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Digitizing and Preserving Medical History Demystifying Medicine NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH • OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR | VOLUME 24 ISSUE 4 • JULY-AUGUST 2016 Digitizing and Demystifying Medicine Preserving Medical Bridging the Gap Between Basic Research and Clinical Medicine History BY LAURA STEPHENSON CARTER JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY/SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE RESEARCH LABORATORY/SOUTHWEST PHYSICS APPLIED UNIVERSITY HOPKINS JOHNS BY JEFFREY S. REZNICK, NLM Libraries around the world are digitizing their historical treasures and making them more accessible via the Internet than ever before. Leading the way is the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the world’s largest biomedical library, located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. The NLM traces its origins to 1836, when it consisted of a few dozen books in what was then the Library of the Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army. Since then, its vast collections have been built over multiple generations, literally passed down from one generation to the next, and they contain material from antiqui- ty to the present and nearly every part of the world: from books, journals, photographs, and films and videos to artwork, postcards, pamphlets, and much, much more. One of the Demystifying Medicine sessions featured a space scientist who talked about the importance of biomedical The library opened its doors on the research that addresses the medical needs of future space travelers. Shown: Artist’s concept of the New Horizons NIH Bethesda campus in 1962, and it has spacecraft encountering Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, in July 2015. served the world ever since in translating What do you get when you combine a clinician, a Ph.D. scientist, and biomedical research into practice, in leading a patient? A course called “Demystifying Medicine” that bridges the gap between in information innovation, and, every day via basic research and clinical medicine and covers a range of topics from genetics to the Internet, in serving millions of scientists, infectious disease to the effect of spaceflight on humans. The course is the brain- health professionals, and members of the child of Irwin “Win” Arias, who started it at NIH in 2002 after having run a similar public. CONTINUED ON PAGE 10 The NLM holds one of the world’s largest and most treasured collections that CONTENTS includes both historical and contemporary FEATURES • |1| Digitizing and Preserving Medical History |1| Demystifying Medicine items in a variety of media. One of the |11| Demystifying Health Effects of Global Warming |12| Demystifying Space Medicine oldest items dates from the year 1094. DEPARTMENTS • |2| DDIR: Red Team Report Update |4| Training Page |5| News Briefs It is an Arabic manuscript entitled The |6| News You Can Use: Crowdsourcing for Data Analysis |7| New Methods: Tool to Study Brain CONTINUED ON PAGE 14 Cells |8| Research Briefs |13| The SIG Beat |15| NIH History: AIDS at 35 |15| Abbreviations |16| Colleagues: Recently Tenured |19| Kudos |20| NIH History: Computers a Go-Go FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH Making a Great Institution Even Greater Red Team Report Update BY MICHAEL GOTTESMAN, DDIR The NIH Clinical Center is one of was established to obtain expert outside Collins, who described the current the most distinctive and influential advice about possible remedies. In the structure of the Clinical Center and research hospitals in the world. Many of course of its four-month-long review, the some of its many contributions to modern its patients have rare and difficult-to-treat Red Team raised questions about whether medicine. Dr. Collins related that the press conditions, and the Clinical Center— the distributed organizational structure of coverage of the Red Team report had with its numerous first-in-human studies, the Clinical Center, and the absence of delivered a significant blow to staff morale a dedicated staff of unique talent, and a certain fail-safe systems and appropriate because it seemed to imply that the quality backbone of hundreds of NIH principal oversight, could lead to risks to patient of patient care is routinely compromised investigators conducting research in safety and quality of care. at the Clinical Center, which is simply surrounding NIH institutes and incorrect. He stated unequivocally centers (ICs)—is often the last that the vast majority of physicians, hope for these patients. Despite nurses, and other staff who work at the often insurmountable odds, this The Clinical Center lies at the Clinical Center are highly capable and extraordinary staff seeks to cure physical and emotional heart compassionate health-care providers, patients, extend lives, and reduce deeply dedicated to patient care. suffering. Indeed, in 2011, the of the NIH Bethesda campus. In addition, Dr. Forese indicated Clinical Center won the prestigious We intend to keep it there, for that every member of the Red Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Team made it clear that they would Award. Bricks and steel and pretty no living and dynamic entity not hesitate to be a patient in the sunlit atriums don’t win such can survive without its heart. Clinical Center themselves. And in a awards. People do. And the Lasker- remarkable series of testimonials, each Bloomberg award went to the entire of the members of the new Hospital Clinical Center staff. Board (including two representatives of the New Research Hospital Board Patient Care Advisory Group) reiterated One of the Red Team’s major Making Something Great Even Greater their confidence in the dedication of the recommendations was to establish a new The challenge before us now is how to Clinical Center staff. Clinical Center Research Hospital Board. make something great even greater. One of the new board members is Paul That group met for the first time on Friday, Recently, the “Red Team” (a working O’Neill, former Alcoa CEO and United July 15, 2016, in an open meeting. All group of the Advisory Committee to States Secretary of the Treasury, who has NIHers were invited to attend in person the Director, ACD) was asked to review dedicated much of his career to improving or listen in on the presentations and multiple aspects of the Clinical Center. employee safety and more recently to discussions that dealt with how to improve The sentinel event that led to the need for patient-safety issues. He was eloquent systems that improve patient safety and this review occurred in May 2015 when in his description of the importance of governance of the Clinical Center (https:// the FDA identified significant deficiencies engaging the entire community in efforts videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?19791). in the Clinical Center pharmacy, leading to improve safety for both patients and The board, chaired by Laura Forese, a to the closure of the Pharmaceutical employees, noting that health-care workers pediatric orthopedist and chief operating Development Section. An internal review have the highest incidence of on-the-job officer of the New York–Presbyterian then revealed several other areas of concern injuries of any U.S. industry. Laura Lee, hospital system, was introduced to the in the Clinical Center. The Red Team director of Patient Safety in the Clinical Clinical Center by NIH Director Francis 2 THE NIH CATALYST JULY-AUGUST 2016 FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH Center, noted that for standard metrics, the the formal leader of ORSC while a national decisions must await the arrival of a new Clinical Center has a strong track record of search is underway. To assist Dr. Griffith, CEO), some features have been endorsed patient safety—but the goal, as articulated Valerie Bonham, previously legal counsel by the IC directors, including the direct by Mr. O’Neill, is “the pursuit of perfect.” with NIH’s Office of General Counsel, has reporting of all clinical directors to their stepped in as Deputy Director of ORSC IC directors. This reporting relationship Changes and will provide regulatory knowledge will establish that each IC director is In reaching for this goal, the Red Team and management skill. Furthermore, providing oversight for quality of patient identified some aspects of the Clinical Bruce Burnett, an experienced manager care and clinical research. The Red Team Center that needed work. John Gallin, of Current Good Manufacturing also strongly advocated for the formation of director of the NIH Clinical Center, Practice facilities and clinical activities a Clinical Practice Committee consisting Avindra Nath, chair of the Medical at Duke University School of Medicine of clinical experts at different levels Executive Committee, and Henry (Durham, North Carolina), will be a major and in different areas of patient care, to Masur, representing the chairs of the contributor to the leadership of this office. establish the highest possible standards of Clinical Center departments, presented (He arrived at NIH on July 18). He will practice in the Clinical Center. The precise constructive ideas for how to make needed begin by meeting our clinical directors makeup, scope of responsibility, reporting improvements. Many of the changes that and scientific directors and acquainting arrangements, and interactions with the have to be made will need to originate himself with current practices while we Medical Executive Committee will be from the professional and support staff at devise better support mechanisms for important areas for future discussions with the Clinical Center, especially those
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