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Guinea Ecuatorial DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA LEPIDÓPTEROS ROPALÓCEROS DE LA CALDERA DE LUBÁ. ISLA DE BIOKO (GUINEA ECUATORIAL). IGNACIO MARTÍN SANZ TESIS DOCTORAL Enero, 2015 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Lepidópteros ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá. Isla de Bioko (Guinea Ecuatorial) Memoria presentada para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares Ignacio Martín Sanz Director: Dr. José Luís Viejo Montesinos Alcalá de Henares, enero de 2015. Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología José Luís Viejo Montesinos, Catedrático de Zoología adscrito al Departamento de Biología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Hago constar: Que el trabajo descrito en la presente memoria, titulado “Lepidópteros Ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá. Isla de Bioko (Guinea Ecuatorial)”, ha sido realizado bajo su dirección por Ignacio Martín Sanz en el Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y dentro del programa de Doctorado de Ecología: Conservación y Restauración de Ecosistemas (D330) de la Universidad de Alcalá, y reúne los requisitos necesarios para su aprobación como Tesis Doctoral Alcalá de Henares, 7 de enero de 2015 Dr. José Luís Viejo Montesinos Director de la Tesis DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Edificio de Ciencias Campus Universitario 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) Telf. +34918854927 Fax: +34918854929 E-mail: [email protected] GONZALO PÉREZ SUÁREZ, Director del Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida de la Universidad de Alcalá, HACE CONSTAR: Que el trabajo descrito en la presente memoria, titulado “Lepidópteros Ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá. Isla de Bioko (Guinea Ecuatorial)”, ha sido realizado por D. Ignacio Martín Sanz dentro del Programa de Doctorado Ecología. Conservación y Restauración de Ecosistemas (D330) reúne todos los requisitos necesarios para su aprobación como Tesis doctoral, por acuerdo del Consejo de Departamento celebrado el día de 2015 Alcalá de Henares, de de 2015 UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALÁ, PATRIMONIO DE LA HUMANIDAD Fdo: Dr. Gonzalo Pérez Suárez Director del Departamento AGRADECIMIENTOS Mi primer reconocimiento debe ser, sin duda, a Pablo Cobos, compañero y mejor amigo que siempre ha estado ahí, en los momentos difíciles y en los pequeños logros. Su infatigable colaboración en ambas expediciones, su habilidad para la captura de mariposas y su ayuda constante me han facilitado mucho las cosas. Del mismo modo, la ayuda prestada por Verónica Dumas ha resultado imprescindible en todo momento, desde los primeros viajes de localización hasta el incondicional apoyo en los muchos momentos complicados. Ambos, junto a la generosa comprensión y paciencia de mi familia durante mis largas ausencias provocadas por esta y otras muchas singladuras, han generado la serenidad suficiente y los vientos propicios que me han llevado a arribar a puerto. Asimismo, mi sincero agradecimiento a José Luís Viejo, profesor y amigo, quién supo impedir que los árboles no me dejasen ver el bosque, haciendo una silenciosa e impecable labor de dirección de esta tesis doctoral. Dani Ocaña, alpinista y cámara de televisión, descendió junto a mí desde el vértice geodésico hasta el fondo de la Caldera, iniciando juntos los primeros trabajos de recolección. Kiko Alonso, entonces jefe del Grupo Especialista de Rescate Alpino de los bomberos de la CAM, hizo posible la seguridad durante la expedición de prospeción. Junto a ellos, para Ruth Fuentes (cartografía), Pedro Paniagua (invertebrados), Patricia Barberá (botánica), Judith Muñoz (vertebrados y arácnidos), Pablo Galán (botánica), Sara Gayoso (médico, viróloga), Ana Belén Muñoz (enfermera) y el nutrido grupo de colaboradores que, por motivos político-burocráticos no pudieron realizar trabajo de campo, muchas gracias por la entusiasta participación en las expediciones. José Nguema y Pelagio Mangue, científicos guineoecuatorianos, colaboraron de modo activo en la preparación y logística local de ambas expediciones. Guías, porteadores, macheteros, cocineros, curanderos, etc., y así hasta más de medio centenar de habitantes de las aldeas cercanas a la Caldera, todos ellos de etnia Bubi, representados por Cirilo Riaco (jefe de guías y porteadores), Momo Siabú (jefe de macheteros) y Bernardo Siabú (cocinero), gracias por vuestro imprescindible esfuerzo. Óscar Rodríguez de Rivera, Isabel Angulo y Nacho Arizmendi prestaron desinteresadamente su colaboración en la preparación del material recolectado en ambas expediciones. Además, Nacho Arizmendi y Diana Martín, durante la intensa revisión de las colecciones del MNCN ayudaron en la preparación y etiquetado de ejemplares, así como a la elaboración de la base de datos. Este intenso trabajo fue posible gracias a las constantes facilidades que nos proporcionó Mercedes París y, junto a ella, Amparo Blay y Mercedes Hitado. Asimismo, debo agradecer a Antonio Vives la realización de las genitalias mencionadas en esta memoria, tanto de ejemplares procedentes de nuestras capturas como del material depositado en el MNCN. Para poder realizar el exhaustivo trabajo de consulta bibliográfica de los ropalóceros de Bioko (o Fernando Poo), la ayuda prestada por el personal de Biblioteca de la Escuela de Ingenieros Forestales de la UPM ha sido absolutamente imprescindible. Muchos documentos y manuscritos, principalmente los pertenecientes al Siglo XIX, no hubieran podido ser consultados. Debo agradecer a Ana Guerrero, secretaria administrativa del departamento Ciencias de la Vida de la Universidad de Alcalá, su paciencia y consejos, así como a Laura Martín y Dámaso Carrasco las correcciones que han mejorado notablemente los textos en inglés. Por último y aunque anteriormente mencioné su activa participación en la toma de muestras en campo, quiero hacer mención singular de Judith Muñoz pues, en el momento adecuado, supo darme un empujón. Agradecido compañera. Diciembre de 2014 Lepidópteros ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá. Isla de Bioko (Guinea Ecuatorial). IÍndiceResumen 1 Capítulo 1. Introducción 4 Objetivos 5 Organización de la tesis 6 Clasificación sistemática adoptada 8 Capítulo 2. Expediciones y estudios de Lepidopterología en la isla de Bioko. 15 Resumen 15 Introducción 16 Expediciones y recolecciones: Fernando Poo 17 Recolectores privados 20 Expediciones y recolecciones: Bioko 21 Publicaciones 23 Conclusiones 26 Capítulo 3. Reserva Científica de la Caldera de Lubá. 35 Introducción: la Isla de Bioko 35 Clima 38 Vegetación 39 Fauna 41 La Gran Caldera Volcánica de Lubá. 42 La Caldera de Lubá en la mitología del pueblo Bubi. 45 Reserva Científica de la Gran Caldera de Lubá. 46 Bibliografía 50 Lepidópteros ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá. Isla de Bioko (Guinea Ecuatorial). Capítulo 4. Lepidópteros Ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá 56 4.1 Papilionidae, Pieridae y Lycaenidae 58 Introducción 59 Materiales y Métodos 60 Resultados 61 Discusión 63 Bibliografía 66 4.2 Nymphalidae 74 Introducción 74 Materiales y Métodos 76 Resultados 79 Discusión 84 Bibliografía 86 4.3 Riodinidae 96 Introducción 96 Materiales y Métodos 97 Resultados 97 Discusión 98 Bibliografía 98 4.4 Hesperiidae 103 Introducción 103 Materiales y Métodos 104 Resultados 104 Discusión 105 Bibliografía 106 Lepidópteros ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá. Isla de Bioko (Guinea Ecuatorial). Capítulo 5. Lista preliminar y estado de conservación de los lepidópteros ropalóceros de la Caldera de Lubá 111 Resumen 111 Introducción 111 Materiales y Métodos 113 Resultados 116 Discusión 118 Bibliografía 120 Capítulo 6. La colección de Ropalóceros de Fernando Poo (Bioko) del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (MNCN) 127 Resumen 127 Introducción 127 Materiales y Métodos 128 Resultados 128 Discusión 131 Bibliografía 132 7.- Documento de Síntesis y Conclusiones 143 Síntesis de resultados 143 Aspectos relevantes y principales aportaciones 147 Consideraciones finales 150 ANEXO I: Expedición Científica a la Caldera de Lubá. Isla de Bioko (Guinea Ecuatorial). 153 RESUMEN El área de estudio se localiza en la Reserva Científica de la Caldera de Lubá, sur de la isla de Bioko y única muestra de bosque monzónico de Guinea Ecuatorial. El presente trabajo muestra la lista preliminar de los ropalóceros colectados en la Caldera de Lubá. De las 70 especies citadas, 14 son las primeras citas para Bioko (Graphium ucalegon ucalegon, Nepheronia argia argia, Pentila fidonioides, Cymothoe althea, Cymothoe capella, Cymothoe consanguis, Lachnoptera anticlia, Amauris vashti, Bicyclus golo, Bicyclus neustetteri, Coeliades forestan, Ceratrichia phocion camerona, Celaenorrhinus plagiatus and Semalea pulvina). Los resultados obtenidos tras aplicar diversos índices de diversidad (riqueza, dominancia, equidad) y funciones de acumulación, podemos inferir que los Rhopalocera de la Gran Caldera de Lubá constituyen una comunidad extraordinariamente diversa, de gran equidad, sin presencia de taxones amenazados a nivel general o restringido a Bioko y, a nivel general, muestra una estructura de alta estabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos pueden contribuir en futuras medidas de conservación, así como al asentamiento de la Reserva Científica como almacén de recursos genéticos. La vinculación histórica de España y sus zoólogos a Bioko es muy extensa y, por ello, la colección de ropalóceros depositada en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (MNCN) alberga una enorme cantidad de ejemplares (alrededor de 2000). La revisión íntegra de esta colección, ha permitido la identificación de 172 especies (14 Papilionidae, 18 Lycaenidae, 29 Pieridae, 94 Nymphalidae, and 17 Hesperiidae), de las cuales 33 son nuevos registros para la isla de
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