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Jose's Phd Revised Thesis Jun27th 2019 PDF.Pdf WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch Public Service Broadcasting and the Construction of the Angolan Nation: Audiences’ perceptions of News at 8pm and Muangolé José Paulo Paulo, J. This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © Jose Paulo, 2018. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: ((http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] Public Service Broadcasting and the Construction of the Angolan Nation: Audiences’ perceptions of News at 8pm and Muangolé José Paulo A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2018 Abstract Studies of the media in Angola have been recent and very few, and have focused more on the general aspects of public media performances and how they interplay with Angolan politics and society. Public service broadcasting (PSB) has been included in these researches only as part of the media and rarely researched separately, despite its strong impact in this country. There have been no studies on PSB audiences or public broadcasting’s role in giving a voice to voiceless people. The long period (27 years) of civil war that commenced immediately after independence from Portuguese colonialism (1975) is acknowledged as the main reason for the scarcity of academic studies. This thesis, then, focuses on the perceptions of Angolan audiences regarding the role of their public service broadcasting as a catalyst for Angolan nation-building in this post-war society. From the constructivist perspective of nation-building as a project always in process, Angola’s post-war society, with its diversity of tribes, languages, races, ethnicity and traditions, is an example of such a nation in process. Three methodologies are used in this investigation: first, qualitative content analysis (QCA) evaluating samples of content from the News at 8pm both on Public Service Television and Angolan National Radio and the TV talk show Domingo a Muangolé; second, interviews with journalists to gain a perspective on the elitist idea of Angolan nation-building in Angolan PSB; and third, focus group discussions with sample audience members, to understand what Angolan PSB audiences expect and perceive from these media in view of their nation in construction, evaluating how their daily life is addressed by these broadcasters. The thesis found that Angolan PSB was doing less than expected in terms of addressing audiences’ stories. Conversely, the broadcast content highlighted a more elite vision of the nation. The Angolan PSB is in a process of transformation, as is the whole country at all levels (law, governance, and justice sectors), but this research found that audiences still expected the PSB to be an important tool to help the country build up a sense of national identity and belonging after the war. While the programmes studied were attempting to do this, their perspective was mainly limited to urban life and they presented a government- approved picture of the society. The disconnect between News at 8pm and its audiences’ needs and expectations is the main challenge that Angolan PSB has to deal with in the context of post-war nation building and present-day Angolan society. Acknowledgements I have no suitable words to thank, from the bottom of my heart, my Director of Studies Dr. Roza Tsagarousianou for the time she has spent in coaching, advising and guiding me. This thesis had to stop in the last month of the writing-up process because of my mother’s serious illness. I was devastated. Thank you Dr. Roza for your expertise, and all the academic support and attention. Thank you for all your encouragement. May God reward you. I am also grateful to Dr. Wiston Mano, my second supervisor. His knowledge on the subject of Southern Africa’s media widened the scope of my reflection on the topic of public service broadcasting. Thanks, Dr. Mano. I want to thank Dr. Anthony McNicholas, who supervised my MA dissertation about ‘The journalism of package in Angola’ (2010). As my teacher on the Sociology of News, he opened my mind to continue the research into PSB News that gave birth to this thesis. Special thanks also go to all my informants who participated in the group discussions in Luanda, Viana, Zango, Benguela, Cubal, Kunje, Huambo and Wako Kungo; and to my friends Nelson, Sonjila, Lungo, Carolina, Rodrigues and Siakesse, for all their useful contacts and sharing that helped me to better assemble these groups and so widen the scope of my topic. Finally I want to address a special thank you to my mother Marcela, who even while in bed and suffering terribly still did not want me to stop working on this thesis. She encouraged me to return to London for a while to be better able to concentrate on the final writing of this thesis. Thank you, Mom, for all you represent for me now and forever. This thesis is dedicated to you. You deserve it. May you now rest in peace! Declaration of Authorship I, José Sebastião Paulo, hereby declare that all the material contained in this thesis is my own work. Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 2 List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................... 8 General Introduction .................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1: PSB and the construction of a nation: need or fashion? .......................... 17 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 17 Section I ..................................................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Nation and nationalism: origins and development ....................................................... 18 1.1.1. Nationalism and the nation according to some scholars ................................... 20 1.1.2. Nation, identity and belonging: different stages of the We ............................... 32 Section II.................................................................................................................................... 35 1.2 The role of the media in nation building ........................................................................ 35 1.2.1 Media and the public sphere in the context of nation building ......................... 36 1.2.2 Broadcasting and nation building: a theoretical approach .................................. 38 1.2.3 Origins of public service broadcasting: the BBC as a paradigm ........................ 40 1.2.4 Broadcasting and national culture .......................................................................... 46 1.2.5 Public broadcasting challenges ............................................................................... 50 Chapter 2: Angola and the construction of a nation: a contextual approach ........... 53 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 53 Section I ..................................................................................................................................... 54 2.1 Contextual background of post-conflict Africa ............................................................. 54 2.1.1 Possible solutions ..................................................................................................... 59 2.2 Angolan nation-building: a historical background ........................................................ 63 2.2.1. The Angolan civil war ............................................................................................. 70 Section II.................................................................................................................................... 76 2.3. PSB in post-conflict societies in Africa .......................................................................... 76 2.3.1 The media in Angola: a contextual approach ....................................................... 80 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................ 84 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 84 3.1. Research objectives ........................................................................................................... 84 3.2. Choice of case studies....................................................................................................... 85 3.2.1 Telejornal and Jornal das 20h....................................................................................... 85 3.2.2 Domingo a Muangolé TV show ................................................................................... 86 3.3 Methods ..............................................................................................................................
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