VIDEO REVIEW OF FORAMINA (OPENINGS) AT BASE OF

1- Base of the skull is the roof of the mouth

2- Cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI and XII leave by foramina at the base of the skull.

3- Arteries to the brain enter the cranial cavity via the base of skull.

4- Summary slide at end. FORAMINA LANDMARKS GREATER LATERAL AND PALATINE MEDIAL (with FORAMEN Hamulus) PTERYGOID LESSER PALATINE PLATES FORAMEN

FORAMEN OVALE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CAROTID

STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN MASTOID PROCESS

OCCIPITAL CONDYLES

FORAMEN MAGNUM HARD PALATE - LANDMARKS OF 1) MAXILLARY BASE OF SKULL 2) PALATINE BONES

HAMULUS of MEDIAL MEDIAL AND PTERYGOID LATERAL PLATE PTERYGOID PLATES OF SPHENOID

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

OCCIPITAL FORAMEN CONDYLES MAGNUM OPENINGS IN INCISIVE FORAMEN - PALATE NASOPALATINE N. (V2), SPHENO- PALATINE ARTERY

GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN - GREATER PALATINE N. (V2) AND ARTERY

LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN - LESSER PALATINE N. (V2) AND ARTERY

SPHENO- PALATINE FORAMEN - SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY, NASOPALATINE NERVE (V2) SPHENO- PALATINE FORAMEN - SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY, NASOPALATINE NERVE (V2)

Photo: Thanks to Danny McNeil, JCESOM 2013

LOOK FOR LATERAL OPENINGS TO MIDDLE PTERYGOID CRANIAL FOSSA PLATE

FORAMEN OVALE - V3, ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY

FORAMEN SPINOSUM - MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY, NERVUS SPINOSUS ARTERIES TO BRAIN : LOOK ENTER AT BASE MEDIAL TO EXTERNAL OF SKULL AUDITORY MEATUS

CAROTID CANAL – (OPENS TO FORAMEN LACERUM INSIDE ) - INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS

FORAMEN MAGNUM - VERTEBRAL ARTERIES, SPINAL CORD DIAGRAM OF CAROTID CANAL INSIDE - MIDDLE FORAMEN LACERUM CRANIAL FOSSA

CAROTID CANAL

INTERNAL CAROTID CARTILAGE COVERS OUTSIDE - ARTERY, OUTER OPENING BASE OF OF FORAMEN LACERUM SYMPATHETIC SKULL PLEXUS (STYLOID PROCESS - often broken)

STYLO- – VII

LOOK FOR MASTOID PROCESS LOOK POSTERIOR TO CAROTID CANAL

JUGULAR FORAMEN - IX, X, XI AND INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN HYPO- GLOSSAL CANAL (LOOK UNDER OCCIPITAL CONDYLE) - XII PETRO- TYMPANIC FISSURE - for and ANT. TYMPANIC ARTERY PETRO-TYMPANIC FISSURE - for CHORDA TYMPANI and FORAMEN FORAMEN ANT. TYMPANIC ARTERY OVALE SPINOSUM PETRO- TYMPANIC FISSURE

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS SUMMARY LANDMARKS FORAMINA

INCISIVE FORAMEN - V2 Nasopalatine, N., Sphenopalatine A.

LATERAL AND - MEDIAL (with Greater Palatine N., Artery Hamulus) PTERYGOID LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN - PLATES Lesser Palatine N., Artery

FORAMEN OVALE - V3, Access. Meningeal A. EXTERNAL FORAMEN SPINOSUM - Middle Meningeal A., Nervus AUDITORY Spinosus MEATUS CAROTID CANAL - Int. Carotid A., Sympathetic MASTOID Plexus PROCESS - VII JUGULAR FORAMEN - IX, X, XI, Int. Jug. Vein HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL - XII (under condyle)

FORAMEN MAGNUM - Note: Plus 1) Petrotympanic Fissure Vertebral A., Spinal Cord. (Chorda Tympani, Ant. Tympanic Artery, 2) - Nasopalatine N., Sphenopalatine A.