La Place Et Le Rôle Des États Baltes Entre Pays Nordiques Et

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La Place Et Le Rôle Des États Baltes Entre Pays Nordiques Et Pays r´ecepteursd'assistance ´etrang`ereet pays donneurs : la place et le r^oledes Etats´ baltes entre pays nordiques et Etats´ postsovi´etiquesau prisme de l'action de parrainage (1985-2013) Katerina Kesa To cite this version: Katerina Kesa. Pays r´ecepteursd'assistance ´etrang`ereet pays donneurs : la place et le r^oledes Etats´ baltes entre pays nordiques et Etats´ postsovi´etiquesau prisme de l'action de parrainage (1985-2013). Science politique. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- IN- ALCO PARIS - LANGUES O', 2015. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2015INAL0007>. <tel-01368955> HAL Id: tel-01368955 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01368955 Submitted on 22 Sep 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales École doctorale N°265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Centre de Recherches Europes-Eurasie (CREE) THESE Présentée par : Katerina KESA soutenue le 7 mai 2015 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’INALCO Discipline : Histoire, sociétés et civilisations Pays récepteurs d’assistance étrangère et pays donneurs La place et le rôle des États baltes entre pays nordiques et États postsoviétiques au prisme de l’action de parrainage (1985-2013) Thèse dirigée par : Monsieur Charles URJEWICZ Professeur émérite des Universités, INALCO RAPPORTEURS : Madame Silvia SERRANO Maître de conférences, HDR, Université d’Auvergne, CERCEC Monsieur Andres KASEKAMP Professeur, Université de Tartu (Estonie) MEMBRES DU JURY : Madame Anne DE TINGUY Professeur des Universités, INALCO Monsieur Andres KASEKAMP Professeur, Université de Tartu (Estonie) Monsieur Jean RADVANYI Professeur des Universités, INALCO Madame Silvia SERRANO Maître de conférences, HDR, Université d’Auvergne, CERCEC Madame Elsa TULMETS Chargée de recherche, Marie Curie Fellow, Sciences- Po/IIR Prague Monsieur Charles URJEWICZ Professeur émérite des Universités, INALCO 1 Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements vont à mon directeur de thèse, Charles Urjewicz, qui m’a non seulement guidée et soutenue tout au long de cette recherche mais qui a eu une influence décisive sur l’orientation de celle-ci. Nos nombreuses discussions sur les pays baltes, la Géorgie, l’Ukraine ou la Russie, ont beaucoup contribué à nourrir mon approche et m’ont permis d’explorer des pistes nouvelles. Je dois ensuite ma thèse à un heureux hasard qui m’a fait rencontrer Elsa Tulmets en 2009 dans le cadre d’un ouvrage collectif sur les pays baltes. Au fil de nos échanges, ses conseils m’ont aidée à conceptualiser et structurer mon objet de recherche sur l’action de solidarité et de parrainage. Le groupe de recherche qu’elle dirige au CERI sur les Transferts et auquel je participe depuis trois ans, a constitué un apport essentiel pour mon cadre théorique. Les résultats de cette recherche n’auraient sans doute jamais été les mêmes sans les discussions, conseils et suggestions des chercheurs, doctorants, analystes, spécialistes de l’espace postsoviétique et des pays baltes. Je remercie plus particulièrement Céline Bayou, Anne de Tinguy, Jean Radvanyi, Taline Ter Minassiann Catherine Poujol, Anita Tiraspolsky, Gérard Wild, Ahto Lobjakas, Toomas Alatalu, Una Bergmane, Rodica Plugaru, Philippe Perchoc, Olga Bronnikova, Maria Emanovskaya, Tamara Svanidze pour avoir stimulé et contribué à l’avancement de cette recherche. Merci à Vincent Dautancourt pour la réalisation de la carte ! Je dois ensuite ma reconnaissance pour l’aide précieuse et tatillonne de Sophie Tournon, Una Bergmane, Olga Bronnikova, Anne Rio, ainsi que mon directeur de thèse, Charles Urjewicz pour la relecture et pour le regard critique qu’ils ont apporté sur mon travail. La thèse est souvent un processus difficile et solitaire. Je remercie ma sœur, Kristina, mes beaux-parents, Françoise et Pierre, Beat, Bertrand, Marianna et Vincent de m’avoir soutenue tout au long de ces années. Je remercie également Sophia, Rafaela, Sébastien, Heidi, Anne, Fabien, Kristi, Zaïa, Kätlin, Tuuli, Signe, Marie, Laure, Alexandrine, Catherine, Thomas, Jean, Sofia, Octave et j’en oublie certainement, d’avoir été là dans les moments difficiles. Je remercie mes parents, Veera et Mart, qui m’ont transmis leur amour, la bonne humeur, la volonté et le goût de la persévérance, sans lesquels je ne serais pas là aujourd’hui. Enfin, ce travail n’aurait jamais pu s’achever sans le soutien moral et intellectuel de Régis, sans le sourire et les échanges avec nos enfants, Solveig et Tristan, qui ont grandi avec cette thèse…. 2 TABLE DES MATIERES LA CARTE : PAYS NORDIQUES, ETATS BALTES ET PAYS DU PARTENARIAT ORIENTAL DE L’UNION EUROPEENNE .................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ........................................................................................................................... 8 I. LE CADRE THEORIQUE/ GRILLE DE RECHERCHE .............................................................................................. 15 Section 1 – Grille d’analyse de la formation/définition de la politique étrangère de l’Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Section 1.1L’approche constructiviste : La définition et la formation de l’identité politique étrangère .................... 16 Section 1.2 Les Cercles « d’appartenance externes » : un certain nombre d’éléments en communs aux États baltes .................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Section 1.3 Cercles d’appartenance internes : d’importantes différences dans la façon de s’identifier .................... 21 Section 2 - Conceptualisation de l’action de « parrainage » comme objet d’étude en relations internationales ............................................................................................................................................... 23 Section 2.1 Conceptualiser la solidarité dans la politique étrangère des relations internationales ............................ 24 Section 2.2 Analyse critique du discours, sociologie des acteurs et des réseaux comme outils pour l'étude del’expression de la solidarité politique ..................................................................................................................... 26 Section 2.3. La mise en œuvre de l’action de « parrainage » balte envers les pays du Caucase du Sud et d’Europe Orientale ..................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Approche croisée : la nécessité de recourir aux outils supplémentaires ............................................................... 30 II. METHODOLOGIE, CORPUS ET EMPIRIE ........................................................................................................... 32 Section 1 : Délimitation des frontières de la recherche, du champ temporel et de la démarche méthodologique ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Section 1.1 Le choix des pays étudiés ........................................................................................................................ 32 Section 1.2 Le choix du champ temporel ................................................................................................................... 34 Section 1.3 Les limites et les difficultés de l’objet d’étude (la mise en œuvre de l’action) ....................................... 35 Section 2 : Les sources et le cadre empirique ............................................................................................... 36 Section 2.1 Le cadre empirique: le terrain de la recherche (2009-2014) ................................................................... 36 Section 2.2 Les enquêtes qualitatives et les personnes ciblées .................................................................................. 37 Section 2.3 Entrer en contact ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Section 2.4 Le guide de l’entretien, la problématique de l’enregistrement et la méthode utilisée ............................. 40 Section 3 : Annonce du plan .......................................................................................................................... 43 PREMIERE PARTIE ........................................................................................................................................... 45 LE ROLE ET L’IMPACT DE L’AUTRE/L’ETRANGER SUR LE PROCESSUS D’INDEPENDANCE, DE RECONSTRUCTION ET D’INTEGRATION DES ETATS BALTES (1980-2004) .............................. 45 CHAPITRE I .....................................................................................................................................................
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