DOCSLIB.ORG

Sweetpotato Major Pests.P65

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Sweetpotato:Sweetpotato:Sweetpotato: MajorMajorMajor PPPests,ests,ests, Diseases,Diseases, andand NutritionalNutritional DisordersDisordersDisorders T. Ames, N.E.J.M. Smit, A.R. Braun, J.N. O’Sullivan, and L.G. Skoglund ISBN 92-9060-187-6 Sweetpotato: Major Pests, Diseases, and Nutritional Disorders T. Ames, N.E.J.M. Smit, A.R. Braun, J.N. O’Sullivan, and L.G. Skoglund International Potato Center (CIP) C O N T E N T S The International Potato Center (CIP) is a scientific, nonprofit institution dedicated to the increased and more sustainable use of potato, Page sweetpotato, and other roots and tubers in the Foreword vii developing world, and to the improved management of agricultural resources in the Acknowledgments viii Andes and other mountain areas. CIP is part of the global agricultural research network known as the Consultative Group on Introduction 1 International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). CGIAR Insect Pests of Sweetpotato and Their Management 3 International Potato Center Apartado 1558 Storage Root Feeders 4 Lima 12, Peru Sweetpotato Weevils (Cylas spp.) 4 West Indian Sweetpotato Weevil (Euscepes ISBN 92-9060-187-6 postfasciatus)10 Press run: 1000 Rough Sweetpotato Weevil (Blosyrus sp.) 12 Printed in Lima, Peru August, 1997 Clearwing Moth (Synanthedon spp.) 14 Peloropus Weevil (Peloropus batatae)14 Cover: Photo of chlorotic spots with and without purple margins induced White Grubs 15 by SPFMV (taken by S. Fuentes). Stemborers and Feeders 16 T. Ames, N.E.J.M. Smit, A.R. Braun, J.N. O’Sullivan, and L.G. Skoglund. Clearwing Moth (Synanthedon spp.) 16 1996. Sweetpotato: Major Pests, Diseases, and Nutritional Disorders. International Potato Center (CIP). Lima, Peru. 152 p. Sweetpotato Stemborer (Omphisia anastomasalis)18 Striped Sweetpotato Weevil (Alcidodes dentipes and 1. Sweetpotato – Insect pests. 2. Sweetpotato – Diseases. A. erroneus)22 3. Sweetpotato – Nutritional disorders. 4. Sweetpotato – Integrated manage- Sweetpotato Weevils (Cylas spp.) 24 ment. I. International Potato Center. Minor Stemborers and Feeders 25 Peloropus Weevil (Peloropus batatae)25 Sweetpotato Bug (Physomerus grossipes)26 Long-Horned Beetle 26 Foliage Feeders 28 Sweetpotato Butterfly (Acraea acerata)28 Tortoiseshell Beetles (Aspidomorpha spp. and others) 30 Sweetpotato Hornworm (Agrius convolvuli)34 Armyworms (Spodoptera eridania, S. exigua, S. litura) 36 iii Page Page Leaf Folders (Brachmia convolvuli, Herpetogramma Sweetpotato Sunken Vein Virus (SPSVV) hipponalis, and others) 40 (Whitefly-transmitted closterovirus) 68 Strobiderus Beetle (Strobiderus aequatorialis)43 Sweetpotato Virus Disease (SPVD) 69 Rough Weevil (Blosyrus sp.) 43 Sweetpotato Mild Mottle Virus (SPMMV) Sweetpotato Weevils (Cylas spp.) 43 (Whitefly-transmitted potyvirus) 70 Minor Leaf Feeders 44 Other Viral Diseases 71 Grasshoppers and Locusts (Zonocerous variegatus, the variegated grasshopper and Attractomorpha Bacterial Diseases 72 psitticina, the slant-faced grasshopper, Bacterial Stem and Root Rot (Erwinia chrysanthemi)72 and others) 44 Bacterial Wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum)74 Soil Rot (Streptomyces ipomoea)76 Virus Transmitters 46 Aphids (Aphis gossypii and others) 46 Foliar and Stem Diseases Caused Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)48by Fungi 78 Leaf and Stem Scab (Elsinoe batatas, Sphaceloma Mites 50 batatas)78 Erinose caused by Eriophyid mites, Aceria sp. 50 Alternariosis, Anthracnose, Blight (Alternaria bataticola) 80 Eriophyes gastrotrichus 50 Phomopsis Leaf Spot (Phyllosticta Leaf Spot) (Phomopsis ipomoea-batatas Natural Enemies 52 (Phyllosticta batatas)) 82 Earwigs 53 Minor Leaf Spot Fungi 84 Spiders 53 Chlorotic Leaf Distortion (Fusarium lateritium)86 Pheidole and Other Predacious Ants 54 Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas)88 Beetles 56 Violet Root Rot (Helicobasidium mompa)90 Flies and Parasitic Wasps 58 Sclerotial Blight and Circular Spot (Sclerotium rolfsii) 92 Viruses 61 Black Rot (Ceratocystis fimbriata)94 Fungal Pathogens (Metarrhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana)62Storage Root and Postharvest Diseases 96 Diseases and Pathogens of Sweet- Foot Rot (Plenodomus destruens)96 potato and Their Management 65 Java Black Rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Diplodia gossypina)) 98 Viral Diseases 66 Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) 100 Sweetpotato Feathery Mottle Virus (SPFMV) Soft Rot (Rhizopus stolonifer, Mucor sp.) 102 (Aphid-transmitted potyvirus) 66 iv v Foreword Page This field guide presents information on common pests, Diseases Caused by Nematodes 104 diseases and nutritional disorders of sweetpotato. It is Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) 104 intended primarily as a tool for correct identification of Brown Ring (Ditylenchus destructor, D. dipsaci) 106 these problems and ailments, as an essential first step Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) 108 Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) 110 in their control. Disorders of Unknown Origin 112 The principal entries in the guide are accompanied Fasciation 112 by photographs or illustrations, and pinpoint where specific problems occur. Additional information is provided on Nutritional Disorders and Their symptoms and recommended control practices, with Management 115 emphasis on integrated crop management. Causes of Nutritional Disorders 116 We believe that researchers, extension agents, stu- Diagnosing Nutritional Disorders 117 Correcting Nutritional Disorders 118 dents and farmers alike will find this guide useful, as Nutrient Requirements of Sweetpotato 120 it can assist them in controlling pests and diseases while Nitrogen Deficiency 122 safeguarding the natural environment needed for sus- Phosphorus Deficiency 124 tainable agriculture. Potassium Deficiency 130 Magnesium Deficiency 132 Wanda Collins Boron Deficiency 134 Deputy Director General for Research Iron Deficiency 136 International Potato Center Acid Soils and Aluminum Toxicity 138 Salinity 140 Literature Consulted 142 About the Authors 146 Photo Credits 147 Index 148 vi vii Acknowledgments Introduction The information on nutritional disorders of sweetpotato The purpose of this field guide is to aid researchers presented in this field guide was derived from a research and extensionists throughout the world in the identification project of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural of common pests, diseases, and nutritional disorders of Research (ACIAR). The author of the section on nutritional sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas). This guide is based on disorders, J.N. O’Sullivan, is a member of the project based the authors’ experiences with the crop in various regions at the University of Queensland, Australia. of the world since 1990. We would like to thank virologist Richard W. Gibson In contrast to most other major staple food crops, of the Natural Resources Institute for contributing to the sweetpotato is able to produce a comparatively high yield section on virus diseases. under relatively adverse conditions; however, a number of pests, diseases, and nutritional disorders affect the crop. Among the pest and disease constraints, sweetpotato weevils (Cylas spp.) and virus diseases probably contribute the most to yield losses, although leaf-feeding insects, such as the sweetpotato butterfly (Acraea acerata), can cause significant losses during outbreaks. Nutritional disorders can cause slight to complete yield loss, and are the main factor limiting most unfertilized crops. They may also reduce tolerance of pests and diseases. The basis for successful management of sweetpotato pests, diseases, and nutritional disorders is integrated crop management. This implies prevention of insect infestation and infection by pathogens through the use of adequate cultural practices, and the conservation of natural enemies. Adequate cultural practices include the selection of healthy planting material from well-adapted varieties, rotation, good field sanitation, and maintenance of soil fertility. Conser- vation of natural enemies involves avoidance of pesticide use, enhancement of natural enemy action through favorable cultivation practices, and the introduction of natural enemies if necessary. viii 1 Insect Pests of Sweetpotato and Their Management Integrated crop management for sweetpotato is cov- Many insect species attack sweetpotato and the im- ered comprehensively in the Farmer Field School Guide portance of different species varies between agroecological for Sweetpotato Integrated Crop Management. This pub- zones. Within a zone, the importance of a species depends lication can be obtained from the CIP Regional Office for on the season; many insect pests are a problem mainly East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific or from CIP in dry periods. headquarters in Lima.1 Nutritional disorders are covered comprehensively in the publication Nutritional Disorders In this guide, we divide pest species into three groups of Sweet Potato,2 available from the Australian Centre for according to whether the damage is caused to leaves, International Agricultural Research. stems, or roots. Defoliation reduces yield depending on the severity of infestation and the growth stage of the The photographs in this publication were assembled sweetpotato crop in which it occurs. In some areas, from the collections of the authors and their colleagues, sweetpotato is grown for its foliage and leaf feeders can and are acknowledged as such. be a problem. In addition to feeding, certain insects, such as aphids and whiteflies, transmit viruses. Extensive stem damage can result in wilting or even in death of the plant. Damage to the vascular system caused by
Recommended publications
  • Abacca Mosaic Virus

    Abacca Mosaic Virus

    Annex Decree of Ministry of Agriculture Number : 51/Permentan/KR.010/9/2015 date : 23 September 2015 Plant Quarantine Pest List A. Plant Quarantine Pest List (KATEGORY A1) I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acraea acerata Hew.; II Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea leaf, stem Africa: Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; aquatica, Ipomoea triloba, Botswana, Burundi, sweet potato butterfly Merremiae bracteata, Cameroon, Congo, DR Congo, Merremia pacifica,Merremia Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, peltata, Merremia umbellata, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, sweet potato) Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo. Uganda, Zambia 2. Ac rocinus longimanus II Artocarpus, Artocarpus stem, America: Barbados, Honduras, Linnaeus; Coleoptera: integra, Moraceae, branches, Guyana, Trinidad,Costa Rica, Cerambycidae; Herlequin Broussonetia kazinoki, Ficus litter Mexico, Brazil beetle, jack-tree borer elastica 3. Aetherastis circulata II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, stem, leaf, Asia: India Meyrick; Lepidoptera: rubber tree) seedling Yponomeutidae; bark feeding caterpillar 1 4. Agrilus mali Matsumura; II Malus domestica (apel, apple) buds, stem, Asia: China, Korea DPR (North Coleoptera: Buprestidae; seedling, Korea), Republic of Korea apple borer, apple rhizome (South Korea) buprestid Europe: Russia 5. Agrilus planipennis II Fraxinus americana,
  • Maternal Care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)̶Correlated Evolution with Title Morphological Change

    Maternal Care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)̶Correlated Evolution with Title Morphological Change

    Maternal care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)̶correlated evolution with Title morphological change Author(s) Tsai, Jing-Fu; Kudo, Shin-ichi; Yoshizawa, Kazunori BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15, 258 Citation https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0537-4 Issue Date 2015-11-19 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/63251 Rights(URL) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Type article File Information 10.1186_s12862-015-0537-4.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Tsai et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:258 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0537-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Maternal care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)— correlated evolution with morphological change Jing-Fu Tsai1,3*, Shin-ichi Kudo2 and Kazunori Yoshizawa1 Abstract Background: Maternal care (egg-nymph guarding behavior) has been recorded in some genera of Acanthosomatidae. However, the origin of the maternal care in the family has remained unclear due to the lack of phylogenetic hypotheses. Another reproductive mode is found in non-caring species whose females smear their eggs before leaving them. They possess pairs of complex organs on the abdominal venter called Pendergrast’s organ (PO) and spread the secretion of this organ onto each egg with their hind legs, which is supposed to provide a protective function against enemies. Some authors claim that the absence of PO may be associated with the presence of maternal care. No study, however, has tested this hypothesis of a correlated evolution between the two traits. Results: We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Acanthosomatinae using five genetic markers sequenced from 44 species and one subspecies with and without maternal care.
  • Review of Entomological Research on Sweet Potato in Ethiopia

    Review of Entomological Research on Sweet Potato in Ethiopia

    Discourse Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences www.resjournals.org/JAFS Vol. 1(5), pp. 83-92, May 2013 Review of Entomological Research on Sweet Potato in Ethiopia Ermias Shonga, Mesele Gemu, Tesfaye Tadesse and Elias Urage Awassa Agricultural Research Centre, Southern Agricultural Research Institute/SARI,P. O. Box 06. Awassa, SNNPR Email : [email protected] Abstract: Sweet potato is one of the most widely grown root crops in SSA, it is particularly important in countries surrounding the Great Lakes in Eastern and Central Africa, in Angola, Madagascar, Malawi and Mozambique in Southern Africa, Nigeria in West Africa and China being the largest producer worldwide. In Africa, it is grown predominantly in small plots by poorer farmers, and hence known as the “poor man’s food.” However it is among well known and established crops in Southern, Eastern and South western parts of Ethiopia. It is produced annually on over 53 thousand hectares of land with total production over 4,240 tons and average productivity of 8.0 tons per hectare. The production and productivity of the crop is extremely low as compared to other African and Asian countries where it gives more than 18t/ha. The lower productivity of sweet potato is mainly due to the existence of common, major, minor and sporadic insect pests. Sweet potato weevil is known as the most pit fall for production and productivity of the crop followed by viral diseases in the country. In addition, sweet potato butter fly is the most devastating pest in major sweet potato growing zones in the country but its occurrence is sporadic based on agro-ecological condition.
  • Evaluation of the Performance of Improved Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas L

    Evaluation of the Performance of Improved Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas L

    Vol. 8(1), pp. 48-53, January 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJEST2013. 1572 African Journal of Environmental Science and ISSN 1996-0786 © 2014 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST Technology Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. LAM) varieties in Bayelsa State, Nigeria C. Wariboko* and I. A. Ogidi Department of Crop Production Technology, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Accepted 11 December, 2013 This study was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications each in two locations (Amassoma Wilberforce Island and Yenagoa, Bayelsa State) to evaluate the performance of improved sweet potato varieties (Ex-Igbariam, TIS 8164, 199004-2 and TIS 87/0087 including Kukunduku local) from March to June 2010. There were significant differences among varieties at both locations and across locations but locations and location x variety interaction were non-significant for sweet potato root yields. Ex-Igbariam and TIS 87/0087 had higher fresh root yields of 7.39 and 4.17 t ha-1, respectively, than others across locations. Regarding trailing characteristic (soil surface cover), too, varieties were significantly different at both locations and across locations but location and location x variety interaction were non-significant with Ex-Igbariam and TIS 87/0087 having best soil surface cover, and consequently, best weed suppressants. There was incidence of diseases but that of insects was low. For fresh root phenotypic characteristics, Ex-Igbariam and 199004-2 had yellow flesh, indicative of the presence of vitamin A precursor. Since Ex-Igbariam, TIS 87/0087 and a few others showed real promise in yield and carotene content, carrying out a multi-locational trial would, hopefully, enable selection of high - yielding varieties for commercial production to improve farmers’ yields and income in the different agro-ecological zones of Bayelsa State.
  • Wildlife Review Cover Image: Hedgehog by Keith Kirk

    Wildlife Review Cover Image: Hedgehog by Keith Kirk

    Dumfries & Galloway Wildlife Review Cover Image: Hedgehog by Keith Kirk. Keith is a former Dumfries & Galloway Council ranger and now helps to run Nocturnal Wildlife Tours based in Castle Douglas. The tours use a specially prepared night tours vehicle, complete with external mounted thermal camera and internal viewing screens. Each participant also has their own state- of-the-art thermal imaging device to use for the duration of the tour. This allows participants to detect animals as small as rabbits at up to 300 metres away or get close enough to see Badgers and Roe Deer going about their nightly routine without them knowing you’re there. For further information visit www.wildlifetours.co.uk email [email protected] or telephone 07483 131791 Contributing photographers p2 Small White butterfly © Ian Findlay, p4 Colvend coast ©Mark Pollitt, p5 Bittersweet © northeastwildlife.co.uk, Wildflower grassland ©Mark Pollitt, p6 Oblong Woodsia planting © National Trust for Scotland, Oblong Woodsia © Chris Miles, p8 Birdwatching © castigatio/Shutterstock, p9 Hedgehog in grass © northeastwildlife.co.uk, Hedgehog in leaves © Mark Bridger/Shutterstock, Hedgehog dropping © northeastwildlife.co.uk, p10 Cetacean watch at Mull of Galloway © DGERC, p11 Common Carder Bee © Bob Fitzsimmons, p12 Black Grouse confrontation © Sergey Uryadnikov/Shutterstock, p13 Black Grouse male ©Sergey Uryadnikov/Shutterstock, Female Black Grouse in flight © northeastwildlife.co.uk, Common Pipistrelle bat © Steven Farhall/ Shutterstock, p14 White Ermine © Mark Pollitt,
  • FIRST REPORT of a SNOUT WEEVIL Alcidodes Sp

    FIRST REPORT of a SNOUT WEEVIL Alcidodes Sp

    FIRST REPORT OF A SNOUT WEEVIL Alcidodes sp. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FIELD INFESTATION ON MANGO Mangifera indica L. (ANACARDIACEAE) IN PERLIS, MALAYSIA Nurul Huda, A.1, 2*, Che Salmah, M.R.2, Hamdan, A.2 & Abdul Razak, M.N.3 1 Department of Plant Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. 2School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia 3Faculty of Plantation and Agro-technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia *Corresponding email: [email protected] ABSTRACT An infestation of a snout weevil Alcidodes sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) was scientifically reported for the first time in Malaysia. This snout weevil causes severe damage on young stems and flower panicles. Even though the tree survived from a few infestations, but severe cases could pose a serious economic implication on the productivity of the crop. Thus more research regarding the pest management of M. indica is required to maximize mango production in Malaysia. Keywords: Alcidodes, Curculionidae, mango, pest ABSTRAK Penularan kumbang muncung panjang Alcidodes sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pada Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) dilaporkan secara saintifik buat kali pertama di Malaysia. Kumbang muncung panjang ini menyebabkan kerosakan teruk pada batang muda and tangkai bunga. Walaupun pokok tersebut terselamat daripada beberapa serangan tetapi kes-kes yang teruk boleh menimbulkan implikasi ekonomi yang serius terhadap produktiviti tanaman. Oleh itu lebih banyak kajian mengenai pengurusan perosak M. indica diperlukan untuk memaksimumkan pengeluaran mangga di Malaysia. Kata kunci: Alcidodes, Curculionidae, mangga, perosak INTRODUCTION The largest number of Mangifera species originate in Tropical Asia (Bally 2006) and occur in the Malay Peninsula, the Indonesian archipelago, Thailand, Indochina and the Philippines (Mukherjee 1972; Mukherjee & Litz 2009).
  • Bernarr R. Kumashiro', Ronald A. Heu1, Gordon M. Nishida2, and John W

    Bernarr R. Kumashiro', Ronald A. Heu1, Gordon M. Nishida2, and John W

    Pkoc. Hawaiian Entomol Soc. (2001) 35:170-184 171 New State Records of Immigrant Insects in the Hawaiian Islands for the Year 1999 Bernarr R. Kumashiro', Ronald A. Heu1, Gordon M. Nishida2, and John W. Beardsley' ■Hawaii Department of Agriculture. HO. Box 22159. Honolulu. Hawaii 96823-2IS9. USA; 'Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum. 1525 Bcrnice St.. Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA (Present address: Essig Museum of Entomology. University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720- 3112); 'Deceased February 5.2001 Abstract. Records are given for 43 species of insects and other small organisms not previously reported to be established in Hawaii. These species were first collected and identified during 1999 or earlier and are now believed to be established in the state. Known information on the taxonomy and biology is provided. The following are new records for immigrant insects and other small arthropods and mollusks that have been found in the Hawaiian Islands (Kurc Atoll to Hawaii Island) and identified during 1999 or before, but have not previously been reported as established in any publication. A complete listing of all new state records of terrestrial arthropods and mollusks in Hawaii, published during the eight-year period of 1991-1998, is presented in a separate paper (Kumashiro, Nishida, and Beardsley) in this volume. Common names for species are provided if they have been formally accepted. For other cases, the common name of the family and a host is given. These have been designated with "a" or "an." Con tributors who have provided information for the records arc acknowledged in parentheses at the end of each note.
  • Movement of Plastic-Baled Garbage and Regulated (Domestic) Garbage from Hawaii to Landfills in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington

    Movement of Plastic-Baled Garbage and Regulated (Domestic) Garbage from Hawaii to Landfills in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington

    Movement of Plastic-baled Garbage and Regulated (Domestic) Garbage from Hawaii to Landfills in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Final Biological Assessment, February 2008 Table of Contents I. Introduction and Background on Proposed Action 3 II. Listed Species and Program Assessments 28 Appendix A. Compliance Agreements 85 Appendix B. Marine Mammal Protection Act 150 Appendix C. Risk of Introduction of Pests to the Continental United States via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii. 159 Appendix D. Risk of Introduction of Pests to Washington State via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii 205 Appendix E. Risk of Introduction of Pests to Oregon via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii. 214 Appendix F. Risk of Introduction of Pests to Idaho via Municipal Solid Waste from Hawaii. 233 2 I. Introduction and Background on Proposed Action This biological assessment (BA) has been prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to evaluate the potential effects on federally-listed threatened and endangered species and designated critical habitat from the movement of baled garbage and regulated (domestic) garbage (GRG) from the State of Hawaii for disposal at landfills in Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Specifically, garbage is defined as urban (commercial and residential) solid waste from municipalities in Hawaii, excluding incinerator ash and collections of agricultural waste and yard waste. Regulated (domestic) garbage refers to articles generated in Hawaii that are restricted from movement to the continental United States under various quarantine regulations established to prevent the spread of plant pests (including insects, disease, and weeds) into areas where the pests are not prevalent.
  • Vol 2 Issue 4, 2009 Alcidodes Ludificator Faust. : a Serious Insect

    Vol 2 Issue 4, 2009 Alcidodes Ludificator Faust. : a Serious Insect

    ISSN 0973 -4031 Vol 2 Issue 4, 2009 Alcidodes ludificator Faust. : a serious insect pest of nursery and young plantations of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) in northeastern India N. Senthilkumar and Nizara D. Barthakur* Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat – 785 001, Assam, India *E-mail : [email protected] Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) an important member of the family Verbenaceae, is a commercially important fast growing deciduous tree species. The wood of this species is an excellent source for pulp and paper industries and suitable for manufacture of matchboxes splints. In India and particularly in northeast, it is grown extensively, and has substantially been contributing in timber, fodder and industrial wood. However, low productivity, poor bole form and susceptibility to various insect-pests and diseases are some of the reasons for its non-deployment at commercial scale. Although G. arborea suffers multifarious insect injuries by a complex of insect pests including 21 defoliators and 13 shoot borers, Gamari Weevil, Alcidodes ludificator Faust. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the serious pests of nursery and young plantations of G. arborea . A. ludificator is a small weevil 5-8 mm long, dark brown in colour and with a few light coloured bands on its elytra and a very diagnostic character- head with a long snout. The insect is found clasping the growing points of main or side branches or petioles of usually younger leaves. The weevil perceives any disturbance in the surrounding it hides quickly behind the thickness of stem or branch on which it is resting. This weevil has a habit of falling down to the ground and feigning dead at the slightest jerk to their roosting site.
  • Climate-Related Transboundary Pests and Diseases

    Climate-Related Transboundary Pests and Diseases

    HLC/08/BAK/4 CLIMATE-RELATED TRANSBOUNDARY PESTS AND DISEASES TECHNICAL BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FROM THE EXPERT CONSULTATION HELD ON 25 TO 27 FEBRUARY 2008 FAO, ROME CLIMATE CHANGE AND PEST DISEASES The movement of plant pests, animal diseases and invasive alien aquatic organisms across physical and political boundaries threatens food security and creates a global public concern across all countries and all regions. Countries allocate large resources to limit the spread and control of transboundary pests and diseases 1 such as avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease and locust. They also adapt animal and plant health services and activities and cooperate regionally and globally for prevention, early warning and control. There is clear evidence that climate change is altering the distribution, incidence and intensity of animal and plant pests and diseases such as Bluetongue, a sheep disease that is moving north into more temperate zones of Europe. Cannon (see Annex 1) found examples of plant pests whose distribution is shifting in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, most likely due to climatic factors. For example, migrant moths of the Old World bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera) had a phenomenal increase in the United Kingdom from 1969-2004 and there have been outbreaks at the northern edge of its range in Europe; cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi) populations appear to be spreading northwards perhaps as a consequence of global warming; and cottony camellia scale ( Pulvinaria – Chloropulvinaria – floccifera) has become much more common in the United Kingdom, extending its range northwards in England and increasing its host range in the last decade or so, which is almost certainly in response to climate change.
  • The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Walnut Weevil, Alcidodes Juglans Chao (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

    The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Walnut Weevil, Alcidodes Juglans Chao (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

    MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B 2018, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 27–28 https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1535854 MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT The complete mitochondrial genome of a walnut weevil, Alcidodes juglans Chao (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) aà bà a a a a Kangkang Xu , Xiaoyulong Chen , Lin Xu , Wenjia Yang , Yawei Wang and Can Li aGuizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China; bCollege of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The walnut weevil, Alcidodes juglans Chao (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important agricultural pest Received 1 September 2018 and distributed widely in China. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. juglans is 15,638 bp long, Accepted 19 September 2018 and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, 21 transfer RNA (tRNA) KEYWORDS genes and a putative control region (GenBank accession No. MH819192). The trnI gene has not been observed in the A. juglans mitogenome. The nucleotide composition is significantly biased (A, G, C, and Alcidodes juglans Chao; þ walnut weevil; T was 38.35%, 10.02%, 14.96%, and 36.67%, respectively) with A T contents of 75.02%. All of the 21 mitochondrial genome tRNAs have the typical cloverleaf structure, with an exception for trnS1 (AGN). All PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for cox1 with AAT instead. Ten PCGs use a common stop codon of TAA or TAG, whereas the remaining three were terminated with a single T. The phylogenetic relationships based on neighbour-joining method showed that A.
  • Diptera: Oestroidea) Magdi S

    Diptera: Oestroidea) Magdi S

    El-Hawagry Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2018) 28:46 Egyptian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0042-3 Biological Pest Control RESEARCH Open Access Catalogue of the Tachinidae of Egypt (Diptera: Oestroidea) Magdi S. El-Hawagry Abstract Tachinid flies are an important group of parasitoids in their larval stage, and all their hosts are of the Arthropoda, almost exclusively other insects, including important insect pests in agriculture and forestry. All known Egyptian taxa of the family Tachinidae are systematically catalogued. Synonymies, type localities, type depositories, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities, and dates of collection are provided. A total of 72 tachinid species belonging to 42 genera, 15 tribes, and 4 subfamilies has been treated. Keywords: Tachinid flies, Egyptian taxa, World distribution, Egyptian localities, Dates of collection Background agriculture and forestry. They typically parasitize phytopha- Tachinidae are a large and cosmopolitan family of flies gous larvae of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera or nymphs of within the superfamily Oestroidea. It is the second largest Hemiptera and Orthoptera. Consequently, tachinid flies family in the order Diptera (Irwin et al. 2003), with some have been successfully applied in programs of biological 1500 recognized genera (O’Hara 2016) and more than control against different insect pests (Stireman et al. 2006; 8500 described species (O’Hara 2013) worldwide. How- O’Hara 2008 and Cerretti and Tschorsnig 2010). ever, the estimated true diversity of the family is probably No comprehensive taxonomic studies on the family double the number of the currently known species, mak- Tachinidae have been carried out in Egypt before.