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University of Groningen The other Neng Kuiken, Cornelis Jan IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2002 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Kuiken, C. J. (2002). The other Neng: Topography and hagiography of the Sixth Ancestor. [S.n.]. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 07-10-2021 The Other Neng 曹溪異祖 Dr. Kees Kuiken 荷蘭 高艮 博士 RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN The Other Neng Topography and Hagiography of the Sixth Ancestor Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Godgeleerdheid en Godsdienstwetenschap aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. D.F.J. Bosscher, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 februari 2002 om 16.00 uur door Cornelis Jan Kuiken geboren op 11 oktober 1954 te Leeuwarden PROMOTORES: Prof. dr. J.N. Bremmer Prof. T.H. Barrett Ph.D. BEOORDELINGSCOMMISSIE: Prof. dr. H.T. Bakker Prof. dr. B.J. ter Haar Prof. dr. R.T. Segers ISBN: 90-71809-59-5 © 2012 this edition Prosopo, Haren (NL) 本版版權荷蘭哈人百傳齋所有 The frontispice (from the 1836 Cao's Brook Gazetteer曹溪志) shows Lion's Crag (here named Zhaoyin 招陰 Crag) to the left and the 'road to Nanhua 南華 (Abbey)' to the right. Mt. Ma'an 馬鞍山 is in the background. 2 Table of Contents Colophon to this edition 5 Prelude and Refuge 6 Acknowledgments 7 Ouverture: The Worship of Strangers 9 1.1. The south: an orientation 9 1.2. A strange scent 11 1.3. Ambiguity and assimilation 17 1.4. The familiar and the sublime 20 1.5. An epistemology of the holy 24 1.6. Concluding remarks 32 Part Two: Sources and Resources 34 2.1. Official and unofficial sources 34 2.1.1. The central tradition and topography 35 2.1.2. The Buddhist canon and hagiography 38 2.1.3. The 'new' hagiographers 42 2.2. The Sixth Ancestor: a century of texts 44 2.2.1. Neng summoned to court: Zhongzong 44 2.2.2. Neng as a recluse in Hunan: Song Zhiwen 46 2.2.3. Neng as a local student: Jingjue 47 2.3.4. Neng remembered as a 'Great Teacher' 48 2.2.5. Neng as a Chinese Vimalakirti: Wang Wei 49 2.2.6. Neng in Shenhui's north-south polemic of the 730s 52 2.2.7. Neng as a famous teacher from the past: Twin Peaks Collection 54 2.2.8. Neng's line as a collateral to the Tiantai tradition: Li Hua 54 2.2.9. Steps towards ecumene: Jiaoran 56 2.2.10. Neng as a local saint: Genkai (779) 58 2.2.11. The Portable Sixth Ancestor: the Platform Sutra 59 2.2.12. Neng as the 'Hermit of Twin Peaks': Zhiju (801) 61 2.2.13. Neng as a 'Great Teacher' (803) 64 2.2.14. Neng canonized and gentrified: Liu & Liu 73 2.3. Buddhist hagiography: topos and paradigm 76 Part Three: When Zhiwen met Neng 81 3.1. The poem: sourcing 81 3.1.1. The poem in the Song Zhiwen Collection 82 3.1.2. The poem in WYYH and QTS s 82 3.2. The poem: readings 83 3.2.1. Transcription 83 3.2.2. Rhyme and date 85 3 3.2.3. Some reflections on the title. 87 3.2.4. The poem: exile, refuge and catharsis 88 3.3. Song Zhiwen the poet 92 3.3.1. Career to 700 92 3.3.2. The new academics 93 3.3.3. The topography of a poem: utopism versus ectopism 95 3.3.4. Conclusion 97 3.4. Song Zhiwen the Buddhist? 98 3.4.1. Contacts with Buddhists at Wu Zetian's court 700-705 98 3.4.2. Contacts with Buddhists at Zhongzong's court 705-710 102 3.4.3. Zhiwen's understanding of enlightenment 103 3.4.4. Conclusion 105 3.5. Song Zhiwen the traveller 105 3.5.1. The road to Lingnan 106 3.5.2. Zhiwen's first journey south 108 3.5.3. From Luoyang to Yuezhou 110 3.5.4. Zhiwen's second journey south 111 3.5.5. From Hengyang to Shaozhou? 115 3.5.6. The question of 'Shaoyang' 118 Part Four: The Road to Cao’s Brook 121 4.1. Different trains 122 4.2. The rise of 'Southern' Buddhism and Shaozhou 122 4.2.1. Roads to prosperity 123 4.2.3. The 'Southern Yue' and the Chinese 125 4.3. The growth of a local Buddhist community 132 4.3.1. The economics of ordination 132 4.3.2. The abbey at Mengli 134 4.3.3. The abbeys on the West Bank 136 4.3.4. A wandering monk from Hunan 138 4.3.5. Public and private Buddhism 140 4.4. A topography of the Huineng tradition 142 4.4.1. The Twin Peaks and the Precious Forest 142 4.4.2. Of caves and mountains 146 4.4.3. Sources of authority 148 4.5. A Mardi Gras Saint and his symbols 154 4.5.1. Ancestor on parade 154 4.5.2. The development of a 'Sixth Ancestor' theme park 157 4.5.3. The icon and the stupa: topography and hagiography 161 4.5.4. The icon and the mummy: fact and fiction 165 4.6. Some concluding remarks 169 Part Five: The Other Vita 171 5.1. Title 171 5.2. The origins of Precious Forest Abbey 172 5.3. Leaving home; fraternizing with Liu Zhilue 173 5.4. Relation with the nun Boundless Store 174 4 5.5. Residing at Precious Forest Abbey 175 5.6. Joining meditation teacher Yuan 175 5.7. The fame of Hongren’s seminar 175 5.8. Visiting Hongren 175 5.9. First interview with Hongren on Buddhahood 175 5.10. Life at the threshing mill 176 5.11. The great colloqium 177 5.12. Handing down the mantle 177 5.13. Farewell at Jiujiang Ferry 178 5.14. Encounter with Huiming 178 5.15. Retreat to the South 179 5.16. Yinzong expounds the Nirvana 179 5.17. The wind vane debate 179 5.18. Taking the vows 180 5.19. The shaving 181 5.20. Ordaining; prediction on the ordaining platform 181 5.21. Encounter with Shenhui 182 5.22. Return to Cao's Brook; transformation of Cao’s Brook 182 5.23. Zhongzong's summons and Huineng’s plea 183 5.24. Imperial support for Faquan Abbey 186 5.25. Rebuilding Guo'en Abbey; recommendation of Holy Hobble 186 5.26. Building a stupa 187 5.27. Illness and death 187 5.28. Miracles at death 187 5.29. Lacquering the remains; funeral; burial 188 5.30. The aftermath 189 5.31. Zhihuang of Tanzhou takes to the path 189 5.32. The transmitted robe and bowl; offering, returning 190 5.33. Six auspicious omens 192 Bibliography 193 Illustrations 204 Nederlandse samenvatting 214 Colophon to this edition 本版標記 This edition in Portable Data Format (PDF) contains the full text of my doctoral dissertation, defended at Groningen in 2002 and published in that year on CD-ROM with a companion booklet. In 2005, the PDF of the CD-ROM was first released to the dissertations repository at Groningen. For the present edition, released in 2012, the entire lay-out has been refreshed and the entire text reviewed. Endnotes have been converted to footnotes and some typing errors corrected. Thanks to a change of typeface, the entire PDF could be condensed from 356 to a mere 214 pages of text, which considerably reduces both the cost and the environmental footprint of a printed copy (also available from the repository at http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/theology/2002/c.j.kuiken). Nothing was changed in the original contents as approved by the examination committee in 2002. A portfolio of colour photographs, mostly by the author, has nevertheless been added to this file. 5 Prelude and Refuge 'If you want fiction, you must write the truth.' John Irving * 'VT QVASI EIVS CORPORALEM PRESENCIAM DEMONSTRARENT' Bertrand du Guesclin, Chronicle of St Denis (A.D. 1389), quoted in Carlo Ginzburg, Occhiacchi di legno * 'What matters? Stones or ideas?' David Hare, Via Dolorosa This study is titled 'The Other Neng' because it is not primarily concerned with the familiar hagiography of the Sixth Ancestor in the Chan or Zen patrilineage as it has taken shape in the Chinese tradition and as it has been appreciated by Japanese, Korean and western scholars of Buddhism.
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