea encedon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is caused by a male –killing bacterium.+HUHGLW\ 81 (1):87-91. /DUVHQ7% 4.3VHXGRSRQWLDSSDUDGR[D %XWWHUÀLHVRI:HVW$IULFD$SROOR%RRNV6YHQGERUJ'HQPDUN /DUVHQ7% LQWDFWIRUHVW7KH*KRVWLVUDUHO\VHHQDQGXVXDOO\ÀLHVVORZO\ ³)RUHVWEXWWHUÀLHVLQ:HVW$IULFDKDYHUHVLVWHGH[WLQFWLRQVRIDU YHU\ORZ /DUVHQ 6HYHUDORIXVZHUHDEOHWRFDWFKÀ\LQJ (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea)”, Biodiversity Conservation, 17, 12: 2833-2847. LQGLYLGXDOVZLWKRXU¿QJHUV&RORWLVHHXLSSH, Round-Winged 0DUHN, % 'RNX-0DUIR Orange Tip, is well-adapted to agricultural and other degraded %XOOHWLQRI%LRORJLFDO$VVHVVPHQW$5DSLG6XUYH\RI%XWWHUÀLHVLQ areas and is typically not found under full canopy cover. This Ajenjua Bepo and Mamang River Forest Reserves, Eastern Region is the only one of the 40 species in the genus always expected of Ghana, pgs 30-33. 6D\HU-$+DUFRXUW&6&ROOLQV10 to be found in disturbed areas (Larsen 2005). Six genera were 1992. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests – Africa. IUCN and represented in the Lycaenidae, collected from the vicinity of the Simon & Schuster, Gland/ New York. creek. Among these, $[LRFHUVHVKDUSD[, the Common Scarlet, is noteworthy. It typically occupies dense forests and does not 6RQLD&:HHNV FRORQL]HGLVWXUEHGKDELWDWV /DUVHQ 7KHSUHVHQFHRIWKH Dept. Science & Technology, Common Scarlet in an oil palm plantation suggests adaptation American Public University, Charles Town, WV 25414 to degraded or secondary forest habitats. (XFKU\VRSV P [email protected] malathana, the Smoky Bean Cupid, which can be a pest of 2 Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Notes, December 2012 $QQXDO$7/0F*XLUH&HQWHU3KRWRFRQWHVW The 2012 photo contest attracted 43 entries from eight photographers. It was judged by four independent judges in three categories %XWWHUÀLHV0RWKVDQG,PPDWXUHV EDVHGRQVFLHQWL¿FDQGDHVWKHWLF merits of the pictures. The winning photographs are published in this issue: %XWWHUÀLHV&DWHJRU\ 1VWSODFH & 5REHUWR5H]HQGH*UHYHMarpesia chiron marius 1\PSKDOLGDH IHHGLQJRQWKHEDQNVRIWKH,JXD]X5LYHU 3KRWRJUDSKHGLQ,JXDVVX1DWLRQDO3DUN,JXDVVX)DOOV3DUDQi%UD]LO Camera: Sony DSC-W70 camera. 2QGSODFH % Alexandr Chuvilin: 3\UJXVPDOYDH L. (Hesperiidae), Russia, Kaluga region. 3UGSODFH $ Geoff Gallice: Cithaerias pireta pireta (Nymphalidae), B A C Isla Colon in Bocas del Toro, Panama, July 14, 2012. Narrative: “I was walking through the forest to a large tree, in order to climb it. My camera was buried under the climbing gear. I noticed the mating pair of Cithaerias pireta as I scared them away - I instantly thought: “what a great photo it would be.” Fortunately, they alighted on a nearby leaf and waited long enough for me to snap this photo.” Equipment: Nikon D7000 and a 70-200mm lens. 0RWKV&DWHJRU\ 1VWSODFH ( Lary Reeves: Calpinae sp. (Noctuouidea), Sepilok, 6DEDK%RUQHRWKHPRWKZDVIRXQGIHHGLQJRQ¿JVDWQLJKW Equipment: Canon 7D. 2QGSODFH ) Alexandr Chuvilin: =\JDHQWDWULIROL(Zygaenidae), Russia,Tula region. 3UGSODFH * John Gamble, Arctiid moth. ,PPDWXUHV&DWHJRU\ 1VWSODFH + Alexandr Chuvilin: $SDWXUDLOLD (Nymphalidae), Russia, Tula region. 2QGSODFH DQGDSKRWRWKDWVFRUHGWKHKLJKHVWIRULWVDHVWKHWLF TXDOLWLHV , Lary Reeves: +\OHVOLQHDWD(Sphingidae), Wilcox, 3LPD&R$UL]RQD/DUYDHFURVVLQJDURDGGXULQJRXWEUHDN Equipment: Canon 7D. 3UGSOFH - 5REHUWR5H]HQGH*UHYH/\FDHQLGDH7KHFOLQDH,JXDVVX )DOOV3DUDQi%UD]LO6RQ\'6&+;FDPHUD +RQRUDEOH0HQWLRQ ' Lary Reeves, Neptis sp. (Nymphalidae), Northern Negros Forest Preserve, Negros Occidental, Philippines; 7KLVEXWWHUÀ\LVLPELELQJIURPDGHDGHUHELGODUYD(TXLSPHQW Canon 7D. D Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Notes, December 2012 3 2012 Annual ATL - McGuire Center Photocontest (continued) E H F D I F J G 4 Association for Tropical Lepidoptera Notes, December 2012.
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