VIDEO REVIEW OF FORAMINA (OPENINGS) AT BASE OF SKULL 1- Base of the skull is the roof of the mouth 2- Cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI and XII leave by foramina at the base of the skull. 3- Arteries to the brain enter the cranial cavity via the base of skull. 4- Summary slide at end. FORAMINA LANDMARKS INCISIVE FORAMEN GREATER LATERAL AND PALATINE MEDIAL (with FORAMEN Hamulus) PTERYGOID LESSER PALATINE PLATES FORAMEN FORAMEN OVALE EXTERNAL AUDITORY FORAMEN SPINOSUM MEATUS CAROTID CANAL STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN MASTOID PROCESS JUGULAR FORAMEN OCCIPITAL HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL CONDYLES FORAMEN MAGNUM HARD PALATE - LANDMARKS OF 1) MAXILLARY BONES BASE OF SKULL 2) PALATINE BONES HAMULUS of MEDIAL MEDIAL AND PTERYGOID LATERAL PLATE PTERYGOID PLATES OF SPHENOID BONE EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS OCCIPITAL FORAMEN CONDYLES MAGNUM OPENINGS IN INCISIVE FORAMEN - PALATE NASOPALATINE N. (V2), SPHENO- PALATINE ARTERY GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN - GREATER PALATINE N. (V2) AND ARTERY LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN - LESSER PALATINE N. (V2) AND ARTERY NASAL CAVITY SPHENO- PALATINE FORAMEN - SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY, NASOPALATINE NERVE (V2) SPHENO- PALATINE FORAMEN - SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY, NASOPALATINE NERVE (V2) Photo: Thanks to Danny McNeil, JCESOM 2013 LOOK FOR LATERAL OPENINGS TO MIDDLE PTERYGOID CRANIAL FOSSA PLATE FORAMEN OVALE - V3, ACCESSORY MENINGEAL ARTERY FORAMEN SPINOSUM - MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY, NERVUS SPINOSUS ARTERIES TO BRAIN CAROTID CANAL: LOOK ENTER AT BASE MEDIAL TO EXTERNAL OF SKULL AUDITORY MEATUS CAROTID CANAL – (OPENS TO FORAMEN LACERUM INSIDE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA) - INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY, SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS FORAMEN MAGNUM - VERTEBRAL ARTERIES, SPINAL CORD DIAGRAM OF CAROTID CANAL INSIDE - MIDDLE FORAMEN LACERUM CRANIAL FOSSA CAROTID CANAL INTERNAL CAROTID CARTILAGE COVERS OUTSIDE - ARTERY, OUTER OPENING BASE OF OF FORAMEN LACERUM SYMPATHETIC SKULL PLEXUS (STYLOID PROCESS - often broken) STYLO- MASTOID FORAMEN – VII LOOK FOR MASTOID PROCESS LOOK POSTERIOR TO CAROTID CANAL JUGULAR FORAMEN - IX, X, XI AND INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN HYPO- GLOSSAL CANAL (LOOK UNDER OCCIPITAL CONDYLE) - XII PETRO- TYMPANIC FISSURE - for CHORDA TYMPANI and ANT. TYMPANIC ARTERY PETRO-TYMPANIC FISSURE - for CHORDA TYMPANI and FORAMEN FORAMEN ANT. TYMPANIC ARTERY OVALE SPINOSUM PETRO- TYMPANIC FISSURE EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS SUMMARY LANDMARKS FORAMINA INCISIVE FORAMEN - V2 Nasopalatine, N., Sphenopalatine A. LATERAL AND GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN - MEDIAL (with Greater Palatine N., Artery Hamulus) PTERYGOID LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN - PLATES Lesser Palatine N., Artery FORAMEN OVALE - V3, Access. Meningeal A. EXTERNAL FORAMEN SPINOSUM - Middle Meningeal A., Nervus AUDITORY Spinosus MEATUS CAROTID CANAL - Int. Carotid A., Sympathetic MASTOID Plexus PROCESS STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN - VII JUGULAR FORAMEN - IX, X, XI, Int. Jug. Vein OCCIPITAL CONDYLES HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL - XII (under condyle) FORAMEN MAGNUM - Note: Plus 1) Petrotympanic Fissure Vertebral A., Spinal Cord. (Chorda Tympani, Ant. Tympanic Artery, 2) Sphenopalatine Foramen - Nasopalatine N., Sphenopalatine A. .