Values in Heritage Management Values in Heritage Management Emerging Approaches and Research Directions Edited by Erica Avrami, Susan Macdonald, Randall Mason, and David Myers THE GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE, LOS ANGELES The Getty Conservation Institute Timothy P. Whalen, John E. and Louise Bryson Director Jeanne Marie Teutonico, Associate Director, Programs The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) works internationally to advance conservation practice in the visual arts—broadly interpreted to include objects, collections, architecture, and sites. The Institute serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, field projects, and the dissemination of information. In all its endeavors, the GCI creates and delivers knowledge that contributes to the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage. © 2019 J. Paul Getty Trust Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Values in heritage management (2017 : Getty Conservation Institute), author. | Avrami, Erica C., editor. | Getty Conservation Institute, The text of this work is licensed under a Creative issuing body, host institution, organizer. Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- Title: Values in heritage management : emerging NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a approaches and research directions / edited by copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons Erica Avrami, Susan Macdonald, Randall .org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. All images are Mason, and David Myers. reproduced with the permission of the rights Description: Los Angeles, California : The Getty holders acknowledged in captions and are Conservation Institute, [2019] | Includes expressly excluded from the CC BY-NC-ND license bibliographical references. covering the rest of this publication. These images Identifiers: LCCN 2019011992 (print) | LCCN may not be reproduced, copied, transmitted, or 2019013650 (ebook) | ISBN 9781606066201 manipulated without consent from the owners, (epub) | ISBN 9781606066188 (pbk.) who reserve all rights. Subjects: LCSH: Historic preservation. | Cultural property—Protection. First edition, 2019 Classification: LCC CC135 (ebook) | LCC CC135 .V34 https://github.com/thegetty/heritagemanagement 2017 (print) | DDC 363.6/9–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov Published by the Getty Conservation Institute, /2019011992 Los Angeles Getty Publications Front cover: Removal of the decades-old bronze 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 statue of British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes from Los Angeles, California 90049-1682 the campus at Cape Town University, Cape Town, www.getty.edu/publications South Africa, Thursday, April 9, 2015, in response to student protests describing it as symbolic of Ruth Evans Lane, Project Editor slow racial change on campus. Cecil Rhodes lived Greg Albers, Digital Manager from 1853 until 1902 and was a businessman and Lindsey Westbrook, Manuscript Editor politician in South Africa and a fervent believer in Laura diZerega, Assistant Digital Editor British colonial rule. Image: AP Photo / Schalk van Suzanne Watson, Production Zuydam / © 2019 The Associated Press Jim Drobka, Cover Design Kelly Peyton, Image Rights and Acquisition Distributed in the United States and Canada by the University of Chicago Press Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Yale University Press, London Contents Foreword — Jeanne Marie Teutonico . vii Acknowledgments . x Part I. Background 1. Introduction — Erica Avrami, Susan Macdonald, Randall Mason, and David Myers . 1 2. Mapping the Issue of Values — Erica Avrami and Randall Mason . 9 Part II. Perspectives from the Field 3. Spatializing Values in Heritage Conservation: The Potential of Cultural Mapping — Erica Avrami . 35 4. Heritage Work: Understanding the Values, Applying the Values — Kristal Buckley . 50 5. The Shift toward Values in UK Heritage Practice — Kate Clark . 66 6. Understanding Values of Cultural Heritage within the Framework of Social Identity Conflicts — Karina V. Korostelina . 83 7. The Contemporary Values behind Chinese Heritage — Kuanghan Li . 97 8. Values-Based Management and the Burra Charter: 1979, 1999, 2013 — Richard Mackay . 110 9. Is Conservation of Cultural Heritage Halal? Perspectives on Heritage Values Rooted in Arabic-Islamic Traditions — Hossam Mahdy . 127 10. Changing Concepts and Values in Natural Heritage Conservation: A View through IUCN and UNESCO Policies — Josep-Maria Mallarach and Bas Verschuuren . 141 11. Valuing Traumatic Heritage Places as Archives and Agents — Randall Mason . 158 12. Values and Relationships between Tangible and Intangible Dimensions of Heritage Places — Ayesha Pamela Rogers . 172 13. The Paradox of Valuing the Invaluable: Managing Cultural Values in Heritage Places — Tara Sharma . 186 14. Heritage Economics: Coming to Terms with Value and Valuation — David Throsby . 199 15. From the Inside Looking Out: Indigenous Perspectives on Heritage Values — Joe Watkins . 210 Appendix: Conclusions and Recommendations of the Symposium Participants . 223 Further Readings in Heritage Values . 226 Symposium Participants . 239 Contributors . 241 Foreword The notion of significance has a long history that underpins conservation practice. In 1979 the Burra Charter was adopted by Australia ICOMOS. Revisions in 1999 recast the concept of significance in a more participatory light and launched a new era in values-based heritage management by identifying a broader range of values and stakeholders to be considered in conservation practice. Yet despite the advances embodied in the Burra Charter, formal processes for values-based heritage assessment and conservation were still not prevalent as recently as two decades ago. Economic studies of heritage were uncommon, and the methodologies for undertaking them less developed and tested than they are today. At the same time, questions about the societal benefits of heritage conservation and its economic value arose with growing frequency toward the end of the twentieth century. Diverse groups also increasingly demanded the recognition of heritage they valued, and sought greater agency in the management of that heritage. In response to such developments, the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) launched the Agora initiative in 1997, under the direction of Marta de la Torre, to provide a forum in which “the complex social, political and economic issues raised by [the] protection [of heritage] could be explored and debated.”1 This initiative evolved into the GCI’s Research on the Values of Heritage project, which aimed to bridge economic and cultural approaches to valuing heritage and, ultimately, to advance development of a more integrated approach to conservation. Between 1998 and 2005, through research, convening, and case studies, the project aimed to characterize the heritage values considered fundamental for conservation decisions; examine the potential contributions of economic analysis; develop methods for assessing heritage values and for their incorporation into conservation processes; and produce case studies examining values in site management. This work resulted in four publications: Economics and Heritage Conservation (1999), Values and Heritage Conservation (2000), Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage (2002), and Heritage Values in Site Management: Four Case Studies (2005).2 More recent GCI activity has produced two additional publications focused on stakeholders and the application of consensus building and dispute resolution methods: A Didactic Case Study of Jarash Archaeological Site, Jordan: Stakeholders and Heritage Values in Site Management (2010),3 and Consensus Building, vii Negotiation, and Conflict Resolution for Heritage Place Management (2016).4 The GCI has also embedded values-based conservation in its own field projects and training efforts around the world. This work at the GCI was part of a broader movement in the field to advance values-based planning methodologies. Today, the principle that a thorough understanding of the cultural significance of a place should guide all aspects of heritage decision making is fundamental to contemporary conservation practice. This principle is applied at all stages of the conservation process, from the identification of what is deemed heritage, to the development of conservation policies and intervention strategies, to the investment and expenditure of resources in heritage management activities. Implicit in this approach is the importance of engaging in management processes the multiple publics who use and care about a heritage place. Such engagement has been explicitly acknowledged in the codification of responsibilities of heritage professionals in the recently adopted “ICOMOS Ethical Principles.”5 Despite these significant developments in applied theory and practice, however, values- based approaches are not well researched and formalized, and policy change at the level of heritage governance is not prevalent around the world. New questions and issues are emerging in relation to values-based heritage management, including the recognition of a broader range of heritage typologies—tangible and intangible—and the development of new norms and methods of practice. In addition, the ways in which heritage functions within societies have evolved, with stakeholder communities in many places becoming increasingly active. In 2016, two former GCI colleagues—Erica Avrami of Columbia University and Randall Mason of the University of Pennsylvania—approached the GCI about working collaboratively to further advance discourse on