Neural Science: Review a Century of Progress and the Mysteries That Remain
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Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance Of
Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance of United States Nobel Prize Winners in Science: Irrefutable Data and Exemplary Family Narratives—Backup Data and Information Andrew A. Beveridge, Queens and Graduate Center CUNY and Social Explorer, Inc. Lynn Caporale, Strategic Scientific Advisor and Author The following slides were presented at the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This project and paper is an outgrowth of that session, and will combine qualitative data on Nobel Prize Winners family histories along with analyses of the pattern of Nobel Winners. The first set of slides show some of the patterns so far found, and will be augmented for the formal paper. The second set of slides shows some examples of the Nobel families. The authors a developing a systematic data base of Nobel Winners (mainly US), their careers and their family histories. This turned out to be much more challenging than expected, since many winners do not emphasize their family origins in their own biographies or autobiographies or other commentary. Dr. Caporale has reached out to some laureates or their families to elicit that information. We plan to systematically compare the laureates to the population in the US at large, including immigrants and non‐immigrants at various periods. Outline of Presentation • A preliminary examination of the 609 Nobel Prize Winners, 291 of whom were at an American Institution when they received the Nobel in physics, chemistry or physiology and medicine • Will look at patterns of -
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Eric Kandel Form in Which This Information Is Stored
RESEARCH I NEWS pendent, this system would be expected to [2] HEEsch and J E Bums. Distance estimation work quite well, since the new recruit bees by foraging honeybees, The Journal ofExperi mental Biology, Vo1.199, pp. 155-162, 1996. tend to take the same route as the experi [3] M V Srinivasan, S W Zhang, M Lehrer, and T enced scout bee. What dOJhe ants do when S Collett, Honeybee Navigation en route to they cover similarly several kilometres on the goal: Visual flight control and odometry, foot to look for food? Preliminary evidence The Journal ofExperimental Biology, Vol. 199, pp. 237-244, 1996. indicates that they don't use an odometer but [4] M V Srinivasan, S W Zhang, M Altwein, and instead might count steps! J Tautz, Honeybee Navigation: Nature and Calibration of the Odometer, Science, Vol. Suggested Reading 287, pp. 851-853, 1996. [1] Karl von Frisch, The dance language and OT Moushumi Sen Sarma, Centre for Ecological Sci ientation of bees, Harvard Univ. Press, Cam ences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, bridge, MA, USA, 1993. India. Email: [email protected] Learning from a Sea Snail: modify future behaviour, then memory is the Eric Kandel form in which this information is stored. Together, they represent one of the most valuable and powerful adaptations ever to Rohini Balakrishnan have evolved in nervous systems, for they In the year 2000, Eric Kandel shared the allow the future to access the past, conferring Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicinel flexibility to behaviour and improving the with two other neurobiologists: Arvid chances of survival in unpredictable, rapidly Carlsson and Paul Greengard. -
2 Lez Concept of Synapses
Synapse • Gaps Between Neurons A synapse is a specialised junction between 2 neurones where the nerve impulse is passed from one neuron to another Santiago Ramón Camillo Golgi y Cajal The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 was awarded jointly to Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system Reticular vs Neuronal Doctrine The 1930 s and 1940s was a time of controversy between proponents of chemical and electrical theories of synaptic transmission. Henry Dale was a pharmacologist and a principal advocate of chemical transmission. His most prominent adversary was the neurophysiologist, JohnEccles. Otto Loewi, MD Nobel Laureate (1936) Types of Synapses • Synapses are divided into 2 groups based on zones of apposition: • Electrical • Chemical – Fast Chemical – Modulating (slow) Chemical Gap-junction Channels • Connect communicating cells at an electrical synapse • Consist of a pair of cylinders (connexons) – one in presynaptic cell, one in post – each cylinder made of 6 protein subunits – cylinders meet in the gap between the two cell membranes • Gap junctions serve to synchronize the activity of a set of neurons Electrical synapse Electrical Synapses • Common in invertebrate neurons involved with important reflex circuits. • Common in adult mammalian neurons, and in many other body tissues such as heart muscle cells. • Current generated by the action potential in pre-synaptic neuron flows through the gap junction channel into the next neuron • Send simple depolarizing -
The Hippocampus Marion Wright* Et Al
WikiJournal of Medicine, 2017, 4(1):3 doi: 10.15347/wjm/2017.003 Encyclopedic Review Article The Hippocampus Marion Wright* et al. Abstract The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial memory that enables navigation. The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex; (allocortical)[1][2][3] and in primates it is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It con- tains two main interlocking parts: the hippocampus proper (also called Ammon's horn)[4] and the dentate gyrus. In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia (the inability to form and retain new memories). In rodents as model organisms, the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsi- ble for spatial memory and navigation. Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampus respond as place cells: that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment. -
Sir Charles Sherrington'sthe Integrative Action of the Nervous System: a Centenary Appreciation
doi:10.1093/brain/awm022 Brain (2007), 130, 887^894 OCCASIONAL PAPER Sir Charles Sherrington’sThe integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation Robert E. Burke Formerly Chief of the Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Present address: P.O. Box 1722, El Prado, NM 87529,USA E-mail: [email protected] In 1906 Sir Charles Sherrington published The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, which was a collection of ten lectures delivered two years before at Yale University in the United States. In this monograph Sherrington summarized two decades of painstaking experimental observations and his incisive interpretation of them. It settled the then-current debate between the ‘‘Reticular Theory’’ versus ‘‘Neuron Doctrine’’ ideas about the fundamental nature of the nervous system in mammals in favor of the latter, and it changed forever the way in which subsequent generations have viewed the organization of the central nervous system. Sherrington’s magnum opus contains basic concepts and even terminology that are now second nature to every student of the subject. This brief article reviews the historical context in which the book was written, summarizes its content, and considers its impact on Neurology and Neuroscience. Keywords: Neuron Doctrine; spinal reflexes; reflex coordination; control of movement; nervous system organization Introduction The first decade of the 20th century saw two momentous The Silliman lectures events for science. The year 1905 was Albert Einstein’s Sherrington’s 1906 monograph, published simultaneously in ‘miraculous year’ during which three of his most celebrated London, New Haven and New York, was based on a series papers in theoretical physics appeared. -
The Brain That Changes Itself
The Brain That Changes Itself Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science NORMAN DOIDGE, M.D. For Eugene L. Goldberg, M.D., because you said you might like to read it Contents 1 A Woman Perpetually Falling . Rescued by the Man Who Discovered the Plasticity of Our Senses 2 Building Herself a Better Brain A Woman Labeled "Retarded" Discovers How to Heal Herself 3 Redesigning the Brain A Scientist Changes Brains to Sharpen Perception and Memory, Increase Speed of Thought, and Heal Learning Problems 4 Acquiring Tastes and Loves What Neuroplasticity Teaches Us About Sexual Attraction and Love 5 Midnight Resurrections Stroke Victims Learn to Move and Speak Again 6 Brain Lock Unlocked Using Plasticity to Stop Worries, OPsessions, Compulsions, and Bad Habits 7 Pain The Dark Side of Plasticity 8 Imagination How Thinking Makes It So 9 Turning Our Ghosts into Ancestors Psychoanalysis as a Neuroplastic Therapy 10 Rejuvenation The Discovery of the Neuronal Stem Cell and Lessons for Preserving Our Brains 11 More than the Sum of Her Parts A Woman Shows Us How Radically Plastic the Brain Can Be Appendix 1 The Culturally Modified Brain Appendix 2 Plasticity and the Idea of Progress Note to the Reader All the names of people who have undergone neuroplastic transformations are real, except in the few places indicated, and in the cases of children and their families. The Notes and References section at the end of the book includes comments on both the chapters and the appendices. Preface This book is about the revolutionary discovery that the human brain can change itself, as told through the stories of the scientists, doctors, and patients who have together brought about these astonishing transformations. -
Message from the Chairman
Abstract1 6/01/09 8:36 Page 1 Abstract1 6/01/09 8:36 Page 2 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN Recent years have been marked by unprecedented growth and development in the life sciences in areas such as gene sequencing, protein interactions and molecular biology. Research conducted during the last decade has resulted in important technological and conceptual advances, along with the development of treatments and early stage cures for diseases like cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. The full sequencing of the human genome, and of a growing number of other living organisms, has heralded a new era in molecular biology and genetics for human medicine. Although these discoveries have opened an unprecedented path toward medical advances, they have also revealed that organic, physiological and genetic mechanisms are far more complex than initially believed. I am therefore particularly honoured that such an impressive panel of scientists agreed to gather together at Ipsen’s new corporate headquarters to lecture on the challenging and exciting perspectives of medical innovation. Jean-Luc Bélingard, Chairman and CEO of the Ipsen Group Abstract1 6/01/09 8:36 Page 3 Professor at the Collège de France and the Institut Pasteur, he is a member of the French Académie des Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences US, the Institute of Medicine of the NAS. He discovered the allostery of proteins and isolated the nicotinic receptor of acetylcholine. Past president of the Comité National d’Ethique, he is the president of the Commission des dations, and the Jean-Pierre Changeux laureate of many scientific prizes: Chairperson médaille d’or du CNRS, Balzan prize, Louis-Jeantet Prize, Biotechnology Study Center of the New York University school of Medicine award, Jean-Louis Signoret Prize of la Fondation Ipsen, the National Academy of Sciences award in neurociences (2007). -
Cajal, Golgi, Nansen, Schäfer and the Neuron Doctrine
Full text provided by www.sciencedirect.com Feature Endeavour Vol. 37 No. 4 Cajal, Golgi, Nansen, Scha¨ fer and the Neuron Doctrine 1, Ortwin Bock * 1 Park Road, Rosebank, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1906 was interconnected with each other as well as connected with shared by the Italian Camillo Golgi and the Spaniard the radial bundle, whereby a coarsely meshed network of Santiago Ramo´ n y Cajal for their contributions to the medullated fibres is produced which can already be seen at 2 knowledge of the micro-anatomy of the central nervous 60 times magnification’. Gerlach’s work on vertebrates system. In his Nobel Lecture, Golgi defended the going- helped to consolidate the evolving Reticular Theory which out-of-favour Reticular Theory, which stated that the postulated that all the cells of the central nervous system nerve cells – or neurons – are fused together to form a were joined together like an electricity distribution net- diffuse network. Reticularists like Golgi insisted that the work. Gerlach was one of the most influential anatomists of axons physically join one nerve cell to another. In con- his day and the author of many books, not least the 1848 trast, Cajal in his lecture said that his own studies Handbuch der Allgemeinen und Speciellen Gewebelehre des confirmed the observations of others that the neurons Menschlichen Ko¨rpers: fu¨ r Aerzte und Studirende. For are independent of one another, a fact which is the twenty years he lent his considerable credibility to the anatomical basis of the now-accepted Neuron Doctrine Reticular Theory. -
Download Ps Nobel Prizes for Site BEE 11.18.16 Revised 11.30.17.Pdf
Nobel Laureates at the College of Physicians and Surgeons For years, College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni, faculty, and researchers have led groundbreaking clinical and basic scientific studies that have transformed our understanding of human biology and advanced the practice of medicine. On many occasions, this work has been honored with the Nobel Prize. The scope of research led by P&S Nobel laureates is tremendous. Although most of our prizewinners were honored for work in physiology or medicine, a few also received the prize for chemistry. Their research has fundamentally shaped the course of numerous fields, including cardiology, neuroscience, genetics, pharmaceutical development, and more. Our Nobel laureates include: André Cournand and Dickinson Richards (P&S’23), whose work at P&S on cardiac catheterization—a method of inserting a tiny tube into the heart—provided the basis for open-heart surgery and interventional cardiology Baruch Blumberg (P&S’51), who discovered the hepatitis B virus and helped develop a test and a vaccine for the virus Joshua Lederberg, a Columbia College and P&S graduate student who showed that bacteria can exchange genes when they reproduce, creating a way to model and study genetics in higher organisms Harold Varmus (P&S’66), who demonstrated how genes in normal human and animal cells can mutate to cause cancer, leading to a new generation of research on the genetic origins of cancer Eric Kandel, current University Professor, who showed how memories are stored in nerve cells, greatly enhancing -
Making Your Mind: Molecules, Motion, and Memory Lecture One – Mapping Memory in the Brain Eric R
Making Your Mind: Molecules, Motion, and Memory Lecture One – Mapping Memory in the Brain Eric R. Kandel, M.D. 1. Start of Lecture I (0:15) [ANNOUNCER:] From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The 2008 Holiday Lectures on Science. This year's lectures, "Making Your Mind: Molecules, Motion, and Memory," will be given by Dr. Eric Kandel, Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at Columbia University, and Dr. Thomas Jessell, Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator also at Columbia University. The first lecture is titled "Mapping Memory in the Brain." And now to introduce our program, the President of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dr. Thomas Cech. 2. Welcome by HHMI President Dr. Thomas Cech (1:08) [DR. CECH] Welcome to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the 2008 Holiday Lectures on Science. The Institute initiated this series in 1993. In 1995 I had the pleasure of coming here and delivering the lectures on catalytic RNA, and since I've been President of the Institute it's been a great pleasure to be involved in choosing 18 terrific scientists to talk to students here in the auditorium. The Holiday Lectures are one of more than 30 research and education programs of the Institute and please visit our website www.hhmi.org to learn more about all of our activities. This lecture series focuses on the most complex organ in our body and arguably the one that most is responsible for making us human. Clearly without this organ you wouldn't be able to find this auditorium, and even if you got here you wouldn't understand a word that was being said. -
Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr.