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Zootaxa 4201 (1): 001–077 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4201.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3EB08193-954B-49BF-A989-1E73AC070E6B ZOOTAXA

4201

Butterflies of -: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (: Papilionoidea)

ANTÓNIO BIVAR-DE-SOUSA1, 4, SASHA VASCONCELOS2,3, LUÍS F. MENDES2,4, TORBEN B. LARSEN5,†, JON BAKER6 & JOÃO L. GUILHERME7 1SPEN, Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia. Apartado 8221.1803-001 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 2CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 3CEABN/InBIO, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada “Professor Baeta Neves, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal 4MUHNAC, Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência. R. da Escola Politécnica, n. 58, 1250-102 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] 5† Deceased May 2015 6135a Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, SW16 2BQ, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 7Foundation CHIMBO, Rijnbandijk 161, 4041 AV Kesteren, Netherlands; and DARIDIBÓ, 1033 Mavegro Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. E-mail: [email protected]

Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand

Accepted by C. Prieto: 30 Aug. 2016; published: 2 Dec. 2016 ANTÓNIO BIVAR-DE-SOUSA, SASHA VASCONCELOS, LUÍS F. MENDES, TORBEN B. LARSEN, JON BAKER & JOÃO L. GUILHERME of Guinea-Bissau: VIII. New data, new reports, corrections and biodiversity (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) (Zootaxa 4201) 77 pp.; 30 cm. 2 Dec. 2016 ISBN 978-1-77670-036-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77670-037-0 (Online edition)

FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2016 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/j/zt

© 2016 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use.

ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition)

2 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Table of contents

Abstract ...... 5 Introduction ...... 5 Material and methods ...... 5 Systematics study ...... 9 Superfamily PAPILIONOIDEA Latreille, 1802 ...... 9 Family PAPILIONIDAE Latreille, 1802 ...... 9 Subfamily Papilioninae Latreille, 1802...... 9 Papilio Linnaeus, 1758 ...... 9 Genus Scopoli, 1777 ...... 10 Family Swainson, 1820 ...... 11 Subfamily Coliadinae Swainson, 1821 ...... 11 Genus Catopsilia Hübner, 1819 ...... 11 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 12 Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820 ...... 13 Genus Pinacopteryx Wallengren, 1857...... 13 Genus Nepheronia Butler, 1870 ...... 13 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 14 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 14 Genus Talbot, 1932 ...... 15 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 16 Genus Hübner, 1818 ...... 16 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 17 Family Leach, 1815...... 17 Subfamily Miletinae Reuter, 1896 ...... 17 Genus Spalgis Moore, 1879 ...... 17 Subfamily Lipteninae Rober, 1982 ...... 18 Genus Pentila Westwood, 1841 ...... 18 Genus Pseuderesia Butler, 1874 ...... 18 Genus Eresina Aurivillius, 1899 ...... 18 Genus Liptena Westwood, 1851 ...... 18 Genus Cerautola Libert, 1999 ...... 19 Genus Stempfferia Jackson, 1962 ...... 19 Subfamily Swainson, 1930 ...... 19 Genus Myrina Fabricius, 1807 ...... 19 Genus Oxylides Hübner, 1819 ...... 19 Genus Dapidodigma Karsch, 1895 ...... 20 Genus Aphnaeus Hübner, 1819 ...... 20 Genus Apharitis Riley, 1925 ...... 20 Genus Cigaritis Donzel, 1847...... 20 Genus Zeritis Boisduval, 1836 ...... 21 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 21 Genus Iolaus Hübner, 1819 ...... 21 Genus Felder, 1862 ...... 22 Genus Pilodeudorix Druce, 1891 ...... 23 Genus Paradeudorix Libert, 2004 ...... 23 Genus Hypomyrina Druce, 1891 ...... 24 Genus Deudorix Hewitson, 1863 ...... 24 Subfamily Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827 ...... 24 Genus Doubleday, 1847 ...... 24 Genus Triclema Karsch, 1893 ...... 26 Genus Pseudonacaduba Stempffer, 1944 ...... 26 Genus Lampides Hübner, 1819 ...... 26 Genus Uranothauma Butler, 1895 ...... 27 Genus Cacyreus Butler, 1898 ...... 27 Genus Leptotes Scudder, 1876 ...... 27 Genus Eicochrysops Bethune-Baker, 1924 ...... 28 Genus Cupidopsis Karsch, 1895 ...... 28 Genus Butler, 1900 ...... 28 Genus Lepidochrysops Hedicke, 1923 ...... 28 Genus Oboronia Karsch, 1893 ...... 29 Genus Azanus Moore, 1881 ...... 29 Genus Chilades Moore, 1881 ...... 30

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 3 Genus Zizeeria Chapman, 1910 ...... 30 Genus Zizula Chapman, 1910 ...... 30 Genus Zizina Chapman, 1910 ...... 30 Family Swainson, 1827...... 31 Subfamily Boisduval, 1833 ...... 31 Genus Danaus Kluk, 1802 ...... 31 Genus Tirumala Moore, 1880 ...... 31 Genus Hübner, 1816 ...... 31 Subfamily Boisduval, 1833 ...... 32 Genus Doubleday, 1849 ...... 32 Genus Fabricius, 1807...... 32 Genus Kirby, 1871 ...... 32 Genus Ypthima Hübner, 1818 ...... 35 Genus Ypthimomorpha van Son, 1955 ...... 35 Subfamily Guénée, 1865 ...... 35 Genus Ochsenheimer, 1816 ...... 35 Subfamily Swainson, 1827 ...... 38 Genus Vanessa Fabricius, 1807 ...... 38 Genus Precis Hübner, 1819 ...... 38 Genus Hypolimnas Hübner, 1819 ...... 39 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 40 Genus Catacroptera Karsch, 1894 ...... 42 Subfamily Cyrestinae Guenée, 1865 ...... 42 Genus Boisduval, 1832 ...... 42 Subfamily Biblidinae Boisduval, 1833 ...... 42 Genus Byblia Hübner, 1819 ...... 42 Genus Ariadne Horsfield, 1829 ...... 42 Subfamily Behr, 1864 ...... 43 Genus Cymothoe Hübner, 1819 ...... 43 Genus Pseudacraea Westwood, 1850 ...... 43 Genus Neptis Fabricius, 1807 ...... 43 Genus Hamanumida Hübner, 1819 ...... 45 Genus Boisduval, 1833...... 45 Genus Euryphene Boisduval, 1847 ...... 45 Genus Bebearia Hemming, 1960 ...... 46 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 46 Subfamily Swainson, 1822...... 48 Genus Fabricius, 1807 ...... 48 Subgenus Acraea (Actinote) Hübner, 1819...... 48 Subgenus Acraea (Acraea) Fabricius, 1807 ...... 49 Genus Phalanta Horsfield, 1829...... 51 Family HESPERIIDAE Latreille, 1809 ...... 52 Subfamily Coeliadinae Evans, [1937] ...... 52 Genus Hübner, 1818...... 52 Subfamily Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878 ...... 52 Genus Tagiades Hübner, 1819 ...... 52 Genus Sarangesa Moore, 1881 ...... 52 Genus Abantis Hopffer, 1855 ...... 53 Genus Spialia Swinhoe, 1912 ...... 53 Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809 ...... 54 Genus Astictopterus Felder & Felder, 1860 ...... 54 Genus Gorgyra Holland, 1896 ...... 54 Genus Pardaleodes Butler, 1870 ...... 54 Genus Xanthodisca Aurivillius, 1925 ...... 55 Genus Acleros Mabille, 1885 ...... 55 Genus Semalea Holland, 1896 ...... 55 Genus Meza Hemming, 1939 ...... 55 Genus Zophopetes Mabille, 1904 ...... 56 Genus Monza Evans, 1937 ...... 56 Genus Fresna Evans, 1937 ...... 56 Genus Gretna Evans, 1937 ...... 57 Genus Platylesches Holland, 1896 ...... 57 Genus Pelopidas Walker, 1870 ...... 58 Genus Evans, 1949 ...... 58

4 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Genus Parnara Moore, 1881 ...... 59 Genus Hübner, 1819 ...... 59 General biodiversity ...... 60 Protected versus Non-Protected Areas ...... 68 Acknowledgements ...... 70 References ...... 70

Bivar-de-Sousa, Vasconcelos, Mendes, Baker and Guilherme would like to pay tribute to the late Dr. Torben B. Larsen, who passed away during the preparation of the paper. His work, knowledge, experience and collaboration have been a huge contribution to this work.

Abstract

New records are added to the Papilionoidea of Guinea-Bissau, many of which were obtained within the country’s Protect- ed Areas. Examination of the collected material yielded 9 new genera and 47 new species for the country, significantly increasing the knowledge of local butterfly diversity. 99 genera and 244 species are now known to occur in Guinea-Bissau, representing an increase of almost 20 % in the number of species and 7 % in the genera in relation to previous data. For each species, the studied material, probable abundance and proposed conservation status in the country are reported; some corrections relative to a few previous misidentifications are added. A gazetteer of the prospected localities is included, as well as species’ occurrences within the Protected Areas and previous bibliographic references in Guinea-Bissau. The known geographical range, primary habitat and host- of each species/subspecies are also provided.

Key words: Lepidoptera, new records, faunistics, conservation, West

Introduction

The present contribution is the eighth in a series of notes on the Papilionoidea of Guinea-Bissau (Mendes et al. 2007, 2008, 2009; Bivar-de-Sousa et al. 2007, 2008a, 2008b; Consciência et al. 2008), as a result of fieldwork undertaken in various regions of the country. In 2009, António Bivar-de-Sousa (BS) undertook a new expedition to Guinea-Bissau to obtain further data on the country’s butterfly fauna, with a focus on the Protected Areas. Additional samples were obtained by Jon Baker (JB) in Caió (Cacheu region) between 2006 and 2009. Sasha Vasconcelos (SV) conducted fieldwork in the Bafatá and Gabú regions (2013), within the framework of a project assessing the socio-economic and environmental impacts of cashew expansion in (reference PTDC/ AFR/117785/2010). João L. Guilherme (JG) collected material from the area of Boé in 2013 on behalf of the Chimbo Foundation in cooperation with local NGO Daridibó. A total of 244 species of butterflies is now recognised from Guinea-Bissau, of which 47 are reported as faunistic novelties for the country.

Material and methods

The abbreviations of institutions, Protected Areas and countries are listed as follows:

ABRI African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, CAR CZ Zoology Centre of the former Tropical Research Institute, Lisbon, Portugal DRC Democratic IBAP Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas, Guinea-Bissau MUHNAC National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon, Portugal MHN Museum of Natural History, University of Porto, Portugal PNB Boé National Park, Guinea-Bissau

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 5 PND Dulombi National Park, Guinea-Bissau PNFC Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau PNLC Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau PNTC Cacheu Mangroves Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau PRC People’s Republic of the Congo

The following prospections were carried out by BS: Cacheu region: Fieldwork was undertaken in the PNTC between 23 and 26 June 2009. Most of the material was collected in the southwestern area of the park, consisting of a mixed biotope of thicket-savanna, savanna woodland and some forest patches. Gabú region: South of the Corubal River (Boé sector), from where very scarce entomological data are known. This is a lateritic area with savanna encircled by open and sometimes closed forest, and savanna with extended flooded areas due to soil impermeability. Prospections were carried out from 3 to 7 July 2009 in the surroundings of Beli (Kobolo and Pataque) and Beli/Lugajole, all within or around the PNB. This unofficial national park is part of the previewed Dulombi-Boé-Tchetche Complex, consisting of two national parks (Dulombi and Boé) and three wildlife corridors (PRODOC 2010). Tombali region: Sampling was performed in the PNFC from 9 to 14 July 2009. This is an area with several small patches of closed forest known as “matos” (in total 14). They are all quite dense and penetration is impossible except through the forest trails, where most of the specimens were collected. The “matos” closest to Jemberem were visited, namely those of Amidara (2500 ha), Cambeque (1285 ha), Canamina (1067 ha), Lautchande (405 ha) and Caiquene (362 ha). Quinara region: All collections were made from 15 to 19 July 2009 within the PNLC, between Buba and Cantanha—Lagoa de Cufada, near Buba Tombo and between Nhala/Bacar- Condé and Nhala/Incassol, along the Corubal River margins; this is a region with mixed woodland and open forest including small savannized and degraded areas. Biombo region: Fieldwork was carried out in Quinhamel, from 22 to 24 July 2009, between the village and the sea inlet. This is a highly degraded area with numerous cashew plantations and other cultures. Concerning the remaining material: Collections and observations by JB relate to his stay in the Caió area (Cacheu region), and were performed during October 2006, October-December 2007 and December 2008 and 2009. As a rule, he omits the number and sex of the collected specimens, although information regarding the local observed abundance of each species is included; exceptions are indicated in the text. The material collected by SV was obtained from January to May 2013 in cashew plantations, open forest and savanna woodland around 21 villages in the Bafatá and Gabú regions. Some collections were carried out around the villages of Dulombi and Cantacunda, within the unofficial limits of the future PND. JG conducted fieldwork in January and February 2013 in the area of Boé (Gabú region) in a variety of habitats including forest-savanna mosaic, gallery forests, cashew plantations and villages. Fernanda Rosa (FR) also contributed with photographs taken in the Cacheu, Bafatá and Gabú regions. All of the material collected by BS, SV and JG is now part of the entomological collections of the MUHNAC and the MNH, although the original registration numbers (CZ collection and BS private collection) are maintained. Information on the localities prospected in this study is presented: locality name, Protected Area, province, 10x10 km UTM coordinates and altitude (Table 1). In addition, a map of the centroids of all sampled 10 km UTM squares from this study and from previous works is provided (Fig. 1). Species’ identifications, larval host-plants (when available) and distributions follow Condamin (1973, for genus Bicyclus), Ackery et al. (1995), Smith & Vane-Wright (2001, for genus Graphium), Larsen (2005—text and plates), Ratnasingham & Hebert (2007), Williams (2008) and Savela (2009). Bibliographic data on the Papilionoidea missed in our earlier contributions are added, and previously published erroneous records are corrected. Each species is assigned a number consistent with those in Table 3, where the species currently known from Guinea-Bissau are listed, as well as their occurrence within Protected Areas and their preferential habitat (see Belcastro & Larsen 2006). New species for the country are marked *. Nomenclature follows Larsen (2005), with adaptations in some cases; the forewing length (WL) is also indicated. Some specimens are reported as having been collected in “bolanha”, marshy areas where freshwater swamp rice is cultivated, and in “tabanca”, small human settlements. Those collected in “woodland” were either captured in open forest or savanna woodland habitats. References to “Guinea” throughout the text concern the Republic of Guinea, formerly known as French Guinea and sometimes informally referred to as Guinea-Conakry.

6 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Species are coded according to their probable abundance in the country (AB), as follows: EX: probably extinct; R: Rare; NF: Not frequent; F: Frequent; C: Common; VC: Very common. The proposed conservation status (CS) for each species within the country is also indicated, based on Bivar-de- Sousa et al. (1999), on our field observations and the following criteria:

EX—Probably Extinct: taxon (species, subspecies) not observed in the wild during the last five decades. EN—Endangered: taxon clearly threatened, whose survival in the country will be impossible if the restrictive factors remain active (no case considered for Guinea-Bissau). VU—Vulnerable: taxon passible to enter category EN in the near future if the restrictive factors remain active; these include: 1) taxa where all or the majority of the populations are declining due to over-exploration, habitat destruction or other environmental disturbances; 2) taxa with greatly reduced populations and whose survival remains dubious; 3) taxa whose populations are still abundant, but exposed to serious threats throughout their area of distribution in the country. R—Rare: taxon whose populations are reduced and not currently included in categories EN or VU, but that may be at risk. LC—Least Concern: taxon not included in any of the previous categories. I—Insufficient information: taxon that may belong to one of the previous categories, but for which data is lacking to decide in which category they should be included.

FIGURE 1. Map of Guinea-Bissau with centroids of the 10 km UTM squares containing the localities where butterflies have been recorded: black centroids include the localities prospected in this study, open centroids include those from previous studies, and grey centroids include localities from both the present and former studies. White dotted areas represent Protected Areas.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 7 TABLE 1. Gazetteer of the localities prospected in this study, Protected Areas (when applicable), provinces, UTM grid references and approximate altitudes. Locality Protected Area Province UTM Altitude (m) 10 x 10 km

Afia Bafatá 28PEU21 45 Aldeia do Geba Bafatá 28PEU24 30 Amidara (Mato de) PNFC Tombali 28PDT95 25 Bacar Condé (= Bacarconte) PNLC Quinara 28PET19 15 Bafatá Bafatá 28PEU34 45 Bagadadja Bafatá 28PEU32 35 Balanca Gabú 28PEU83 70 Bambadinca Bafatá 28PEU54 25 Bangacia (= Duas Fontes) Bafatá 28PEU41 55 Bani PNLC Quinara 28PDT99 20 Banhinda PNTC Cacheu 28PCU85 20 Banjara Oio 28PEU06 38 Beli Gabú 28PFU11 95 Biricunda Gabú 28PEU97 60 Bissau Bissau 28PDU31 10 Brincasse Bafatá 28PEU44 35 Buba Quinara 28PET08 10 Buba Tombo PNLC Quinara 28PDT98 40 Cacheu PNTC Cacheu 28PCU75 20 Caió Cacheu 28PCU61 15 Caiquene (Mato de) PNFC Tombali 28PDT83 25 Cambeque (Mato de) PNFC Tombali 28PDT93 25 Campata Bafatá 28PEU41 50 Canamina (Mato de) PNFC Tombali 28PDT93 25 Canjadude Gabú 28PEU83 55 Cansamanje Gabú 28PEU75 50 Cantancunda PND Gabú 28PEU63 65 Cantanha PNLC Quinara 28PDT99 25 Ché Ché (= Tchetche) Gabú 28PEU81 60 Coli Tombali 28PET28 35 Cumbijã Tombali 28PET16 40 Cumpangol Gabú 28PEU86 65 Dembel Uri Gabú 28PEU65 60 Dongol Quebube Gabú 28PFU11 100 Dulombi PND Bafatá 28PEU51 45 Duma (= Buma) Gabú 28PEU76 45 Fasadji Gabú 28PEU65 60 Gafati (= Canfate) Bafatá 28PEU33 40 Guileje Tombali 28PET15 35 Injassane PNLC Quinara 28PDT99 15 ...... continued on the next page

8 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. TABLE 1. (Continued) Locality Protected Area Province UTM Altitude (m) 10 x 10 km

Jemberem PNFC Tombali 28PDT94 25 Kobolo Gabú 28PFU11 80 Lautchande (Mato de) PNFC Tombali 28PDT94 15 Lugajole Gabú 28PFU20 135 Nhala PNLC Quinara 28PET18 40 Nhantampa Gabú 28PEU55 60 Pataque (= Petaqui) PNB Gabú 28PFU11 100 Quinhamel Biombo 28PDU01 5 Saltinho Bafatá 28PET38 55 Sintchã-Dembel Gabú 28PEU66 65 Sintchã-Manga Gabú 28PEU84 65 Sintchã-Sarfo Gabú 28PEU48 50 Tabandinto Bafatá 28PEU43 40 Taibata Gabú 28PEU77 55 Tunani Quinara 28PET07 50

Systematics study

Superfamily PAPILIONOIDEA Latreille, 1802

Family PAPILIONIDAE Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Papilioninae Latreille, 1802

Genus Papilio Linnaeus, 1758

1. Papilio dardanus dardanus Brown, 1776 WL: 50mm. This is a forest species exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism: males are caudate while females lack tails and mimic Danainae. The females reported by Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007) belong to the morph hippocoon and mimic Amauris niavius Linnaeus, 1758. The nominate subspecies ranges from to . The caterpillars are known to feed on Rutaceae. Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. A B: R; CS: VU.

2. Papilio sosia sosia Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 WL: 55mm. P. sosia is a forest species, whose nominate subspecies ranges from Guinea-Bissau to western . The caterpillars feed mainly on species of Rutaceae. Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: PF; CS: VU.

3. Papilio nireus nireus Linnaeus, 1758 WL: 55mm. This is a common and widespread forest species in Guinea-Bissau. Females are harder to observe, as they usually occur in the vicinity of host-plants within forest habitats. It is similar to P. sosia, but possesses a narrower green band on the forewing and hindwing recto. The nominate subspecies is distributed throughout sub-

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 9 Saharan West and Central Africa, from Senegal to Angola and ; the East African subspecies is P. n. lyaeus. The caterpillars also feed on Rutaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Pataque, 1♀ (JG 17) (CZ5899). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 15-18.07.2009, 6♂ (BS 29610, 29618, 29672, 29780/29781). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Cacheu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de- Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

4. Papilio menestheus menestheus Drury, 1773 WL: 60mm. This is an uncommon forest species in Guinea-Bissau. The nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Cameroon. Larval host-plants consist of several Rutaceae of the genera Citrus, Clausena and Zanthoxylum. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

5. Papilio demodocus demodocus Esper, 1798 WL: 50mm. This is the most common member of the genus in Guinea-Bissau. It is a ubiquitous species widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa and . The caterpillars feed on Rutaceae, most frequently orange and lemon trees. Larvae may be injurious to young plants, as we have observed at the Estação Frutícola Experimental in Coli. Studied material. Bafatá: Bafatá, 07.11.2010, 1 specimen (FR). Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Kobolo, 02-03.07.2009, 2 ♂ (BS 28930/28931); Beli, 05.07.2009, 1♂ (BS-29629). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 15.07.2009, 1♂2♀ (BS 29620/29622); Nhala (PNLC), 16.07.2009, 4♂ (BS 29540, 29615/29617); Buba Tombo (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29821). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

*6. Papilio cyproeofila cyproeofila Butler, 1868 WL: 55mm. P. cyproeofila constitutes a new record for Guinea-Bissau. It was the most common papilionid observed in forest, also leaving this habitat at times. The nominate subspecies is hereafter known from Guinea- Bissau to . Other subspecies are known to occur southwards to the nominate one. Caterpillars feed on several species of Piperaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Graphium Scopoli, 1777

7. Graphium angolanus baronis (Ungemach, 1932) WL: 40mm. This is a typical savanna species and is quite common in Guinea-Bissau. The present subspecies flies from Mauritania to Cameroon, , and Kenya. The caterpillars feed mainly on : senegalensis, A. squamosa, , although they are also known on Apocynaceae: Landolphia spp. and on Malpighiaceae: Sphedamnocarpus pruriens. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Canjadude, 02-06.07.2009, 2♀ (BS 29612, 29618); Kobolo, 02-06.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29819, 29536); Ché Ché, 02-04.07.2009, 4♂ (BS 29671, 29832, 29535, 29611); Ché Ché, margin of the Corubal river, several specimens (JG). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949),

10 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Villiers (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Smith & Vane-Wright (2001), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

8. leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 45mm. This ubiquitous species is quite common in Guinea-Bissau. It occurs throughout continental Africa, except in very dry areas. The caterpillars feed on Annonaceae, mainly on species of Annona, Artabothrys, Enanthia, Friesodielsia, , Popowia and , as well as on Apocynaceae of genus Landolphia. Studied material. Bafatá: Dulombi, bolanha, 28.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010951). Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29537); Ché Ché, margin of the Corubal river, several specimens (JG). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 15-17.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29619, 29726); Nhala (PNLC), 16.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29538). Tombali: Mato de Amidara (PNFC), 14.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29614). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Smith & Vane-Wright (2001), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

9. Graphium policenes policenes (Cramer, 1775) WL: 43mm. G. policenes is distributed all along sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal to Kenya and . The caterpillars feed on Annonaceae of genera Annona, , , and Uvaria and on Apocynaceae of genus Landolphia. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), forest, 07.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29719/ 29120); ibid, 18.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29623). Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

10. Graphium antheus (Cramer, 1779) WL: 45mm. This sub-Saharan species occurs mainly in forested areas, including dry forest and forest-savanna mosaic. It is very similar to G. policenes, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of wavy rather than linear green bands in the forewing cell. In Guinea-Bissau it is more common than that species, and considered with a proportion of roughly 1 specimen of G. poli cenes to 30 of G. ant heus. Caterpillars feed on several Annonaceae (Annona, Artabotrys, Cleitochlamys, Monanthotaxis, Monodora, Uvaria and Uvariodendro), as well as on Apocynaceae of genus Landolphia. Studied material. Bafatá: Campata, bolanha, 27.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010952). Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 26.06.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29598, 29607); Caió (JB). Gabú: Ché Ché, 02.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29625). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 15-17.07.2009, 25♂1♀ (BS 29599/29600, 29604/29605, 29620/29627, 29769/ 29779, 29782/29848). Tombali: Mato de Amidara (PNFC), 14.07.2009, 4♂ (BS 29539, 29597, 29601, 29603); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29784). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Cacheu, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Smith & Vane-Wright (2001), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

Family PIERIDAE Swainson, 1820

Subfamily Coliadinae Swainson, 1821

Genus Catopsilia Hübner, 1819

11. Catopsilia florella (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 33mm. The species is a ubiquitous migrant, very common throughout Guinea-Bissau and distributed along sub-Saharan Africa, migrating to Northern Africa, Cape Verde and the Canaries, where it is well established;

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 11 occasionally it reaches the archipelagoes of Madeira and Azores. The caterpillars are polyphagous, occurring on and Malvaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Cacheu, 27.10.2009, 1♀ (FR). Caió, common (JB); Banhinda (PNTC), 27.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29469). Gabú: Balanca, 01.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29469); Kobolo, 02.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29470); Ché Ché, 02-03.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29464/29465); Beli, 1♂ (JG 42) (CZ 5896). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 15-17.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29469, 29471); Nhala (PNLC), 16.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29467). Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29466). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

Genus Eurema Hübner, 1819

12. Eurema (Terias) senegalensis (Boisduval, 1836) WL: 22mm. This uncommon species occurs in semi-deciduous forest. Females are usually much lighter than males. It ranges along the African forests from Guinea-Bissau to Angola and Kenya and west of the Rift valley. Larval host-plants are mainly Fabaceae (, ). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 13.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29435); Mato de Amidara (PNFC), 14.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29434). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Oio, Quinara. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

13. Eurema (Terias) hecabe solifera (Butler, 1875) WL: 19mm. E. h. solifera is a ubiquitous and very common subspecies in Guinea-Bissau. This may be considered the most common butterfly in the Afrotropical Region, occurring in savanna, cultivated areas and degraded forests. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on a variety of Hypericaceae and Fabaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Brincasse, woodland, 1♂, cashew, 1♀, 06.02.2013, (SV) (CZ000010970, CZ00010972); Gafati, woodland, 31.01.2013, 2♀ (SV) (CZ000010969, CZ000010971). Biombo: Quinhamel, 22.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29460/29461). Cacheu: Caió, common (JB); Banhinda (PNTC), 26.06.2009, 1♂ (BS 29445). Gabú: Kobolo, 02.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29448); Canjadude, 02.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29450, 29476); Beli, 03.07.2009, 4♂ (BS 29451/29453, 29474, 29517); Petaqui, 04.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29475). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 15- 17.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29460, 29481). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 9-11.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29454, 29480); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 23.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29457); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 2♂2♀ (BS 29456, 29477/29479). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar- de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

*14. Eurema (Terias) floricola leonis (Butler, 1886) WL: 19mm. This species has not been previously reported for Guinea-Bissau, most likely because it is very similar to and less common than E. hecabe. It can be distinguished by the softer inner profile of the black marginal band on the forewing recto, especially along the first cubital. The present subspecies occurs mainly in Guinea savanna and degraded forest and extends from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, DRC, , Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia; three further subspecies are known from the Madagascan Region: Madagascar, Aldabra, Comoro Islands and . The caterpillars feed on several Fabaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Bagadadja, cashew, 25.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010967); Dulombi, cashew 27.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000010968); Brincasse, cashew, 06/02/2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010964), woodland, 07.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010966). Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 25.06,2009, 1♂ (BS 29446). Gabú: Kobolo, 02.07.2009, 3♂ (BS 29447/29449); Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29473); ibid, 1♂ (JG 1) (CZ 5896); Petaqui, 1♂ (JG

12 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. 34) (CZ 5899). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 17.07.2006, 1♂ (BS 25855). Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29455); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29518); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29520). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

15. Eurema (Eurema) desjardinsii regularis Butler, 1876 WL: 20mm. This species has rarely been reported from the country. It ranges throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the type locality of the nominate subspecies is Madagascar. The caterpillars feed mostly on Fabaceae. Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

16. Eurema (Eurema) brigitta brigitta (Stoll, 1780) WL: 18mm. A savanna species centred on the Guinea savanna and common in Guinea-Bissau. The nominate subspecies occurs throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and south-western Arabia. The caterpillars are polyphagous, feeding on several Hypericaceae and Fabaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Tabandinto, woodland, 09.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010962). Biombo: Quinhamel, 22.07.2009, 4♂1♀ (BS 29441/29444, 29524). Cacheu: Caió, very common (JB). Gabú: Canjadude, 02.07.2009, 4♂1♀ (BS 29436/ 29437, 29482/29483, 29522); Petaqui, 04-07.07.2009, 4♂ (BS 29438/29440, 29523); Beli, 2♀ (JG 2, 31) (CZ 5896); Dongol Quebube, 1♀ (JG 26) (CZ 5897); Taibata, 25.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010963). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820

Genus Pinacopteryx Wallengren, 1857

17. Pinacopteryx eriphia tritogenia (Klug, 1829) WL: 23mm. The species occurs in Sudan savanna and the Sahel, and was previously recorded from Guinea- Bissau without a precise location. The present subspecies ranges from Mauritania to northern Nigeria, , northern Ethiopia, Sudan and the southern . Caterpillars feed on several Capparaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common, November (JB) Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Nepheronia Butler, 1870

18. Nepheronia argia argia (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 37mm. This species is reported to occur in forested areas of West Africa and was already known from Guinea-Bissau, although without specific location details. The caterpillars reportedly feed on Capparaceae and Celastraceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Tombali: Mato de Amidara (PNFC), 14.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29249) Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 13 *19. Nepheronia thalassina thalassina (Boisduval, 1836) WL: 33mm. This is a forest species reported for the first time for Guinea-Bissau. It exhibits sexual dimorphism, where males are bluish-white on the recto, while females are either white or yellow with more developed black maculation. Both sexes have a silvery sheen on the verso. The nominate subspecies flies from Senegal to Cameroon and other weakly defined subspecies fly in equatorial, eastern and southern Africa. According to Ehrlich & Raven (1964), the caterpillars feed on (Hippocrateaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, (JB) Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Colotis Hübner, 1819

20. Colotis antevippe antevippe (Boisduval, 1836) WL: 25mm. The species is typical of savanna and has been previously reported from Guinea-Bissau without a precise location. It occurs from Mauritania to Nigeria, and in and northern Cameroon. Larval host-plants consist of several species of Capparaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

21. Colotis euippe euippe (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 24mm. This is a ubiquitous and common species in Guinea-Bissau, present in almost all biotopes. The nominate subspecies flies from Mauritania to DRC. The caterpillars feed on several species of Capparaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB); Banhinda (PNTC), 25.06.2009, 1♂ (BS 29488). Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29489). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 15-16.07.2009, 4♂1♀ (BS 29431/29433, 29502/29503). Tombali: Jemberem (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29490); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 5♂2♀ (BS 29408, 29425/29428, 29491/29492); 13.07.2009, 2♂2♀ (BS 29429, 29500/29501, 29515); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 7♂4♀ (BS 29493/29496, 29498/ 29499, 29512/29514, 29516). Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 2♂ (BS29430, 29497). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

*22. Colotis evagore antigone (Boisduval, 1836) WL: 16mm. A new record for Guinea-Bissau, this subspecies occurs in savanna along most of Continental Africa south of the Sahara, with the nominate subspecies restricted to . The caterpillars feed on several species of Capparaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, two specimens only (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Belenois Hübner, 1819

23. Belenois (Anaphaeis) aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 27mm. The species ranges throughout Africa, Madagascar and the Oriental Region. Despite occurring primarily in savanna, it can also be found in disturbed forest. The caterpillars feed on Capparaceae (, and Boscia). Studied material. Bafatá: Bambadinca, woodland, 11.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ0000109599); Bangacia, no date, 1 specimen (FR); Dulombi, cashew, 28.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010957). Cacheu: Caió, from mid- November, not before (JB). Gabú: Cansamanje, woodland, 22.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010958); Sintchã- Dembel, cashew, 07.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010960);

14 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Oio. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de- Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

*24. Belenois (Anaphaeis) creona creona (Cramer, 1776) WL: 27mm. This species flies in dry savanna and cultivated fields, as well as in degraded forests, especially during the dry season. It is similar to B. aurota, but has a black spot rather than a bar in the cell of the forewing recto, and less darkened veins on the verso. The species is new for Guinea-Bissau and was formerly known to occur from Senegal to Nigeria, Niger, Sudan and western Ethiopia. The caterpillars feed on several Capparaceae and on Cleome sp. (Cleomaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent, observed in October (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

25. Belenois (Belenois) calypso calypso (Drury, 1773) WL: 31mm. The species occurs in open forest and dense savanna. The nominate subspecies is distributed from Senegal to Nigeria. The caterpillars feed mostly on Capparaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, few specimens (JB). Gabú: Dongol Quebube, 1♀ (JG 12) (CZ 5897). Quinara: (PNLC) Buba Tombo, 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29272). Tombali: Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29269); Jemberem (PNFC), 01.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29270/29271). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1948, 1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

26. Belenois (Belenois) theora theora (Doubleday, 1846) WL: 30mm. This species flies in all types of forest and the nominate subspecies ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Cameroon. The caterpillars’ host-plants remain unknown. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10-12.07.2009, 3♂ (BS 29273/29274, 29336). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

27. Belenois (Belenois) hedyle ianthe (Doubleday, 1842) WL: 30mm. Males are bright yellow with black margins and females may be pale yellow or whitish. The species typically flies in dry forest and in forest-savanna mosaic. The present subspecies occurs in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and . The host-plants are several Capparaceae. Studied material. Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 15-17.06.2009, 7♂1♀ (BS 29266/29267, 29327/29331, 29333); Buba Tombo (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29268). Tombali: Mato de Cambeque, (PNFC), 13.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29263/29264); Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29333); Mato de Amidara (PNFC), 14.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29265). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Talbot (1943), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Dixeia Talbot, 1932

28. orbona (Geyer, 1837) WL: 22mm. The species is uncommon in Guinea-Bissau, and flies mainly in dense savanna and in dry forest. The nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Nigeria. The host-plants are Capparis spp. (Capparaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Quinara. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 15 Genus Appias Hübner, 1819

29. Appias sylvia sylvia (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 27mm. The species occurs in all types of forest and is occasionally quite common. It ranges from Senegal to Cameroon and northern DRC. Caterpillars feed on and (Euphorbiaceae) and on (Capparaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB) 1♀. Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29337). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29276, 29338). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa (2006), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

30. Appias epaphia epaphia (Cramer, 1779) WL: 25mm. Common throughout most of tropical Africa, this species occurs in dry areas and degraded biotopes. In Guinea-Bissau it is uncommon, but can be seasonally and locally abundant. The nominate subspecies flies from Senegal to Nigeria and onward to Angola, and western Kenya. The host-plants consist of several Capparaceae (Capparis, Maerua, Boscia, Niebuhria and Ritchiea) and Cleome sp. (Cleomaceae). The latter is a garden- cultivated in several African towns around which the species may be common. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common at the beginning of November (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa (2006), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Leptosia Hübner, 1818

31. Leptosia alcesta alcesta (Stoll, 1782) WL: 19mm. L. alcesta is a forest species. It ranges along West and equatorial Africa, and is quite frequent in Guinea-Bissau. The known host-plants are species of Ritchiea and Capparis (Capparaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Quinara: Injassane (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29239); Cantanha (PNLC), 15-18.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29323/29324). Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10- 13.07.2009, 12♂3♀ (BS 29235/29236, 29238, 29245, 29309/29317, 29325/29326); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 10-11.07.2009, 11♂ (BS 29237, 29240, 29300/29308); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 9-12.07.2009, 7♂ (BS 29247/29248, 29318/29322). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Gabú, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949); Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

32. Leptosia nupta nupta (Butler, 1873) WL: 18mm. The species was reported only once from Guinea-Bissau, with a single specimen collected in Cacine (Tombali region) (Bacelar, 1949), and currently housed in the entomological collection of the former CZ (IICT). It is the smallest of all the Leptosia, with a reduced or non-existent black apical margin and no black subapical spot on the forewing. As its known range extends from Nigeria to Angola, and it remains unknown from other West African countries, we believe it to be extinct in Guinea-Bissau. Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: EX; CS: EX.

33. Leptosia hybrida hybrida Bernardi, 1952 WL: 24mm. This is a forest species. The black apical margin on the forewing is more developed than that of similar L. alcesta, and the black subapical spot does not surpass space 3. The species is known along West Africa from Guinea-Bissau to DRC. The caterpillars feed on various species of Capparis (Capparaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB).

16 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

34. Leptosia medusa (Cramer, 1777) WL: 24mm. This species’ wingspan overlaps with that of identical L. hybrida; however, the black apical margin is larger, attaining space 2. The black subapical spot is usually poorly defined or absent on the forewing verso, and may occasionally be absent on the recto. This is a forest species, with a greater affinity for semi- deciduous forests. It ranges along West Africa from Guinea-Bissau to , and . The caterpillars feed on Capparaceae. Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

35. Leptosia wigginsi pseudalcesta Bernardi, 1965 WL: 23mm. The species is similar to L. medusa, but differs in the white ground-colour which is opaque rather than translucent. The black marginal band on the hindwing is quite narrow. The present subspecies flies from Senegal to Cameroon. The caterpillars are known to occur on Capparaceae. Studied material. Quinara: Injassane (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29232); Cantanha (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29283/29284). Tombali: Mato de Canamina (PNFC) 10-11.07.2009 17♂ (BS 29234,29241, 29285/ 29299); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10-13.07.2009, 17♂ (BS 29233, 29242/29244, 29277/29281, 29310/29317); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29282). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Mylothris Hübner, 1819

36. Mylothris chloris chloris (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 30mm. This subspecies is almost ubiquitous across West and Central Africa, flying from Senegal to the DRC and Sudan. The caterpillars feed on Loranthaceae and Santalaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Bangacia, no date, 1♂ (FR); Gafati, cashew, 31.01.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010954). Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Pataque, 1♀ (JG 10) (CZ 5899); Fasadji, cashew, 18.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000010953); Biricunda, woodland, 03.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010955). Tombali: Jemberem (PNFC), 10- 11.07.2009, 1♂2♀ (BS 29275, 29334, 29335); the specimens from this village were flying close to a Loranthaceae. Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Oio, Quinara. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Family LYCAENIDAE Leach, 1815

Subfamily Miletinae Reuter, 1896

Genus Spalgis Moore, 1879

37. Spalgis lemolea pilos Druce, 1890 WL: 15mm. S. lemolea is a forest species known from primary and secondary forests. It can also occur in towns on trees infested with scale (coccids and pseudococcids), on which its caterpillars prey. The present subspecies ranges from Senegal to Cameroon, and the nominate subspecies from there onward to Ethiopia and . Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 2 specimens (JB). Bissau: In the capital, several specimens were observed in July 2009 flying around a mango tree strongly infested with scale-insects (BS).

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 17 Previous references. Regions: Bissau. Authors: D’Abrera (1980), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Subfamily Lipteninae Rober, 1982

Genus Pentila Westwood, 1841

38. Pentila pauli abri Collins & Larsen, 2005 WL: 20mm. The species has only been reported once from Guinea-Bissau, in the Coli forest-savanna mosaic near the Corubal River. This subspecies is known to occur from Senegal to Sierra Leone. Around a dozen other subspecies are described from tropical Africa. The caterpillars appear to be associated with ants and feed on blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) on tree trunks. Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

*39. Pentila preussi fayei Stempffer, 1963 WL: 18mm. Previously unknown in Guinea-Bissau, this forest species was collected in the Cantanhez forest. It was originally described from the Senegalese protected forest of Santiaba Mandjak and reported from the Guinea coastal forest. The nominate subspecies is known to occur in Guinea (Fouta Djallon), Sierra Leone and the . Caterpillars are also thought to feed on blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 2♂1♀ (BS 28840/28842); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 13.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28843); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 9-13.07.2009, 2♂1♀ (BS 28844/ 28846). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: VU.

Genus Pseuderesia Butler, 1874

40. Pseuderesia eleaza eleaza (Hewitson, 1873) WL: 17mm. This is a forest species. The males are blackish with an orange-red discal spot on the forewing recto, which extends to the tornal area. The hindwings are black. The nominate subspecies ranges from Guinea- Bissau to Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo and DRC. From Sierra Leone and onwards, the orange-red spot may be smaller—f. picta—or even absent—f. nigra. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Eresina Aurivillius, 1899

41. Eresina maesseni Stempffer, 1956 WL: 11mm. Typical of forest areas, this is the only species of the genus that ranges from Senegal to Cameroon; several other species of Eresina are known from West Africa but all occur from Sierra Leone onwards. Their populations appear to be associated with trees containing established colonies of Crematogaster ants. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Liptena Westwood, 1851

42. Liptena ferrymani bissau Collins & Larsen, 2003

18 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. WL: 18mm. L. ferrymani flies mainly in dry forest and forest-savanna mosaic. The present subspecies was described from Guinea-Bissau and is also known in the Fouta Djallon (Guinea). It can be distinguished from the two other known subspecies through its smaller size and reduced black markings. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Collins & Larsen (2000), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Cerautola Libert, 1999

43. Cerautola crowleyi crowleyi Sharpe, 1890 WL: 25mm. The species occurs primarily in semi-deciduous forest and the present subspecies flies from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria. Other subspecies occur in Tanzania, DRC and Angola. Caterpillars are probably associated with Crematogaster ants. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Stempfferia Jackson, 1962

*44. Stempfferia (Cercenia) leonina (Staudinger, 1888) WL: 16mm. This species was previously erroneously identified by Mendes et al. (2008) as S. michelae michelae, and is now corrected. It is a forest species previously known from Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Burkina Faso and Togo. Guinea-Bissau is, therefore, its norhernmost geographical limit. Studied material. Tombali: Cumbijã, 10.07.2006, 1♂ (BS 25087). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Subfamily Theclinae Swainson, 1930

Genus Myrina Fabricius, 1807

45. Myrina silenus silenus (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 17mm. This is a common species of the Guinea savanna. It is blue, with a chestnut apical spot on the forewing and long tornal tails on the hindwing. Ranging from Senegal to Angola, Uganda and Sudan, four additional subspecies are known in Africa. The caterpillars feed on several species of (Moraceae). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

46. Myrina subornata subornata Lathy, 1903 WL: 15mm. This species also occurs in Guinea savanna and is similar to M. silenus, but it is somewhat smaller and lacks the chestnut wing tips. The nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo and Uganda, while M. s. nuba flies in Sudan. The caterpillars also feed on Ficus (Moraceae). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Oxylides Hübner, 1819

47. Oxylides faunus faunus (Drury, 1773) WL: 16mm. This is a frequent forest species in some restricted areas such as the Mato de Cambeque in Cantanhez. The nominate subspecies occurs throughout the West African forests from Guinea-Bissau to eastern

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 19 Nigeria, while O. f. camerunica is found in the Cross River Loop (Nigeria) and Cameroon. The host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Quinara: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10-13.07.2009 10♂4♀ (BS 28849/28851, 28854/ 28855, 28857/28859, 28922, 28948/28950, 29215, 29424); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 10-13.07.2009, 3♂1♀ (BS 28852, 28931, 28951); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC) 9-12.07.2009, 2♂1♀ (BS 28853, 28856, 29214). Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Libert (2004a), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Dapidodigma Karsch, 1895

48. Dapidodigma hymen (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 17mm. Found mainly in semi-deciduous forests, D. hymen is distributed from Senegal to Cameroon. The caterpillars feed on several species of Alchornea (Euphorbiaceae), typically colonized by Oecophylla ants. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB), several specimens. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Libert (2004a), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Aphnaeus Hübner, 1819

49. Aphnaeus orcas (Drury, 1782) WL: 17mm. This is a forest species that ranges throughout tropical African forests. The caterpillars occur on host-plants of quite distinct families and are associated with ants belonging to several genera. Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

50. Aphnaeus brahami bakeri Libert, 2013 WL: 18mm. A. brahami was formerly considered to be monotypic; however, Libert (2013) described the specimens collected in Caió as a new subspecies (here reported). The material is currently housed in the ABRI. The species can be found in Guinea savanna and savanna woodland, and ranges from Senegal to Nigeria. Host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, four specimens, 1♂3♀ (JB). Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: VU.

Genus Apharitis Riley, 1925

*51. Apharitis nilus Hewitson, 1865 WL: 15mm. Both species and genus are new for Guinea-Bissau. This is a typical element of the Sudan savanna, Sahel and subdesert areas. The specimens were collected in savanna woodland in Beli (Boé), always on flowers of Terminalia albida (Combretaceae), despite the presence of other species such as Acacia macrostachya (Mimosaceae), around which several Acraea and Pieridae were flying. The species occurs in Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Chad, northern Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya and Sudan. Studied material. Gabú: Beli (Boé), 3-4.07.2009, 2♂, 2♀ (BS 28860/28863). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Cigaritis Donzel, 1847

*52. Cigaritis larseni Bouyer, 2012

20 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. WL: 15mm. Previous references of Spindasis mozambica (Bertolini, 1850) by Larsen (2005) and Cigaritis mozambica (Bertolini, 1850) by Mendes et al. (2008), must be corrected to the present species. S. mozambica is a widespread species occurring throughout tropical Africa (Larsen, 2005); however, it was recently split into two independent species by Bouyer (2012): C. larseni from West Africa, ranging along the forests from Gambia to CAR; and C. mozambica, present in most of Africa south of the Equator, excluding denser forests and deserts. Host-plants are still unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 27.06.2009, 1♀ (BS 28864); Caió, a few specimens (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005, as Spindasis mozambica), Mendes et al. (2008, as Cigaritis mozambica). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Zeritis Boisduval, 1836

53. Zeritis neriene (Boisduval, 1836) WL: 14mm. The species is known from the semi-arid biotopes of the Sudan savanna and Sahel, though it may extend southwards during drier periods. It is known to occur in small, localized colonies and occurs from Senegal to Cameroon, CAR, Uganda, southern Sudan and western Kenya. The host-plants remain unknown. Studied material. Bafatá: Afia, tabanca, 11.04.2013, 2♂ (SV) (CZ000011049, 000011050). Cacheu: Caió (JB), several specimens. Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28866). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC

Genus Axiocerses Hübner, 1819

54. Axiocerses harpax harpax (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 16mm. A. h. harpax is known to range from Senegal to Nigeria, while other subspecies are found throughout the Afrotropical Region; males are strongly territorial, selecting dominant perches which they actively defend performing short flights. The caterpillars live in Acacia (Fabaceae) pods colonized by ants of genera and Crematogaster. Studied material. Bafatá: Bagadadja, woodland, 24.03.2013 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011052). Cacheu: Caió (JB), several specimens. Gabú: Nhantampa, woodland, 18.04.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011053); Beli, 04.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28865). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Cacheu, Oio. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

*55. Axiocerses amanga (Westwood, 1881) WL: 14mm. A. amanga is typical of savanna and is new for Guinea-Bissau. This species was previously known from Senegal to Nigeria and Niger and, through Cameroon to Uganda, Kenya, southern Sudan, and southwards to South Africa (Larsen, 2005). The host-plants are (Olacaceae) and Acacia (Fabaceae) and the caterpillars usually occur with Camponotus ants. Studied material. Bafatá: Gafati, woodland, 31.01.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011051). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Iolaus Hübner, 1819

*56. Iolaus menas menas Druce, 1890 WL: 19mm. I. menas is a new record for Guinea-Bissau, though its presence in the country was previously

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 21 suggested (Larsen, 2005). The species occurs mainly in savanna and the nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Cameroon, Sudan and Ethiopia. The caterpillars feed on some species of Loranthaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*57. Iolaus eurisus helius (Fabricius, 1781) WL: 18mm. I. eurisus is new for Guinea-Bissau. It is quite similar to I. menas, but has a larger black apical area on the forewing and the males are a deeper blue. The present subspecies flies from Senegal to Ivory Coast and the nominate one from Ghana to Nigeria. The host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen in 2007 (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

58. Iolaus ismenias (Klug, 1834) WL: 19mm. The species is typical of the Sudan savanna, although it has already been recorded from Senegal to Cameroon, DRC, Sudan, Ethiopia and Uganda. It has only been reported to occur in Guinea-Bissau by Larsen (2005), with no additional details. The caterpillars feed on Loranthus spp. (Loranthaceae). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

59. Iolaus calisto (Westwood, 1851) WL: 19mm. The species occurs in all types of forest from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, and CAR. During flight it resembles a small Pierid. The caterpillars feed on Loranthus sp. or on species of other close genera (Loranthaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, several specimens in 2009 (JB) Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Stempffer & Bennett (1958). We believe that all the known references are based on the Stempffer & Bennett (op. cit.) citation: D’Abrera (1980), Ackery et al. (1995), Larsen (2005) and Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*60. Iolaus djaloni Collins & Larsen, 1998 WL: 16mm. This small Iolaus species was formerly known only from the type locality (Fouta-Djallon, Guinea), and is reported here for the first time from Guinea-Bissau. The host-plants remain unknown. Studied material. Bafatá: Bagadadja, cashew, 24.03.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011083) Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*61. Iolaus iasis iasis (Hewitson, 1865) WL: 17mm. The species is recognizable by the sky-blue and black triangular forewings, markedly lobed along their inner margin. The nominate subspecies is known in West Africa from Gambia to southern Nigeria—though it is a faunistic novelty for Guinea-Bissau—and also occurs in Cameroon, Gabon, DRC and Angola. The other known subspecies, I. iasis albomaculatus, is known from Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The host-plants are Loranthaceae (Larsen, 2005). Studied material. Bafatá: Tabandinto, cashew, 09.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011036). Gabú: Biricunda, woodland, 03.07.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011037). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Hypolycaena Felder, 1862

62. Hypolycaena philippus philippus (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 15mm. The species is typical of Guinea savanna. The nominate subspecies occurs throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and in southern Arabia, except for mountainous and desert areas. Subspecies H. p. ramonza is found in Madagascar, the and Comoro islands. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on several

22 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. species of Olacaceae, Punicaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Verbenaceae, Fabaceae and Loranthaceae; they are often accompanied by Camponotus and Pheidole ants. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009 1♂1♀ (BS 28867/28868) Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 16.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29929); Bacar Condé (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28928). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

63. Hypolycaena anara Larsen, 1986 WL: 13mm. Larsen (2005) reports this species in dense savanna and dry forest, and we only collected a few specimens in the Cantanhez forest area. H. anara also occurs in Guinea (Fouta-Djallon and the National Park of Upper Niger), Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and northeastern Nigeria. The host-plants are still unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Tombali: Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28847); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28848). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Ackery et al. (1995), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: VU.

*64. Hypolycaena condamini Stempffer, 1956 WL: 15mm. Unlike other members of this genus, H. condamini only has one tornal hindwing tail. The species is assigned for the first time to Guinea-Bissau and was previously known from Senegal (described from the Niokolo-Koba National Park) and Guinea. It appears to fly mainly in Guinea savanna. There are no known references to host-plants. Studied material. Bafatá: Gafati, cashew, 31.01.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011047); Dulombi, woodland, 28.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011044). Gabú: Beli, 05.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28872); Taibata, woodland, 25.2.2013, 2♂ (SV) (CZ000011043, 000011045); Sitchã-Dembel, cashew and woodland, 13.03.2013, 1♂, 22.03.2013, 2♀ (SV) (CZ 000011036, 000011039, CZ11048); Duma, woodland, 09.04.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011042); Fasadji, woodland, 18.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011041); Cansamanje, woodland, 22.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011040). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Pilodeudorix Druce, 1891

65. Pilodeudorix zela (Hewitson, 1869) WL: 15mm. The species occurs primarily in semi-deciduous forests, and ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, CAR, DRC, Uganda, northern Zambia and north-western Tanzania. The host-plants remain unknown. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Libert (2004b), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

66. Pilodeudorix aurivilliusi (Stempffer, 1954) WL: 17mm. This is a forest species that ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria. The host-plants are unknown. Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Gabú. Authors: Libert (2004b), Larsen (2005). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Paradeudorix Libert, 2004

67. Paradeudorix eleala cufadana (Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa, 2003) WL: 15mm. Larsen (2005) suggested that the present subspecies may be a junior synonym of P. e. parallela, described from higher altitudes in the Fouta Djallon and assigned to Guinea-Bissau by Collins & Larsen (2000). However, following Mendes et al. (2008), we observed that our material obtained in lowland savanna in the PNLC, is sufficiently distinct to be considered an independent subspecies. The caterpillars are thought to occur on Fabaceae as in the nominate subspecies. Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa (2003), Mendes et al. (2008).

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 23 Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Hypomyrina Druce, 1891

68. Hypomyrina nomion (Staudinger, 1891) WL: 13mm. H. nomion is found in forests and ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Cameroon, CAR, Uganda and southern Sudan. It is a localized but abundant species. The host-plants are still unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen, October 2006 (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Libert (2004b), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Deudorix Hewitson, 1863

69. Deudorix antalus (Hopffer, 1855) WL: 16mm. This is a savanna species distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, southwest Arabia, Madagascar, Comoro, Mauritius and Reunion—the holotype was described from Quirima (Mozambique). The caterpillars are highly polyphagous, feeding on species of Aitoniaceae, Apiaceae, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Proteaceae, Rosaceae, Sapindaceae and Solanaceae. Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Libert (2004b), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

70. Deudorix lorisona abriana Libert, 2004 WL: 15mm. D. lorisona has five described subspecies (Libert, 2004b) and is found across tropical sub-Saharan Africa, from Guinea-Bissau to Angola and to East Africa, from Mozambique to Ethiopia and southern Sudan. The present subspecies is only known from Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea. The single examined specimen from Guinea-Bissau was captured in Buba. The host-plants remain unknown. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Libert (2004b), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Subfamily Polyommatinae Swainson, 1827

Genus Anthene Doubleday, 1847

71. Anthene sylvanus sylvanus (Drury, 1773) WL: 15mm. A. sylvanus is a forest species whose nominate subspecies is known along all West African countries, from Senegal to Nigeria, and eastwards from Cameroon to Congo. The caterpillars are probably polyphagous and are associated with ants of the Pheidole and Camponotus genera. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

72. Anthene liodes monteironis (Kirby, 1878) WL: 12 mm. A. liodes occurs in all types of forest and was previously considered by Mendes et al. (2008) to be monotypic and so, reported as A. liodes (Hewitson, 1874). The nomenclature is now updated, as Libert (2010) reports the present subspecies from Buba (Quinara region). This subspecies is known to occur in West Africa from southern Senegal to Nigeria, while nominate A. l. liodes ranges from Cameroon across to , Uganda, Burundi, Kenya and Tanzania. Subspecies A. l. bihe flies from Angola and the DRC southwards to South Africa and Swaziland. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae, Myricaceae and Sapindaceae, usually accompanied by Camponotus ants.

24 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, a few specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28955). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 28932, 28953). Tombali: Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28954). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008), D’Abrera (2009), Libert (2010). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

73. Anthene princeps Butler, 1876 WL: 13mm. A. princeps is a Guinea savanna element distributed in West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, and extending south to most of the continent. Libert (2010) reports the species from Guinea-Bissau, explicitly from Cantanha, Coli and Cumbijã. The caterpillars feed on several Fabaceae of the genera , and . Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008), Libert (2010). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

74. Anthene amarah amarah (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) WL: 12mm. The species is typical of Sudan savanna and is known all along West Africa. The caterpillars also feed on several Fabaceae, and are reported to be associated with ants of the genera Crematogaster, Pheidole, and Acantholepsis. Studied material. Biombo: Quinhamel, 22.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28937). Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03-05.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 28871, 28936). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

75. Anthene lunulata grosei (Aurivillius, 1899) WL: 15mm. The species is known from the Guinean savanna and the present subspecies occurs from Senegal to Nigeria. The nominate A. l. lunulata occurs in most of sub-Saharan Africa, apparently limited by the Zambezi river basin (Larsen, 2005). The host-plants are Fabaceae and Combretaceae. A. lunulata was previously reported from the country as monotypic (Mendes et al. 2008). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03-05.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 28933, 29225). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 16.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28934). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008), Libert (2010). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

*76. Anthene irumu (Stempffer, 1948) WL: 12mm. This is a small butterfly occurring in all types of forest and open areas along forest margins. It was previously known in West Africa from Guinea (Fouta Djallon) to Nigeria, and is now reported as a new species for Guinea-Bissau. The host-plants remain unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

77. Anthene larydas (Cramer, 1780) WL: 13mm. A. larydas is found in all types of forest, but may extend to Guinea savanna. It ranges along West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, and also along Central and East Africa. The caterpillars feed on Fabaceae, usually accompanied by ants of the genera Crematogaster, Pheidole and Camponotus. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 15-17.07.2009, 4♂ (BS 28930, 28938/28939, 28960); Cantanha (PNLC), 15.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 28946/28947). Tombali: Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 5♂ (BS 28940/28943, 28960); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 5♂ (BS 28944/ 28945, 28958/28959, 28965). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Cacheu, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 25 78. Anthene crawshayi vuattouxi Libert, 2010 WL: 12mm. Previously reported by Mendes et al. (2008) as Anthene crawshayi crawshayi, the subspecies’ identification is updated. It is typical of Guinea savanna, and the nominate subspecies is found throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa; the present subspecies is known from Mauritania to northern Cameroon and a third one occurs in South Africa. The caterpillars feed on Acacia and possibly on other Fabaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008), Libert (2010). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Triclema Karsch, 1893

79. Triclema phoenicis (Karsch, 1893) WL: 10mm. This is a forest species distributed across West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria. Libert (2010) reports its occurrence in Bafatá and Buba based on specimens from the ABRI. The host-plants are unknown. Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Quinara. Authors: Libert (2010). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

80. Triclema lamias lamias Hewitson, 1878 WL: 10mm. The species flies in forests and only one specimen is known from Guinea-Bissau. It ranges from Guinea-Bissau to the DRC and the caterpillars feed on scale-insects. Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

81. Triclema hades Bethune-Baker, 1910 WL: 10mm. The species is typical of forest areas and ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, DRC, Uganda and west of Tanzania and of Kenya. The caterpillars and their ecology remain unknown. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: VU.

Genus Pseudonacaduba Stempffer, 1944

82. Pseudonacaduba sichela sichela (Wallengren, 1857) WL: 13mm. The nominate subspecies is ubiquitous throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, while the other known subspecies, P. s. reticulum, is reported from Madagascar and Mauritius. The caterpillars feed on Fabaceae, mainly on species of Mundulea. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Gabú: Balanca, 01.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28935); Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28873). Previous references. Regions: Bissau, Oio. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Lampides Hübner, 1819

83. Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) WL: 16mm. This is a ubiquitous species widely distributed throughout the World. Caterpillars are polyphagous and live on Fabaceae, frequently inside the pods. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Quinara. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

26 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Genus Uranothauma Butler, 1895

84. Uranothauma falkensteini (Dewitz, 1879) WL: 15mm. The species occurs in forests and ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria in West Africa and along most of the tropical part of the continent, although it does not extend to South Africa. Host-plants are species of Acacia and Albizia (Fabaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC) 09.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28869). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Cacyreus Butler, 1898

85. Cacyreus lingeus (Stoll, 1782) WL: 14mm. The species is centred on the Guinea savanna and is distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The caterpillars feed on species of Albizia and Acacia (Fabaceae) Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Leptotes Scudder, 1876

86. Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) WL: 14mm. L. pirithous is ubiquitous and is known throughout Africa, except for primary evergreen forests and deserts; it also occurs in the Palearctic Region. The caterpillars are known on several species of Fabaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Dulombi, bolanha, 28.02.2013, 3♂ (SV) (CZ000011064/CZ000011066); ibid, forest, 29.04.2013, 1♂1♀ (SV) (CZ000011075/ CZ000011076); Campata, woodland, 27.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011079). Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 26.06.2009, 1♂ (BS 29223); Caió, common especially in November (JB). Gabú: Balanca, 01.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 28966, 29222); Beli, 03-05.07.2009, 4♂ (BS 29219, 29224, 29369, 29370); ibid, 1♀ (JG 4) (CZ5896); Canjadude, 02.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29407, 29417); Pataque, 04.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29220/29221); ibid, 1♂ (JG 27) (CZ 5899); Biricunda, woodland, 03.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011073); Sintchã-Manga, woodland, 03.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011074); Dembel Uri, woodland, 29.04.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011077); Cantacunda, 03.04.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011078); Fasadji, woodland, 18.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011082). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC) 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29419); Cantanha (PNLC) 15.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29418). Tombali: Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29420). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Cacheu, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

*87. Leptotes babaulti (Stempffer, 1935) WL: 14mm. New for Guinea-Bissau, L. babaulti is a pan-African savanna element, only absent from the Cape Province. It remains impossible to differentiate from L. pirithous, except via examination of the male genitalia. Host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

88. Leptotes jeanneli (Stempffer, 1935) WL: 14mm. This species is typical of the Guinea savanna and can only be differentiated from L. pirithous and L. babaulti through examination of male genital morphology. This is also a pan-African element, extending to the Arabian Peninsula (Larsen, 2005).

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 27 Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Eicochrysops Bethune-Baker, 1924

89. Eicochrysops hippocrates (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 12mm. The species also has a pan-African distribution, ranging from forest to Sudan savanna. It is typically found in shady places close to bogs, swamps, lakes and running water. Caterpillars are reported to feed on Polygonaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28964). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Cupidopsis Karsch, 1895

90. Cupidopsis cissus cissus (Godart, [1824]) WL: 16mm. The species occurs in Guinea savanna, and sometimes in degraded forests, but is absent from the Sudan savanna; it is also found near bogs and swampy areas. Known host-plants are species of Eriosema and Rhynchosia (Fabaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, locally common (JB). Gabú: Beli, 1♀ (JG 15) (CZ 5896). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Euchrysops Butler, 1900

91. Euchrysops malathana (Boisduval, 1833) WL: 14mm. E. malathana occurs in every type of savanna and ranges along continental Africa, Madagascar and other Indian Ocean islands, as well as in southwestern Arabia. The polyphagous caterpillars feed on several Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. Previous references. Regions: Bissau. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

92. Euchrysops osiris osiris (Hopffer, 1855) WL: 14mm. The species is common in Guinea savanna. It flies all along West, Central and East Africa, Madagascar and southern Arabia. The known host-plants are several species of Fabaceae (of Rhynchosia and ), as well as Becium (Lamiaceae). Studied material. Bafatá: Brincassse, woodland, 06.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011057); Tabandinto, cashew, 09.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011060); Gafati, cashew, 31.01.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000010059). Gabú: Beli 1♂1♀ (JG 28) (CZ 5896); Biricunda, woodland, 03.03.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011061); Taibata, woodland, 25.02.2013 e 03.04.2013, 2♀ (SV) (CZ000010055/000010056). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Gabú, Oio, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de- Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Lepidochrysops Hedicke, 1923

93. Lepidochrysops synchrematiza (Bethune-Baker, [1923]) WL: 21mm. L. synchrematiza occurs in Guinea savanna from Senegal to Togo. The caterpillars are known on several species of Lamiaceae.

28 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

*94. Lepidochrysops polydialecta (Bethune-Baker, [1923]) WL: 20mm. The species is a faunistic novelty for Guinea-Bissau, though it was previously known from Senegal to Cameroon, south Sudan, DRC and Kenya. It occurs in Sudan savanna, Sahel and dry forest. It is similar to L. synchrematiza, but males are a paler lilac-blue and are semi-translucent, while females are a light milky blue. The caterpillars appear to feed on Becium (Lamiaceae). Studied material. Biombo: Quinhamel, 22.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 28925, 28927). Quinara: Cantanha, 15.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28926). Tombali: Jemberem (PNFC), 07.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28924); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 0.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29162). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Oboronia Karsch, 1893

95. Oboronia guessfeldti (Dewitz, 1879) WL: 15mm. The species is found mainly in dry forest, occurring throughout West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, in Central Africa in Cameroon, CAR, Congo, DRC and Angola, and in East Africa in Zambia, Uganda and western Kenya. The caterpillars are known on Costus (Costaceae) and Zinziber (Zinziberaceae). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Azanus Moore, 1881

*96. Azanus jesous Guérin-Méneville, 1849 WL: 12m. Widely distributed along the African savannas, A. jesous also occurs in the drier areas of the Eastern Mediterranean, Morocco, Arabian Peninsula and part of the Oriental Region, namely India and Sri Lanka; it is now assigned to Guinea-Bissau, although Larsen (2005) already suspected its presence in the country. The caterpillars feed on several species of Fabaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

*97. Azanus moriqua (Wallengren, 1857) WL: 12mm. A. moriqua is a savanna species that may also occur in degraded forests. It is found in the drier areas of Africa, ranging from Senegal to Nigeria in West Africa, although it had not yet been reported from Guinea- Bissau. The caterpillars feed on Acacia and Entada (Fabaceae). Studied material. Gabú: Duma, woodland, 08.04.2013, 1♂1♀ (SV) (CZ000011071/000011072); ibid, 09.04.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011070); Dembel Uri, woodland. 29.04.2013, 2♂ (SV) (CZ 000011067, 000011069); Sintchã-Manga, woodland, 05.04.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ 000011068). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

98. Azanus mirza (Plötz, 1880) WL: 12mm. The species is ubiquitous, and as a rule a forest dweller, sometimes entering dense savanna. Males frequently occur close to running water. The species is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. Host-plants are species of Acacia and Dichrostachys (Fabaceae) and (Sapindaceae). Studied material. Gabú: Balanca, 01.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 28962, 29216); Beli, 1-5.07.2009, 5♂ (BS 29218, 29345/29346, 29421/29422). Tombali: Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28963). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Cacheu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 29 99. Azanus isis (Drury, 1773) WL: 14mm. A. isis is a butterfly known mainly in dry forest and forest-savanna mosaic. It ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Angola, DRC, northwestern Zambia and Ethiopia (Larsen, 2005). The caterpillars feed on several Fabaceae, especially on Dichrostachys cinerea. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 2♂ (BS28961, 29347). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 15.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29366); Buba Tombo (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 3♂ (BS 29210/29212). Tombali: (PNFC), Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29213). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Cacheu, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1986), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Chilades Moore, 1881

100. Chilades eleusis (Demaison, 1888) WL: 10mm. The species is known from the dry Sudan savanna and the Sahel, ranging from Senegal through the Sahel to northern Cameroon, Chad, Sudan and Egypt. The caterpillars occur on shrubby Acacia (Fabaceae). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Cacheu. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Zizeeria Chapman, 1910

101. Zizeeria knysna (Trimen, 1862) WL: 11mm. This is a ubiquitous species known throughout Africa, the Indian Ocean islands, southwestern Arabia, Canary Islands and southern Spain. The caterpillars are reported to feed on species from a variety of families, namely Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Oxalidaceae. Studied material. Biombo: Quinhamel, 22.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29368). Cacheu: Caió, common, especially in November (JB). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 15.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29217). Tombali: Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29367). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bissau, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Zizula Chapman, 1910

*102. Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 11mm. Z. hylax occurs throughout most of Africa, the Oriental Region and in Australasia, including several Pacific Islands. Although it has only been reported from Guinea-Bissau now, its presence was expected (Larsen 2005). The caterpillars are polyphagous, known to feed on , Oxalidaceae, Verbenaceae and Zygophyllaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, some specimens (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Zizina Chapman, 1910

*103. Zizina antanossa (Mabille, 1877) WL: 12mm. Z. antanossa is typical of the Guinea savanna, distributed along all the favourable biotopes of

30 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Africa and in southwestern Arabia. The species is a faunistic novelty for Guinea-Bissau, although Larsen (2005) already suspected its occurrence in the country. Known host-plants are Desmodium incanum and species of (Fabaceae). Studied material. Gabú: Sintchã-Manga, woodland, 05.04.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011054). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

Family Nymphalidae Swainson, 1827

Subfamily Danainae Boisduval, 1833

Genus Danaus Kluk, 1802

104. Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 40mm. The species is ubiquitous and ranges all along Africa, most of the Oriental Region and also in the southern Palearctic. The polyphagous caterpillars feed mainly on Asclepiadaceae but also on Convolvulaceae and Periplocaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Tabandinto, 09.02.2013, 3♂ (SV) (CZ 000011033/ 000011035). Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Balanca, 01.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29091); Bani, 01.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29090); Pataque, 04.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29089); ibid, 2♂ (JG 33, 38) (CZ 5899); Canjadude, 02.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29136/29137). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Tirumala Moore, 1880

*105. Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday, 1847) WL: 43mm. The species is centred on the Guinea savanna and occurs in West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, and southwards to and the northern Transvaal. Like the genus, the species is now reported for the first time from Guinea-Bissau, although its presence in the country was already foreseen (Larsen, 2005). The caterpillars are reported to feed on some species of Asclepiadaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Amauris Hübner, 1816

106. Amauris niavius niavius (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 45mm. The species occurs in degraded damp forest, dry forest and dense savanna. The nominate subspecies flies from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, extending through equatorial and Central Africa to Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. The caterpillars feed on Asclepiadaceae. Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*107. Amauris damocles damocles (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 42mm. A. damocles is reported for the first time from Guinea-Bissau, and is known to inhabit dry forest and forest-savanna mosaic. The nominate subspecies is distributed from Senegal to western Cameroon. Subspecies A. d. hyalites ranges from southern Cameroon to DRC and A. d. makuyensis occurs in western Tanzania. The caterpillars feed on Asclepiadaceae, as do those of the other species of the genus.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 31 Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Subfamily Satyrinae Boisduval, 1833

Genus Gnophodes Doubleday, 1849

108. Gnophodes betsimena parmeno (Doubleday, 1849) WL: 35mm. The species is a forest element known from riparian forest, open forest and dense savanna. The subspecies occurs from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, and Cameroon to DRC, Zambia, Uganda, western Tanzania and Kenya, southern Sudan and Ethiopia. The caterpillars feed on several . Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bolama, Quinara. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar- de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Melanitis Fabricius, 1807

109. Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 35mm. The species is ubiquitous and occurs from subdeserts to damp forests, though it seems more common in degraded forest areas. It is known all along Africa and in the Oriental Region. The host-plants are several Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Gafati, cashew, 31.01.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011032). Cacheu: Caió, 18 specimens (JB). Gabú: Pataque, 1♂ (JG 43) (CZ 5899). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28977); Cantanha (PNLC), 16-19.07.2009, 2♂1♀, (BS 28978/28979, 29373). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1948), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

110. Melanitis libya (Distant, 1882) WL: 35mm. M. libya is a ubiquitous species known along most of tropical Africa, from Senegal to Nigeria, Niger, Chad, south Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, , Zambia, Mozambique and . The caterpillars are also thought to feed on several Poaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Brincasse, cashew, 06.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011031). Gabú: Pataque, 1♂ (JG 20) (CZ 5899); Biricunda, woodland, 04.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ0000110130). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bolama. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Bicyclus Kirby, 1871

111. Bicyclus zinebi (Butler, 1869) WL: 30mm. This species is characteristic of the western forest block and ranges from Senegal to Ghana (Condamin, 1973). The caterpillars reportedly feed on Afromomum latifolium (Zingiberaceae). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

112. Bicyclus procora (Karsch, 1893)

32 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. WL: 20mm. B. procora is distributed throughout forest areas from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, Cameroon, DRC and Uganda. The host-plants remain unknown. Previous references. Regions: Bafatá. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

113. Bicyclus milyas (Hewitson, 1864) WL: 22mm. The species ranges from Senegal to DRC, northwestern Kenya, Sudan and Ethiopia. The natural host-plants are unknown, but caterpillars have been bred on and purpureum (Poaceae). Studied material. Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 4♂3♀ (BS 28980/28981, 28986/28988, 29350, 29364/29365); Sintchã-Dembel, woodland, 07.03.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011003). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Gabú, Oio. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar- de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

114. Bicyclus taenias (Hewitson, 1877) WL: 18mm. The species typically occurs in forest areas and ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and DRC. The caterpillars feed on unspecified Poaceae. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10-13.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 28982, 29388); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29378). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

115. Bicyclus vulgaris (Butler, 1868) WL: 20mm. B. vulgaris is the most common among the Bicyclus in Guinea-Bissau. It can be found in all forest types, and is distributed along West Africa, Cameroon, Congo, DRC, Angola, Ethiopia, Uganda, western Kenya and Tanzania and northwestern Zambia. The caterpillars are known to feed on grasses (Poaceae). Studied material. Bafatá: Afia, woodland, 12.04.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010994); Brincasse, cashew, 06.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010992); Gafati, woodland, 29.01.2013, 2♂ (SV) (CZ000010991, 000010995); Dulombi, cashew, 27.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000010996). Cacheu: Banhinda, 25.06.2009, 1♀ (BS 28993); Caió, 38 specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 06.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 28989, 28997); ibid, 1♀ (JG 39) (CZ 5896). Lugajole, 1♂1♀ (JG 5) (CZ 5898); Dongol Quebube, 1♂ (JG) (CZ 5897); Pataque, 1♂ (JG 36) (CZ 5899); Biricunda, woodland, 03.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010909). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 17-19.07.2009, 15♂10♀ (BS 28994, 29036/29037, 29039, 29123/29126, 29352/29356, 29360, 29363, 29374/29377, 29381/29384). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29035, 29129); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 10-11.07.2009, 2♂ (BS, 29361/29362); Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 2♀ (BS 29358/29359). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bissau, Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: VC; CS: LC.

116. Bicyclus dorothea dorothea (Cramer, 1779) WL: 19mm. This is one of the most common butterflies of the West African forests. It ranges from Guinea- Bissau to Nigeria, Cameroon, CAR, DRC and northern Angola. The caterpillars feed on a number of Poaceae. Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Gabú, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. GA: PF; EC: LC.

117. Bicyclus sandace (Hewitson, 1877) WL: 20mm. B. sandace is a forest species that may also occur in secondary forest, riverine forest and dense savanna. It is known from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, (Bioko Island), Congo, CAR, DRC, Angola, Ethiopia, Uganda, west of Tanzania and of Kenya and Zambia. The caterpillars feed on Poaceae.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 33 Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 12 specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 4-5.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 28992, 29351). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

118. Bicyclus mandanes (Hewitson, 1873) WL: 24mm. This species prefers dry forest, although it may also occur in riverine forest and on the marginal areas of Guinea savanna. It is known from Senegal to Kenya and Tanzania. The host-plants remain unknown, though they are most likely Poaceae. Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Oio, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

119. Bicyclus angulosus angulosus (Butler, 1868) WL: 20mm. The nominate subspecies occurs in dense savanna and ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Sudan, Uganda, western Kenya and Ethiopia. The host-plants are unknown, but are very likely Poaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Afia, woodland, 12.4.2013, 2♂ (SV) (CZ000010998/CZ000010999); Tabandinto, woodland, 10.02.2013 2♀ (SV) (CZ000011001/CZ000011002); Dulombi, woodland, 27.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011000). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

120. Bicyclus safitza safitza (Westwood, 1850) WL: 24mm. This is a common butterfly of the Guinea savanna. It occurs throughout most of Africa excluding very dry areas and the Cape Province. Subspecies B. s. aethiops occurs in Ethiopia. Known host-plants are species of , Paspalum, Schizachyrium and Oplismenus (Poaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 27.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28998). Caió, 3 specimens (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bolama, Oio, Quinara. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

121. Bicyclus funebris (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) WL: 24mm. Males possess two androconial hair-tufts, one brown and the other black, on the hindwing recto. The species ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, Gabon, Cameroon, CAR, Congo, DRC, Angola, northern Zambia, western Kenya and Tanzania. Host-plants are barbata, seminuda and Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae). Studied material. Bafatá: Tabandinto, cashew, 12.04.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000010998). Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 01.02.2013, 1♀ (JG). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 16.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28994). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

122. Bicyclus istaris Plӧtz, 1880 WL: 23mm. B. istaris is predominantly a semi-deciduous forest species, ranging from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, DRC, Uganda, northwestern Tanzania, southern Sudan and western Kenya (Larsen, 2005). The host-plants remain unknown, but are very likely Poaceae. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

34 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Genus Ypthima Hübner, 1818

123. Ypthima asterope asterope (Klug, 1832) WL: 14mm. Y. asterope is typical of savanna and flies from Senegal to Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Djibouti. The species is also present in the eastern Mediterranean and from the Middle East to India. The host- plants consist of several species of Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, locally common (JB). Gabú: Taibata, woodland, 24.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010987); Fasadji, woodland, 19.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010988); Cansamanje, woodland, 21.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010989). Previous references. Regions: Bissau, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

124. Ypthima doleta (Kirby, 1880) WL: 18mm. The species is common in degraded forest areas. It is distributed in West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, but extends to Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, CAR, DRC, Uganda and southern Sudan. The caterpillars feed on grasses (Poaceae). Studied material. Bafatá: Gafati, cashew and woodland, 31.01.2013 and 02.02.2013, 1♂1♀ (SV) (CZ000010985/000010986). Gabú: Canjadude, 02.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28974); Beli, 03.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29875/ 29876); ibid, 1♂ (JG 18) (CZ 5896); Pataque, 1♂ (JG 3) (CZ 5899). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Ypthimomorpha van Son, 1955

125. Ypthimomorpha itonia Hewitson, 1865 WL: 15mm. Y. itonia flies along swampy areas and marshy savanna as well as in open areas of degraded forest. It ranges along most of sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal to Nigeria, extending to Sudan and Ethiopia and to southern Africa. The host-plants are also species of Poaceae. Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Bivar- de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Subfamily Charaxinae Guénée, 1865

Genus Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816

126. vologeses Mabille, 1876 WL: 43mm. This species typically flies in dry forest and dense savanna. Subspecies C. v. vologeses occurs throughout tropical Africa, while the nominate subspecies flies in Southern Africa. The caterpillars feed on a number of species of Sapindaceae and Anacardiaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 45 specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 05.07.2009, 1♂2♀ (BS 28675, 29163/ 29165). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 4♂1♀ (BS 29145/29146, 29157/ 29158, 29198). Cantanha (PNLC), 06.08. 2006, 4♂ (BS 2874, 28676/28678). Tombali: Coli, 12.07.2006, 1♂ (BS 28679). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

127. Charaxes fulvescens senegala van Someren, 1975

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 35 WL: 46mm. C. fulvescens senegala is common in Guinea-Bissau and JB found it to be the most common Charaxes in forest. This is consistent with observations by Condamin (mss) in the Basse Casamance (Senegal). This subspecies ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, and four other subspecies occur throughout Africa. The host- plants are Allophylus africanus and other Sapindaceae of that genus. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 4 specimens (JB). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 16.07.2009, 9♂2♀ (BS 29147/29148, 29159/29161, 29166, 29188/29189, 29199/29201). Tombali: Coli, 06.07.2006, 2♂1♀ (BS 28676, 28681/28682). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a), Boersma & Gernaat (2009). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

128. Charaxes protoclea protoclea Feisthamel, 1850 WL: 41mm. The species is known to occur in all types of forest, being absent from degraded areas. The present subspecies occurs in West Africa, from Senegal to the Dahomey Gap. Several other subspecies are described from the Afrotropical Region. The caterpillars feed on various Fabaceae such as , Brachystegia, , Bussea, Cassia and Julbernardia. Studied material. Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 17-19.07.2009, 3♂1♀ (BS 29143/ 29144, 29156, 29167). Previous references. Regions: Cacheu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (1988), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

129. Charaxes boueti boueti Feisthamel, 1850 WL: 38mm. This species is typical of forest-savanna mosaic, particularly where bamboo is prevalent. The nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Nigeria in West Africa. The host-plants are several bamboo species belonging to the genera Arundinaria and Oxytenanthera (Poaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 3 specimens (JB). Tombali: Coli, 12.07.2006, 1♂ (BS 28680). Previous references. Regions: Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: van Someren (1970), Plantrou (1983), Bivar- de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

130. Charaxes epijasius Reiche, 1850 WL: 47mm. C. epijasius is especially known from the Guinea savanna, though it also occurs in the drier Sudan savanna. It is distributed from Senegal to Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, CAR, northern DRC, northern Uganda, northwestern Kenya, south Sudan and Ethiopia (Larsen, 2005). The caterpillars are highly polyphagous and feed on species of the genera Celastraceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Proteaceae and Poaceae—reported in detail by Bivar-de-Sousa et al (2008b). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 5 specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 05.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29190). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Cacheu, Oio, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de- Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

131. Charaxes castor castor (Cramer, 1775) WL: 50mm. C. castor flies in forests, degraded forest and Guinea savanna. Two subspecies occur along the African savanna region: nominate C. c. castor from Senegal to Nigeria and across to western Kenya and northwestern Tanzania; and C. c. flavofasciatus from eastern Kenya to South Africa. Subspecies C. c. arthuri and C. c. comoranus are endemic to Pemba Island and the Comoro Islands, respectively. Caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on several Fabaceae, Poaceae, Celastraceae, Ulmaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Iridaceae. Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

132. Charaxes brutus brutus (Cramer, 1779) WL: 45mm. C. brutus is a common forest butterfly whose nominate subspecies flies from Senegal to Nigeria;

36 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. three further subspecies are known throughout Africa. The caterpillars are polyphagous, reportedly feeding on several species of Euphorbiaceae, Tiliaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae and Melianthaceae. Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*133. tiridates (Cramer, 1777) WL: 48mm. C. tiridates is a typical forest species formerly known from Senegal to southern Nigeria, and now reported from Guinea-Bissau for the first time. Other subspecies are known in the Equatorial Guinean Bioko Island and along tropical Africa to Ethiopia. The highly polyphagous caterpillars feed on Ulmaceae, Santalaceae, Fabaceae, Linaceae and Tiliaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

134. numenes (Hewitson, 1859) WL: 41mm. This butterfly is also typical of forest habitats and is very similar to C. tiridates, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of two whitish and almost parallel median and sub-basal lines on the hindwing verso. The nominate subspecies is known from Senegal to Nigeria; other subspecies occur in Central and East Africa. Known host-plants are species of Fabaceae, Sapindaceae and Tiliaceae. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

135. Charaxes imperialis imperialis (Butler, 1874) WL: 45mm. The species flies in forest, including dry forest close to the Guinea savanna. It presents a wide range, but is only occasionally abundant. The typical subspecies occurs from Guinea-Bissau to Ghana and about eight other subspecies are known along Central and East Africa. Host-plants are thought to be species of Sapindaceae (Kielland, 1990). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

136. Charaxes achaemenes atlantica van Someren, 1970 WL: 40mm. The species is centred on the Guinea savanna and the present subspecies flies from Senegal to northern Nigeria. The caterpillars feed on several Fabaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 16 specimens (JB). Tombali: Coli, 06.07.2006, 3♂1♀ (BS 2867/28673). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Oio, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

*137. eupale (Drury, 1782) WL: 30mm. C. eupale is a forest butterfly, though it tolerates forest degradation and is also known to occur in savanna woodland. This is a new species for Guinea-Bissau, where its presence was already expected (Larsen, 2005). It is distributed from Lower Casamanse (southern Senegal) to Nigeria; south of its range flies C. e. latimargo. Known host-plants are Scutia (Rhamnaceae), sp. and (Fabaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 2 specimens (JB) Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

138. Charaxes anticlea anticlea (Drury, 1782) WL: 30mm. The species flies in forest but extends to dry forest. The typical subspecies ranges from Senegal to eastern Nigeria; C. a. proadusta occurs in Central Africa to Angola and Zambia, C. a. adusta in Kivu (DRC) and Uganda, and C. a. suna flies in western Kenya. The host-plants are Acacia and Mezoneuron (Fabaceae).

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 37 Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28921). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*139. Charaxes etheocles etheocles (Cramer, 1777) WL: 36mm. C. etheocles is a forest species known to inhabit somewhat degraded forest and some types of dry forest. The nominate subspecies flies from Senegal to Nigeria and is now objectively reported from Guinea-Bissau, although its occurrence in the country was foreseeable (Larsen, 2005); some other subspecies are known along Central Africa to Kenya, west of the Rift valley. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on Rhamnaceae, Ulmaceae and mainly on Fabaceae. Studied material. Tombali: Coli, 06.07.2006, 1♀ (BS 28666). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

140. Charaxes viola viola Butler, 1866 WL: 31mm. A typical savanna species whose nominate subspecies occurs from Senegal to Cameroon and Chad. The caterpillars feed on Acacia, Albizia and Entada (Fabaceae). Studied material. Bafatá: Dulombi, woodland, 28.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011013). Cacheu: Caió, 8 specimens (JB). Tombali: Coli, 06.07.2006, 2♂1♀ (BS 28667, 28669). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Oio, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008a). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Subfamily Nymphalinae Swainson, 1827

Genus Vanessa Fabricius, 1807

141. Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 30mm. V. cardui is one of the most cosmopolitan butterflies in the World, occurring in all the Zoogeographical Regions with the exception of the Neotropical. It is a strong migrator and is found in most of Africa. The highly polyphagous caterpillars feed on Urticaceae, Asteraceae and Malvaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Bangacia, no date, one specimen (FR). Cacheu: Cacheu, 27.10.2009, 2♀ (FR). Caió, common (JB). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1948, 1949), Villiers (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Precis Hübner, 1819

*142. Precis octavia octavia (Cramer, 1777) WL: 28mm.The species is typical of Guinea savanna and displays extreme seasonal dimorphism, the dry season form being mostly blue and the wet season form mostly red. The nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, to central and northern DRC, Ethiopia, and Sudan, and is now reported from Guinea-Bissau; P. o. sesamus flies in East and Southern Africa. The caterpillars feed on Fabaceae (Eriosema) and on several Lamiaceae (Coleus, Iboza, Moschoma, Plantostema, Plectranthus, Pycnostachys, Rabdosia and Solenostemon (Ackery et al. 1995). Studied material. Gabú: Lugajole, 1♂ (JG 11) (CZ 5898). Quinara: Bacar Condé (PNLC), 17.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29133). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

38 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. 143. Precis antilope (Feisthamel, 1850) WL: 24 mm. This species is more frequent in savanna than in forest, and is seasonally dimorphic, with larger dry season forms that have more curved forewings and pointed hindwings. It occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa and in southwestern Arabia. Host-plants consist of some species of Lamiaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Brincasse, cashew, 06.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011027); Tabandinto, woodland, 10.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011025); Gafati, woodland, 31.01.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011028). Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Cansamanje, woodland, 21.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011026). Taibata, woodland, 25.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011029). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar- de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

144. Precis pelarga Fabricius, 1775 WL: 25mm. P. pel arga is common in different types of forest, as well as in Guinea savanna. It also exhibits seasonal dimorphism: the dry season forms have more curved forewings and bluish-white bands on the recto, while the wet season forms have orange-white bands above. The species ranges from Senegal to Angola, DRC, western Kenya and Ethiopia. The host-plants are not precisely known, but in the Ivory Coast caterpillars were bred on Solenostemon rotundifolius and Coleus sp., and they probably also feed on other Lamiaceae. Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Hypolimnas Hübner, 1819

145. Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) WL: 36mm. This is a highly ubiquitous butterfly that commonly inhabits agricultural areas, despite originally being a savanna element. It is known throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Arabia, most of the Oriental Region, Australia, Canaries, Caribbean and Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte state), occasionally migrating to eastern Mediterranean countries (Egypt, Lebanon and more rarely Turkey). The species is sexually dimorphic and females mimic the Danaid Danaus chrysippus. The caterpillars are quite polyphagous and feed on Amaranthaceae, Arecaceae, Convolvulaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae and Portulacaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Canjadude, 06.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29175). Studied material. Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

146. Hypolimnas anthedon anthedon Doubleday, 1845 WL: 40mm. H. anthedon is a forest butterfly extending to degraded areas that may attain the Guinea savanna and even gardens in town suburbs. The species exhibits male and female polymorphism, with the distinct morphs mimicking several unpalatable Amauris species. It is distributed all along the forest zone reaching western Kenya; subspecies H. a. wahlbergi flies east of the Rift valley from Kenya to South Africa, while H. a. drucei occurs on Madagascar, Mauritius and the Comoro Islands. Known host-plants are species of Urticaceae and Asteraceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 2 specimens of the morph dubius (JB). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29085). Previous references. Regions: Biombo. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 39 Genus Salamis Boisduval, 1833

*147. Salamis cacta cacta (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 37mm. S. cacta is a forest species, now assigned for the first time to Guinea-Bissau, from where the genus Salamis has also never been reported. The present subspecies ranges from Senegal to Angola, DRC, , Uganda, western Kenya and Ethiopia. Another subspecies, S. c. amaniensis, flies in East Africa, from coastal Kenya and Tanzania to Mozambique, Malawi and eastern Zimbabwe. The caterpillars feed on Urera (Urticaceae). Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29083). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Junonia Hübner, 1819

148. Junonia orithya madagascariensis (Guenée, 1865) WL: 24mm. J. orithya is a species of the Sudan savanna, able to inhabit degraded forest areas. Often migratory, it occurs throughout mainland Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles. The caterpillars are polyphagous, feeding on several Acanthaceae, Convolvulaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Verbenaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Cacheu, 27.10.2009, 1 specimen (FR). Caió, 2 specimens (JB). Cansamanje, woodland, 22.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011010). Gabú: Cumpangol, no date, 1 specimen (FR). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bolama, Gabú, Oio. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

149. Junonia oenone oenone (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 26mm. This is a ubiquitous butterfly found primarily in savanna, but also occurring in degraded forest areas and clearings. It is known throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and southern Arabia. Host-plants consist of several species of Acanthaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 25.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29131); Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Biricunda, 03.03.2013, 1♀ SV (CZ000011017). Tombali: Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29087, 29230). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910) and Bacelar (1948)—both as Precis clelia –, Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

150. Junonia hierta cebrene (Trimen, 1870) WL: 24mm. This is a savanna butterfly and an occasional migrant. The species is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and also occurs in southwestern Arabia and in some eastern Mediterranean countries. The nominate subspecies flies in the Oriental Region. The caterpillars are known to feed on several Acanthaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Bambadinca, woodland, 11.03.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011017). Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29132); ibid, 1♂ (JG 8) (CZ 5896); Pataque, 04.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29168); Canjadude, 06.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29139). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

*151. Junonia cymodoce cymodoce (Cramer, 1777) WL: 32mm. A semi-deciduous forest butterfly whose nominate subspecies was formerly known from Guinea and from the Ivory Coast to Cameroon—it is now reported for the first time from Guinea-Bissau. Subspecies J. c. lugens flies from Cameroon to Angola, northern Zambia, Uganda and western Tanzania. The caterpillars are reported to feed on (Acanthaceae). Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29028).

40 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

152. Junonia sophia sophia (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 23mm. J. sophia is common in degraded forest areas, though it sometimes uses denser forests borders. It is distributed from Senegal to Nigeria, locally extending to the equatorial zone. Another subspecies, J. s. infracta, flies in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Malawi. The known host-plants are several species of Acanthaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, locally common (JB). Gabú: Cansamanje, woodland, 22.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011011); Biricunda, woodland, 03.03.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011012). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bolama, Cacheu, Oio. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

153. Junonia stygia Aurivillius, 1894 WL: 26mm. This species is typical of well preserved forest, but also flies in shadowy areas of degraded forest. It ranges from Senegal to DRC and Angola. J. s. gregori, known from the Rift valley and reported by Ackery et al. (1995) at the subspecific level, is currently considered a valid species (Larsen, 2005), rendering J. stygia monobasic. The host-plants are Acanthaceae of the genera , , , Paulowilhelmia and . Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, a few specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29088). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 2♂1♀ (BS 29150, 29169, 29172). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 3♂1♀ (BS 29029, 29138, 29173, 29229); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29130); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29149); Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29170/ 29171); Jemberem (PNFC), 9-10.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29205, 29228). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Villiers (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

154. Junonia chorimene Guérin-Méneville, 1844 WL: 26mm. This species is typical of Guinea savanna and is distributed along the dry areas of Gambia to Ethiopia, northern Kenya and southwestern Arabia. The known host-plants belong to the genera Asystasia, Barleria, , Paulowilhelmia and Ruellia (Acanthaceae). Studied material. Bafatá: Tabandinto, woodland, 10.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011022); Brincasse, cashew, 06.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011024). Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Biricunda, woodland, 04.03.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011021); Cansamanje, woodland, 21.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011023). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bolama, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

155. Junonia terea terea (Drury, 1773) WL: 26mm. J. terea is a forest species that frequently occurs in degraded areas. The nominate subspecies extends from Senegal to DRC and western Kenya. Known host-plants are Acanthaceae of the genera Asystasia, Barleria, Hygrophila, Justicia, Paulowilhelmia, Phaulopsis and Ruellia. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Kobolo, 02.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29134); Beli, 03.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29208); Dongol Quebube 1♀ (JG 14) (CZ 5897). Oio: Banjara, one specimen, 9.11.2010, (FR).Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29507); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29207, 29508): Mato de Caiquene (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS 29226/29227); Jemberem (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29174). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabú, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Villiers (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 41 Genus Catacroptera Karsch, 1894

*156. Catacroptera cloanthe ligata Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 WL: 29mm. This species is known from Guinea savanna, though it may also fly in degraded habitats and often occurs close to flooded areas; the present subspecies ranges from Senegal to Cameroon, therefore, its occurrence and that of genus Catacroptera in Guinea-Bissau, though not previously reported, were foreseeable. The nominate subspecies flies along the remaining Afrotropical Region. The caterpillars feed chiefly on species of Asystasia, Barleria, Justicia, Phaulopsis and Ruellia (Acanthaceae), as well as on Gomphocarpus sp. (Asclepiadaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 25.06.2009, 1♀ (BS 29079); Caió, several dry season specimens (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Subfamily Cyrestinae Guenée, 1865

Genus Cyrestis Boisduval, 1832

157. Cyrestis camillus camillus (Fabricius, 1781) WL: 38mm. C. camillus is a sylvicolous butterfly more frequent in secondary than in primary forest. The nominate subspecies is distributed from Senegal to Angola, Zambia, Uganda, western Kenya and Ethiopia. Known host-plants are several Moraceae (, Antiaris, Chlorophora, Ficus). Studied material. Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28973); Tunani, 15.07.2006, 1♂ (BS 29177). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Subfamily Biblidinae Boisduval, 1833

Genus Byblia Hübner, 1819

158. Byblia anvatara crameri Aurivillius, 1894 WL: 24mm. B. anvatara occurs in almost all types of habitats, but mainly in Guinea savanna in West Africa. The present subspecies is found in West and Central Africa, from Gambia to Angola and Uganda. The nominate subspecies is endemic to Madagascar, Comoro and Glorieuse Islands. B. a. acheloia flies from South Africa to southern Ethiopia and Sudan along East Africa, and B. a. boydi is endemic to Socotra Island. The host-plants belong to the genera Tragia and Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Gabú: Kobolo, 02.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29135); Canjadude, 01.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29154); Beli, 3-5.07.2009, 3♂1♀ (BS 29140, 29209, 29485/29486); ibid, 1♀ (JG 9) (CZ 5896). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Ariadne Horsfield, 1829

*159. Ariadne albifascia (Joicey & Talbot, 1921) WL: 26mm. The present forest species is known from Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda and is now assigned for the first time to Guinea-Bissau, from where the genus was also unknown. Its confirmation in this country gives credibility to its reference from Senegal by Ackery et al. (2005), and questioned by Larsen (2005). The caterpillars feed on Dalechampia and Tragia (Euphorbiaceae).

42 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10 de Julho, 1♂ (BS 29155). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Subfamily Limenitidinae Behr, 1864

Genus Cymothoe Hübner, 1819

160. Cymothoe mabillei Overlaet, 1944 WL: 27mm. C. mabillei is a forest butterfly which may also occur in degraded biotopes. It ranges from Guinea- Bissau to Ghana. The host-plants remain unknown. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Pseudacraea Westwood, 1850

161. Pseudacraea eurytus Linnaeus, 1758 WL: 35mm. P. eurytus is known from all types of forest. Males and females are mimetic and polymorphic, mimicking Acraein butterflies. It ranges from Senegal to Angola and Uganda. The caterpillars are reported to feed on several Sapotaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, specimens of morphs eurytus, ulvaris and striata observed (JB). Gabú: Lugajole, 1♂ (JG 21) (CZ 5898). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo. Auhors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

162. Pseudacraea lucretia lucretia (Cramer, 1775) WL: 36mm. The species is a forest butterfly and the nominate subspecies occurs from Senegal to Cameroon. The host-plants are species of Sapotaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, a few specimens (JB). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 16-18.07.2009, 3♂ (BS 28970, 29077/29078). Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28969). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Villiers (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Neptis Fabricius, 1807

163. Neptis nemetes nemetes Hewitson, 1868 WL: 23mm. N. nemetes is known from degraded biotopes within forest. It is distributed from Senegal to Cameroon and the known host-plants are species of Alchornea and Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Villiers (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

164. Neptis serena serena Overlaet, 1955 WL: 25mm. N. s. serena is known to occur in riverine forest, degraded forest areas and dense savanna woodland. Males are often found close to water. The species is distributed from Senegal to Ethiopia, throughout Central Africa and in Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. The caterpillars feed on Cycina sp. (Euphorbiaceae).

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 43 Studied material. Bafatá: Bambadinca, cashew and woodland, 10-11.03.2013, 2♂ (SV) (CZ000011005/ 000011006). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949)—as Neptis agatha; Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987)—as Neptis latvitta; Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

165. Neptis kiriakoffi Overlaet, 1955 WL: 24mm. N. kiriakoffi is typical of the Guinea savanna and occurs from Senegal to Angola. The host-plants are Urticaceae, Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Brincasse, cashew, 06.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011007). Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 25.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29141). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bissau, Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949) and Villiers (1949)—all as Neptis agatha ; Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

166. Neptis morosa Overlaet, 1955 WL: 24mm. N. morosa is a Guinea savanna species distributed from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, CAR, Congo, DRC, Kenya and Tanzania (Larsen 2005). The host-plants remain undetermined. Studied material. Bafatá: Gafati, woodland, 26.01.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011008); Bambadinca, cashew, 11.03.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011009). Cacheu: Caió, 2 specimens (JB). Gabú: Beli, 1♂ (JG 13) (CZ 5896); Lugajole, 1♂ (JG 40) (CZ 5898). Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

167. Neptis nysiades Hewitson, 1868 WL: 25mm. N. nysiades possibly corresponds to a species complex ranging from Senegal to Angola. Under nysiades complex, there are at least a dozen species with distinct caterpillars; however, only an in-depth DNA analysis can clarify the matter. In West Africa this species occurs primarily in semi-deciduous forest and secondary vegetation in damp forests. The caterpillars are known to feed on Sapindaceae. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

168. Neptis quintilla Mabille, 1890 WL: 18mm. This species is typically found in open areas of damp forest. Although it can be common, it is extremely localized and somewhat seasonal. It ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Angola, Uganda and western Kenya. The caterpillars occur on shrubby (Fabaceae). Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

169. Neptis agouale agouale Pierre-Baltus, 1978 WL: 21mm. This is another of the small Neptis species which usually flies in forest, ranging from Senegal to Nigeria and through Central and equatorial Africa to DRC, western Zambia and Tanzania. The caterpillars reportedly feed on species of Fabaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent December 2009 (JB). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

44 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. 170. Neptis melicerta (Drury, 1773) WL: 22mm. N. melicerta is known to fly in all forest types, ranging from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria and through equatorial Africa to western Uganda. The known host-plants are species of Fabaceae and Sapindaceae. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29142). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bolama, Gabú, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Villiers (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Hamanumida Hübner, 1819

171. Hamanumida daedalus (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 31mm. H. daedalus is centered on the Guinea savanna, but is known to extend to open forest and agricultural areas, occuring across sub-Saharan Africa. This species is very frequent along forest trails where it flies quite low, usually no more than 20 cm above the ground. Males are highly territorial, patrolling their territories. Caterpillars feed on several Combretaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Tabandinto, woodland, 10.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000011020). Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC) 25.06.2009, 1♂ (BS 29151); Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Beli, 04.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29092); ibid, 1♂1♀ (JG 36, 37) (CZ 5896). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 10-19.07.2009, 1♂4♀ (BS 29152/29153, 29206, 29231, 29487). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authore: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Villiers (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Aterica Boisduval, 1833

172. Aterica galene galene (Brown, 1776) WL: 27mm. This forest butterfly exhibits sexual dimorphism and female polychromy: females are larger than males and have variable coloration on the patch of the hindwing recto (white, or more frequently, yellow to brown). The nominate subspecies is known from Gambia to Cameroon, eastwards to Uganda and western Kenya and southwards to Angola. There are other known subspecies, namely: A. g. extensa from Cameroon to western Kenya, A. g. incisa in Ethiopia, and A. g. theophane in East Africa, from coastal Kenya to Malawi, Zambia, eastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The host-plants are species of Quiscalis, and Terminalia (Combretaceae), Scotellia (Flacourtiaceae), as well as Salacighia (Hippocrateaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Pataque, 1♂ (JG 23) (CZ 5899). Tombali: Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29026, 29504); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10-13.07.2009, 8♂3♀ (BS 29027, 29074/29076, 29084, 29094/29099, 29176); Mato de Lautchande, 12.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28971). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

Genus Euryphene Boisduval, 1847

173. Euriphene gambiae gambiae Feisthamel, 1850 WL: 24mm. The species is known from damp forest but may extend to dry forest; its nominate subspecies is restricted to Senegal (Casamanse, type locality), Guinea-Bissau and the Fouta Djallon in Guinea; subspecies E. g. vera flies in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana, while E. g. gabonica occurs in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, DRC and Angola. Host-plants are still unknown. Studied material. Gabú: Pataque, 2♀ (JG 25) (CZ 5899).

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 45 Previous references. Regions: Oio, Quinara. Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

174. Euriphene ampedusa (Hewitson, 1866) WL: 24mm. E. ampedusa is known from all types of forest and is distributed from Senegal to Nigeria. As with E. gambiae, the host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 28972). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Bebearia Hemming, 1960

175. Bebearia senegalensis Herrich Schaeffer, 1858 WL: 32mm. This species was reported previously by Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b) as B. cocalia senegalensis. However, Larsen (2005) considers it to be an independent species, discussing the dissimilarities among B. cocalia, B. guineensis and B. senegalensis, all part of the B. mardania complex. B. senegalensis is frequent in dry forest and Guinea savanna, occurring in Gambia, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau (including the Bijagós Archipelago), Guinea, Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. The caterpillars feed on Raphia palma-pinus (Arecaceae). Studied material. Cacheu, Caió, forest and forest margins (JB). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bolama. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Ackery et al (1995), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

176. Bebearia sophus phreone (Feisthamel, 1850) WL: 31mm. B. sophus is a forest species. Two subspecies are recognized: B. s. phreone from Casamanse (Senegal), Guinea-Bissau and Guinea, and the nominate subspecies from Sierra Leone to Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo and DRC. The caterpillars feed on Landolphia (Apocynaceae) and on (Sapotaceae). Studied material. Bafatá: Gafati, woodland, 16.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ 000011015). Gabú: Pataque, 1♀ (JG 22) (CZ 5899). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Gabú, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

177. Bebearia phantasina ultima Hecq, 1990 WL: 29mm. This is a forest species that may also occur in degraded forest; the present subspecies ranges from Basse Casamanse in Senegal, to the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. The host-plants remain unknown. Studied material. Bafatá: Dulombi, woodland, 28.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000011014). Quinara: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 19.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29022). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09-12.07.2009, 1♂1♀ (BS29021, 29023); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29024/29025). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), as Euryphene sophus, Bivar-de- Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), as B. p. phantasiella, Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Euphaedra Hübner, 1819

178. Euphaedra medon pholus (van der Hoeven, 1840) WL: 34mm. E. medon is a typical forest species. The present subspecies is distributed from Senegal to Sierra

46 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Leone, while the nominate subspecies ranges from Liberia to Cameroon. At least five other subspecies occur along Central, equatorial and East Africa. The host-plants are Allophylus, , Paulinia and Phialodiscus (Sapindaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Gabú: Margins of the Corubal River, gallery forest (JG). Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 13.07.2009, 2♂1♀ (BS 29019, 29080/29081). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), as E. m. medon, Villiers (1949), as E. medon f. agnes, Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), as E. m. medon, Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

179. Euphaedra hastiri hastiri Hecq, 1981 WL: 37mm. This is a forest species whose nominate subspecies occurs in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea. E. h. polymnie is found in Sierra Leone. The host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09-12.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29018, 29086). Previous references. Regions: Oio, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), as Euphaedra xypete f. mirabilis, Ackery et al. (1995), Hecq (1997), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

180. Euphaedra xypete (Hewitson, 1865) WL: 35mm. E. xypete is a forest butterfly that extends from Guinea-Bissau to southern Nigeria, Cameroon and Angola. Host-plants are unknown. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*181. Euphaedra phaethusa aurea Hecq, 1983 WL: 35mm. The present subspecies is new for Guinea-Bissau, with the closest known records from western Liberia and Sierra Leone. The nominate subspecies flies from Ivory Coast to Nigeria. The only reported host-plant for the species is sapida (Sapindaceae). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Torben Larsen (Pers. Comm.). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

182. Euphaedra inanum (Butler, 1873) WL: 36mm. E. inanum is a forest species known to occur from Guinea-Bissau to Ghana. The only known host- plant is Sorindeia warneckei (Anacardiaceae). Studied material. Tombali: Guileje, 07.07.2006, 1♂ (BS 25620). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Hecq (1997), Bivar-de- Sousa & Mendes (1999) as E. villiersi, Larsen (2005, who reports specimens from Guinea-Bissau in the ABRI), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

183. Euphaedra villiersi Condamin, 1964 WL: 36mm. E. villiersi is also a forest butterfly, ranging from Senegal to Sierra Leone. The host-plants are as yet unknown. Studied material. Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 28967). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 2♂ (BS29017, 29093); Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 13.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29183). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Hecq (1997), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), as E. inanum, Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

184. Euphaedra harpalyce harpalyce (Cramer, 1777) WL: 41mm. This is probably the most common Euphaedra species in Guinea-Bissau. It is a forest butterfly

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 47 ranging from Guinea-Bissau to southern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Seven other subspecies are reported along the African forests. Known host-plants are Sapindaceae of the genera Allophylus, Blighia, Lecaniodiscus, Paullinia and Phialodiscus. Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Cambeque (PNFC), 10.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29968); Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 12.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29020, 29082). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Hecq (1997), Larsen (2005), Bivar-de-Sousa et al. (2008b). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Subfamily Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822

Genus Acraea Fabricius, 1807

Subgenus Acraea (Actinote) Hübner, 1819

185. Acraea (Actinote) encedon encedon (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 25mm. This is a morphologically variable butterfly, common in savanna and extending to open or degraded forest, open areas around villages or towns, and to coastal zones. This subspecies occurs throughout tropical Africa and Madagascar, while A. e. rathjensi flies in southern Arabia. In many areas females exhibit higher abundances than males, as a result of the selective attack of male chrysalises by Wolbachia bacteria (Larsen, 2005). The caterpillars are known to feed on Commelina difusa (Commelinaceae) and other representatives of the same genus, as well as on Pouzolzia (Urticaceae). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bissau, Oio. Authors: Le Doux (1931), Bacelar (1949), Villiers (1949), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008), Pierre & Bernaud (2009, map). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

186. Acraea (Actinote) lycoa lycoa Godart, 1819 WL: 27mm. A. lycoa is a forest butterfly that may use degraded areas. The nominate subspecies is known to occur in Guinea-Bissau and from Sierra Leone to Nigeria. Although several subspecies were described along tropical Africa, Pierre & Bernaud (2013, 2014) recently showed that these refer to a cline and not independent subspecies, as was previously suggested by Larsen (2005). The host-plants are Aneleima (Commelinaceae), Fleurea and Pouzolzia (Urticaceae) and cocoa (, Malvaceae). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Oio. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

187. Acraea (Actinote) serena Fabricius, 1775 WL: 20mm. A. serena is a ubiquitous species that flies in degraded forest areas, savanna and even parks and gardens. The species is abundant and widespread in Guinea-Bissau. Previously known as A. eponina, it extends along most of sub-Saharan Africa, southwestern Arabia, Madagascar and most of the African islands. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on a variety of species of Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae and Ehretiaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Aldeia do Geba, no date, 1♂ (FR); Bangacia, no date, 1♂, quite common in the area (FR); Dulombi, woodland, 28.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010979); Gafati, woodland, 1♂, cashew, 1♂, 31.01.2013 (SV) (CZ000010981, 000010984). Cacheu: Caió, very common (JB). Gabú: Kobolo, 02.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29031); Beli, 2♂1♀ (JG 10, 30, 44) (CZ 5896); Fasadji, cashew, 18.02.2013, 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010980); Biricunda, 03.03.2013 1♂ (SV) (CZ000010982); Sinchã-Sarfo, margins of the , no date, 1♂ (FR). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC) 15-18.07.2009, 2♂2♀ (BS 29032, 29112/29113, 29040); Buba Tombo (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29114/29115). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Villiers (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008), Pierre & Bernaud (2009, map).

48 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

*188. Acraea (Actinote) acerata Hewitson, 1874 WL: 20mm. A. acerata is a forest species, now reported for the first time for Guinea-Bissau. This constitutes the northernmost record of this species, as it was formerly known from Sierra Leone to Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, DRC, Sudan and Kenya, and south to Mozambique, northern Botswana and northern . The caterpillars feed on , Lepistemum and Merremia (Convolvulaceae), (Passifloraceae) and (Solanaceae). Studied material. Gabú: Beli (Boé), 02.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29339). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

189. Acraea (Actinote) bonasia (Fabricius, 1775) WL: 21mm. A. bonasia is known from all types of forest. It is distributed from Senegal to Cameroon, Fernando Pó (Bioko / Equatorial Guinea) and eastwards to Uganda, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya and south Sudan. Subspecies A. b. banka, described as endemic to Ethiopia, was recently placed in the species synonymy by Pierre & Bernaud (2013, 2014). Host-plants are Clappertonia and Triumfetta (Tiliaceae) and (Malvaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, a few specimens (JB). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Gabú, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1948), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008), Pierre & Bernaud (2009, map). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Subgenus Acraea (Acraea) Fabricius, 1807

*190. Acraea (Acraea) rogersi Hewitson, 1873 WL: 36mm. A. rogersi is a forest butterfly, sporadically occurring in open areas. It is now reported as a new species for Guinea-Bissau. This constitutes its northern geographical limit of distribution, as its previous known range extended from Sierra Leone to Nigeria and southwards to Angola. Subspecies A. r. lankesteri, from Uganda and western Kenya, is currently recognized as a junior synonym of A. rogersi (Pierre & Bernaud, 2013, 2014). The known host-plants are Adenia lobata (Passifloraceae) and Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 2 specimens of the brown morph (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

191. Acraea (Acraea) egina egina (Cramer, 1775) WL: 35mm. This subspecies is known from all types of forest, and ranges from Gambia to Nigeria and through equatorial Africa to Uganda, Kenya and south Sudan. Several subspecies have been previously described from East Africa; however, Pierre & Bernaud (2013, 2014) recently placed all of them in the nominate subspecies synonymy, with the exception of A. e. bellehui. Host-plants are reported to be some species of Flacourtiaceae and Passifloraceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Quinara, Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1948, 1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

192. Acraea (Acraea) pseudegina Westwood, 1852 WL: 34mm. A. pseudegina occurs more frequently in savanna, though it may also colonize forest and agricultural areas. It ranges from Senegal to Angola, Uganda, northwestern Tanzania, western Kenya, Ethiopia and southern Sudan. The caterpillars are known on some species of Passifloraceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rarely seen (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Biombo, Bissau, Gabú, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 49 (1910), Bacelar (1948, 1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

193. Acraea (Acraea) caecilia caecilia (Fabricius, 1781) WL: 27mm. A. caecilia is typical of Sudan savanna, but may displace southwards during the dry season, establishing non-permanent populations. It ranges from West Africa to Chad, south Sudan, Ethiopia and western Kenya. A. c. kulal, considered a synonymy of the nominate subspecies (Pierre & Bernaud 2013, 2014), can be found in the drier and higher areas of northern Kenya, while A. c. pudora is reported from eastern Kenya and the drier areas of Tanzania. Known host-plants are Wormskioldia pilosa (Turneraceae) and Adenia sp. (Passifloraceae). Studied material. Biombo: Quinhamel, 22.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29342). Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 18.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29341). Tombali: Saltinho, 08.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29390). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Bolama, Cacheu, Oio, Quinara Tombali. Auhors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

194. Acraea (Acraea) zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758) WL: 35mm. This is a forest species that can also occur in degraded forest and savanna woodland. The nominate subspecies is distributed from Senegal to Angola, Zambia and western Kenya. A. z. annobona is known from the Islands of Príncipe, S. Tomé and Annobon (Pagalu / Equatorial Guinea), and A. z. sidamona flies in the mountains of Ethiopia. Caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on several Flacourtiaceae, Acanthaceae and Passifloraceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent, (JB). Gabú: Beli, 05.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29117). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC) 15-18.07-2009, 2♂1♀ (BS 29033, 29119/29120). Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29034); Mato de Canamina (PNFC), 11.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29118); Guileje, 14.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29116). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Oio: Quinara, Tombali: Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1948), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

195. Acraea (Acraea) quirina quirina (Fabricius, 1781) WL: 21mm. This is a forest species that may also occur in the forest transition to Guinea savanna. It is known from Senegal to Angola, eastwards to western Kenya and Tanzania and south Sudan. A second subspecies, A. q. rosa, is known from Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania east of the Rift valley and Malawi. Known host-plants are species of Rinorea (Violaceae) and Drypetes (Euphorbiaceae). Studied material. Tombali: Mato de Lautchande (PNFC), 09.07.2009, 2♂ (BS 29121/29122). Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

196. Acraea (Acraea) neobule neobule Doubleday, 1847 WL: 23mm. The species is known to occur in savanna and cultivated areas throughout the Afrotropical Region. A. n. seis, described from Gambia and reported to extend from Senegal to Nigeria, is presently considered in the nominate subspecies synonymy as a somewhat darker morph (Larsen, 2005); subspecies A. n. arabica occurs in southwest Arabia and A. n. legrandi in the Seychelles. Caterpillars feed on species of Passifloraceae, Tiliaceae, Malvaceae and Convolvulaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

197. Acraea (Acraea) camaena (Drury, 1773) WL: 32mm. This species flies in dry forest, usually in small numbers, though population explosions may

50 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. occur. It ranges from Senegal to Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo and Angola. The caterpillars are known to feed on Passifloraceae and Verbenacaeae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Previous references. Regions: Tombali. Authors: Ackery et al. (1995), D’Abrera (1997), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

198. Acraea (Acraea) umbra umbra (Drury, 1782) WL: 38mm. The nominate subspecies occurs across West Africa from Gambia and Guinea-Bissau to eastern Nigeria, while A. u. macarioides is distributed from western Cameroon to western Tanzania and northern Zambia. A. u. carpenteri, described from the Bijagós Archipelago (no island reported), is currently considered in the nominate subspecies synonymy (Pierre & Bernaud 2013, 2014). The caterpillars are reported to feed on Adenia cisampelloides (Passifloraceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB) Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Le Doux (1937), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Ackery et al. (1995), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008), Pierre & Bernaud (2013). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

199. Acraea (Acraea) alcinoe alcinoe (Felder & Felder, 1865) WL: 35 mm. Described from Guinea-Bissau where it was collected by Ch. F. Neben (C. & R. Felder, 1865), the nominate subspecies ranges from the southern part of the country to southern Nigeria. Currently, only one other subspecies is recognized: A. a. nado from Ethiopia (Pierre & Bernaud, 2013, 2014). The known host-plants are species of Adenia (Passifloraceae). Previous references. Regions: Bissau, Quinara. Authors: C. & R. Felder (1865), Aurivillius (1910), Bivar- de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

200. Acraea (Acraea) epaea epaea (Cramer, 1779) WL: 33mm. A. epaea is a forest butterfly known to colonize degraded forests and dense Guinea savanna. It was described from Sierra Leone and the nominate subspecies ranges from Senegal to Angola and northern Zambia. Three other subspecies are currently recognized: A. e. insulana from Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), A. e. melina from southwestern Tanzania and Malawi, and A. e. homochroa from Ethiopia (Pierre & Bernaud, 2013, 2014). The caterpillars feed on Lindaeckeria and Adenia (Passifloraceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Phalanta Horsfield, 1829

201. Phalanta phalantha aethiopica (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903) WL: 27mm. The nominate subspecies flies in the Oriental Region. The present subspecies occurs in tropical Africa, usually in open forest and dense savanna. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on species of Celastraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Rubiaceae, Smilacaceae and Violaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Gabú, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bivar-de- Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Consciência et al. (2008). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 51 Family HESPERIIDAE Latreille, 1809

Subfamily Coeliadinae Evans, [1937]

Genus Coeliades Hübner, 1818

202. Coeliades aeschylus (Plötz, 1884) WL: 27mm. This species appears to be restricted to the Guinea savanna, ranging from Senegal to Burkina Faso. The caterpillars feed on Malpighiaceae. Studied material. Gabú: Canjadude to Ché Ché, 2 July, 2♂1♀ (BS 29510/29511). Tombali: Observed in Coli, July 2006 (BS). Previous references. Regions: Gabú, Oio, Tombali. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

203. forestan (Stoll, 1782) WL: 25mm. C. f. forestan is found throughout tropical Africa from forest to pre-desert zones. A second subspecies, C. f. arbogastes, is restricted to the Madagascan Region. The caterpillars are highly polyphagous, feeding mainly on Fabaceae, but also on Asclepiadaceae, Combretaceae, Malvaceae, Malpighiaceae, Geraniaceae and Rhizophoracae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 15.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29527). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Oio, Quinara, Tombali, Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: C; CS: LC.

204. (Fabricius, 1793) WL: 25mm. The species is distributed along tropical Africa, but is absent from the extreme biotopes: rain forests, very dry savanna and desert. The caterpillars feed on Asclepiadaceae, Fabaceae, Combretaceae and Malpighiaceae. Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

Subfamily Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878

Genus Tagiades Hübner, 1819

205. Tagiades flesus (Fabricius, 1781) WL: 23mm. T. flesus occurs across most of sub-Saharan Africa, in all types of forest as well as in Guinea Savanna. Known host-plants are some species of Rutaceae and Tiliaceae. Studied material. Bafatá: Dulombi, cashew, 27.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ0000110956). Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Gabú: Pataque, 1♀ (JG 29) (CZ 5899). Previous references. Regions: Cacheu, Oio, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Sarangesa Moore, 1881

206. Sarangesa laelius (Mabille, 1877) WL: 16mm. This is a woodland and Guinea savanna distributed from Mauritania to Nigeria, and from south Sudan to Malawi and Zimbabwe. The host-plants remain unknown, but other species of the genus feed primarily on Acanthaceae.

52 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. Studied material. Bafatá: Bagadadja, woodland, 24.02.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000010974). Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Gabú: Sintchá-Dembel, woodland, 22.03.2013, 1♀ (SV) (CZ000010978); Sintchã-Manga, woodland, 05.04.2013, 1♂2♀ (SV) (CZ000010975-000010977). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Quinara. Authors: Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

*207. Sarangesa phidyle (Walker, 1870) WL: 16mm. This species is centered on the Sudan savanna and the Sahel, known in West Africa from Gambia to northern Nigeria; it is now reported as a novelty for Guinea-Bissau, though Larsen (2005) already suspected its presence in the country. It also flies along most of equatorial and Central Africa, and in East Africa from southern Sudan to Malawi and Zimbabwe. The reported host-plants are Peristrophe and Barleria (Acanthaceae). Studied material. Cacheu, Caió, rare (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

208. Sarangesa brigida brigida Plӧtz, 1879 WL: 16mm. S. brigida occurs mainly in semi-deciduous forest, but is frequently found along forest trails, clearings and forest margins. The nominate subspecies ranges from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria and other subspecies are known along Central and East Africa. The host-plants remain unknown. Studied material. Quinara: Buba (ABRI, seen by Larsen). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

Genus Abantis Hopffer, 1855

*209. Abantis nigeriana nigeriana Butler, 1901 WL: 20mm. A. nigeriana is typical of Guinea savanna and is now assigned to Guinea-Bissau, though it was already known from Senegal, Gambia, Guinea and Burkina Faso (Larsen, 2005). Subspecies A. n. rougeoti was described from Gabon. The host-plants are still unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

210. Abantis elegantula elegantula (Mabille, 1890) WL: 20mm. This species appears to be more associated with forest than with savanna. The nominate subspecies reportedly occurs in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Burkina Faso and Nigeria. Subspecies A. e. decidua, whose validity is discussed by Mendes (2005), flies from Cameroon to PRC, CAR, DRC, south Sudan, western Kenya and Zambia. The caterpillars reportedly feed on spp. (Fabaceae). Previous references. Regions: Oio. Authors: Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Spialia Swinhoe, 1912

211. Spialia spio (Linnaeus, 1764) WL: 13mm. S. spio is one of the smallest skippers and is reported to occur in all types of savanna and in agricultural lands throughout tropical Africa and southern Arabia. Known host-plants are several species of Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. Studied material. Quinara: Cantanha (PNLC), 17.07.2006, 1♂ (BS 25733). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Oio. Authors: Aurivillius (1909), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 53 212. Spialia dromus Plӧtz, 1884 WL: 13mm. This is a common savanna skipper frequently found in degraded areas, particularly agricultural lands, across Africa. It is easily mistaken for S. spio, from which it is distinguished by the presence of a solid rather than broken white band on the hindwing verso. Caterpillars feed on several species of Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

213. Spialia ploetzi occidentalis de Jong, 1977 WL: 14mm. This is a forest species, though it may also occur in savanna. The present subspecies ranges along West Africa from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria, while the nominate subspecies is distributed from Cameroon to Congo and DRC, Uganda, western Kenya and northwestern Tanzania. The caterpillars feed on Tiliaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Quinara: Buba (ABRI, seen by Larsen). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809

Genus Astictopterus Felder & Felder, 1860

*214. Astictopterus abjecta (Snellen, 1872) WL: 16mm. This is a savanna species that may also colonize degraded forest. It was erroneously assigned as Semalea pulvina by Mendes et al. (2007), but is now corrected; both genus and species are thus assigned for the first time to Guinea-Bissau. All of the reported specimens were obtained in the PNLC. S. pulvina remains, however, part of the Guinea-Bissau fauna—see ahead. A. abjecta occurs across West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, also extending to Congo, DRC, Angola and Zambia (Ackery et al. 1995, Larsen, 2005). Host-plants are unknown. Studied material. Cacheu: Banhinda (PNTC), 25.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29584). Previous references. Regions: Gabú, Quinara (as Semalea pulvina). Authors: Mendes et al. 2007. Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

Genus Gorgyra Holland, 1896

215. Gorgyra subfacatus Mabille, 1890 WL: 12mm. Mainly a forest species, G. subfacatus can also occur in degraded areas. It is known in West Africa from Guinea-Bissau to Nigeria. The host-plants are unknown, but in other species of the genus the caterpillars feed on some and Euphorbiaceae. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Pardaleodes Butler, 1870

216. Pardaleodes incerta murcia Plӧtz, 1883 WL: 16mm. P. incert a is known from forest-savanna transition zones and riverine forest. It is distributed across tropical Africa from Senegal to the Congo area and Gabon, and replaced by the nominate subspecies in East Africa. The caterpillars feed on Poaceae. Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

54 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. 217. Pardaleodes edipus Stoll, 1781 WL: 16mm. According to Larsen (2005), this species is the most common of the skippers occurring in West African forests, though it does not appear to be abundant or widespread in Guinea-Bissau. It is found across West Africa from Senegal to DRC. Host-plants are still unknown. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Xanthodisca Aurivillius, 1925

218. Xanthodisca rega Mabille, 1890 WL: 14mm. The species is known from all forest types, ranging from Senegal to Cameroon and Gabon. The host-plants are species of Afromomum (Zingiberaceae). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location: Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Acleros Mabille, 1885

219. Acleros ploetzi Mabille, 1890 WL: 15mm. A. ploetzi is widely distributed in forest biotopes but is also present in secondary vegetation. It is known from Senegal to Angola, western Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique. The caterpillars are known to feed on Vigna unguiculata (Fabaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB). Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Quinara. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de- Carvalho (1987), Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1997), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

220. Acleros mackenii olaus Plӧtz, 1884 WL: 14mm. A. mackenii also occurs in forest areas and in degraded forest. The present subspecies ranges from Senegal to Angola, DRC, Uganda and Burundi, while the nominate subspecies flies in southern Africa. The caterpillars are polyphagous, feeding on Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae and Malpighiaceae. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999) at species level, Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Semalea Holland, 1896

221. Semalea pulvina (Plӧtz, 1879) WL: 16mm. This species inhabits forests and occurs along most of tropical Africa from Senegal to Angola, Uganda, Kenya and Mozambique. Caterpillars reportedly feed on Zingiberaceae. Previous references. Regions: Bolama, Gabú. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC. Obs.: As previously mentioned, the PNLC references to this species by Mendes et al. (2007), actually concern Astictopterus abjecta.

Genus Meza Hemming, 1939

222. Meza indusiata (Mabille, 1891)

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 55 WL: 17mm. This is an uncommon skipper that inhabits all types of forest and is known from Senegal to Angola and Uganda. The caterpillars feed on Hugonia (Linaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

223. Meza meza (Hewitson, 1877) WL: 16mm. The species is known from degraded forest habitats, and is possibly the most common among the known species of Meza (Larsen, 2005). It is distributed from Senegal to Angola and Uganda. According to Vuattoux (1999), the caterpillars feed on the monocotyledonous (Poaceae), a statement disputed by Larsen (2005) as all the remaining species in the genus feed on dicotyledonous species. Previous references. Regions: Bolama. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Zophopetes Mabille, 1904

*224. Zophopetes ganda Evans, 1937 WL: 20mm. Z. ganda is assigned for the first time to Guinea-Bissau, which now constitutes the northernmost geographical limit of its known range. This species is known by rare specimens from West Africa (Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigeria), Cameroon, Gabon, CAR, Uganda and Tanzania (Larsen, 2005). The caterpillars feed on Arecaceae, frequent in the area of Cantanhez, where most of the production of palm-oil (Elaeis guineensis) in the country is carried out. Studied material. Tombali: Jemberem (PNFC), 14.07.2009, 1♀ (BS 29526). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: R.

225. Zophopetes cerymica (Hewitson, 1867) WL: 27mm. Z. cerymica is a crepuscular species distributed from Senegal to Angola and eastern DRC. Its distribution follows that of its host-plants - several palm species including coconut trees (Arecaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common (JB), in the ABRI. Previous references. Regions: Cacheu, Oio. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

*226. Zophopetes quaternata (Mabille, 1876) WL: 22mm. As in the previous species, Z. quaternata is distributed according to the occurrence of its host- plant Phoenix reclinata (Arecaceae), but was known only from Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is reported for the first time from Guinea-Bissau. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, 1 specimen (JB) at ABRI. Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Monza Evans, 1937

227. Monza cretacea (Snellen, 1872) WL: 17mm. This forest species is distributed from Guinea-Bissau to Angola, DRC, Uganda, Tanzania and western Kenya. The caterpillars are known to feed on and officinarum (Poaceae). Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

Genus Fresna Evans, 1937

56 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. *228. Fresna netopha (Hewitson, 1878) WL: 17mm. This species occurs mainly in the transition between forest and Guinea savanna, and is distributed from Guinea-Bissau - from where it is reported as a faunistic novelty—to DRC, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, and northeastern Zambia. The caterpillars feed on Pericopsis (Fabaceae). Studied material. Quinara: Buba (ABRI, seen by Larsen). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: LC.

229. Fresna cojo (Karsch, 1893) WL: 19mm. F. cojo is known in all types of forest and ranges from Senegal to DRC, Uganda, western Kenya, northwestern Tanzania and southwards to Zambia (Larsen, 2005). The caterpillars also feed on Fabaceae. Studied material. Quinara: Buba (deposited in the ABRI, seen by Larsen). Previous references. Regions: Without a precise location. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Gretna Evans, 1937

*230. Gretna waga (Plötz, 1886) WL: 22mm. G. w aga is a small crepuscular forest skipper. Both the genus and species are now reported for the first time from Guinea-Bissau, although occurrence in the country was foreseeable as it was previously known in West Africa from Senegal to southern Nigeria. This species also flies in Cameroon, Gabon, Congo and DRC, reaching Uganda. The caterpillars are known to feed on oil palm, Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*231– Gretna cylinda (Hewitson, 1876) WL: 22mm. This is a small crepuscular skipper inhabiting forest areas and occasionally using open habitats. In West Africa it was formerly known from Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Nigeria, and is now reported for the first time from Guinea-Bissau. It also flies in equatorial Africa to Angola, south Sudan, Uganda and northwestern Tanzania. The caterpillars feed on several , such as Trachyphrynium braunianum, Thalia welwitschii and Marantochloa cuspidata. Studied material. : Dembel Uri, woodland, 30.04.2013, 1♀, (SV) (CZ000010961). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Platylesches Holland, 1896

*232. Platylesches galesa (Hewitson, 1877) WL 17mm. P. galesa is a forest skipper that can also occur in savanna woodland. It ranges from Senegal to Gabon, eastwards to Uganda, Tanzania, DRC (Shaba), Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and is now reported as a faunistic novelty for Guinea-Bissau. The caterpillars are known to feed on (Chrysobalanaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*233. Platylesches picanini (Holland, 1894) WL: 14mm. This is the second species of the genus that is new for Guinea-Bissau. It occurs in dry forest, but also inhabits areas of dense Guinea savanna in West Africa. The species ranges from Senegal to DRC, Uganda, southwest Kenya and southwards to South Africa. The caterpillars feed, like those of the preceding species, on Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae). Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, several specimens (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 57 234. Platylesches affinissima Strand, 1921 WL: 15mm. The species is typical of Guinea savanna in West Africa, and is distributed from Senegal to Nigeria. There are also references from Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The caterpillars feed, like those of the two preceding species, on Chrysobalanaceae. Previous references. Regions: Bafatá, Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Pelopidas Walker, 1870

235. Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius, 1798) WL: 17mm. P. mathias is a ubiquitous pan-African skipper, present throughout sub-Saharan Africa, southern Arabia, Madagascar and Comoro Islands. It extends to the Oriental Region (it was described from India) and to New Guinea. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on a variety of Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB). Previous references. Regions: Quinara, Tombali. Authors: Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

236. Pelopidas thrax (Hübner, 1821) WL: 19mm. This is another ubiquitous Afrotropical skipper that also occurs in part of the Palearctic and Oriental Regions. it was described from Syria. The caterpillars feed on various Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió (JB). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Bolama, Cacheu. Authors: Aurivillius (1910), Bacelar (1949), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

Genus Borbo Evans, 1949

*237. Borbo fanta (Evans, 1937) WL: 18mm. This is a savanna skipper that ranges along most of Africa from Gambia to Angola, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe to Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Its occurrence in Guinea-Bissau, reported here for the first time, was thus expected. The caterpillars feed on Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

238. Borbo borbonica borbonica (Boisduval, 1833) WL: 19mm. B. borbonica is a skipper known to occur mainly in dry savanna, though it also enters degraded forest. The species has a pan-Afican distribution and was described from Reunion Island. Subspecies B. b. zelleri flies in North Africa, and was reported by Larsen (2005) as a potential synonym of the nominate subspecies. B. b. morella is restricted to the Aldabra and Seychelles Islands. The caterpillars are polyphagous and feed on Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, common (JB). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Gabú, Oio, Quinara. Authors: Bacelar (1949), Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987) as B. fatuellus, Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: F; CS: LC.

239. Borbo gemella (Mabille, 1884) WL: 16mm. In West Africa this species occurs in the Guinea and Sudan savannas. It ranges all along the Afrotropical Region, including southern Arabia and the Madagascan Region. The caterpillars also feed on a variety of Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, frequent (JB). Tombali: Buba Tombo (PNLC), 15.07.2009, 1♂ (BS 29525). Previous references. Regions: Biombo, Quinara. Authors: Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

58 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. 240. Borbo fatuellus fatuellus (Hopffer, 1855) WL: 19mm. B. fatuellus is one of the most common African skippers and is found in all types of forest, as well as dense savanna. Its nominate subspecies occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, deserts excluded. Two additional subspecies were described from the São Tomé and Príncipe and the Comoro Islands. Caterpillars feed on several Poaceae. Previous references. Regions: Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes (1999) as Borbo borbonica, Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

241. Borbo holtzi (Plӧtz, 1883) WL: 16mm. This is a savanna skipper known to colonize degraded forest areas. It ranges from Senegal to Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and along East Africa southwards to South Africa. As happens with most of the Borbo species, the caterpillars feed on Poaceae. Previous references. Regions: Biombo. Authors: Bacelar (1949) as Parnara fatuella, Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: LC.

Genus Parnara Moore, 1881

242. Parnara monasi Trimen, 1889 WL: 15mm. P. monasi is not a common savanna skipper and occurs across Africa with the exception of very dry areas. The caterpillars feed on Poaceae, sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum) included, mainly close to humid areas. Previous references. Regions: Oio. Authors: Bacelar (1949) as B. fatuella, Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

Genus Gegenes Hübner, 1819

243. Gegenes niso brevicornis (Plötz, 1884) WL: 13mm. This is a savanna skipper that frequently flies in degraded forests and open areas. The present subspecies occurs throughout Africa, except for Botswana and South Africa where the nominate subspecies is known. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, rare (JB). Previous references. Regions: Oio, Quinara. Authors: Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho (1987), Larsen (2005), Mendes et al. (2007). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: R; CS: I.

*244. Gegenes hottentota Latreille, 1824 WL: 14mm. G. hottentota occurs primarily in dry forest, although it may also fly in herbaceous exposed areas and in forest clearings. This species was not previously known from Guinea-Bissau although it is distributed throughout Africa and in southwestern Arabia. The caterpillars feed on several Poaceae. Studied material. Cacheu: Caió, not frequent (JB). Probable abundance and proposed status. AB: NF; CS: I.

List of species with a high probability of occurring in Guinea-Bissau, but which have not yet been observed in the country (species whose known range extends from Gambia or Senegal to other West African countries)

Family Lycaenidae

Subfamily Miletinae

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 59 Lachnocnema emperamus (Snellen, 1872) Lachnocnema vuattouxi Libert, 1996

Subfamily Theclinae Iolaus (Iolaphilus) iulus (Hewitson, 1869) Stugeta marmoreus marmoreus (Butler, 1866)

Subfamily Polyommatinae Triclema nigeriae (Aurivillius, 1905)

Family Nymphalidae Subfamily Charaxinae eurinome eurinome (Cramer, 1775) Palla decius (Cramer, 1777)

Subfamily Limenitidinae chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) Neptis alta Overlaet, 1955

Subfamily Heliconiinae Acraea (Acraea) vesperalis Grose-Smith, 1890

Family Hesperiidae Subfamily Pyrginae Eagris denuba denuba (Plötz, 1879) Eretis lugens (Rogenhofer, 1891) Triskelionia tricerata (Mabille, 1891)

Subfamily Hesperiinae Andronymus neander neander (Plötz, 1884) Artitropa comus (Stoll, 1782) Borbo fallax (Gaede, 1916) Borbo micans (Holland, 1896) Borbo perobscura (Druce, 1912) Caenides dacela (Hewitson, 1876) galenus (Fabricius, 1793) Gegenes pumilio gambica (Mabille, 1878) Hypoleucis ophiusa ophiusa (Hewitson, 1866) Leona halma (Evans, 1937) Monza alberti (Holland, 1896) Parosmodes morantii axis Evans, 1937 Platylesches chamaeleon (Mabille, 1891) Platylesches morigambia (Larsen, 2013) Semalea arela (Mabille, 1891)

Species reported from the forests of Guinea may also occur in Guinea-Bissau’s southern Tombali region (Cantanhez and Cacine forests) and on the border between the southeastern Boé sector and Guinea. Those known from dry savanna in Mauritania, and southern Senegal (Basse Casamance), may also extend to the drier areas of northern Guinea-Bissau.

General biodiversity

A total of 244 butterfly species are now known to occur in Guinea-Bissau, which corresponds to almost 20 % of the total number of Papilionoidea reported from West Africa by Larsen (2005) (Table 2).

60 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. TABLE 2. The number (and respective percentage) of butterfly species per family and superfamily from Guinea-Bissau (GB), in relation to the total number reported for West Africa (WA) by Larsen (2005). WA GB % Papilionoidea 1447 244 16.9 Papilionidae 34 10 29.4 Pieridae 79 26 32.9 Lycaenidae 521 67 12.9 Riodinidae 8 0 0 Nymphalidae 548 98 17.9 Hesperiidae 257 43 16.7

Relative to what is known of the West African butterfly fauna, one family, Riodinidae, remains unknown from Guinea-Bissau (Consciência et al. 2009). Mainland African riodinids were formerly accepted as belonging to genus Abisara, but were recently placed in genus Afriodinia (D’Abrera 2009). In West Africa, only Afriodinia tantalus (Hewitson, 1861) is known to occur in neighbouring Guinea (restricted to the Mount Nimba area), while Afriodinia gerontes (Fabricius, 1781) is assigned from Sierra Leone. The remaining species reportedly occur from Ghana or Nigeria eastwards. The Nymphalidae are the most diverse family, with 98 species (40 % of the total) reported for the country. Apart from the Lycaenidae, this family showed the highest increase in the number of species in relation to previous information. Contrary to what our former data suggested, the Lycaenidae are now the second most diverse family, followed by the Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Riodinidae (Table 2).

TABLE 3. List of butterfly species reported for Guinea-Bissau, their occurrence within Protected Areas and primary habitat. Habitats: Following Belcastro & Larsen (2006) UBQ—Ubiquitous (species that occur in almost all types of habitats) ALF—Species that typically occur in all types of forest FLH —Species primarily associated with damp forests FLSD — Species primarily associated with semi-deciduous forests DRF —Species associated with dry forest and forest-savanna mosaic GUI—Species common in the Guinea savanna, extending into farmbush in the forest zone SUD —Species centered on the Sudan savanna and the Sahel, which migrate southwards during drier periods SPE—Species typical of specialized habitats. 1. Shady areas close to water; 2. Marshy areas and bogs; 3. Palm groves * New species for Guinea-Bissau.

Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat Fam.Papilionidae Subfam. Papilioninae 1 Papilio d. dardanus x ALF 2 Papilio s. sosia ALF 3 Papilio n. nireus x x x x ALF 4 Papilio m. menestheus x FLSD 5 Papilio d. demodocus x x x UBQ *6 Papilio c. cyproeofila FLSD ...... continued on the next page

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 61 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat 7 Graphium angolanus baronis x x x GUI 8 Graphium l. leonidas x x x UBQ 9 Graphium p. policenes x x x ALF 10 Graphium antheus x x x DRF Fam. Pieridae Subfam. Coliadinae 11 Catopsilia florella x x x UBQ 12 Eurema senegalensis x FLSD 13 Eurema hecabe solifera x x x x UBQ *14 Eurema floricola leonis x x x x x GUI 15 Eurema desjardinsii regularis UBQ 16 Eurema b. brigitta x x GUI Subfam. Pierinae 17 Pinacopteryx eriphia tritogenia SUD 18 Nepheronia a. argia x ALF *19 Nepheronia t. thalassina ALF 20 Colotis a. antevippe SUD 21 Colotis e. euippe x x x UBQ *22 Colotis evagore antigone SUD 23 Belenois a. aurota x SUD *24 Belenois c. creona SUD 25 Belenois c. calypso x x ALF 26 Belenois t. theora x ALF 27 Belenois hedyle ianthe x x DRF 28 Dixeia o. orbona SUD 29 Appias s. sylvia x x ALF 30 Appias e. epaphia x UBQ 31 Leptosia a. alcesta x x ALF 32 Leptosia n. nupta FLH 33 Leptosia h. hybrida x ALF 34 Leptosia medusa FLSD 35 Leptosia wigginsi pseudalcesta x x ALF 36 Mylothris c. chloris x x UBQ Fam. Lycaenidae Subfam. Miletinae 37 Spalgis lemolea pilos DRF Subfam. Lipteninae 38 Pentila pauli abri DRF *39 Pentila preussi fayei x DRF 40 Pseuderesia e. eleaza FLSD 41 Eresina maesseni x ALF ...... continued on the next page

62 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat 42 Liptena ferrymani bissau x DRF 43 Cerautola c. crowleyi FLSD *44 Stempfferia leonina FLSD Subfam. Theclinae 45 Myrina s. silenus GUI 46 Myrina s. subornata GUI 47 Oxylides f. faunus x FLSD 48 Dapidodigma hymen FLSD 49 Aphnaeus orcas ALF 50 Aphnaeus brahami bakeri GUI *51 Apharitis nilus SUD *52 Cigaritis larseni x x GUI 53 Zeritis neriene x SUD 54 Axiocerces h. harpax x GUI *55 Axiocerces amanga SUD *56 Iolaus m. menas SUD *57 Iolaus eurisus helius ALF 58 Iolaus ismenias SUD 59 Iolaus calisto ALF *60 Iolaus djaloni DRF *61 Iolaus i. iasis ALF 62 Hypolycaena p. philippus x GUI 63 Hypolycaena anara x DRF *64 Hypolycaena condamini x GUI 65 Pilodeudorix zela x FLSD 66 Pilodeudorix aurivilliusi FLSD 67 Paradeudorix eleala parallela ALF 67A Paradeudorix eleala cufadana x ALF 68 Hypomyrina nomion DRF 69 Deudorix antalus GUI 70 Deudorix lorisona abriana x ALF Subfam. Polyommatinae 71 Anthene s. sylvanus ALF 72 Anthene liodes monteironis x x ALF 73 Anthene princeps x GUI 74 Anthene a. amarah x SUD 75 Anthene lunulata grosei x GUI *76 Anthene irumu ALF 77 Anthene larydas x x x ALF 78 Anthene crawshayi vuattouxi x GUI 79 Triclema phoenicis DRF ...... continued on the next page

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 63 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat 80 Triclema l. lamias ALF 81 Triclema hades FLSD 82 Pseudonacaduba s. sichela UBQ 83 Lampides boeticus x UBQ 84 Uranothauma falkensteini x x ALF 85 Cacyreus lingeus x GUI 86 Leptotes pirithous x x x x x UBQ *87 Leptotes babaulti GUI 88 Leptotes jeanneli x GUI 89 Eicochrysops hippocrates x SPE-1 90 Cupidopsis c. cissus x GUI 91 Euchrysops malathana UBQ 92 Euchrysops o. osiris x GUI 93 Lepidochrysops synchrematiza x GUI *94 Lepidochrysops polydialecta x x SUD 95 Oboronia guessfeldti x DRF *96 Azanus jesous SUD *97 Azanus moriqua SUD 98 Azanus mirza x x UBQ 99 Azanus isis x x DRF 100 Chilades eleusis SUD 101 Zizeeria knysna x x UBQ *102 Zizula hylax UBQ *103 Zizina antanossa GUI Fam. Nymphalidae Subfam. Danainae 104 Danaus c. chrysippus x x x UBQ *105 Tirumala petiverana GUI 106 Amauris n. niavius GUI *107 Amauris d. damocles DRF Subfam. Satyrinae 108 Gnophodes betsimena parmeno x ALF 109 Melanitis leda x x UBQ 110 Melanitis libya x UBQ 111 Bicyclus zinebi ALF 112 Bicyclus procora FLSD 113 Bicyclus milyas GUI 114 Bicyclus taenias x ALF 115 Bicyclus vulgaris x x x x x ALF 116 Bicyclus d. dorothea x ALF 117 Bicyclus sandace ALF ...... continued on the next page

64 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat 118 Bicyclus mandanes x DRF 119 Bicyclus a. angulosus x GUI 120 Bicyclus s. safitza x x GUI 121 Bicyclus funebris x DRF 122 Bicyclus istaris x FLSD 123 Ypthima a. asterope SUD 124 Ypthima doleta x x ALF 125 Ypthimomorpha itonia x SPE-2 Subfam. Charaxinae 126 Charaxes varanes vologeses x GUI 127 Charaxes fulvescens senegala x ALF 128 Charaxes p. protoclea x ALF 129 Charaxes b. boueti DRF 130 Charaxes epijasius GUI 131 Charaxes c. castor DRF 132 Charaxes b. brutus DRF *133 Charaxes t. tiridates ALF 134 Charaxes n. numenes ALF 135 Charaxes i. imperialis DRF 136 Charaxes achaemenes atlantica x GUI *137 Charaxes e. eupale ALF 138 Charaxes a. anticlea x ALF *139 Charaxes e. etheocles ALF 140 Charaxes v. viola x SUD Subfam. Nymphalinae 141 Vanessa cardui x x UBQ *142 Precis o. octavia x GUI 143 Precis antilope x GUI 144 Precis pelarga ALF 145 Hypolimnas misippus x UBQ 146 Hypolimnas a. anthedon x ALF *147 Salamis c. cacta x ALF 148 Junonia orithya madagascariensis x SUD 149 Junonia o. oenone x x UBQ 150 Junonia hierta cebrene x x SUD *151 Junonia c. cymodoce x FLSD 152 Junonia s. sophia ALF 153 Junonia stygia x x ALF 154 Junonia chorimene GUI 155 Junonia t. terea x x ALF *156 Catacroptera cloanthe ligata x GUI ...... continued on the next page

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 65 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat Subfam. Cyrestinae 157 Cyrestis c. camillus x ALF Subfam. Biblidinae 158 Byblia anvatara crameri x UBQ *159 Ariadne albifascia x ALF Subfam. Limenitidinae 160 Cymothoe mabillei FLSD 161 Pseudacraea eurytus ALF 162 Pseudacraea l. lucretia x x ALF 163 Neptis n. nemetes x ALF 164 Neptis s. serena x DRF 165 Neptis kiriakoffi x x GUI 166 Neptis morosa GUI 167 Neptis nysiades ALF 168 Neptis quintilla FLSD 169 Neptis a. agouale ALF 170 Neptis melicerta x x ALF 171 Hamanumida daedalus x x GUI 172 Aterica g. galene x x x ALF 173 Euriphene g. gambiae x x ALF 174 Euriphene ampedusa x ALF 175 Bebearia senegalensis DRF 176 Bebearia sophus phreone x x ALF 177 Bebearia phantasina ultima x x x ALF 178 Euphaedra medon pholus x x ALF 179 Euphaedra hastiri hastiri x x DRF 180 Euphaedra xypete FLSD *181 Euphaedra phaethusa aurea ALF 182 Euphaedra inanum x FLSD 183 Euphaedra villiersi x x DRF 184 Euphaedra h. harpalyce x x ALF Subfam. Heliconiinae 185 Acraea e. encedon UBQ 186 Acraea l. lycoa ALF 187 Acraea serena x x UBQ *188 Acraea acerata ALF 189 Acraea b. bonasia x ALF *190 Acraea rogersi FLSD 191 Acraea e. egina x ALF 192 Acraea pseudegina x UBQ 193 Acraea c. caecilia x SUD ...... continued on the next page

66 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat 194 Acraea z. zetes x x ALF 195 Acraea q. quirina x x ALF 196 Acraea n. neobule UBQ 197 Acraea camaena DRF 198 Acraea u. umbra x ALF 199 Acraea a. alcinoe FLSD 200 Acraea e. epaea x ALF 201 Phalanta phalantha aethiopica UBQ Fam. Hesperiidae Subfam. Coeliadinae 202 Coeliades aeschylus GUI 203 Coeliades f. forestan x UBQ 204 Coeliades pisistratus ALF Subfam. Pyrginae 205 Tagiades flesus x x x ALF 206 Sarangesa laelius x GUI *207 Sarangesa phidyle SUD 208 Sarangesa b.brigida FLSD *209 Abantis n. nigeriana GUI 210 Abantis e. elegantula DRF 211 Spialia spio x SUD 212 Spialia dromus x GUI 213 Spialia ploetzi occidentalis ALF Subfam. Hesperiinae *214 Astictopterus abjecta x x GUI 215 Gorgyra subfacatus x ALF 216 Pardaleodes incerta murcia x GUI 217 Pardaleodes edipus x ALF 218 Xanthodisca rega ALF 219 Acleros ploetzi x ALF 220 Acleros mackenii olaus x ALF 221 Semalea pulvina ALF 222 Meza indusiata ALF 223 Meza meza ALF *224 Zophopetes ganda x SPE-3 225 Zophopetes cerymica SPE-3 *226 Zophopetes quaternata SPE-3 227 Monza cretacea ALF *228 Fresna netopha DRF 229 Fresna cojo ALF *230 Gretna waga ALF ...... continued on the next page

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 67 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Families/Subfamilies/Species PNTC PNFC PNLC PND PNB Primary number habitat *231 Gretna cylinda FLSD *232 Platylesches galesa x ALF *233 Platylesches picanini ALF 234 Platylesches affinissima DRF 235 Pelopidas mathias x UBQ 236 Pelopidas thrax x UBQ *237 Borbo fanta GUI 238 Borbo b. borbonica x GUI 239 Borbo gemella x GUI 240 Borbo f. fatuellus x UBQ 241 Borbo holtzi GUI 242 Parnara monasi GUI 243 Gegenes niso brevicornis x GUI *244 Gegenes hottentota DRF

Among the species currently recognised from Guinea-Bissau, more than half (56 %) are primarily forest- dwellers, 29 % occur mainly in savanna habitats, 12.7 % are ubiquitous and only 2 % are known from specialized biotopes (Tables 3 and 4). Almost 60% of the species do not qualify as threatened (LC) and approximately 30 % are still insufficiently studied (I). The remaining 10 % are either threatened (EX, VU) or rare (R) (Table 4). The forest species are almost twice as diverse as the savanna species, which is in line with our previous note (Consciência et al. 2009) and Jones & Campredon (1992), reporting Guinea-Bissau’s original biome as a mosaic of lowland forest and woodland. The country has since undergone extensive deforestation, with an annual decrease in closed and open forest of 1.17 % between 1990 and 2007, mainly as a result of slash-and-burn agriculture and conversion into cashew plantations (Oom et al. 2009). Recent research from Guinea-Bissau has shown that the loss of native forests due to cashew expansion has significant negative effects on the richness and abundance of trophic and habitat specialist butterflies (Vasconcelos et al. 2015). Thus, remnant forest patches typically found around villages may be fundamental to the persistence of sylvicolous species.

Protected versus Non-Protected Areas

More than half (59 %) of the butterfly species currently known from Guinea-Bissau has been recorded in at least one of the country’s Protected Areas (PA), with the other 41 % only observed in Non-Protected Areas (NPA) (Tables 3 and 4). Almost 50 % of the species have been recorded within the PNLC (Table 3), most likely due to the numerous studies developed in the area since 1999 (Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes 1999; Mendes et al. 2007, 2008, 2009; Bivar-de-Sousa et al. 2008a, 2008b; Consciência et al. 2009). It is followed by the PNFC where 53 species (21.7 %) have been recorded, and the PNTC with 22 species (9%). The PNB and PND hold the lowest known butterfly diversity, with only 16 species (6.6 %) and 11 species (4.5 %) reported to date (Table 3). The low numbers recorded in both of these parks reflect the scarcity of studies carried out in those areas, as a result of their recent delineation and unofficial status. Around half of the species recorded within the country’s PA occur mainly in forest habitats, followed by those associated with savanna (29 %), ubiquitous species (17.4 %) and species occupying specialized biotopes (2.2 %) (Tables 3 and 4). Similar percentages of forest (62.3 %), savanna (29.2 %) and specialized (2 %) species have been reported from the NPA, although the percentage of ubiquitous species is proportionately lower (6.6 %) (Tables 3 and 4).

68 · Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press BIVAR-DE-SOUSA ET AL. TABLE 4. The number of species per family recorded within Guinea-Bissau’s Protected and Non-Protected Areas. Species are categorized according to their preferential habitat (ALF—all types of forest; DRF—dry forest; FLH—damp forest; FLSD—semi-deciduous forest; GUI—Guinea savanna; SUD—Sudan savanna; SPE—specialized biotopes; UBQ—ubiquitous) and proposed conservation status (EX—Extinct; VU—Vulnerable; R—Rare; LC—Least Concern; I—Insufficient information). Protected Areas Non-Protected Areas EX VU R LC I EX VU R LC I ALF Papilionidae 1 2 1 Pieridae 1 5 1 1 Lycaenidae 2 3 1 3 1 3 Nymphalidae 23 7 4 10 Hesperiidae 3 3 4 6 DRF Papilionidae 1 Pieridae 1 Lycaenidae 3 2 2 1 2 Nymphalidae 5 3 4 Hesperiidae 1 3 FLH Pieridae 1 FLSD Papilionidae 1 1 Pieridae 1 1 Lycaenidae 1 1 4 2 Nymphalidae 3 6 Hesperiidae 1 1 GUI Papilionidae 1 Pieridae 2 Lycaenidae 8 4 2 1 3 Nymphalidae 8 1 4 2 Hesperiidae 5 2 3 2 SUD Pieridae 1 1 Lycaenidae 2 1 1 3 3 Nymphalidae 4 1 Hesperiidae 1 2 3 SPE Lycaenidae 1 Nymphalidae 1 Hesperiidae 1 1 1 UBQ Papilionidae 2 Pieridae 5 1 Lycaenidae 4 3 Nymphalidae 9 1 2 Hesperiidae 4

BUTTERFLIES OF GUINEA-BISSAU. VIII. Zootaxa 4201 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 69 Most of the species recorded within Guinea-Bissau’s PA network are of least concern (75.4 %), while 18 % are insufficiently studied, 5.8 % are vulnerable and 1 hesperid, Zophopetes ganda, is classified as rare (Table 4). In contrast, in the NPA fewer least concern species have been recorded (35 %), while higher percentages of poorly studied (48 %) and vulnerable (16 %) species have been observed (Table 4). One pierid, Leptosia nupta, is thought to be extinct in the country. In spite of fewer localities prospected in the PA (Table 1; Fig. 1) more than half of the species now known from Guinea-Bissau were recorded within these areas. Nevertheless, a large number of the species was only observed outside of the PA limits, and remains unprotected. Furthermore, most of the species in the PA are not threatened, whereas a greater proportion of those recorded in the NPA qualify as vulnerable. These findings reflect the concentration of studies and conservation efforts in the PA, as can be seen by the high percentage of insufficiently studied species in the NPA (almost 50 %). In addition, lack of knowledge of species’ distributions in the country, together with the establishment of PA based mainly on information from high- profile faunistic groups (e.g. mammals and birds) and/or habitats, can lead to the biased protection of some groups in detriment of others.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the IBAP, particularly Dr. Alfredo Simão da Silva for his personal interest and support. We are equally grateful to the personnel of the Natural Parks, namely Dr. Fernando Dias at the PNTC and Dr. Honório Pereira at PNLC. Thanks are due to Steve Collins of ABRI for his support and encouragement, Dr. Oskar Brattström for help with the genus Bicyclus, and Dr. Michel Libert for correcting some previous Lycaenidae misidentifications. Prof. Artur Serrano is acknowledged for his participation in the 2009 expedition with BS, and our colleague Fernanda Rosa, for contributing with photographic data. We further distinguish António Maria Gonçalves Bivar-de-Sousa for preparing many of the studied specimens, and Fernando Pinto da Costa for his assistance during the stay in Bissau and Quinhamel, Biombo. SV was funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) through grant SFRH/BI/51643/2011, and JG was funded by the Foundation Chimbo (http://www.chimbo.org) that cooperates with the local NGO Daridibó (http://www.daridibo.org).

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