Syllabus for Introduction to Neuroscience (Honors-‐ NROSCI 1003)
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Laureadas Com O Nobel Na Fisiologia Ou Medicina (1995-2015)
No trono da ciência II: laureadas com o Nobel na Fisiologia ou Medicina (1995-2015) On the Throne of Science II: Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine (1995-2015) LUZINETE SIMÕES MINELLA Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina | UFSC RESUMO O artigo dá continuidade a uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre as trajetórias das doze cientistas que receberam o Nobel na Fisiologia ou Medicina entre 1947 e 2015. Na fase anterior foram analisadas as trajetó- rias das cinco pioneiras, laureadas entre 1947 e 1988 e nesta segunda etapa, são abordadas suas sucessoras, as sete premiadas entre 1995 e 2015. A análise das suas autobiografias, discursos e palestras disponíveis no site do prêmio, além de outras fontes, se fundamenta numa perspectiva balizada pela crítica feminista à ciência bem como pelos avanços dos estudos do campo de gênero e ciências e da história da ciência. O artigo tenta identificar semelhanças e diferenças entre as pioneiras e as sucessoras na tentativa de contribuir para o debate sobre as especificidades da feminização das carreiras científicas. 85 Palavras-chave Gênero e Ciências – Nobel – Fisiologia ou Medicina. ABSTRACT The article gives continuity to a broader research on the trajectories of the twelve scientists who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine between 1947 and 2015. In the previous phase, the trajectories of the five pioneers awarded between 1947 and 1988 were analyzed, and, in this second phase, their successors, the seven awarded between 1995 and 2015, were approached. The analysis of their autobiographies, speeches and lectures available on the award site, in addition to other sources, is based on a feminist critique of science as well as advances of the studies in the field of gender and science and the history of science. -
2 Lez Concept of Synapses
Synapse • Gaps Between Neurons A synapse is a specialised junction between 2 neurones where the nerve impulse is passed from one neuron to another Santiago Ramón Camillo Golgi y Cajal The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 was awarded jointly to Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system Reticular vs Neuronal Doctrine The 1930 s and 1940s was a time of controversy between proponents of chemical and electrical theories of synaptic transmission. Henry Dale was a pharmacologist and a principal advocate of chemical transmission. His most prominent adversary was the neurophysiologist, JohnEccles. Otto Loewi, MD Nobel Laureate (1936) Types of Synapses • Synapses are divided into 2 groups based on zones of apposition: • Electrical • Chemical – Fast Chemical – Modulating (slow) Chemical Gap-junction Channels • Connect communicating cells at an electrical synapse • Consist of a pair of cylinders (connexons) – one in presynaptic cell, one in post – each cylinder made of 6 protein subunits – cylinders meet in the gap between the two cell membranes • Gap junctions serve to synchronize the activity of a set of neurons Electrical synapse Electrical Synapses • Common in invertebrate neurons involved with important reflex circuits. • Common in adult mammalian neurons, and in many other body tissues such as heart muscle cells. • Current generated by the action potential in pre-synaptic neuron flows through the gap junction channel into the next neuron • Send simple depolarizing -
The Hippocampus Marion Wright* Et Al
WikiJournal of Medicine, 2017, 4(1):3 doi: 10.15347/wjm/2017.003 Encyclopedic Review Article The Hippocampus Marion Wright* et al. Abstract The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial memory that enables navigation. The hippocampus is located under the cerebral cortex; (allocortical)[1][2][3] and in primates it is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It con- tains two main interlocking parts: the hippocampus proper (also called Ammon's horn)[4] and the dentate gyrus. In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia (the inability to form and retain new memories). In rodents as model organisms, the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsi- ble for spatial memory and navigation. Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampus respond as place cells: that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment. -
Sir Charles Sherrington'sthe Integrative Action of the Nervous System: a Centenary Appreciation
doi:10.1093/brain/awm022 Brain (2007), 130, 887^894 OCCASIONAL PAPER Sir Charles Sherrington’sThe integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation Robert E. Burke Formerly Chief of the Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Present address: P.O. Box 1722, El Prado, NM 87529,USA E-mail: [email protected] In 1906 Sir Charles Sherrington published The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, which was a collection of ten lectures delivered two years before at Yale University in the United States. In this monograph Sherrington summarized two decades of painstaking experimental observations and his incisive interpretation of them. It settled the then-current debate between the ‘‘Reticular Theory’’ versus ‘‘Neuron Doctrine’’ ideas about the fundamental nature of the nervous system in mammals in favor of the latter, and it changed forever the way in which subsequent generations have viewed the organization of the central nervous system. Sherrington’s magnum opus contains basic concepts and even terminology that are now second nature to every student of the subject. This brief article reviews the historical context in which the book was written, summarizes its content, and considers its impact on Neurology and Neuroscience. Keywords: Neuron Doctrine; spinal reflexes; reflex coordination; control of movement; nervous system organization Introduction The first decade of the 20th century saw two momentous The Silliman lectures events for science. The year 1905 was Albert Einstein’s Sherrington’s 1906 monograph, published simultaneously in ‘miraculous year’ during which three of his most celebrated London, New Haven and New York, was based on a series papers in theoretical physics appeared. -
Cajal, Golgi, Nansen, Schäfer and the Neuron Doctrine
Full text provided by www.sciencedirect.com Feature Endeavour Vol. 37 No. 4 Cajal, Golgi, Nansen, Scha¨ fer and the Neuron Doctrine 1, Ortwin Bock * 1 Park Road, Rosebank, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1906 was interconnected with each other as well as connected with shared by the Italian Camillo Golgi and the Spaniard the radial bundle, whereby a coarsely meshed network of Santiago Ramo´ n y Cajal for their contributions to the medullated fibres is produced which can already be seen at 2 knowledge of the micro-anatomy of the central nervous 60 times magnification’. Gerlach’s work on vertebrates system. In his Nobel Lecture, Golgi defended the going- helped to consolidate the evolving Reticular Theory which out-of-favour Reticular Theory, which stated that the postulated that all the cells of the central nervous system nerve cells – or neurons – are fused together to form a were joined together like an electricity distribution net- diffuse network. Reticularists like Golgi insisted that the work. Gerlach was one of the most influential anatomists of axons physically join one nerve cell to another. In con- his day and the author of many books, not least the 1848 trast, Cajal in his lecture said that his own studies Handbuch der Allgemeinen und Speciellen Gewebelehre des confirmed the observations of others that the neurons Menschlichen Ko¨rpers: fu¨ r Aerzte und Studirende. For are independent of one another, a fact which is the twenty years he lent his considerable credibility to the anatomical basis of the now-accepted Neuron Doctrine Reticular Theory. -
Is Neuroscience a Bigger Threat Than Artifical Intelligence
Is Neuroscience a Bigger Threat than Artificial Intelligence? IBM’s Jeopardy winning computer Watson is a serious threat, not just to the livelihood of medical diagnosticians, but to other professionals who may find themselves going the way of welders. Besides its economic threat, the advance of AI seems to pose a cultural threat: if physical systems can do what we do without thought to give meaning to their achievements, the conscious human mind will be displaced from its unique role in the universe as a creative, responsible, rational agent. But this worry has a more powerful basis in the Nobel Prize winning discoveries of a quartet of neuroscientists—Eric Kandel, John O’Keefe, Edvard, and May-Britt Moser. For between them they have shown that the human brain doesn’t work the way conscious experience suggests at all. Instead it operates to deliver human achievements in the way IBM’s Watson does. Thoughts with meaning have no more role in the human brain than in artificial intelligence. Consciousness tells us that we employ a theory of mind, both to decide on our own actions and to predict and explain the behavior of others. According to this theory there have to be particular belief/desire pairings somewhere in our brains working together to bring about movements of the body, including speech and writing. Which beliefs and desires in particular? Roughly speaking it’s the contents of beliefs and desires—what they are about—that pair them up to drive our actions. The desires represent the ends, the beliefs record the available means to attain them. -
The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology Or Medicine John O´Keefe May-Britt
PRESS RELEASE 2014‐10‐06 The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with one half to John O´Keefe and the other half jointly to May‐Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ How do we know where we are? How can we find the way from one place to another? And how can we store this information in such a way that we can immediately find the way the next time we trace the same path? This year´s Nobel Laureates have discovered a positioning system, an “inner GPS” in the brain that makes it possible to orient ourselves in space, demonstrating a cellular basis for higher cognitive function. In 1971, John O´Keefe discovered the first component of this positioning system. He found that a type of nerve cell in an area of the brain called the hippocampus that was always activated when a rat was at a certain place in a room. Other nerve cells were activated when the rat was at other places. O´Keefe concluded that these “place cells” formed a map of the room. More than three decades later, in 2005, May‐Britt and Edvard Moser discovered another key component of the brain’s positioning system. They identified another type of nerve cell, which they called “grid cells”, that generate a coordinate system and allow for precise positioning and pathfinding. Their subsequent research showed how place and grid cells make it possible to determine position and to navigate. -
Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr. -
ERC Press Release O in 2012, Prof
Press release 6 October 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine to two European Research Council grantees It was announced today by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, that the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine has been awarded to Professor Edvard I. Moser and Professor May-Britt Moser, both ERC Advanced Grant holders, together with Professor John O´Keefe, "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain". On this occasion, European Commission President José Manuel Barroso said: "I warmly congratulate John O´Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser on their achievement. I am particularly proud that both May-Britt and Edvard Moser are holders of European Research Council Advanced Grants. The ERC supports the very best pioneering researchers across Europe, and has made a real impact since its launch in 2007. This is why we decided on a significant boost for the ERC budget in our new research and innovation programme, Horizon 2020." The President of the European Research Council (ERC), Prof. Jean-Pierre-Bourguignon, commented: "On behalf of the ERC, I would like to extend warm congratulations to this year’s three Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine. We are very proud that the European Research Council has funded two of the winners - Professors Edvard I. Moser and May-Britt Moser. Their ERC Advanced Grants contributed in a significant way to their ground-breaking research on the navigation system of the brain. Today's news confirms that the ERC invests in the best minds – whether young or senior - to support their most innovative ideas at the cutting edge." This is the third time that a Nobel Prize goes to top researchers funded by the ERC since its launch. -
E Neurobiology of Learning and Memory – As Related in the Memoirs of Eric R
www.surgicalneurologyint.com Surgical Neurology International Editor-in-Chief: Nancy E. Epstein, MD, Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, State U. of NY at Stony Brook. SNI: Socioeconomics, Politics, and Medicine Editor James A Ausman, MD, PhD University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Open Access Book Review e neurobiology of learning and memory – as related in the memoirs of Eric R. Kandel Miguel A. Faria Clinical Professor of Surgery (Neurosurgery, ret.) and Adjunct Professor of Medical History (ret.), Mercer University School of Medicine, United States. E-mail: *Miguel A. Faria - [email protected] Author : Eric R. Kandel Published by : W.W. Norton & Co., New York, NY, USA Price : $19.95 ISBN-13 : 978-0393329377 ISBN-10 : 9780393329377 Year : 2006 *Corresponding author: Miguel A. Faria, MD Clinical Professor of Surgery (Neurosurgery, ret.) and Adjunct Professor of Medical History (ret.), Mercer University School of Medicine, United States. [email protected] is magnificent tome by Eric R. Kandel, M.D., a psychoanalyst and neuroscience researcher, Received : 22 July 2020 is both a delightful autobiography and a scrupulously detailed history of the neurobiology of Accepted : 22 July 2020 learning and memory, a relatively new area of neuroscience that Kandel refers to as a “new [7] Published : 15 August 2020 science of mind.” His own fundamental work in this area made him a recipient of a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000, which he shared with two other distinguished investigators, DOI Drs. Arvid Carlsson (for elucidating the effects of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease) and Paul 10.25259/SNI_458_2020 Greengard (for the discovery of signal transduction in neurons). -
Vesicular Transport in Cells – from Analysis to Biogenesis
Powered by Website address: https://www.gesundheitsindustrie- bw.de/en/article/news/vesicular-transport-in-cells-from- analysis-to-biogenesis Vesicular transport in cells – from analysis to biogenesis COPI vesicles, one of the three major types of intracellular transport vesicles, are an excellent example of how the molecular analysis of individual vesicle components can lead to an understanding of the biogenesis and transport mechanisms of membrane vesicles as a whole. The research carried out by Dr. Felix T. Wieland’s team at the University of Heidelberg has made a decisive contribution to such detailed insights. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by complex membrane systems that separate different metabolic compartments from each other at the same time as transporting metabolic products and messenger substances to specific destinations inside the cell and into the extracellular space. The transport is mediated by vesicles that detach from the folded and branched cisternae of intracellular membranes. They either then fuse with intracellular membranes again or with the plasma membrane where the contents of the vesicles, secretory proteins for example, are discharged to the outside of the cell. This process is referred to as exocytosis. The opposite process is known as endocytosis, in which cells take up molecules from the exterior by enveloping them in their cell membrane before releasing them inside the cell. Camillo Golgi (1843-1926). © Universitá degli studi di Pavia The Golgi apparatus, named after the Italian physiologist Camillo Golgi who discovered a method to 1 stain nervous tissue with silver, which led to his discovery in 1898 of the "apparato reticulare interno" in the hippocampal neurons, is integral in modifying and packaging macromolecules for exocytosis or use within the cell (endocytosis). -
Peder Sather Center for Advanced Study
Peder Sather Center for Advanced Study A Research and Educational Collaboration between Norway and the University of California, Berkeley sathercenter.berkeley.edu Peder Sather Center for Advanced Study Background and Purpose The primary mission of the Peder Sather Center for Advanced Study is to strengthen ongoing research collaborations and foster the develop- ment of new collaborations between the University of California, Berkeley and the consortium of nine participating Norwegian academic institutions. The Peder Sather Center for Advanced Study’s funding enables UC Berkeley faculty to conduct exploratory and cutting edge research in tandem with leading researchers from the following nine Norwegian higher education institutions and the Research Council of Norway: Peder Sather (1810-1886) Peder Sather, a farmer’s son from Norway, BI Norwegian Business School (BI) emigrated to New York City in 1832. Norwegian School of Economics (NHH) There he started up as a servant and lottery ticket seller before opening an exchange Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) brokerage, later to become a full-fledged University of Agder (UiA) banking house. When gold was discovered in California, banker Francis Drexel University of Bergen (UiB) offered Peder Sather and his companion, Edward Church, a large loan to establish a Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) bank in San Francisco. From 1863 Peder University of Oslo (UiO) Sather went on as the sole owner of the bank and in the late 1860’s he had become University of Stavanger (UiS) one of California’s richest men. UiT The Arctic University of Norway Peder Sather was a public-spirited man, a philanthropist and an eager supporter of The Peder Sather Center selects projects for support and serves as the public education on all levels and for both sexes.