CWE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY
China International Water & Electric Corp. ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Luanda Angola Report April,
2016
Mod.149.02
ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report
Report Overview Index
1 - 1.1 - Identification and Development Phase of the Project 23 1.2 - Identification of the Company and of the Licensing Body 23 1.3 - Company and Technical Team Identification 24 1.4 - EIS Background Information 30 1.5 - Methodological Approach 30 1.5.1 - General Methodology 30 1.5.2 - EIS Framework 31 1.5.3 - Contacted Entities/Individuals 32 1.6 - Definition of the EIS Scope 39 1.6.1 - Project's Scope - Project Components under Assessment 39 1.6.2 - Geographical Scope - EIS Study Area 39 1.6.3 -Thematic Scope - Aspects under Analysis 42 2 - LEGAL FRAMEWORK 44 2.1 - EIS (Environmental Impact Study) Framework EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regime 44 2.2 - National Legislation Reference Table 45 2.3 - International Legislation Reference Table 63 3 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION 66 3.1 - Project Aims and Justification 66 3.1.1 - National energy grid 66 3.1.2 - Project's Purpose 85 3.1.3 - Project Justification 86 3.2 - Project Background Information 87 3.3 - Geographic Location and Location Alternatives 90 3.3.1 - Geographical Location 90 3.3.2 - Considered Alternatives 90 3.4 - Project Specifications 93 3.4.1 - General Project Characteristics 93 3.4.2 -Construction Support Infrastructures 117 3.4.3 - Construction Phase Characteristics 121
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3.4.4 - Exploration Phase Characteristics 123 3.4.5 - Consumptions and Resources 123 3.4.6 - Labour, Machinery and Equipment 128 3.4.7 - Accesses 129 3.4.8 - Pollutant Loads 135 3.5 - Complementary or Subsidiary Projects 140 3.5.1 - Initial Considerations 140 3.5.2 - Temporary diversion of the river 141 3.5.3 - Accesses 141 3.5.4 - Quarry 142 3.5.5 - Waste and Material Storage Area 143 3.6 - Provisional Schedule of the Various Phases of the Project 143 3.6.1 - Preparatory Works 143 3.6.2 - Construction Works 143 3.6.3 - Decomissioning Works 145 3.6.4 - Energy Production 145 3.7 - Financial Viability and Investment Value 145 3.7.1 - Investment Value 145 3.7.2 - Basic Terms 145 3.7.3 - Funding 146 3.7.4 - Cost Analysis 146 3.7.5 - Price of Electricity and Financial Analysis 147 3.8 - Technological Alternatives and Project Conception 149 3.9 - Risk Assessment 152 3.9.1 - General Considerations 152 3.9.2 - Assessment Methodology and Criteria 153 3.9.3 - Relevant Environmental Issues 153 3.9.4 - Area of Influence 155 3.9.5 - Emergency Plan 155 4 - DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT´S AREA OF INFLUENCE 157 4.1 - Limits and Framework 157 4.1.1 - Directly Affected Area (DAA) 157 4.1.2 - Direct Influence Area (DIA) 157 4.1.3 - Indirect Influence Area (IIA) 157 4.2 - Government Plans and Programs in the Project Influence Area (PIA) 158 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION 163
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5.1 - General Considerations 163 5.2 - Physical Environment 164 5.2.1 -Climate 164 5.2.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 183 5.2.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 194 5.2.4 - Water Resources 207
5.2.5 - Quality of the Air 252 5.2.6 - Sound Environment 258 5.3 - Biotic medium 263 5.3.1 - General Considerations 263 5.3.2 - Regional Geological Framework 263 5.3.3 - Phytocenosis and habitat 265 5.3.4 - Aquatic Biodiversity 276 5.3.5 - Terrestrial Biodiversity 298 5.4 - Social and Economical Environment 316 5.4.1 - Social and Economic Elements 316 5.4.2 - Regional Planning 404 5.4.3 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 437 5.4.4 - Landscape 454 5.4.5 - Waste 464 6 - ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION IN PROJECT AREA IF PROJECT IS NOT IMPLEMENTED 466 7 - ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 470 7.1 - Assessment Methodology and Criteria 470 7.1.1 - Assumptions 470 7.1.2 - Impact Identification 471 7.1.3 - Impact Forecast 471 7.1.4 - Impact Assessment 471 7.1.5 - Assessment of Significance of Impacts 474 7.2 - Activities Likely to Create Environmental Impacts 476 7.3 - Physical Environment 477 7.3.1 –Climate 477 7.3.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 477 7.3.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 485 7.3.4 - Water Resources 493
7.3.5 - Quality of the Air 504 7.3.6 - Sound Environment 506
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7.4 - Biotic Environment 509 7.4.1 - Prior Considerations 509 7.4.2 - Construction Phase 509 7.4.3 - Exploration Phase 514 7.4.4 - Impact Summary 519 7.5 - Social and Economical Environment 525 7.5.1 - Social and Economic Elements 525 7.5.2 - Regional Planning 533 7.5.3 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 535 7.5.4 - Landscape 536 7.5.5 - Waste 541 8 - ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 550 8.1 - General Considerations 550 8.2 - Physical Environment 550 8.2.1 –Climate 550 8.2.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 550 8.2.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 551 8.2.4 - Water Resources 551
8.2.5 - Quality of the Air 552 8.2.6 - Sound Environment 553 8.3 - Biotic Environment 554 8.4 - Social and Economical Environment 555 8.4.1 - Social and Economic Elements 555 8.4.2 - Regional Planning 557 8.4.3 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 557 8.4.4 - Landscape 558 8.4.5 - Waste 559 9 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES 560 9.1 - General Measures 560 9.1.1 - Pre-Construction Phase 560 9.1.2 - Construction Phase 561 9.1.3 - Exploration Phase 565 9.2 - Specific Measures 565 9.2.1 –Climate 565 9.2.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 565 9.2.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 566
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9.2.4 - Water Resources 567
9.2.5 - Quality of the Air 569 9.2.6 - Sound Environment 569 9.2.7 - Biotic Environment 570 9.2.8 - Social and Economic Elements 571 9.2.9 - Regional Planning 573 9.2.10 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 573 9.2.11 - Landscape 574 9.2.12 - Waste 575 10 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT 578 10.1 - Monitoring of the Surface Water Resources 578 10.1.1 - Quantitative Aspects - Hydrological Parameters and Sedimentary Transport 578 10.1.2 - Qualitative Aspects - Quality of the Surface Water 579 10.2 - Monitoring of the Biotic Environment 586 10.2.1 - Flora Conservation Program 586 10.2.2 - Inventory Program and Ictiofauna Monitoring 593 10.2.3 - Terrestrial Fauna Preservation Program 595 11 - TECHNICAL SHORTCOMINGS OR LACK OF KNOWLEDGE 614 12 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 616 13 - BIBLIOGRAPHY 618
ANNEXES:
ANNEX - Documents from the Contacted Entities
ANNEX II - Project Elements
ANNEX III - Project Implementation Schedule ANNEX IV -
Results of the Field Works
ANNEX V - Social Component
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Report Overview LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 - Administrative and geographical environments of Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant ...... 40
FIGURE 2.1 - Environmental Impact Study (EIS) Process and Obtaining of the Environmental License ...... 44 FIGURE 3.1 - Main Angolan Power Grids ...... 68
FIGURE 3.2 - Distribution of Consumption referring to 2013 by type of client and by region ...... 72 FIGURE 3.3 - Foreseen Distribution per grid until 2025 ...... 72 FIGURE 3.4 - Projection of installed capacity ...... 78 FIGURE 3.5 - Projection of current transport network ...... 78 FIGURE 3.6 - Production and transport networks in Angola ...... 79
FIGURE 3.7 - Location of hydroelectric power plants under study/project and under construction/operation ...... 84 FIGURE 3.8 - Schematic profile of the different hydroelectric power plants ...... 85 FIGURE 3.9 - Hydroelectric power plants foreseen for the section ...... 88 FIGURE 3.10 - Longitudinal profile for the section ...... 88 FIGURE 3.11 - Alternative 1: Zenzo I and Zenzo II ...... 91 FIGURE 3.12 - Alternative 2: Low Zenzo ...... 91
FIGURE 3.13 - Alternative 3: High Zenzo ...... 92 FIGURE 3.14 - Longitudinal profile of Zenzo hydro power plant and reservoir ...... 94 FIGURE 3.15 - Zenzo Hydro Power Plant general project presentation ...... 96 FIGURE 3.16 - Main dam of Zenzo HPP - Plan view ...... 99 FIGURE 3.17 - Main dam of Zenzo HPP - Longitudinal view ...... 99 FIGURE 3.18 - Main dam of Zenzo HPP - Schematic cross section view ...... 100
FIGURE 3.19 - Foundation slab of the main dam - Detail ...... 101
FIGURE 3.20 - Impermeabilization of the main dam foundations - Detail ...... 101
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FIGURE 3.21 - Auxiliary dam of the Zenzo HPP - Plan view ...... 102 FIGURE 3.22 - Auxiliary dam of Zenzo HPP - Longitudinal view ...... 102 FIGURE 3.23 - Auxiliary dam of the Zenzo HPP - Schematic cross section view ...... 103 FIGURE 3.24 - Foundation slab of the auxiliary dam - Detail ...... 104
FIGURE 3.25 - Impermeabilization of the auxiliary dam foundations - Detail ...... 104
FIGURE 3.26 - Hydraulic Circuit - Plan ...... 106 FIGURE 3.27 - Hydraulic circuit - Longitudinal profile ...... 106 FIGURE 3.28 - Cross section view of the Hydroelectric Power Plant ...... 108 FIGURE 3.29 - Longitudinal view of the Hydroelectric Power Plant ...... 109 FIGURE 3.30 - Flood spillway - Plan ...... 112
FIGURE 3.31 - Flod spillway - Longitudinal view ...... 112 FIGURE 3.32 - Control sill of the flood spillway - Plan ...... 113
FIGURE 3.33 - Upstream stoplog - Cross view section ...... 118 FIGURE 3.34 - Downstream stoplog - Cross view section ...... 118 FIGURE 3.35 - 1st Temporary diversion tunnel - Longitudinal profile ...... 119
FIGURE 3.36 - 1st Temporary diversion tunnel - Cross view section ...... 119 FIGURE 3.37 - Different accesses to the project area ...... 133 FIGURE 3.38 - Hierarchical options of waste management ...... 139 FIGURE 3.39 - 1st Temporary diversion tunnel - Longitudinal profile ...... 141
FIGURE 4.1 - Directly Affected Area (DAA) and Direct Influence Area (DIA) ...... 159 FIGURE 4.2 - Indirect Influence Area (IIA) ...... 161
FIGURE 5.1 - Isoline map showing the annual average maximum temperature and annual average minimum temperature ...... 167 FIGURE 5.2 - Isoline map shoing the average relative humidity at 09h00 and the evapotranspiration of reference ...... 168 FIGURE 5.3 – Annual Monthly Rainfall Chart for the period 1944/1945 to 1973/1974 ...... 169 FIGURE 5.4 - Wind Direction (registered and pattern) ...... 170
FIGURE 5.5 - Wind Recorded Speed ...... 170
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FIGURE 5.6 - Schematic Diagram of GHG Emission Scenarios ...... 173 FIGURE 5.7 - Global GHG Emissions in the Absence of Climate Policies ...... 176 FIGURE 5.8 - Projections obtained for global planet surface heating for some SRES emission scenarios 177
FIGURE 5.9 Change in average global surface temperature ...... 177 FIGURE 5.10 - Projections of patterns of change in rainfall ...... 178
FIGURE 5.11 - Temperature difference and rainfall for the African continent ...... 179 FIGURE 5.12 - Variation (ºC) of the annual temperature for Angola for the SRES A2 scenario ...... 180 FIGURE 5.13 - Variation (mm/month) in the monthly average rainfall for Angola for the SRES A2 scenario ...... 181
FIGURE 5.14 - Framework of the study area in the simplified scheme of the most significant climate change in the climatic regions of Angola ...... 182 FIGURE 5.15 - Geomorphological framework of the project ...... 185 FIGURE 5.16 - Geological framework of the project ...... 187
FIGURE 5.17 - World seismic risk map ...... 190
FIGURE 5.18 - Occurrence of earthquakes in Angola ...... 191 FIGURE 5.19 - Angola's Tectonostratigraphic Outline ...... 192 FIGURE 5.20 - Extract from the Angola Generalized Land Chart with the location of the study area ...... 195 FIGURE 5.21 - Land Limitations in Angola ...... 197 FIGURE 5.22 - Current Land Use Map ...... 205
FIGURE 5.23 - Hydrographic Network and Hydrographic Units of Angola ...... 208 FIGURE 5.24 - Main Drainage Areas ...... 209 FIGURE 5.25 - Hydrographic Basins of Angola ...... 210 FIGURE 5.26 - Administrative framework of the River Kwanza hydrographic basin ...... 211 FIGURE 5.27 - The hydrographic basin of the River Kwanza and its hydrographic network ...... 215 FIGURE 5.28 - Year-on-year distribution of average monthly rainfall ...... 216
TABLE 5.29 - Distribution Throughout the Yearly Flow ...... 218
FIGURE 5.30 - Average weighted rainfall in the River Kwanza basin in Cambambe ...... 219
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FIGURE 5.31 - Monthly average flow in the Zenzo section ...... 220 FIGURE 5.32 - Location of the Capanda, Lauca Hydroelectric Power Plants ...... 233 FIGURE 5.33 - Location of sampling points for surface water quality ...... 238 FIGURE 5.34 - Equipment for measuring water quality parameters ...... 241
FIGURE 5.35 - Aquifer units of the River Kwanza hydrographical river basin ...... 249
FIGURE 5.36 - Sensitive receivers in the area of influence of the Zenzo hydroelectric plant ...... 256 FIGURE 5.37 - Wind direction (registered and pattern) at the Biocom Unit weather station in Cacuso in 2014 257 FIGURE 5.38 - Wind velocity registered at the Biocom Unit weather station in Cacuso in 2014 ...... 257
FIGURE 5.39 - Sensitive receivers in the area of influence of the Zenzo hydroelectric plant ...... 259 FIGURE 5.40 - Measurement Point 1 - PM1 ...... 260 FIGURE 5.41 - Measurement Point 2 - PM2 ...... 261
FIGURE 5.42 - Single Access to the river (right bank) ...... 262 FIGURE 5.43 - Protected Areas in the Project Environment ...... 264
FIGURE 5.44 - Biomes or phyto-ecological divisions occurring in Angola ...... 266 FIGURE 5.45 - Framing of the Project in the Phyto-geographic Chart of Angola ...... 267 FIGURE 5.46 - Vegetation Map - Phytocenotic Area ...... 272 FIGURE 5.47 – Vegetation Map - Area flooded by Zenzo power plant ...... 273 FIGURE 5.48 - Provincial Framework317
FIGURE 5.49 - Municipal and Communal Project Framework ...... 318
FIGURE 5.50 - Project Local Framework ...... 318 FIGURE 5.51 - Distribution of the population of the North Kwanza province by municipality and gender ... 322 FIGURE 5.52 - Distribution of the population of the South Kwanza province by municipality and gender ... 325 FIGURE 5.53 - Age pyramid of the population, Angola – 2013 ...... 326 FIGURE 5.54 - Evolution of the age pyramid of the North Kwanza province, between 2009 and 2012 ...... 327 FIGURE 5.55 - Age pyramid of the population of South Kwanza – 2011 ...... 327
FIGURE 5.56 - Macroeconomic Framework for Angola for the period 2013-2017 ...... 329
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FIGURE 5.57 - Structure of the Angolan economy in 2010 ...... 330 FIGURE 5.58 - Major systems of the Angolan electricity sector 334 FIGURE 5.59 - Fundamental Road Network: main roads ...... 388 FIGURE 5.60 - 1st Level Fundamental and Complementary Road Network...... 389
FIGURE 5.61 - Railway Network - Proposal Angola 2025 ...... 390
FIGURE 5.62 - Residential areas in the area of influence of the Zenzo hydroelectric plant ...... 392 FIGURE 5.63 - Zone 1 - Abandoned houses in Kabuta commune ...... 393 FIGURE 5.64 - Zone 2 – Commune of Candengue and surroundings, São Pedro da Quilemba ...... 399 FIGURE 5.65 - Zone 3 – Commune of Calambala and surroundings, São Pedro da Quilemba ...... 402 FIGURE 5.66 - Regional Planning in Angola ...... 405
FIGURE 5.67 - Angola 2025 – Territorial Development Strategy 410 FIGURE 5.68 - Territorial Development Strategy – Kwanza South ...... 411
FIGURE 5.69 - Evolution of energy consumption until 2025 ...... 413 FIGURE 5.70 - Evolution of energy consumption per client until 2025 ...... 413 FIGURE 5.71 - Installed capacity by source in 2025 ...... 414
FIGURE 5.72 - Investments foreseen until 2025 ...... 415 FIGURE 5.73 - Policies and priorities for the energy sector ...... 416 FIGURE 5.74 - Projects schedule for the energy sector ...... 418 FIGURE 5.75 - Policies and priorities for the water sector...... 419
FIGURE 5.76 - Projects schedule for the water sector ...... 420 FIGURE 5.77 - Strategic options of projects for Kwanza North ...... 421
FIGURE 5.78 - Strategic options of projects for Kwanza South ...... 422 FIGURE 5.79 - Patrimonial elements location Fortaleza de Massanganu, Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Vitória de Massanganu and old ruins ...... 444 FIGURA 5.80 - Location of the Ruins of Kambambe Fort, Ruins of Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Kambambe Church and Ruins of Old Buildings heritage sites ...... 444 FIGURE 5.81 - Location of the Historic Areas of the City of Dondo heritage site ...... 445
FIGURE 5.82 - Ethnic map of Angola, acc. to Redinha (1975) ...... 452
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FIGURE 5.83 - Hypsometry ...... 457 FIGURE 5.84 - Map of Homogeneous Landscape Units ...... 460 FIGURE 7.1 - Geological profile – Main dam ...... 478 FIGURE 7.2 - Geological profile – Auxiliary dam ...... 479
FIGURE 7.3 - Geological profile – Hydraulic circuit / hydroelectric plant ...... 480
FIGURE 7.4 - Geological profile - Geological profile - Flood spillway ...... 480 FIGURE 7.5 - Geological profile – 1st temporary diversion tunnel ...... 480 FIGURE 7.6 - Implementation of Zenzo HPP Project in 3D ...... 538 FIGURE 10.1 – Suggestion of locations to monitor for the surface quality of the water 581
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Report Overview List of tables
TABLE 1.1 - Technical team responsible for the EIS ...... 25
TABLE 1.2 - Summary table of the contacted entities/individuals 34
TABLE 1.3 - Environmental factors to be assessed ...... 42 TABLE 2.1 - National Legislation Reference Table ...... 45 TABLE 2.2 - Plans, programs and strategies for the Zenzo HPP ...... 62 TABLE 2.3 - International Legislation Reference Table ...... 63 TABLE 3.1 - Power consumption/inhabitant in 2011 ...... 68
TABLE 3.2 - Electricity Production in Angola ...... 69
TABLE 3.3 - Characteristics of the hydroelectric power plants in Angola ...... 70 TABLE 3.4 - Hydroelectric potential in Angola by hydrographic unit ...... 70 TABLE 3.5 - Goals for the energy sector in Angola ...... 75 TABLE 3.6 - Main characteristics of hydroelectric power plants under construction/operation 83 TABLE 3.7 - Main characteristics of hydroelectric power plants ...... 89 TABLE 3.8 - Multicriteria assessment between the 3 alternatives ...... 92
TABLE 3.9 - Project general data 95 TABLE 3.10 - Engineering parameters and characteristics of the Zenzo HPP 113 TABLE 3.11 – Quantities foreseen for civil works in the Zenzo HPP ...... 124 TABLE 3.12 – Accesses to be built/renewed in Zenzo hydroelectric plant ...... 130 TABLE 3.13 - Accesses during exploration of Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant ...... 132 TABLE 3.14 - Noise levels ...... 136
TABLE 3.15 - Origins of emissions and main ones ...... 137
TABLE 3.16 – Accesses to be built/renewed in Zenzo HPP ...... 142 TABLE 3.17 – Main financial indices ...... 148
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TABLE 3.18 – Main characteristics of the 3 options under study...... 149 TABLE 3.19 – Electromechanical characteristics of the 3 options under study ...... 149 TABLE 3.20 – Characteristics of the hydraulic circuit/hydroelectric plant of the 3 options under study ...... 150 TABLE 3.21 – Earth moving and consumptions of the 3 options under study ...... 151
TABLE 3.22 – Comparison between the 3 power options ...... 152
TABLE 3.23 - Criteria for the magnitude scope...... 153 TABLE 3.24 – Main potential environmental risks – Zenzo HPP ...... 154 TABLE 5.1 - Average monthly variation of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, humidity and solar radiation ...... 166 TABLE 5.2 - GHG emission scenarios ...... 172
TABLE 5.3 - Variation (ºC) of the annual temperature for Angola ...... 180 TABLE 5.4 - Variation (mm / month) of the average monthly rainfall for Angola ...... 180 TABLE 5.5 - Most significant climate change projected for the Kwanza river reservoir ...... 182 TABLE 5.6 - Land use table in the study area ...... 200
TABLE 5.7 - Provincial coverage areas of the River Kwanza hydrographic basin ...... 212 TABLE 5.8 - Characteristics of the main tributaries of the River Kwanza ...... 214 TABLE 5.9 - Average monthly, annual and semi-annual rainfall at the hydrographic facility ...... 216 TABLE 5.10 - Characteristic rainfall data at the Mid-Kwanza hydrographic facility ...... 217 TABLE 5.11 - Average monthly, average annual and half-year average discharge at the hydrographic facility 217
TABLE 5.12 - Characteristic data of the annual discharge at the Mid-Kwanza hydroelectric facility ...... 218
TABLE 5.13 - Flows in the study area ...... 221
TABLE 5.14 - Monthly average annual flow variation - CWE ...... 221 TABLE 5.15 - Monthly variation of annual average flow - CWE and COBA ...... 221 Table 5.16 - Statistical forecasts of the annual average flows for the various return periods ...... 222 TABLE 5.17 - Rainfall values (mm) associated with severe drought and extreme drought thresholds ...... 223
TABLE 5.18 - Descriptive statistics of the monthly water balance at Middle Kwanza hydroelectric facility .. 226
TABLE 5.19 - Sites of major tourist interest in North Kwanza province ...... 229
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TABLE 5.20 - Results of the monitoring campaigns of the technical, economic and environmental feasibility studies of the new operations at Laúca and Caçulo Cabaça (Intertechne, 2008) ...... 233 TABLE 5.21 - Results of the social survey carried out for the Environmental Impact Study of the Laúca Dam Construction Project (Holísticos, May 2013) ...... 234
TABLE 5.22 - Results of the Kwanza river Water Monitoring Plan - Odebrecht (2013) ...... 235 TABLE 5.23 - Results of the monitoring campaigns of the Environmental Impact Study of the Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant (Holísticos, December 2013) ...... 236
TABLE 5.24 - Identification and characteristics of sampling points ...... 239 Table 5.25 - Surface Water Quality Sampling Results ...... 242 TABLE 5.26 - Target value range for water quality ...... 244
TABLE 5.27 - Quality Limits of surface watercourses ...... 245 TABLE 5.28 - Vulnerability Classes ...... 251 TABLE 5.29 - Guideline values for air pollutants, recommended by the WHO ...... 253 TABLE 5.30 - Major air pollutants and their effects on human health ...... 254
TABLE 5.31 - Details of acoustic surveys carried out ...... 262
TABLE 5.32 - Results obtained from the acoustic analysis ...... 263 TABLE 5.33 - Species identified during the survey ...... 274 TABLE 5.34 - Qualitative Composition of the Phytoplankton Community in Mid-Kwanza ...... 280 TABLE 5.35 - Phytoplankton Community Composition and Frequency ...... 282 TABLE 5.36 - Composition of the zooplanctonic community in Cambambe and frequency taxa during the sample period ...... 287
TABLE 5.37 - List of ichthyofauna Measurement A ...... 294 TABLE 5.38 - Species collected at the sampling points ...... 296 TABLE 5.39 - Bird species identified during the survey in the Zenzo region ...... 307 TABLE 5.40 - Distribution of population by province, 2014 ...... 319 TABLE 5.41 - Distribution of population by municipality in the North Kwanza province, 2014 ...... 321 TABLE 5.42 - Distribution of the population of the North Kwanza province by municipality and gender, 2014 ...... 322 TABLE 5.43 - Distribution of population by municipality in the South Kwanza province, 2014 ...... 323
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TABLE 5.44 - Distribution of the population of the South Kwanza province by municipality and gender, 2014 ...... 324 TABLE 5.45 - Summary Ratios of the Age Structure of the Angolan Population 328 TABLE 5.46 - GDP growth rates in Angola according to different sources (%) ...... 328
TABLE 5.47 - Employment estimates for the North Kwanza province by activity sector ...... 336 TABLE 5.48 - Population employed in the municipalities of the South Kwanza province, 2010 ...... 337
TABLE 5.49 - Employment by sector in the municipalities of the South Kwanza province, 2005 ...... 338 TABLE 5.50 - Structure of operational enterprises, by province, according to institutional sectors, 2012 .... 339 TABLE 5.51 - Cultivated areas (ha) ...... 341
TABLE 5.52 -Total number of registered holdings ...... 341 TABLE 5.53 - Output of the last work seasons (ton) ...... 342 TABLE 5.54 - General description of coffee production ...... 344
TABLE 5.55 - Cultivated area and expected production in the agricultural season of 2012 in South Kwanza ...... 346 TABLE 5.56 - Summary of developments in the livestock sector ...... 347
TABLE 5.57 Livestock in the municipalities of the South Kwanza Province in 2012 ...... 348 TABLE 5.58 - Artisanal fishing production ...... 349 TABLE 5.59 - Timber harvesting ...... 351 TABLE 5.60 - Explored firewood ...... 351 TABLE 5.61 – Production of coal ...... 352
TABLE 5.62 – Industrial facilities licensed by the Ministry of Industry ...... 353
TABLE 5.63 – Industrial facilities licensed ...... 354 TABLE 5.64 – Forecast for inert material production capacity ...... 356 TABLE 5.65 – Commercial network licensed as from 2008, by municipality, in the Kwanza North Province ...... 357 TABLE 5.66 – Hospitalitly sector in the North Kwanza province...... 358 TABLE 5.67 - Sites of major tourist interest in North Kwanza province
TABLE 5.68 – Commercial companies in the South Kwanza province ...... 360
TABLE 5.69 – Hotels, restaurants, travel agencies in operation, 2008 ...... 361
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TABLE 5.70 – Health facilities in South Kwanza province, 2011 ...... 363 TABLE 5.71 – Performance rates in Health sector in South Kwanza province, 2007 ...... 364 TABLE 5.72 – Health caregivers in South Kwanza province, 2012 ...... 363 TABLE 5.73 – General indicators on education ...... 365
TABLE 5.74 – Population with/over 18 years of age ...... 366
TABLE 5.75– Existing schools in South Kwanza province ...... 363 TABLE 5.76 – Existing schools in South Kwanza province ...... 368 TABLE 5.77 – Habitality conditions, 2008/2009 ...... 370 TABLE 5.78 – Population living in very precarious conditions, 2010 ...... 371 TABLE 5.79 – Indicators of access to drinking water, 2008/2009...... 372
TABLE 5.80 – Population with access to adequate sanitary facilities, 2008/2009 ...... 374 TABLE 5.81 – Supply systems in North Kwanza province ...... 375
TABLE 5.82 – Short term foreseen investments in the supply systems in North Kwanza province ...... 377 TABLE 5.83 – Rural population covered by the study and coverage percentage – North Kwanza province 378
TABLE 5.84 – Main projects to be implemented in North Kwanza province...... 380 TABLE 5.85 – Water supply systems in South Kwanza province ...... 381 TABLE 5.86 – Planned short-term investments in the water supply system in South Kwanza province ..... 382 TABLE 5.87– Rural population covered and the coverage percentage - South Kwanza province...... 383
TABLE 5.88 - Population of municipalities in South Kwanza province with access to water and sanitation, 2010 ...... 383 TABLE 5.89 – Average monthly income per person, according to income type (both Kwanzas) ...... 384 TABLE 5.90 – Population in poverty (%) ...... 385 TABLE 5.91 – Population Development Rate (Índice de desenvolvimento da população - IDP) ...... 386 TABLE 5.92 – Overview of the hydropower situation for 2017 ...... 426 TABLE 5.93 – Water requirements for the public water supply in 2017 - Angola ...... 428
TABLE 5.94 – Water requirements for irrigation in 2017 - Angola ...... 430
TABLE 5.95 – UNESCO list ...... 439
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TABLE 5.96 – Heritage by province and category ...... 440 TABLE 5.97 – Heritage sites in North Kwanza province ...... 441 TABLE 5.98 – Heritage sites in South Kwanza province ...... 445 TABLE 5.99 – Registered heritage sites in Angola ...... 448
TABLE 5.100 – Most relevant structural and visual components in each HLU ...... 462
TABLE 5.101 – Landscape Sensitivity (LS) assessment matrix (Sensibilidade Paisagística, SP) ...... 463 TABLE 5.102 – Landscape Sensitivity (SP) ...... 463 TABLE 5.103 – Estimate on waste production ...... 465 TABLE 7.1 - Environmental Impact Assessment - General Criteria ...... 473 TABLE 7.2 - Environmental impact assessment - Minimization possibility criterion ...... 474
TABLE 7.3 - Environmental Impact Assessment - Significance criterion ...... 475 TABLE 7.4 - Summary table of impacts by environmental factor ...... 475
TABLE 7.5 - Excavation volumes – Zenzo HPP ...... 481 TABLE 7.6 - Impact summary table – Geology and geomorphology ...... 484 TABLE 7.7 - Areas of soil occupation affected by the Zenzo HPP ...... 488
TABLE 7.8 - Cover classes of soil affected by the access ways and roads ...... 489 TABLE 7.9 - Areas of soil occupation affected by the reservoir ...... 489 TABLE 7.10 - Summary table of impact - Soils and occupation of soils ...... 492 TABLE 7.11 - General project data ...... 497
TABLE 7.12 - Summary table of impacts - Surface water resources ...... 500 TABLE 7.13 - Summary table of impacts - Underground water resources ...... 503
TABLE 7.14 - Summary table of impacts - Air quality ...... 506 TABLE 7.15 - Summary table of impacts – Noise climate ...... 509 TABLE 7.16 - Summary table of impacts – Phytocenosis and habitats ...... 519 TABLE 7.17 - Summary table of impacts – Phytoplankton ...... 520 TABLE 7.18 - Summary table of impacts – Zooplankton ...... 521
TABLE 7.19 - Summary table of impacts – Benthic macroinvertebrates ...... 522
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TABLE 7.20 - Summary table of impacts – Ichthyofauna ...... 522 TABLE 7.21 - Summary table of impacts - Amphibians ...... 523 TABLE 7.22 - Summary table of impacts– Reptiles ...... 523 TABLE 7.23 - Summary table of impacts– Birdlife ...... 524
TABLE 7.24 - Summary table of impacts – Mammals ...... 524
TABLE 7.25 - Summary table of impacts– Social and economical elements ...... 531 TABLE 7.26 - Compliance Assessment of Zenzo HPP with strategies, plans and programs ...... 533 TABLE 7.27 - Summary table of impacts - Regional Planning ...... 535 TABLE 7.28 - Summary table of impacts– Heritage...... 536 TABLE 7.29 - Summary table of impacts – Landscape ...... 540
TABLE 7.30 - Waste expected for the construction phase ...... 542 TABLE 7.31 - Waste expected for the operating phase ...... 548
TABLE 7.32 - Summary table of impacts – Waste ...... 549 TABLE 10.1 – Parameters to be controlled during construction ...... 579 TABLE 10.2 – Parameters to be controlled in the reservoir during exploration ...... 582
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Report Overview Photographs
PHOTO 3.1 - Hydroelectric Power Plant of Laúca ...... 81
PHOTO 3.2 - Hydroelectric Power Plant of Cambambe ...... 82 PHOTO 3.3 - Hydroelectric Power Plant of Capanda ...... 83
PHOTO 5.1 - Undulating reliefs that characterize the hydrographic network ...... 186 PHOTO 5.2 - Wide valley crossed by the River Kwanza ...... 186 PHOTO 5.3 - Granites in the study area ...... 193 PHOTO 5.4 - Steep slopes in the study area ...... 198 PHOTO 5.5 - Steep slopes in the study area ...... 198
PHOTO 5.6 - Savanna ...... 201
PHOTO 5.7 - Savanna ...... 201 PHOTO 5.8 - Riparian Gallery Forest ...... 201 PHOTO 5.9 - Riparian Gallery Forest ...... 201 PHOTO 5.10 - Dense forest ...... 202 PHOTO 5.11 - Dense forest ...... 202 PHOTO 5.12 - Man-made area ...... 203
PHOTO 5.13 - Man-made area ...... 203 PHOTO 5.14 - River Kwanza ...... 203 PHOTO 5.15 - River Kwanza ...... 203 PHOTO 5.16 - Longitudinal profile of the River Kwanza ...... 213 PHOTO 5.17 - Longitudinal profile of the River Kwanza ...... 213 PHOTO 5.18 - Longitudinal profile of the Kwanza river ...... 214
PHOTO 5.19 - Use of the banks of the River Kwanza - Dondo ...... 230
PHOTO 5.20 - Use of the banks of the River Kwanza ...... 231
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PHOTO 5.21 - Filomeno Câmara Bridge, on the River Kwanza ...... 231 PHOTO 5.22 - Detail of the escarpment forest in the project catchment area ...... 268 PHOTO 5.23 - Detail of shrub savanna ...... 269 PHOTO 5.24 -In the foreground, a grassy savanna with dispersed shrubs, ...... 270
PHOTO 5.25 - Detail of a forest gallery in the project catchment area ...... 271
PHOTO 5.26 - Main identified species during the survey ...... 276 PHOTO 5.27 Shell of a typical crustacean of the River Kwanza ...... 291 PHOTO 5.28 Chironomidae larvae 3 mm (10X) ...... 292 PHOTO 5.29 - Amphibian Species Identified ...... 301 PHOTO 5.30 - Reptile Species Identified ...... 304
PHOTO 5.31 - Fauna Species Identified ...... 313 PHOTO 5.32 - Water supply system at Dondo ...... 379
PHOTO 5.33 - Water treatment plant (ETA) at Dondo 379 PHOTO 5.34 – “Long-necked Pumps” for water supply at Dondo ...... 380 PHOTO 5.35 – Zone 1 – Access to the village, housing in the vegetation (left side) ...... 393 PHOTO 5.36 – Filomeno Câmara Bridge Guard’s House ...... 394 PHOTO 5.37 - Filomeno Câmara Bridge, on the River Kwanza ...... 394 PHOTO 5.38 – Future flooded area at Kabuta – left bank ...... 394 PHOTO 5.39 – Zone 2 - Candengue district ...... 400
PHOTO 5.40 – Zone 2 – School in Candengue ...... 400
PHOTO 5.41 – Zone 2 – Small agricultural area at Candengue ...... 400 PHOTO 5.42 – Zone 3 - Calambala ...... 403 PHOTO 5.43 - Zone 3 – Access and surroundings at Calambala ...... 403 PHOTO 5.44 - Túmulo de Chingango ...... 450 PHOTO 5.45 - Filomeno Câmara Bridge, on the River Kwanza ...... 453 PHOTO 5.46 – Commemorative plaque for the inauguration ...... 453
PHOTO 5.47 – Filomeno Câmara Bridge Guard’s House ...... 454
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PHOTO 5.48 – HLU1 – Forest ...... 458 PHOTO 5.49 – ULU1 – Forest ...... 458 PHOTO 5.50 - ULU2 - Savanna ...... 458 PHOTO 5.51 - ULU2 - Savanna ...... 458
PHOTO 5.52 - - ULU3 - Man-made area ...... 459
PHOTO 5.53 - - ULU 3 - Man-made area ...... 459 PHOTO 5.54 - ULU4 - River Kwanza ...... 459 PHOTO 5.55 - ULU4 - River Kwanza ...... 459
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APROVEITAMENTO HIDROELÉCTRICO DO ZENZO Estudo de Impacte Ambiental - Relatório
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2 - INTRODUCTION
2.1 - Identification and Development Phase of the Project
This document refers to the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant (in future designated as "HPP ZENZO", to be located in the North Kwanza province, Cambambe municipality, São Pedro da Quilemba commune, and in the province of South Kwanza, Libolo municipality, Kabuta commune.
The project is located in the middle section of the Kwanza River (hydrographic unit of Middle Kwanza), about 236 km from the river's mouth.
The Project, in the phase of Viability Study, requires an Environmental Impact Study (EIS), following the terms of the article 4 of the Decree nr. 51/04, of the 23rd July, according to item i) 'Facilities intended for the hydroelectric energy production with a power greater than 1000 kW" of item 3 of the Annex of the referred Decree, being thus subject to the EIS procedure. The "ZENZO HPP" project is also covered by the environmental licensing regime.
The purpose of the EIS is to identify and assess the environmental impacts that can be generated during the construction and operation phases of this project, suggest the required containment measures, programs and preventive measures of negative impacts as well as the maximization of positive impacts, and to determine on the project's environmental viability, supporting the decision of the 'Ministério do Ambiente' (MINAMB) (Ministry of Environment), with view to the project's environmental licensing.
2.2 - Identification of the Company and of the Licensing Body
The Project's Bidder, responsible for the submission of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) to the 'Ministério do Ambiente' (MINAMB), in compliance with the legal procedure in force in the local environmental legislation, is CWE - China International Water & Electric Corp., with the following responsible people in Angola: Qian Fuyun, phone: 0086 10 59302181, mobile: 0086 15901213910, email: zuy- [email protected] 2.2.1 Alexander Shilin, phone: 0086 10 59314501, mobile: 0086 13520771073, email:[email protected] 2.2.2 Veronica, email: [email protected]
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The Project's licensing body is the 'Ministério da Energia e Água' (GAMEK) (Ministry of Energy and Water) and the licensing body for the Environmental Impact Study is the 'Ministério do Ambiente' (MINAMB) (Ministry of Environment)
2.3 - Company and Technical Team Identification
SOAPRO – Estudos e Projectos, S.A. is the company in charge of this EIS.
Corporate Name: SOAPRO – Estudos e Projectos, S. A. Business Registration Number: 347-12 Tax Number: 5417161250 Full Address: Avenida 4 de Fevereiro, 82 – 1º Luanda, Angola Phone and Facsimile: Ph. – (222) 331478, 338373, 330248, 393136 / Facs. – 222393943 Legal Representatives 2.3.1 Hugo de Albuquerque Guimarães, resident at Avenida 4 de Fevereiro, 82. Ph.: +244 933 864 444; E-mail: [email protected] / 2.3.2 Diamantino Luís Belo Pereira Leitão, resident at rua Rainha Ginga nº10. Ph.: +244 922 501 716; E-mail: [email protected] Contact: 2.3.3 Maria João Sousa, Environment Area Manager, resident at Avenida 4 de Fevereiro, 82. Ph.: +244 935 455 600/ Fax: +244 222 393 94; E-mail: [email protected] MINAMB's Environmental Consultant Registration Number: 34, Book A-1, issued on 04/02/2015
The EIS was prepared between the months of January and April 2016 by the technical team indicated in the following table:
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TABLE 1.1 - Technical Team in charge of the EIS
AREA OF EXPERTISE REGISTRATION NR. AT THE ROLE WITHIN THE EIS WITHIN EIS NAME SIGNATURE TRAINING PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION OR BODY Degree in Environmental Engineering by the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e
Local Contact of Tecnologias, 1999 Member nr. 708 of the Maria João de Environmental Engineering the Project's Local Coordination Post-graduation in Spatial and Sousa Environmental Planning at Faculdade de Association. Technical Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2002. Coordination
Group Description of the Degree in Chemical Engineering, Environment Legislation, Environment and Quality, by the Instituto Coordination of Land Use Planning Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 2000 Patrícia Robalo Post-graduation in Integrated Systems - the EIS Team Project Management, Environment, Quality, Hygiene, Social and Safety and Social Responsibility, 2008
Coordi economical elements
nation Degree in Natural Resources and Support to the Field Inspection Ângela Santos Environmental Engineering, Universidade ─ Group Local coordination Independente de Angola, 2012 and logistics
Full Professor of Ecology, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade Agostinho Neto
Field Inspection and - Luanda. Support to the João Serôdio local contacts Degree in Veterinary Medicine by the - Local coordination Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, and logistics Universidade de Luanda, Nova Lisboa,
Huambo, 1973
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AREA OF EXPERTISE REGISTRATION NR. AT THE ROLE WITHIN THE EIS WITHIN THE SCOPE NAME SIGNATURE TRAINING PROFESSIONAL OF EIS ASSOCIATION OR BODY
Degree in Natural Resources and Thematic Climate Margarida Júnior Environmental Engineering, Universidade ─ Manager Independente de Angola, 2014
Degree in Environmental Engineering,
Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e
Tecnologias, 2006
Post-graduation in Systems Integrated Geology - Thematic Pedro Oliveira Management, Environment, Quality, Hygiene, Order of Engineers - Geomorpholog Safety and Social Responsibility, Instituto Portugal - Member 61 Manager Superior Egas Moniz, 2008 185 y - Soils Post-graduation in Hygiene and Safety at Biotic Work, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 2014 Environment
Degree in Natural Resources and Experts Thematic Air quality Margarida Júnior Environmental Engineering, Universidade ─ Manager Independente de Angola, 2014
Degree in Natural Resources and Thematic Sound/Noise Ângela Santos Environmental Engineering, Universidade ─ Manager Environment Independente de Angola, 2012
Degree in Environmental Engineering, Thematic Environment, Faculdade de Ciências e Order of Engineers, Pedro Moreira Water Resources Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, Member 62 Manager 2006 199
Review of the
Thematic Environmental Master degree in Environmental Education Vladimir Russo (2003), Rhodes University, Republic of South ─ Biotic Monitorization Report Manager Africa Environment and Planning Experts Degree in Biology (2002), Universidade Thematic Aquatic Biodiversity Agostinho Neto, Angola. Master degree in Miguel Morais Marine Sciences and Coastal Zones (2009), ─ Manager Universidade Agostinho Neto
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AREA OF EXPERTISE REGISTRATION NR. AT THE ROLE WITHIN THE EIS WITHIN EIS NAME SIGNATURE TRAINING PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION OR BODY cooperation with the Universidade do Algarve. Degree in Forestry (2003), Instituto Superior de Agronomia de Lisboa, Portugal, expertise Thematic in Natural Resources Management. PhD in Terrestrial Biodiversity Pedro Vaz Pinto ─ Manager Conservation Biology.
Degree in Sanitary and Environmental Environmental Expert: Engineering (2007), Universidade Católica Thematic Dom Bosco, Brazil. Master degree in Environmental Impacts Roberta Pombal ─ Manager and Mitigation Environmental Technologies (2012), Measures Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
Environmental Expert: Thematic Environmental impacts, Degree in Natural Resources and mitigation measures João Russo Environment Engineering (2016), University, ─ and environmental Manager Angola. monitorization planning
Degree in Biology (2007), Universidade Thematic Agostinho Neto, Angola. Doctoral Student in Phytocenis and habitat. Amândio Gomes Vegetal Biology, Hamburg University, ─ Manager Germany.
Degree in Chemical Engineering, Environment and Quality, by the Instituto
Thematic Social and Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 2000 Patrícia Robalo Post-graduation in Systems Integrated ─ Manager economical Social and Management, Environment, Quality, Hygiene, Safety, and Social Responsibility (2003) economical elements Degree in Chemical Engineering, specialists Environment and Quality, by the Instituto Thematic Land Use Planning Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 2000 Patrícia Robalo Post-graduation in Systems Integrated ─ Manager Management, Environment, Quality, Hygiene, Safety, and Social Responsibility (2003)
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AREA OF EXPERTISE REGISTRATION NR. AT THE
ROLE WITHIN THE EIS WITHIN EIS NAME SIGNATURE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING PROFESSIONAL
ASSOCIATION OR BODY Degree in Microbiology and Physiology, Responsible South Africa University - 2005 Soil use and occupation Suhita Ramos Master degree in Environment Engineering, Universidade thematic Federal de Santa Catarina 2010
Degree in Microbiology and Physiology, South Africa University - 2005 Thematic Historical, cultural, and Suhita Ramos Master degree in Environmental Engineering, Universidade Manager ethnological heritage Federal de Santa Catarina 2010
Degree in Microbiology and Physiology, South Africa University - 2005 Suhita Ramos Master degree in Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Thematic 2010 Landscap
Manager e Degree in Natural Resources and Ângela Santos Environmental Engineering, Universidade Independente de Angola, 2012
Cartography and Degree in Physical Engineering, Technical Thematic Manager Geographical Data Lília Martins Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território Expert Thematic Mana Systems Degree in Natural Resources and
Technician Environmental Engineering, Universidade Independente de Waste Ângela Santos expert - Angola, 2012
Degree in Environmental Engineering, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 2006 Technic Thematic Manager Environmental Risk Pedro Oliveira Post-graduation in Systems Integrated Management, Order of Engineers, Por ian Systems Integrated Management, expert ger Ass tugal – nr. 61 185 Environment, Quality, Hygiene, Safety and ess Social Responsability, Instituto Superior Egas men Moniz, 2008 t Post-graduation in Hygiene and Safety
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AREA OF EXPERTISE REGISTRATION NR. AT THE
ROLE WITHIN THE EIS WITHIN THE EIS NAME SIGNATURE TRAINING PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION OR BODY Project for Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (2014)
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2.4 - EIS Background Information
There is no background information on the Environmental Impact Assessment, as well there is no Proposal concerning the scope of this study, or any Environmental Impact Studies related with this project or any other type of environmental assessments waiting for the MINAMB approval.
2.5 - Methodological Approach
1.6.4 - General Methodology
The definition of methodology applied to the project is based on the experience and knowledge of the environmental impacts caused by similar projects, as well as the previous experience of the technical team during identical environmental assessments.
The methodology used to assess and evaluate the environmental sustainability of this project was based on the following:
• Data retrieval regarding the present conditions of the quality of the environmental area of influence of the Project, required to characterize the present situation of the environment; • Elaboration of cartography for the laying down of the Project and specific cartography in environmental domains, considering the Project's Area of Influence;
• For each environmental factor, a characterization of the present situation of the environment was made taking into consideration the Environmental Diagnosis of the Project's Area of Influence; • Also considered was the Evolution of the Project's Area of Influence without its implementation, for each environmental factor; • Based on this Diagnosis and on the present knowledge about the components of the Project, an Environmental Impact Assessment was carried out about each factor, taking into consideration the possible actions able to cause environmental impacts; • The Project's Cumulative Impacts allow us to consider the impacts occurring in the Project's Area of Influence, considering not only the Project itself, but also any other existing and/or foreseen projects; • Upon the identification of the impacts resultant from the Project, with significant consequences on a determined environmental factor, a Proposal for Measures was made, aiming to minimize or compensate any negative impacts as well as to facilitate any positive impacts;
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• Where there remained a certain percentage of uncertainty about the importance of a certain environmental impact or on the efficiency of the mitigating proposed actions, a proposal for a follow- up program and monitoring the impacts was made, which may cover different phases of the Project's development. • Finally, a few knowledge gaps have been identified and the main Conclusions of the EIS have been submitted, in which a resumed assessment is made of the environmental sustainability, bearing in mind the environmental diagnosis of the area of influence and the environmental prognosis made.
These steps should not be understood as mere successive steps, but as an interactive process in which, within the time restrictions of any EIS each moment was reviewed and carefully studied deeper whenever the need of integration of new and relevant data required it.
Taking into account the purposes and limitations of any EIS, the assessment was centered on the most relevant questions in order to assess impacts.
1.6.5 - EIS Framework
The previously submitted methodology is reflected on the present EIS framework, including the following chapters:
• Chapter 1 - Introduction (this chapter), referring introductory aspects of the assessments produced on the EIS; • Chapter 2 - Legal Framework, in which EIS is defined within the terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment and where the main pieces of legislation applicable to this study are presented and systematized, both in what relates to the environment and to sector-specific matters; • Chapter 3 - Project Description, presenting the general conception of the Project, including purposes, scope and justifications, possible background history, location and technical specifications, scheduling of the different phases of the project, estimated global investment, and possible technologic alternatives; • Chapter 4 - Definition of the Project's Area of Influence, taking into account the Directly Affected Area, the Area of Direct Influence and the Area of Indirect Influence; throughout this chapter reference is also made to the governmental plans and programs in force and/or proposed for the Project's Area of Direct Influence;
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• Chapter 5 - Environmental Diagnosis of the Project's Area of Influence referring the characterization of the present environmental conditions, assessing the environmental components with a higher possibility of being disturbed by the construction and exploration of the Project, in view of the established scope of work; • Chapter 6 - Evolution of the Project's Area of Influence without its implementation, including the possible environmental evolution forecast in this study area, considering the possibility of the Project not being realized; • Chapter 7 - Project's Environmental Impact Assessment, evaluating the potential impacts on the environment, resulting from the Project's development and taking into account any actions which may cause environmental impacts, also identified in this chapter, related to a number of criteria previously established for that reason and included in the assessment methodology; • Chapter 8 - Project's Cumulative Impact Assessment, evaluating the project's impact in connection with those resultant from other existing and/or foreseen projects; • Chapter 9 - Proposal for Measures, in which, depending on the identified impacts, environmental measures are proposed to minimize or compensate any negative impacts and maximize any positive impacts; • Chapter 10 - Proposal of a follow-up program and monitoring of the impacts, establishing, when applicable, the follow-up and monitoring programs, as well as environmental management of the different phases of the Project (e.g., construction and operational phases); • Chapter 11 - Knowledge Gaps, e.g. identification of all missing base information, which, if existing, would complement the assessments already made; • Chapter 12 - Conclusions, an overview of the main conclusions obtained during the study; • Chapter 13 - Bibliography, a list of the main sources of information and consulted works;
• Chapter 14 - Glossary, a list of the main technical terms used in this study.
1.6.6 - Contacted Entities/Individuals
During this EIS, different entities and individuals have been contacted in order to collect information that would allow for a better understanding and characterization of the area affected by the implementation of the Project and of the environmental impacts resulting therefrom. The above-stated information has been requested in writing as well as in person to several entities and parties involved (Annex I).
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Please find below a list of these entities/individuals:
• Empresa Nacional de Distribuição de Electricidade (ENDE) do Cuanza Norte (Kwanza North Electricity Company) • Governo Provincial do Cuanza Norte (Provincial Government of North Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial de Energia e Águas do Cuanza Norte (Provincial Directorate for Energy and Waters of North Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial do Ordenamento do Território, Urbanismo e Ambiente do Cuanza Norte (Provincial Directorate for Spatial Planning , Urban Planning and Environment of North Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas do Cuanza Norte (Provincial Directorate for Public Works of North Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial de Agricultura, Desenvolvimento Rural e Pescas do Cuanza Norte (Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries of North Kwanza) • Empresa Nacional de Distribuição de Electricidade (ENDE) do Cuanza Sul (Electricity Company of South Kwanza) • Governo Provincial do Cuanza Sul (Provincial Government of South Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial de Energia e Águas do Cuanza Sul (Provincial Directorate of Energy and Waters of South Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial do Ordenamento do Território, Urbanismo e Ambiente do Cuanza Sul (Provincial Directorate for the Land Use Planning, Urban Planning and Environment of South Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas do Cuanza Sul (Provincial Directorate for Public Works of South Kwanza) • Direcção Provincial de Agricultura, Desenvolvimento Rural e Pescas do Cuanza Sul (Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries of South Kwanza) • Administração Municipal de Cambambe (Municipal Administration of Cambambe) • Administração Comunal de São Pedro da Quilemba (Communal Administration of São pedro da Quilemba) • Administração Municipal de Libolo (Municipal Administration of Libolo) • Administração Comunal de Kabuta (Communal Administration of Kabuta) • Grande Soba de São Pedro da Quilemba (Great Soba of São pedro da Quilemba) - Julião Celestino Oliveira • Soba de Candegue e Calambala (Soba of Candegue and Calambala) - Narciso João • Sobas do Zenzo (Sobas of Zenzo) Mr. Mateus and Mr. João Aguiar
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TABLE 1.2 - Summary table of the contacted entities/individuals
Delivery Date - Entity/Individual Required Contacts/Data Received information Document
Provincial Government of Information on the project and authorization to visit of the grounds 02-03-2016 Kwanza South under study. -
Provincial Government of Information on the project and authorization to visit of the grounds 2016-03-03 North Kwanza under study. -
Information on the project and authorization to visit of the grounds under study.
During our meeting on 4 Anticipated and/or existing land use planning, PDM and PU; 2016-03-01, we were
4.1 Location identification of anticipated urban development informed about the urban centers; and industrial areas in the 4 Information about industrial areas, health equipment, education municipality, quality of life equipment, social equipment, waste treatment stations, of the population, electricity energy distribution, heritage; Municipal and water distribution, 4.4 Water and sanitation supply in the municipality; Administration of 2016-03-01 heritage, and data of the 4 Enquire whether the Noise Regulation is already approved; Cambambe Censuses of 2014. 4.5 Tourism, forecast of new projects; We were given the 4 Information about protected species (flora and fauna) in the contacts of the Communal Project area, namely in the area Administrators of São surrounding the Kwanza river, at about 250 km from the mouth of the river, at Cambambe municipality; Pedro da Quilemba and 4.7 Identification, location identification (coordinates) and Kabuta. characterization of the protected areas; 4 Request the contact of the Communal Administrator of São Pedro da Qui- lemba (KN). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-04 Mod.149.02 4.8 Request the contact of the Communal Administrator of Kabuta (KS) Page34
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Delivery Date - Entity/Individual Required Contacts/Data Received information Document
Municipal Administration News about the project 02-03-2016 - of Libolo
The villages affected by the
project are Candengue (the
one closest to the river) and Calambala. We received information about the
Communal Administration of population settled in these News about the project - São Pedro da Qui- 2016-03-01 villages, based on the Information requested on the meeting of 2016- lemba Censuses of 2014 (Annex 03-01 IV) in the survey made to the communal administrator.
6 Data on power consumption in the province and in the municipality
of Cambambe;
6.1 Data on water consumption in the province and in the municipality of Cambambe, by human consumption, agriculture, and other uses;
DP de Energia e Águas 7 Determination of location and description of the water abstraction 2016-03-01 - Cuanza Norte infrastructures, specifications of the equipment and location, water (Provincial treatment stations (type of treatment and location); Directorate for Water tanks, water supply system. Energy and Water 8 Studies on the hydroelectric potential in the Kwanza River and other of North Kwanza) studies that may be relevant. DP de Energia e Águas 6 Data on electricity consumption in the province and in the municipality 2016-03-30 Cuanza Sul of Libolo; 02-03-2016 Inhabitants of the (Provincial Directorate for S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0Energy-2016 -04and Water Mod.149.02 of South Kwanza) Page35
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Delivery Date - Entity/Individual Required Contacts/Data Received information Document 8 Data on water consumption in the province and in the municipality municipality and of Libolo, by human consumption, agriculture, and other uses; information about the 8 Identification of location and description of the water abstraction existence of a treatment infrastructures, specifications of the equipment and location, water and distribution water treatment stations (type of treatment and location); station. Water tanks, water supply system. 9 Studies on the hydroelectric potential in the Kwanza River and other studies that may be relevant.
8 Information about protected species (flora and fauna) in the
Project area, namely in the area
surrounding the Kwanza river, at about 250 km from the mouth of the DP de Energia e Águas river, at Cambambe; Cuanza Sul (Provincial 8.4 Identification, localization identification (coordinates) and 2016-03-01 - Directorate for Energy and characterization of Water of South Kwanza) the protected areas; 8.4.1 Anticipated land-use planning; 9 Identification of location of anticipated new urban centers;
9 Information about protected species (flora and fauna) in the
Project area, namely in the area
surrounding the Kwanza River, about 250 km from the mouth rive in the DP de Ordenamento do municipality of Libolo; Território, Urbanismo e 9.3 Identification, location (coordinates) and characterization of 02-03-2016 - Ambiente Cuanza Sul the protected areas; (Regional Planning, Urban 9.3.1 Anticipated land use planning; Planning and Environmental 10 Identification of location of anticipated new urban centers; Planning of Kwanza South) DP de Obras Públicas Which are the civil works anticipated in the province (roads, bridges, 02-03-2016 - Cuanza Sul among others). (Provincial Directorate for S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-04 Mod.149.02 Civil Works of Page36 Kwanza South)
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Delivery Date - Entity/Individual Required Contacts/Data Received information Document
DP de Obras Públicas Which are the civil works foreseen in the province (roads, bridges, 2016-03-03 - Cuanza Norte (DP among others). de Obras Públicas Agriculture Cuanza Sul 10 Information about the existing irrigation perimeters (consumption, (Provincial irrigated area, irrigated crops, type of irrigation, etc.); Directorate for 10.2 Main crops and end purpose (consumption or sale). Civil Works of What is the income from agriculture; North Kwanza) 10.2.1 Average prices;
11 Type of agriculture being practiced. DP da Agricultura, Fisheries Desenvolvimento Rural e 02-03-2016 - 11 Identification of fishery spots in the Kwanza river, namely in the Pescas Cuanza Sul areas of the Cambambe; (Provincial Directorate for 11.2 Species caught in the Kwanza river and approximate quantities; Agriculture, Rural 12 Which is the income of fishing for the Development and Fisheries inhabitants in this area? Are there any studies of the South Kwanza) about this? 12.2 Is there aquaculture or is it foreseen?
Agriculture
Information about the existing irrigation perimeters (consumption, 14 irrigated area, irrigated crops, type of irrigation, etc.); • Main crops and end purpose (consumption or sale). What is DP da Agricultura, the income from agriculture; Desenvolvimento Rural e • Average prices; 2016-03-03 - Pescas Cuanza Norte Type of agriculture and crops. Fisheries (Provincial Directorate for Identification of fishery spots in the Kwanza river, Agriculture, Rural namely in the areas of the municipality of Cambambe; Development and Fisheries of Kwanza North)
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Delivery Date - Entity/Individual Required Contacts/Data Received information Document Species caught in the Kwanza river and approximate quantities; Which is the income of fishing for the inhabitants in this area? Are there any studies about this? Is there aquaculture or is it foreseen? General information about the electricity grid in Empresa Nacional de the province. 2016-03-03 - Electricidade (ENE) Cuanza Norte (Electricity Company in North Kwanza) General information about the electricity grid in Empresa Nacional de the province. 02-03-2016 - Electricidade (ENE) Cuanza Sul (Electricity Company in South Kwanza)
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1.6 - Definition of the EIS Scope
1.6.1 - Project's Scope - Project Components under Assessment
The environmental assessment will identify and assess the conditions and environmental interactions in the area where the Project will be implemented, apart from also identifying the geographical and thematic overall perspectives.
The EIS will be focused on the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project which, generally speaking, includes an embankment dam and an auxiliary dam and attached facilities, a hydraulic circuit composed by 4 tunnels and a hydroelectric power station by each derivation tunnel. It will also focus on the flooded area, resulting from a full storage capacity (NPA, Nível de Pleno Armazenamento), which will be approximately 4,700 acres (reservoir).
Infrastructures supporting the construction phase will have to be implemented, such as material deposits, refuse dumps, concrete plants and crushing plants, social areas, among other facilities. New accesses will have to be built as well as the existing accesses will have to be rebuilt or improved in this area (mostly are dirt tracks), establishing a connection between the study areas and the present road network already. The supporting infrastructures and the auxiliary accesses are also part of the EIS scope.
1.6.2 - Geographical Scope - EIS Study Area
This project is located in the commune of São Pedro da Quilemba, municipality of Cambambe, province of Kwanza North, and commune of Kabuta, municipality of Libolo, province of Kwanza South.
The administrative and geographical environments of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project (Zenzo HPP) are presented in FIGURE 1.1. The definition of the study area shown in the Figure and followed in this EIS took into consideration the implementation of all the infrastructures and equipment that are integral part of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project (Zenzo HPP), as well as the reservoir and also the location of the infrastructures and accesses that will be supporting the construction works. The study area limit also considered, on average, a range of 2 km from the areas referred to above, thus allowing for a more thorough, rigorous and comprehensive analysis.
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475000 480000 485000 490000 495000 Provinces
Cabinda ¯ Congo (DR) Zaire
Uíge
Lunda Norte
Luanda Kwanza 8935000 8935000 North ") Malanje Bengo Lunda Sul South Kwanza
Bié Benguela - Huambo Moxico Atlantic Ocean
Huíla Zambia Namibe Cuando Cubango
Cunene
0 250 km
Namibia 8930000 8930000
Municipalities
AMBACA
BOLONGONGO QUICULUNGO BANGA SAMBA CAJU GONGUEMBO GOLUNGO ALTO LUCALA CAZENGO
CAMBAMBE
")
LIBOLO MUSSENDE
8925000 8925000 Zenzo QUILENDA Reservoi PORTO QUIBALA AMBOIM
r Atlantic Ocean AMBOIM EBO
CONDA WAKU KUNGU
0 100 km
Communes
8920000 8920000 Zenza do Itombe
Massangano Danje ia Menha Dondo S. Pedro de Quilemba ") Kabuta
Munenga Kissongo
Kalulo
8915000 8915000
0 20 km
475000 480000 485000 490000 495000
Excerpt from the cartographic map of Angola, scale 1:100,000, pages 128 and 129, Serviços Geográficos e Cadastrais de 00/drawing/Figure 1_1.mxd - Angola Sistema de Projecção Cartográfica (Angola's Geographic and Cadastral Systems, Universal Transverse Mercator 0 2 km
426 Cartographic Projection System - (UTM)), Datum Camacupa, Edit 33 S. Units in meters (m).
Study Area
SIGREF/2015 Figure 1.1 - Administrative and geographical environments of the Zenzo HPP
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1.6.3 - Thematic Scope - Aspects under Analysis
The definition of the thematic scope of the EIS is a major precondition for the correct development of this study, since it will allow the identification of the domains under analysis and, above all, their level of detail depending on the impacts that may/might be induced by the Project, apart from the specificity and the sensitivity of the local environment. Although the domains covered by this study, as well as the aspects to be included in the analysis, may take into account what the law predicts in terms of Environmental Impact Assessment, it is critical to identify the environmental factors that will deserve a greater attention and, consequently, a deeper analysis. In this context, the following aspects have been considered critical in this study: TABLE 1.3 - Environmental factors to be assessed Physical Environment Biotic Environment Socioeconomic framework
Climate Social and economical elements- Geology and Flora/ Land use planning Geomorphology - Soils Fauna Historical, cultural, and ethnological and occupation of the heritage, Landscape soils - Water Resources- Waste Air Quality
Noise Climate
The purpose of the EIS is to identify, characterize and assess the environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant, as well as any associated projects, taking particularly into account those resulting from the civil works and exploration of the area, making the utmost to minimize /mitigate any detected significant negative impacts and achieve the most suitable environmental framework for the Project.
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3 - LEGAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 - EIS (Environmental Impact Study) Framework EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regime
The Decree nr. 51/04, of July 13th, namely Article nr. 4, Subparagraph 1 stipulating how "the licensing of projects which may affect environmental and social balance and harmony will be subjected to previous Environmental Impact Studies (EIA), entailing the creation of an Environmental Impact Study (EIS) to be submitted for approval by the Government's department responsible for environmental issues (...)"
The project under study falls under subparagraph i) "Installations for hydroelectric power production above 1000 kW", item 3 of the Annexe of the referred Decree, for which reason it must be subject to an Environmental Impact Study (EIS) to obtain the environmental license, as per the following figure.
FIGURE 2.1 - EIA Process and Granting of the Environmental License
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From the legal point of view regulating EIS, it is of relevance to refer to the following laws or legal documents:
3.1.1 Decree nr. 59/07, July 13th, approving the regulation that establishes the requirements, criteria and administrative procedures concerning the Environmental Impact Study for the works that may cause social and environmental impact. 3.1.2 Executive Decree nr. 87/12, February 24th - Regulates Public Consultations for projects subjected to Environmental Impact Studies. 3.1.3 Executive Decree nr. 92/12, March 1st - Approves the terms of reference which the EIS must comply with.
3.2 - National Legislation Reference Table
2 Important environmental and sectoral legislation
The Angolan environmental legislation is regulated by the Environment Basic Law nr. 5/98, June 19th, which regulates the concepts and principles of protection and management of the environment as enacted by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola.
The laws concerning the environment, taken into account in this Environmental Impact Study, are indicated in the following table, without prejudice of other legal documents in force which are not applicable or not relevant for this project.
TABLE 2.1 - National Legislation Reference Table
ENVIRONMENT This law approves the Sanitary Regulation, with view to promoting the environmental sanitation, application of protection and hygiene at work measures, preventive and control Law nr. 5/87, February measures for infectious diseases, and other urban sanitary activities 23rd and sanitary inspection. This law approves the Environment Basic Law, legal support for the Protection of the
Environment in Angola, and establishes, in the sub-par. 16, the EIS as one of the main Law nr. 5/98, July 19th instruments of Environmental Management. It stipulates basic principles and concepts for the conservation, protection and preservation of the environment, promotion of quality of life and a rational usage of natural resources, in line with the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola.
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It mandates the performance of environmental audits to public or private activities which may Decree nr. 1/10, affect the environment to a significant degree. January 13th
Presidential Decree no. It approves the regulation on the liability for ecological damages. 194/11, July 7th WATER RESOURCES It establishes several protection measures against water pollution, pollution on beaches and
coastal protection, namely the prohibition, unless with special license, of releasing or
discharging in a nearby area and territorial sea, as well as in seaports, docks, water beds and Decree nr. 495/73, rivers, beaches, margins, coastline, and other areas of jurisdiction of the maritime authorities, October 6th of any lower quality water and residual waste, as well as other pollutant substances, beaches and coastlines. It regulates the inland waters and lakes and use of the natural resources, protection of marine Law nr. 21/92, August environment, marine investigation and use of man-made infrastructures in the inland waters, 28th oceans and exclusive economic zone. It approves the Waters Law applied to inland waters, surface or underground, and established
the general principals of the legal regime to the water resources. In what regards the property
of the waters, this same legal act also establishes that the waters, being a natural resource, Law nr. 6/02, July 21st are propriety of the Government, remaining the right of the Government in relation to the waters, whilst a natural resource, an inalienable and indefeasible asset, also specifying that the right of use of the water network by the population is granted so as to ensure its preservation and management Itin establishesbenefit of the the populations. standards and criteria for measuring water quality according to its main Presidential Decree nr. uses, in order to protect public health, 261/11, October 6th integrated water resources management and preservation of the environment. It approves the Regulation for the Prevention and Control of the Pollution of National Waters,
ensuring among other dispositions the compliance with the MARPOL Conventions 73 and 78.
Presidential Decree nr. It approves the Regulation for the Prevention and Control of the Pollution of National Waters, 141/12, June 21st whose focus will be pollutants mainly originating from ships, vessels, boats, platforms and industrial facilities.
It approves the Regulation for General Usage of Water Resources, applicable to water Presidential Decree nr. courses, lakes, without prejudice of water beds, water banks and surrounding areas. 82/14, April 21st
It approves the Regulation for Water Public Supply and Sanitation of Residual Waters, Presidential Decree nr. subsequent to the Law nr. 6/02. 83/14, April 22nd LAND USE PLANNING It regulates the POOCs - 'Planos de Ordenamento da Orla Costeira' (Coastal Planning) -
including the criteria of concession of private use of plots of land of the public maritime
Decree nr. 04/01, domain, intended to the development of infra-structures and support equipment not only to February 2nd the use of beaches, but also to the whole coast line.
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It approves the Land Use Planning and Urban Planning Law (LOTU - Lei do Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo), which establishes the principles of the spatial planning, so that it Law nr. 03/04, of 25 applies the territorial spatial planning, with the creation of territorial June plans. It approves the LAND LAW through which the general tenets for the legal framework regarding land integrated in property formerly owned by the State. It also regulates their Law nr. 9/04, November agrarian rights and the general framework for transference, constitution, performance and 9th cessation of those rights. Basic Agricultural Development Law, establishes, among others, the planning for the National Law nr. 15/05, December Agricultural Reserve and protection of the forest, fauna, flora, and all other natural resources. 7th It approves the General Regulation of Land Use, Urban and Rural Planning (REPTUR - Decree nr. 2/06, Regulamento Geral dos Planos Territoriais, Urbanísticos e Rurais) and establishes the January 23rd general framework of the land use planning, namely the instruments for spatial and urban Itmanagement. approves the regulation for concession of land. Decree nr. 58/07, July 13th ECOLOGY
It approves the regulation for protection of flora and vegetal species, including forestry Decree nr. 40.040, resources. Janeiro 20th of 1955
Decree nr. 44.531, August It approves the Forestry Regulation, complementing the provisions of the Decree 40.040 with 21st of 1962 (updated by regard to forests. the Circular 149/00, July 7th)
Decree nr. 43/77, May 5th
(revokes legal acts 22/72, Identification of 5 protected area types in the Angolan territory: National Park, Strictly Feb 22nd, and 88/72, Protected Natural Reserve Area, Partial Nature Reserve, Regional Parks, and Special Sept Reserves. 27th)
Law nr. 6-A/04, Oct 8th It approves the Aquatic Biological Resources Law (Lei dos Recursos Biológicos Aquáticos) (amended by Law 16/05, (new Fishery Law), establishing the general policy, principles and criteria for the general Dec 27th), revokes Law access to the aquatic biological resources and their preservation, planning and development. 20/92 - Fishery Law)
Decree nr. 14/05, May It approves the regulation for granting of fishing and licensing rights. 3rd
Decree nr. 41/05, June It approves the Fishery General Regulation. 13th
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Presidential Decree nr.
139/13, Sept It approves the Continental Fishery Regulation. 24th
Presidential Decree nr. It approves the regulations for the Prevention, Combat and Elimination of Illegal Fishing, 284/14, October 13th unreported and unregulated.
It establishes the prohibition of the killing of endangered species, according to the CITES By-law of 13th May of Convention (Resolution 1/2007, Feb 14th). 2015
CULTURAL HERITAGE
It approves the cultural Heritage Law, creating the several types of heritage subject to
protection, being recognized as relevant cultural interest assets, the national languages, the historical heritage, paleontological, archeological architectural, artistic, ethnographic, Law nr. 14/05, Oct 7th biological, industrial, technical and all the graphic, photographic, recording, film, phonographic, bibliographic documents that reflect the values of memory, antiquity, authenticity, originality, rareness, exemplarity, singularity, and other cultural assets.
It approves the Regulation of Immovable Cultural Heritage, establishing guidelines for the Presidential Decree nr. identification, inventorying, registration, and classification of the immovable cultural heritage. 53/13, June 6th
WASTE
It approves the Waste Management regulation, creating general rules about the production,
deposit into or onto the land and subsoil, releasing into the water or into the atmosphere, Presidential Decree nr. treatment, collection, stock, and transport of any waste, ith the exception of those being 190/12, Aug 24th radioactive or subject to specific regulation, so as to prevent or minimize any possible negative impact on the health of people and the environment.
Presidential Decree nr. It approves the Strategic Plan for Urban Waste Management (PESGRU - Plano Estratégico 196/12, Aug 30th para a Gestão de Resíduos Urbanos)
It establishes the legal framework covering the management of waste residues resulting from
Executive Decree 17/13, construction works, demolitions or landslides, known as 'construction and demolition waste' Jan 22nd (CDW).
Below is the detailed description of some legal acts relevant to this EIS.
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Lei de Bases do Ambiente (Basic Environmental Law) (5/98, June 19th).
This law approves the Environment Basic Law in Angola that provides the legal basis for the Protection of the Environment in Angola, and it establishes, in the art. 16, the EIS as one of the main instruments of Environmental Management. It stipulates in art. 1 the basic principles and concepts for the conservation, protection and preservation of the environment, improvement of quality of life and rational usage of natural resources, in compliance with the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola.
It also establishes the general and specific principles, as well as purposes and measures. It defines the environmental management entities, reports the environmental protection measures, indicating the duties and the rights of the citizens, establishing the liabilities, violations and sanctions. It also refers to the supervision, including a set of relevant definitions here attached.
The following are outlined: 3.2.1 As general principles (art. 3): (a) the right of the citizens to live in a healthy environment and the benefits of a rational use of the country's natural resources; (b) the principles of the well being of the population, protection, preservation and conservation of the environment and the rational use of natural resources; and (c) the State's responsibility to implement an Environmental Management National Plan. 3.2.2 As specific principles (Art. 4): (a) environmental training and education; (b) participation; (c) prevention; (d) balance; (e) management and action; (f) international cooperation; (g) accountability; (h) valorization of natural resources; (i) protection of the genetic resources; 3.2.3 Of particular importance, the principle of prevention, specially relevant in this case, according to which "every measure with immediate or long-term effect on the environment, must be considered in advance, so that any damaging effects may be eliminated or minimized".
Among the objectives (Art. 5) the following are highlighted due to their extensive nature: 3.2.4 "Achieve total and sustainable development in every aspect of national life"; 3.2.5 "Keep balance between satisfaction of the basic needs of the citizens and nature's capacity of response".
And, due to the relevance in this particular case, the following:
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3.2.6 "Keep balance between satisfaction of the basic needs of the citizens and nature's capacity of response". 3.2.7 "Ensure the least possible impact on the environment from the necessary development measures of the country through a correct planning of the land use and application of adequate technologies and techniques";
This legal act establishes the explicit accountability of the Government, namely: 3.2.8 In the publication of the "necessary regulations for the execution of the National Environmental Management Plan" (art. 11 - 1) and "legislation of production control, emission, deposit, transport, import and management of gas, liquid and solid effluents" (art. 19 - 2); 3.2.9 In the establishment of "quality standards for urban and not urban environments related to the production of noise, fuel combustion, industrial, agricultural and household waste" (art. 19 -3); 3.2.10 In the development of "an environmental inspection system to supervise the implementation of the environmental legislation" (art. 30); 3.2.11 In the creation of "economic or other incentives in order to encourage the use of technologies, production processes and natural resources in line with the spirit of Sustainable Environment". (art. 33).
On the other hand, it is the duty of the citizens to: 3.2.12 "Take part in the Environmental Management" (art. 8); 3.2.13 "Use the natural resources responsibly and sustainably, independently of the purpose, and cooperate in the progressive improvement of the quality of life" (art. 25).
Due to their specific relevance to this case, it is worth referring to the provisions of art. 15: "The implementation of infra-structures in the national land, which due to their dimension, nature or location may have a considerable negative impact on the natural or social environment, will be subject to an Environmental and Social Impact Study, in which the social, environmental and economical viability will be determined as well as the methods to neutralize or minimize such effects." This process is mainly laid down in art. 16, establishing the compulsory requirement "for actions that may have an impact on environmental and social balance and harmony", with reference to this legal act and the respective regulations when defining the minimum requirements of the Environmental Impact Studies that are based on it.
Also noteworthy is (art. 17 - 2) that "the issue of the environmental license is based on the conclusions of the Environmental Impact Study of the proposal of activity and precedes the issue of any other licenses legally required for each case".
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Furthermore, (art. 27) states that "every entity, natural or legal, who carries out activities involving potential risks for the environment as they are identified by the legislation regarding the Environmental Impact Study, must hold a liability insurance", without prejudice to the objective liability of those that, regardless of their guilt, may have caused damage to the environment", by means of the "obligation to repair and/or compensate those damages to the State" (art. 28-1).
Environmental Impact Study - Decree nr. 51/04, July 23rd This Decree nr. 51/04 regarding Environmental Impact Evaluation, dated 23 June, as released in 2014 regulates Article 16 of Basic Environment Law and establishes that the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) is one of the main tools for the Management and Protection of the Environment, whose most important goal is to estimate the impact of specific public or private projects on the environment, based on studies previously carried out, confirming art. 15 of the Environment Basic Law nr. 5/98, June 19th).
This study must focus on the developments which, due their nature, dimension or location, may cause impact to the environmental and social balance and harmony, so that the Environmental Impact Study becomes an efficient instrument of protection and environmental management, as well as the guarantee for fair and balaced decisions on behalf of the public administration.
The legal act specifies the documents to be submitted by the EIS (art. 6) and the technical activities to be undertaken (art. 7).
A public consultation is mandatory and of the responsibility of the relevant Ministry (art. 10). The decision of this entity - to be issued within 30 days upon the submitting of the documents (art. 12), is binding, and in case of a negative decision for the authorization or license of the project by the Ministry, no other decision can be taken in this regard (art. 13).
It constitutes offence, between other acts, "the violation of the contents of the Ministry decision in charge of the environment protection" and "the non compliance of the recommendations contained in the Environmental Impact Study" (art. 16).
Every activity covered by this legal act will remain subject to audits by the relevant authorities, licensed by the relevant Ministry (art. 22 - 4 and 5).
With the recent publication of the Executive Decree nr. 97/12, March 1st, which approves the regulation of Public Tenders that the EIS must comply with.
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The Executive Decree nr. 87/12 of February 24 - Regulating Public Consultations for projects subjected to Environmental Impact Evaluations.
This study was based on the methods defined in the above-stated legal acts.
The definition of "a preventive environmental management procedure consisting of the previous qualitative and quantitative identification and analysis of the beneficial as well as damaging effects of the proposed activity" (art. 3) - is part of the Decree 51/2004, July 23rd, and applies to every project, public or private, potentially subject to that study, which include those referred in the annexe to the legal act, except those "considered by the Government of interest for the national defence and safety", which may be dispensed (art. 4 - 3).
These projects must have a "Environmental Impact Study (EIS) to be submitted for approval by the official entity in question (art. 4 - 1) and must be submitted "in the beginning of the administrative process of approval and licensing of the project" (art- 5 - 1) by the Project Owner, who "is accountable for the payment of the (relevant) costs and expenses", including "costs for the public tendering" (art. 8).
The EIS must comply with (art. 6): • Project description; • Environmental Impact Study Report; • Technological and location alternatives and project conception against the possibility of not carrying out the project; • Identification and evaluation of environmental impacts during implementation and operation; • Define the boundaries of the geographical area directly or indirectly affected by these impacts, designated the area of influence of the project, taking into account, in every case, the human and all the other living beings as well as the reservoir; • Consider the official plans and programs proposed and under implementation in the area of influence of the project and its compatibility; • Other elements that may be considered relevant due to their characteristics.
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During the EIS the the following minimum activities must be carried out (art. 7): 1. The environmental study of the area of influence of the project, resources and interactions, such as they exist, in order to assess the environmental conditions before the implementation of the project, bearing in mind: 5 the physical environment, soil, subsoil, water resources, air, and climate, namely mineral resources, topography, types and capacities of soils, water courses, hydrological system, maritime currents, atmospheric currents; 6 Biological and natural ecosystems - fauna and flora, namely the species indicating the quality of the environment of scientific and economical value, rare or endangered species and tje permanent preservation areas; 7 Social and economical environment, the use and occupation of the soil, the use and occupation of the water resources, and the sociocultural component, namely the locations and archeological monuments, historical and cultural of the communities, interaction relations between the local population, the natural resources and the potential future use of these resources; 5 EIS of the project and its alternatives through the identification, forecast of the magnitude and interpretation of the importance of the potential impacts, describing them as negative or positive, direct or indirect, immediate or medium- and long-term, temporary or permanent, reversibility rate, cumulative and synergetic proprieties, burden distribution and social benefits. 6 Definition of mitigating measures of the negative impacts. 7 Follow-up and monitoring program of the positive/negative impacts, indicating the factors and parameters to be considered."
Environmental License - Decree 59/07, July 13th It establishes the administrative requirements, criteria and procedures for the environmental license of the activities which, due to their nature, location or dimension, may cause important environmental or social impact (acc. to the Environment Basic Law).
The previous licensing is mandatory for the "construction, installation, reconstruction, recuperation, extension, alteration, operation and dismantling of the activities requiring Environmental Impact Study". (art. 10). More specifically, the following must have environmental license: 3.2.14 Installation of new activities subject to EIS;
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3.2.15 The existing facilities should require environmental license within two years from the entry into force of this law; 3.2.16 Any extensions or alterations of the facilities to increase production or improve quality standards; The present study fits into the first item.
The request for environmental license - to be decided within 90 days (to be considered as granted if no decision is issued during that period) - will be submitted to the official entity responsible for the environmental policy, by official request, upon completion of all the formalities regarding the EIS, comprising: 3.2.17 Description of the facilities, nature and extension of the activities; 3.2.18 Certificate issued by the provincial authority, stating the location and installation or activity to be compliant with the legislation in force on the soil occupation; 3.2.19 Non-technical summary of the EIS; 3.2.20 Non-binding opinion of the official entity;
Previous to the granting of the license, an inspection will be made by the official entity (art. 23).
The environmental license for operation of the facility must comprise (art. 14): 3.2.21 "The documents referring the best method and technical practices to the activity", including "all the measures necessary to the protection of the air, water and soil, fauna, flora, prevention or reduction of noise pollution, waste production, aiming to achieve an acceptable level"; 3.2.22 "The threshold values of emission for potentially pollutant substances during the course of the activity"; 3.2.23 "Indication of any measures that will ensure the adequate protection of soil and underground waters, noise control, and actions for the elimination of waste resultant from the works"; 3.2.24 "Monitoring measures of the emissions on site, including description of methods and frequency of evaluations and assessment process, in order to assure the inspection and compliance of the license"; 3.2.25 "Occasional actions of exploration that may cause impact on the environment, such as commissioning, leakages, failures, shutdowns, and final decommissioning of the works"; 3.2.26 "Obligation to report to the official entity within 24 hours any incident that considerably affects the environment";
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3.2.27 "Validity of the license, never less than 3 years or more than 8 years".
The official entity must not approve the request whenever the site or works on site do not comply with certain requirements (art. 15).
The renewal of the license will be preceded by an audit by the official entity (art. 16).
The ceasing of the license may occur due to expiration, waiver or revocation (art. 18).
Water Law 7/02, June 21st Due to its relevance to the present study, it is worth mentioning the Law 6/02, dated form June 21st, referred to as Water Law (Lei de Águas) and applying in case ofinland waters, surface or underground, establishing the general principals of the legal framework for use of water resources.
Regarding the property of the waters, this same legal act also establishes that the waters, as a natural resource, are propriety of the Government, remaining the right of the Government in relation to the waters, as an essential natural resource, an irrevocable and indefeasible asset, also specifying that the right of use of the water network by the population is granted so as to ensure its preservation and management. This legal act establishes that (art. 3): 7.4 "the water public domain, its general political management and development, as well as competences attributed to State entities inter related; 7.5 "the legal system for the activities of inventory, development, control, inspection, protection and preservation of water resources; 7.6 the rights and duties of all stakeholders in the management and use of water resources."
Chapter II of the Water Law is referring to the main principles and purposes of water resource management (art. 9 and 10), General Inventory and Water Balance (art. 11, 12, 13) and the Institutional Coordination and Organization (art. 14 to 20).
As to uses subject to license or concession, integrated in Chapter III - General use of water, it is established that "water supply to the population, for human consumption and sanitation needs, has priority overy any other potential private use" (art. 33 - 2) and also that "any conflicts
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resulting from lack of water to satisfy any possible purposes must be resolved according to the socioeconomic profitability and impact of these uses". (art. 33-3). Chapter IV is devoted to the protection of the water resources. As per art. 66, "The protection of the public water resources to the general against pollution aims mainly: 5 to achieve and maintain an adequate level of quality of the water; 6 to prevent the accumulation underground of toxic or dangerous composites that may poison underground waters; 7 to prevent any action that may damage water resources".
It is also referred that "the following activities are generally forbidden (art. 67): 5 direct or indirect release of waste residues which exceed the self-purification capacity of bodies of water; 6 to accumulate solid waste or any substances in places or under conditions that contaminate water resources; 7 to carry out any activities involving danger of pollution or degradation of water resources; 8 to do any alteration to the water network, flow, quality and use that may endanger public health, natural resources and the environment or the national safety and sovereignty."
Regarding prevention and control, it is established that "the release of residual waters, waste or other substances that may endanger and cause pollution or degradation of the public water resources, depends from authorization by the official authorities regarding the management of the water resources of the relevant basin." (art. 68- 1).
Moreover, "the authorizations for these releases will be subject to modifications and restrictions depending on public and environmental requirements, and the license holders must change their methods and processes, technical or others, resulting therefrom." (art. 68-3).
The Law also establishes a regulation "defining receiving hydric bodies, creating standards of quality for the effluents and compensation forms." (art. 68 -2).
Quality of water - Presidential Decree 261/11, October 6.
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The Presidential Decree 261/11, October 6th, applies to surface and underground waters for human consumption, and "establishes the standards and criteria of the quality of the water, with the purpose to protect the aquatic environment and improve the quality of the waters depending on their utilization (art. 1 -1).
It establishes that it is the responsibility of the Ministério do Ambiente (Environment Ministry) "in coordination with the ministerial departments of Health and Energy and Waters, to stipulate applicable normative values for human consumption and other uses (art. 3 - 1).
The environmental quality standards are stipulated in this decree for surface and underground waters for human consumption (Annexe I). Also defined are the Emission Limit Values (ELV) for the discharge of waste residual waters (Annexe VI) and the environmental goals of minimum quality for surface waters (Annexe IX).
It is also outlined that Ministério do Ambiente can determine more accurate values for the surface waters than those established by this law (art. 6 -2). To be also remarked is the affirmation that "for whatever purpose or in case of doubt, the recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO) will apply in regard to the quality of water (art. 6 - 6).
Regulation for the general use of water resources - Presidential Decree 82/14, April 21st - This regulation follows the Presidential Decree 82/14, April 21st, applying to "surface and underground waters, namely watercourses, lakes, lagoons, swamps, springs, reservoirs, estuary zones and other water courses, without prejudice of their banks, beds our surroundings". (art. 2). Also referred is that the water resources are "subject to an integrated planning process, aiming their valorization, protection and fair management..." (art. 4 - 1).
The following constitute uses and management of water resources (art. 11): 4 "The right of the citizens to the use of water; 5 Hydrological cycle unit; 6 Unity and consistency of the reservoirs management, as physical-territorials units of planning and management of the water resources; 7 Integrated management of the water resources; 8 Institutional coordination and participation by the communities; 9 Compatibility of the water resources management policy with the territorial and coastal line management, environmental management, and social and economic development; 10 Water as a key asset, renewable, limited, and with economical value; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page57
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11 Increase of the public and private sector participation in the management, use and development of the water resources; 12 Relation between pollution and social and financial accountability of the environmental damages and the environment".
Concerning the principles of use of the water resources, regardless their purpose, (art. 14 - 1): 3 Rational and sustainable use of the water resources; 4 Prevention, reduction and suppression of water resources: 5 Precaution against any environmental impacts; 6 User-Payer; 7 Polluter-Payer; 8 Recognition of uses and traditions.
According to art. 15, the types of use of the water resources are as follows: 8 Uses not subject to a header; 9 Uses subject to a header;
Do not require header of use of water resources (art. 16): 8 Common uses; 9 Uses resulting from the right to land use and benefits; 10 Navigation, fluctuation, recreation, sports; 11 Fishing; 12 Communal aquaculture and research; 13 Constitution of land rights on water beds, water banks and surroundings; 14 Geological and mineral activities.
Utilizations subject to the heading of use of water resources are the following (art. 17): 8 Require header of use of water resources any private use. 9 For this legal act, private uses are: 9.5 Water abstraction; 9.6 Rejection of effluents; 9.7 Commercial aquaculture.
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ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT (ZENZO HPP) Environmental Impact Study - Report According to art. 18 - 1, the licenses for the types of use of the water resources are as follows: 9 Licenses and permits;
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10 Concessions and grants.
The licenses for the use of water resources must be prior to the licence or concession date, justifying the use of the water resources (art. 18 - 2).
Concerning the granting of licenses for the use of the water resources, it must comply with the following conditions (art. 19 - 1): 5 "Compliance with the Water Resources National Plan (Plano Nacional de Recursos Hídricos); 6 Compliance with the General Plans of Development and Use of Water Resources of River Basins; 7 Compliance with the Land Use Planning; 8 Compliance with the Land Use Planning of Classified Reservoirs; 9 Compliance with protected areas; 10 Compliance with the prevalence of common uses; 11 Compliance with protection and preservation of the environment."
In the absence of plans, the granting of licenses for the use of water resources must be based on "a combined and integrated study of the strictly technical, economical, environmental, and institutional use of the water resources" (art. 19 - 2).
It is mandatory that licenses and permits will indicate, apart from the rights and duties of their holders, the following (art. 31 - 1): 9 Holder's Identification; 10 Indication of the purpose of use; 11 Exact location of the use; 12 Identification of the works and technical specifications, if any; 13 License validity; 14 Civil Liability Insurance amount, if any; 15 Compulsory requirement of compliance with quality standards; 16 Compulsory requirement to pay the usage rate;
It is mandatory that the concession agreement includes, apart from the rights and obligations of the stakeholders, the purpose and validity, the following information (art. 42 - 1): 7 Technical specifications, economical and financial terms of the usage of water resources;
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9 The integrating assets of the concessions and ways of usage; 10 Location of the hydraulic works; 11 Renewal fund for the facilities and equipment; 12 Security deposit; 13 Insurance policy of the facilities and civil liability; 14 Other legal terms demanded by the Grantor;
For water abstraction, with or without retention, the following require license or concession (art. 81): 9 "Human consumption; 10 Agriculture and livestock farming; 11 Industrial activity; 12 Production of hydroelectric power; 13 Any other purposes within the law."
Protection zones of water resources are "water beds, banks, and surrounding areas of any water course up to a distance of 200 meters", with the possibility of establishing higher distances depending on the characteristics of the water resource and of the technical specifications of their use, as well as any other reasons that may justify it." (art. 110).
About this legal act, it is also mentioned that "the granting of any licenses... whatever their purpose, is subject to previous approval by environmental impact studies" (art. 119).
Lei dos Recursos Biológicos Aquáticos (Aquatic Biological Resources Law), - no. 6-A/04, October 8th The Law nr. 6-A/04, October 8th, designated by Aquatic Biological Resources Law is perhaps the most important legal instrument about water resources, since it approves the Aquatic Biological Resources Law (Lei dos Recursos Biológicos Aquáticos) (new Fishery Law), establishing the general policy, principles and criteria for the general access to the aquatic biological resources and their preservation, planning and development. Among the purposes of this law (art. 3), and within this EIS, the following are noteworthly: 10 "To establish the general principles and rules for the protection of biological resources and aquatic ecosystems, ensuring they are used and explored in a sustainable and responsible manner;
11 "To promote the aquatic, coastal, riparian areas and waterfronts environment protection, and the research on biological resources, their ecosystems and environmental factors that restrain their stability";
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12 "To promote the contribution of the multiple uses of the sea and continental waters for the well being and quality of life of the citizens"; 13 "To safeguard economic opportunities for the people of Angola, in any activity related to aquatic biological resources under Angolan sovereignty".
From the general principles defined by this law, the following must be observed (art. 6 - 3): 13.1 Sustainable development; 13.2 Responsible fishing; 13.3 Optimization of the preservation and usage of any aquatic biological resources; 13.4 Prevention; 13.5 Precaution; 13.6 Integration; 13.7 Protection of the genetic resources; 13.8 Participation of all the stakeholders; 13.9 Institutional coordination and compatibility of the aquatic biological resources management policy with the policies of land use planning, environmental, water resources, exploration of other natural resources at sea and in continental waters; 13.10 Protection of the interests of the fishing communities; 13.11 Cooperation in the shared resources management; 13.12 Accountability; 13.13 User-Payer; 13.14 Polluter-payer; 13.15 Equaility, economic free entreprise, preservation of competitiveness, protection of the rights of investors and preference of Angolan companies.
This law also establishes legal provisions for the protection of endangered aquatic species, creation of protected marine areas and waterways reserves, definition of fishing quotas, regulation of the fishing activity, and prohibition of harmful fishing methods, among others.
9 Relevant Plans and Programs for the Project
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TABLE 2.2 - Plans, programs and strategies for Zenzo HPP
Designation Relevance The Zenzo HPP will help materialize some of the goals of the Government Program Government Program, among which the increase and of MPLA - 2012-2017 diversification of the production of energy through the
This projectdevelopment will meet the of purposes hydroelectric of this resources. Strategy, based on
the mobilization of the hydroelectric power potential of the Angola 2025 country, so that hydroelectric power production may become the main basis of energy production in Angola. The Zenzo HPP will contribute to the realization of the targets Source: Energy in Angola 2025 of this Strategy. With the implementation of this project the main priority will be Plano Nacional de achieved in this Plan for the energy sector, consisting in the Desenvolvimento increase and improvement of the quality of the electric supply. (PNA) (Development National Plan) (2013- One of the specific goals level 1, namely "to reduce the energy 2017) dependence of Angola, contributing to the production of Plano Nacional da Água (PNA) - (National Water hydroelectric power," will be guaranteed by the Plan) Zenzo HPP.
The Zenzo HPP will not interfere with the goals of this Plan,
Plano Nacional Director and may contribute to its realization if, in addition to the de Irrigação de Angola production of electricity, use of the reservoir for irrigation (PNDIA) - (National purposes occurs MasterPrograma Plan deof Acção The hydroelectric power plant will enable electricity production
NacionalIrrigation deof Angola)Adaptação without direct emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), and it will Plans, programs and strategies and programs Plans, às Alterações assist in fulfilling the objectives Climáticas (PANAAC) of this Program. (NationalNational StrategyStrategy forfor
theAdaptation Implementation to Climate of the KyotoChange) Protocol, an Production of electricity without GHG emissions will help international2011 treaty implement this Strategy. which extends the 1992 United Nations FrameworkPrograma Convention Nacional Zenzo HP will take advantage of the hydropower potential in onEstratégico Climate Change para a Angola, specifically in the middle section of the River Kwanza. Água(UNFCCC) (PNEA) (Strategic National The project will help achieve the main objective of "quadrupling Política e Estratégia de Program for Water) the existing energy supply, by making greater use of Segurança Energética (2013-2017) endogenous resources and using more efficient technologies".
Nacional (PESEN)
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Designation Relevance
Zenzo HP is considered a priority project as priority projects are
Plano de Acção do "all projects and actions which, in the short term, can be used to Sector de Energia e increase the capacity and quality Águas ( P A S E A ) of supply of electricity to the population " (Plan of Action for the Energy According to this Plan, the importance of the energy sector is Plano de and Waters unquestionable from both the economic and social points of Desenvolvimento S e c t o r ) (2013-2017) view, and through integration into this province, Zenzo HP Provincial do Cuanza will help to promote this sector. Norte (PDPCN) Operating the Zenzo HP will help achieve one of the objectives (ProvincialPlano de of this Plan, which is based on increasing and improving the DevelopmentDesenvolvimento Plan of quality of electricity supply to the population/ KwanzaProvincial North) do Cuanza (2013- Sul (PDPCS)2017) (Provincial According to this program, the main goal for the energy sector DevelopmentPrograma Plan de of until the end of 2016, is to install a production capacity of 7 KwanzaInvesti South)mentos (2013dos - 000 MW capacity or 95 000 GWh. In this sense, the Zenzo Sectores2017) Eléctrico e HPP will help Águas (Investment to achieve this goal. Program for the The Zenzo HP will not interfere with the objectives of this Plan, Energy and Water Programa “Água para and may contribute to its realization if, in addition to the Sector) (até/till 2016) Todos” ('Water for All' production of electricity, its reservoir is used for public water Program) supply.
2.3 - International Legislation Reference Table
Angola has signed several treaties, conventions and protocols, regional and international, with emphasis on environment with the instruments that are presented in the table below. TABLE 2.3 - International Legislation Reference Table
CLIMATE CHANGES
Convenção Quadro das Ratified by Angola in 1998, by the Resolution 13/98, August 28th, establishing the base for Nações Unidas sobre as the international cooperation on technical and political matters related to global warming Alterações Climáticas (CQNUAC) Vienna(United Convention Nations for the Framework Convention on Protection of the Ozone Climate Change) Ratified by Angola in 2000, where Angola undertakes the commitment to participate in the Layer of protection of the ozone layer. - Montreal
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Ratified by Angola in 2007, where Angola undertakes the commitment to reduce the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases (GGE) NATURAL RISKS
Convenção das Nações Ratified by Angola in 2000, by the Resolution 12/00, May 5th, establishing the base for the Unidas de Combate à international cooperation on technical and political matters related with Desertificação (CCD) the global issue of soils degradation. United Nations Convention WATER RESOURCES to Combat Desertification
Ratified by Angola in 1990 by the Resolution 18/90, it defines and codifies concepts inherited
Convenção das Nações from international law referring to maritime affairs, such as territorial sea, exclusive economic Unidas sobre o Direito do zone, continental shelf, among others, and establishes the general principles for the Mar (United Nations exploitation of natural resources of the sea, such as living resources, soil resources, and Convention on the Law of underground resources. the Sea) Revised Protocol SADC Signed by Angola on 07/08/2000, its purpose is the cooperation, coordination and sustained on Shared Water development of the water resources shared in the SADC region and their usage. Courses
Convenção Internacional The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973 and its para a Prevenção da Protocol in 1978 were ratified by Angola in 2001, by the Resolution 41/01, whose goal is to Poluição por Navios - preserve the marine environment through the elimination of pollution by hydrocarbons and MARPOL 73/78 other harmful substances and reduce the accidental discharge. (International Convention Convençãofor the Prevention Internacional of Ratified by Angola in 2001 by the Resolution 33/01, November 9th, establishes measures for Pollution from Ships) sobre a Cooperação e dealing with marine oil pollution incidents nationally and in co-operation with other countries. Combate contra a Poluição por Hidrocarbonetos (OPRC 1990) (InternationalConvenção Internacional Convention Ratified by Angola in 2001 by the Resolution 22/01, may 5th, it aims to control the deliberate sobreon aOil Prevenção Pollution da disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms and other man- Preparedness, Response Poluiçãoand Co -Marinhaoperation) por made structures at sea. It does not include discharges from shore, accidental waste, Operações de Imersão de considering the normal operation of vessels or the dumping of materials in accordance with Detritos e Outros the convention. Produtos (LC 72) (Convention on the ECOLOGY Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of WastesConvenção and InternacionalOther Matter) Ratified by Angola on 29/07/1976, for the cooperation in preserving the tunas and tuna-like para a Conservação dos fishes in the Atlantic Turnídeos do Atlântico at levels allowing maximum continuous captures for feeding populations and other (CICTA) (International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page64
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Ratified by Angola in 1997 by the Resolution 23/97, of July 4th, later developed the National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP). It establishes the base for the international purposes. cooperation on politic matters related to the necessity to reconcile the preservation of nature with the concern of development, based on principles of equality and sharing of responsibilities.
SADC protocol referring to Signed by Angola on 18/08/1999, aiming the preservation and sustainable use of the fauna, except forest and fishery resources, and the effective application of the law. Fauna Preservation and ApplicationConvenção of sobre the Law a Ratified by Angola in 2003 by the Resolution 14/03, April 15th, establishes the base for the Conservação das international cooperation on political matters related with endangered species. Espécies Migratórias pertencentes à Fauna Selvagem Ratified by Angola in 2003, aims to promote the responsible use of living aquatic resources Protocol(Convention SADC onon the and their ecosystems of interest for the member states, in order to safeguard the fishing Conservation of Migratory Fisheries communities lives and Species of Wild Animals) allow future generations to benefit from the renewable resources.
African Convention on Signed by Angola by the resolution 5/14, January 20th, aims to protect the environment, the Conservation of promote the preservation and sustainable use of the natural resources and harmonize the Nature and Natural coordination of policies in this domain, creating programs and strategies of Resources ecologically sustainable, economically sound and socially accepted development.
The Convention of Under the phase of commitment by Angola (binding commitment approved in 2013 by the Wetlands (also called The Assembleia Nacional / National Parliament), the RAMSAR convention declares the Convention importance of the wetlands, namely for their biological and economical value and due to their Ramsar) role in the maintenance ofHUMAN the ecosystems DEVELOPMENT and biodiversity. Millennium Ratified by Angola in September 2000, it established the base for the countries to undertake Declaration the commitment of sustainable protection of the planet. (MD) CULTURAL HERITAGE Ratified on 07/11/1991 by Angola, it established the obligations by the member states in Protection of the World regard to identification of potential locations and their role in the protection and preservation of Cultural and Natural the Cultural and Natural worldwide heritage. Each country assumes the commitment to Heritage preserve not only the classified locations as Cultural Heritage inside its own territory, but also to protect its own national heritage. OTHER CONVENTIONS Stockholm Convention on Ratified by Angola in 2006, it aims to protect human health and the environment against Persistent persistent organic pollutants, promoting their elimination through Organic Pollutants the prohibition of the production and use of the POPs.
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1 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 - Project Objectives and Justification
1.1.1 - National energy grid
• Energy Production and Distribution
Angola's electricity sector is based on five main systems: the Northern System, the Central System, the Southern System, the Eastern System and Isolated Systems (Cunene, Cuando-Cubango, Zaire).
The Northern Grid supplies energy to the provinces of Luanda, Bengo,Kwanza South, Kwanza North, and Malange. It includes the Cambambe hydroelectric power plant (which is the target of rehabilitation and dam erection works and construction of the second plant), with total expected capacity of 960 MW. This amount will be increased with the work on the river diversion for the construction of the Laúca hydroelectric power plant, which will have a capacity of 2070 MW. This system will also be reinforced with the completion of the interconnection between the Northern and Central systems, through the Gabela (South Kwanza) – Kileva (Benguela) interconnection.
The Central System includes the hydroelectric power plant of Lomaum, with an installed capacity of 50 MW and is not yet connected to Benguela. Also part of this system are the Kileva and Cavaco thermal power plants, as well as the rehabilitation of the Biópio Thermal Power Plant, which, together, will add an additional 78 MW to Benguela's production system, which is still insufficient to cover the needs of the region. On the other hand, the Biópio hydroelectric power plant operates below its installed capacity, due to the state of degradation of the dam, which is in need of urgent rehabilitation, as well as the lack of regulation of the Catumbela river basin, which requires the construction of the hydroelectric power plant of Cacombo. The construction of the Gove plant has been concluded and after the rehabilitation of this dam, Huambo and Bié will follow. This system requires the interconnection between Huambo and Benguela, through the line between Lomaum and Dango (Huambo), and also the connection with the Southern System through the line to be constructed between Gove and Matala-Lubango-Namibe-Tombwa, which will establish an acceptable support between the thermal, the hydroelectric and the wind power generation to be installed in each of these regions, increasing the capacity of the Central System as a whole.
The Southern System is essentially based on the plant of Matala, whose maintenance works are almost concluded, being also associated to a thermal concentrated capacity in Chitoto-Namibe. The capacity increase will result from the construction of 4 thermal power plants, two of them in Namibe (20 MW) and two in Lubango (80 MW).
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The Eastern System is based on the hydroelectric power plant of Luachimo, which supplies Dundo and surrounding regions, and Chicapa, which partially supplies Saurimo. These towns, and also Luena, are also supplied by thermal plants. There is no interconnected grid. The top priorities are the increase on production, with reinforced thermal capacity, the rehabilitation of the hydroelectric power plant of Luachimo and the construction of the hydroelectric power plant of Chiumbe-Dala, as well as the interconnection between the three Capital cities. With the involvement of private capital, it will be advantageous to expand the production of the Chicapa power plant, by means of construction of the 2nd Power Plant.
As to the Isolated Systems (Cunene, Cuando-Cubango, Zaire), these provinces will be supplied by thermal power stations, and extensions of that capacity are being concluded at Ondjiva (10 MW) and at Menongue (10 MW), revealing themselves as the most feasible solutions of power supply until now. The high hydroelectric and wind generation potentials of Cuando-Cubango, in line with the existing thermal grids, will be power sources for the supply of the different municipalities, separated among them by significant geographic distances and of difficult access. The current actions aim to increase the supply capacity in Ondjiva and on the border line by importing electricity from Namibia. However, the combination of the solar and thermal energy should also be considered as option for the Cunene.
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Source: Ministry of Energy and Water FIGURE 3.1 - Major systems of the Angolan electricity sector
• Power consumption at present and future forecasts Based on the data available of power consumption in Angola and comparing it to consumptions in other countries, information from the World Bank Development Indicators in 2011, Angola has a quite low capacity.
TABLE 3.1 - Power consumption/inhabitant in 2011 Country/Region Consumption of electricity (kWh/inhab) Angola 248 Mozambique 447 Zambia 599 Zimbabwe 757
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Country/Region Consumption of electricity (kWh/inhab) Namibe 1548 South Africa 4604 Subsaharan Africa 535 Portugal 4848 World 3045 Low efficiency 219 Medium efficiency 1816 Source: World bank Development Indicators (2011), adapted from the National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
In view of the works already executed and those yet to be executed until 2017, with the commissioning of the plants of Laúca and Cambambe II, the capacity will be of 800 kWh/inhab. However, still very distant from countries like Namibia (1550 kWh/inhabt) or South Africa (4600 kWh/inhab), leading us to conclude that the investment in this sector must continue in the next few years.
According to the National Water Plan, the electricity production is currently of hydroelectric origin and represents about 60% of the total consumed electricity, with the possibility of increasing above 90% at short- term. TABLE 3.2 - Electricity Production in Angola year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Hydroelectric production (GWh) 1754 2219 2544 2488 3147 3678 3978 4011 3768 4766 Thermal power production 489 412 439 752 904 1226 1471 1638 2436 3449 (GWh) Total electricity production 2239 2649 2983 3239 4133 4904 5449 5649 6204 8216 (GWh) Hydroelectric power/Total 78 84 85 77 76 75 73 71 61 58 power (%) Annual increase rate (%) 12 18 13 9 28 19 11 4 10 32
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
In 2013, Angola produced 8216 GWh electricity power, from which 4766 GWh had hydroelectric origin (about 58% of the total production). This value includes 38.8 GWh of energy produced by the hydroelectric power plant of Ruacaná (Border of Angola-Namibia), which is consumed in Angola.
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Based on the Water National Plan, in 2013 existed in Angola nine hydroelectric power plants under operation. The main characteristics of the various components of each alternative's hydraulic circuits are presented in the following table: TABLE 3.3 - Characteristics of hydroelectric power plants in Angola Average Annual Installed Hydrogra Power Productio Connect Name Province Capacity phic Facility 2013 n 2013 ed to (MW) (MW) (GWh) Grid Biópio Benguela Catumbela 14.4 8.9 41 Center North Mid Cambambe I 260 192 1420 Northern Kwan Kwanz za aMid Capanda Malange 520 480 2986 Northern Kwanz Chicapa I Lunda- aCassai 16 16 32 Isolated South Gove Huambo High Cunene 60 44 120 Southern Lomaum* Benguela Catumbela 55.1 0 0 Center Lunda Luachimo Cassai 9.2 6 30 Isolated North Madubas Bengo Dande 25.6 24 95 Northern Matala Huíla High Cunene 40.8 26 102 Southern
*Concluded AH, failure in the transmission line.
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
In the last few years, the predominance of hydroelectric power in Angolan power supply is due, among other things, to the high potential in the country, a reflex from the country's geomorphologic and climate characteristics, combining good waterfalls with abundant flows and low climate variability. TABLE 3.4 - Hydroelectric potential in Angola by hydrographic unit Operational Production Operational Potential Power/Potenti Hydrogra Capacity (W) Capacity in Hydroelectric al phic Facility 2011 (W) Plant (MW) hydroelectric (%) Northwest 6.6 21 0 0.0 Dande 27 154 0 0.0 Kassai 134 523 20 15.2 Alto Cuanza, 444 2455 0 0.0 AK Mid Kwanza 6983 30307 405 5.8 Baixo Cuanza, 1071 4245 0 0.0 BK Longa 1207 4891 0 0.0
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Operational Production Operational Hydroelectric Power/Hydroe Hydrogra Capacity (W) Capacity in Potential lectric phic Facility 2011 (W) (MW) Potential (%)
Catumbela 1937 10587 4 0.2 Queve 2630 13570 0 0.0 Center-West 1086 3488 0 0.0 High Cunene 437 1340 14 3.1 Mid Cunene 75 207 0 0.0 Low Cunene 2416 8662 249 10.3 Cubango 350 592 0 0.0 Total 18803 81040 692 3.7
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
The assessment of the hydroelectric potential indicates the possibility of installing in the country a power capacity of 19 000 MW, corresponding to a generation capacity of 81 040 GWh/year. It should be noted that the hydroelectric plants in operation in 2011 (692 MW) represent only 3.7% of the potential. Given a full capacity of production of all the hydroelectric power plants in operation, under construction, rehabilitation or expansion, which represents a total of 4160 MW, only 22% of the potential will be achieved.
Taking into account that the hydroelectric units of Cuango and Zambezi were not included in the previous table, nor the mini-hydroelectric production, it is possible to infer that the country's hydroelectric potential in this regard may reach a value of 25 000 MW.
According to the Energy Strategic Plan for Angola 2025, in the long term, the hydroelectric power is assumed as priority both by the Energetic Safety Policy and the Angolan Strategy 2025, anticipating that between 2015- 2025 Angola will benefit from its hydroelectric power potential. In spite of the high investments foreseen till 2017, Angola will only use about 30% of its potential estimated at 19 000 MW.
In 2013, the electricity consumption was mainly due to household consumption (46%), followed by services sector (32%) and industry (8%). It should also be pointed out that the value of technical losses (about 14%) is equivalent to a high value and shows the poor condition of the Angolan power grid. The highest consumption was recorded in the Northern System (77%), followed by the Central System (11%), Southern System (6%), Isolated Systems (4%), and Eastern System (2%).
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Source: Energy in Angola 2025 FIGURE 3.2 - Distribution of Consumption referring to 2013 by type of client and by region
In this following figure the expected consumption by system till 2025 (corresponding to a value of a 7.2 GW) is shown.
Source: Energy in Angola 2025 FIGURE 3.3 - Anticipated distribution per system until 2025
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The Northern System will increase from approx. 1 GW consumption to 4.3 GW, but will see its contribution reduced from around 77% to 60%. The importance of the other systems will significantly be increased. A greater regional and territorial equilibrium with the 'Estratégia Angola 2025' will be achieved in this way.
According to this, the following alterations by system are expected:
Northern System
• In Soyo, the total gas potential and the corridor of 400 kV will be achieved with the installation of two additional units of 360 MW which together with the 720 MW currently under construction, will result in a total of 1440 MW. The gas available will allow the plants to function only in hours of high availability or peak hours or at mid capacity to ensure reserve. There might also be the possibility of their being operated in "duel fuel" mode, using another fuel - LNG, butane or gasoil - in extremely dry years, to maximize production. • In Luanda, no new production is expected, with exception of the replacement of groups 4 and 5 of Cazenga by a combined cycle of medium scale with natural gas which will in future be predominant in Luanda. Until 2025, groups 1, 2 and 3 of Cazenga will decommissioned and the barges from the station of Boavista will be displaced to Benguela (80 MW) and Namibe (40 MW). The remaining thermal stations in Luanda will operate as backup; • The Caçulo Cabaça plant will be built by phases, with 1000 MW installed till 2025 and an operation system similar to the one of a main plant.
Central System • In the Queve river two stations will be built close to Porto Amboim, namely Balalunga (also known as Quilengue) with 220 MW and downstream Cafula with 400 MW, also with a high potential for irrigation. The solution foreseen for Cafula will be compatible with the possible construction of the Utiundumbo dam after 2025 in reverse of Cafula; • In the Catumbela river upstream the hydroelectric power station of Cacombo will be built to regulate the river flow and downstream the Calengue plant will be built with about 200 MW. • In the rivers Cutato, Cune and Cunhinga. in Bié province, several hydroelectric power stations will be built for the hydrothermal project, in an estimated total of 360 MW until 2025; • The thermal production in the Central System will essentially result from the hydrothermal project that foresees the installation of 300 MW based on biomass. Additionally, it is foreseen the deployment of the barge
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from Boavista (80 MW) to Lobito, operating at Liquified Natural Gas (LNG), with the Quileva and Biópia plants sttarting to essentially operate as backup.
Southern System • Namibe will be reinforced with 80 MW in turbines, from which 40 MW will correspond to the barge currently at Boavista Plant (Luanda); • Jamba Ya Mina and Jamba Ya Oma stations, although mainly focused to regulate Cunene river, will be a relevant support to the Center-South corridor and to the towns of Lubango and Menongue - whose supply in 2025 will be mainly based in transporting energy from other systrms and to the south, Baynes and Namibia; • In the southern border, the Baynes plant will increase till 2025 with a power between 400 and 600 MW, with a possible capacity for Angola of at least 200 MW.
Eastern System • In the provinces of the Lundas, he construction of the hydroelectric power plant of Luapasso is foreseen, including 3 projects in a total of 80 MW installed capacity. Additionally, the construction of the Cambolo plant, in the Cuango river, which, while the north-east corridor is not built, will supply electricity "off-grid" to the thousands of people that live in the area; • In Moxico, the town of Luena will need 80 MW thermal power till 2025, to guarantee the safety levels in case some problem arises in the line foreseen of Cabinda; • The Fútila station will be increased until approximately 235 MW, based on 2 medium-scale combined cycles, with 100 MW each, increased by about 40 MW based on single cycle turbines operating in back up mode. The 2 existing turbines will be transformed in one of the future combined cycles through the installation of a steam turbine; • The Fútila plant will be converted for natural gas produced "on-shore" in Cabinda and will be connected at 200 kV with the city of Cabinda and with Congo DR.
The National Development Plan 2013-2017 foresees the following goals for the energy sector.
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TABLE 3.5 - Goals for the energy sector in Angola Benchmarks Base Year Goals Benchmarks 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Installed Capacity (total) MW 1 917 2 486 2 861 3 561 5 828 7 879 Electricity Production (GWh) 7 710 9 553 12 618 17 018 21 168 34 346 Distributed Energy 6 554 8 120 10 725 14 465 17 993 29 194
Source: National Development Plan 2013--2017
• National Policies
The policies for the energy sector have deserved great attention in the different guideline documents of the Government policy to follow in the next few years, at short, medium and long-run. Within the present assessment, only an overview is given since these Strategies/Plans/Programs will be analyzed in detail in Chapter 5.4.2 - Land Use Planning; some of the main objectives are set out in each of these documents
The 'Estratégia Angola 2025 Energia (Angola Energy Strategy until 2025 in Angola) foresees that the power demand will be higher and higher and will get to 7.2 GW consumption, e.g. five times more than at present, with an estimated annual increase of 16.7% until 2017 and of 12.6% between 2017 and 2025. Angola will have a strong consumption increase, rising from 375 kWh/inhabitant in 2013 to 1230 kWh/inhabitant in 2025.
Despite the high growth, the predicted consumption of 1230 kWh per inhabitant by 2025 will continue to be low when compared internationally.
In order to securely meet the demand for electricity, even in years of lower water flow, Angola will have 9.9 GW of installed capacity in 2025, with a strong commitment to hydropower and natural gas.
At national level and within the Development Plan 2013-2017, this is one of the top priorities of the Government, i.e., the increased capacity of production through new hydroelectric power plants as well as thermal power plants, with existing programs to ensure the fulfilling of these goals.
• Expansion of the production capacity and transport of electric energy • Rehabilitation and extension of the electricity distribution grids • National Electrification Program
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In order to expand the distribution of energy, a public investment of around 3 556 billion Cuanza is planned for the period 2013-2017 for energy structuring projects.
The National Energetic Safety Policy and Strategy foresees for the electricity subsector the increase of production of this subsector, so that the supply increases from the current 3% to 10-15% by the year 2025.
According to the Energy and Water Sector Action Plan 2013-2017, the goals are:
• By the end of 2014, to bring into operation 1,500 MW of generation capacity, from a total of up to 5,000 MW to be installed by 2016; • Settlement of public supply systems in 82 municipal headquarters (from a total of 166) and 271 communal headquarters (from a total of 531), by the end of 2014; • Rehabilitation and modernization of all distribution networks in provincial capital cities; • Interconnection between the North and Central systems, and implementation of the East system (Lundas). • The use of the renewable resources, particularly the small hydroelectric uses is one of the choices of the Angolan Government, and the Action Plan incorporates the construction or rehabilitation of a set of mini-power stations that shall support the electrification of municipal capitals and neighboring villages.
To achieve such goals, as defined in the Investment Program for the Electricity and Water Sectors up to 2016, the estimated results are presented including the execution of some projects under construction now, for the production, transport and distribution of energy. In this sense, please note: • The implementation of 7000 MW capacity of production is six times larger than the existing capacity; • The implementation of 2607 km of transport networks of 400 kV and 2010 km of 220 kV grid; • The construction of 46 small hydroelectric power plants in a total of 180 MW installed capacity; • The implementation of 2350 km of distribution grid and construction of 37 new substations, 1300 transformer stations, with higher concentration in and around Luanda.
Not being a Plan or Program, the presentation of the Ministério de Energia e Água - Oportunidades de Investimento, dated from February 2014, is of relevance. In this presentation the following goals are defined: • Regarding the growth and assurance of supply:
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• Increase the electrification rate from 30% to 60%; • Quadruplicate the production capacity from 2000 MW to 9500 MW by 2025; • Build further 2 500 km lines and substations in the transport grid, creating also international interconnections; • Rehabilitate the distribution grid, increasing it for further 1.5 million consumers. • Regarding competitiveness of the sector: • Improve efficiency of public companies; • Implement a new market model that will allow cost reduction; • Develop a new regulatory model to improve efficiency. • Regarding sustainability of the system: • Reduce the subsidization of energy tariffs; • Optimize the generation mix, improve the use of natural resources in Angola; • Develop competencies and skills in labour force.
To achieve these goals a major investment will be needed not only to produce energy, but also for developing infrastructures: • The fourfold increase of the production capacity is a main goal (FIGURE 3.4); • Major investment to extend transportation lines and connect new stations and unify the three grids (FIGURE 3.5); • The expected increase on production is in line with the expansion of the distribution grid and consumers base.
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Source: Oportunidades de Investimento, MINEA, 2014 Source: Oportunidades de Investimento, MINEA, 2014 FIGURE 3.4 - Projection of installed capacity FIGURE 3.5 - Projection of current transport grid
Regarding the increase and guarantee of supply, Angola is in parallel developing a few other major projects of infrastructures, benefiting from the unique national natural resources - water, natural gas, wind, solar energy. • Take advantage of the water supply potential in the Kwanza river - Laúca and Caçulo Cabaça; • Install gas combined cycle turbines in partnership with Sonangol / Angola LNG; • National Transportation Grid; • International connection with Namibia and Congo; • Rural electrification through renewable energies.
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Source: Oportunidades de Investimento, MINEA, 2014 Sem Escala FIGURE 3.6 - Production and transport grids in Angola
To benefit from these goals, according to the Ministério de Energia e Água - Oportunidades de Investimento, Angola established an ambitious investment plan of 23 billion USD, with a program of 12 billion USD already under way by 2018.
• Hydroelectric power stations in Mid Kwanza
The middle course of the Kwanza river gathers excellent conditions combining significant altitude variations with high flows and reduced climate variability, for the implementation of hydroelectric power stations after elevation (950) at km 354.5, where Capanda is, descending till elevation (16) where Cambambe is located, to km 219, with an average slope of the river bed of 4.89 m/km.
Apart from these, the Mid Kwanza projects also include the construction of four systems: Caçulo Cabaça, Zenzo (object of this EIS), Túmulo do Caçador, Luíme.
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Hydroelectric Power Plants under Study/Project
The Hydroelectric Power Plant of Túmulo do Caçador is located at the middle section of the Kwanza river (Mid-Kwanza), municipality of Cambambe. It is expected to have a capacity of 450 MW, a flooded area of 113 503 m2 and a reservoir of 23 500 000 m3. For it is foreseen a Full Storage Level (FSL) at el. 270 m, a plant located on the surface and an average power production of 2 700 GWh/year.
The Hydroelectric Power Plant of Luime is located in Mid-Kwanza, municipality of Cambambe. A global power capacity of 330 MW, a flooded area of 115 122 m2 and a reservoir of 183 000 000 m3 is foreseen. The Full Storage Level (FSL) is foreseen at el. 185 m, planned is also a plant to the base of the dam and with an average power production of 1,500 GWh/year.
The Hydroelectric Power Plant of Caçulo Cabaça, where the civil works will begin in the near future, is located at the middle section of the Kwanza river, municipality of Cambambe, around 66km and 19km downstream of the Capanda and Laúca dams, respectively. The plant will include a roller compacted concrete gravity dam, with a maximum height of 103 m above the foundations lower point. The dam crest, at el. 633, will have a development of 531 m and a height of 9 m. It will include an underground station in cavern with hydraulic circuit on the left bank. The water intake structure and the vertical pits with around 170 m height are located in the slope section of the left bank upstream of the dam. The plant will be equipped with four Francis units, with a foreseen installed power of 2120 MW and an average power production of 8 566 GWh/year. The erection of a small station using the ecological flow of 60 m3/s, equipped with 52 MW Francis turbines, in order to take advantage of the gross head of about 96 m is also foreseen.
The catchment area will be of 112 633 km2 and the reservoir will have a maximum extension of 16 km and 2.6 km width, equivalent to a flooded area of 436 hm3. The foreseen annual average flow is 587 m3/s.
At the project stage, the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant, which is the subject of this EIS, stands out, and its characteristics are presented in Chapter 3.4 - Project Specifications.
Hydroelectric Power Plants under Construction/Operation
The Hydroelectric Power Plant of Laúca, currently under construction (figure 3.1), is located in the Kwanza river approx. 47 km downstream of Capanda. The Entry-into-Operation is expected to happen within 2017 with an installed power capacity of 2004+69 MW.
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The hydroelectric power plant will include a roller compacted concrete gravity dam, an underground main generation hydraulic circuit dam, an adjacent to dam base ecological generation hydraulic circuit dam, and an underground main station.
FIGURE 3.1 - Hydroelectric Power Plant of Laúca
The main generation hydraulic circuit will include six water intakes, six circular pits (7 m inner diameter, 110- 115 m high) and six headrace galleries (inner dimensions 9.0 x 12.2 m), with average length of 1 900 m each. The Laúca dam will be 132 m high, 1 075 m long, with a storage capacity of 5 482 hm3 of water in its reservoir .
The Hydroelectric Power Plant of Cambambe, currently run-of-river, is located in the Kwanza river, province of Kwanza North, municipality of Cambambe. The station was built close to the village of Dondo and started operation in 1962.
The construction of this station was initiated in 1958 and it includes a dam of 300 m length and 110 m height, Francis vertical shaft turbines, underground power house, four generator units, resulting in a total installed capacity of 260 MW. The hydraulic circuit includes an intake and four headrace tunnels, 4 m diameter each, in an overall extension of 90 m. The net head is 111 m. The maximum turbine flow is 250 m3/s during operation.
The building of the dam body is in progress (picture 3.2) as well as the construction of the Plant II, with entry into operation due in 2017. The raising of the dam body
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will be 22 m, and will have an overall height of 132 m. This dam will have a side spillway (left bank) with two gates at total flow of 4 500 m3/s and a central span with five gates at total flow of 6 600 m3/s. Plant II, also underground, will have vertical shaft Francis turbines and four generator units with rated power of 175 MW, achieving an overall installed power capacity of 700 MW.
FIGURE 3.2 - Hydroelectric Power Plant of Cambambe
The hydraulic circuit includes four circular section concrete pits with a diameter of 7.7 m and an average height of 47 m, and four sub-horizontal tunnels with an approximate length of 440 m and 6.9 m section.
With the building of the dam and the construction of Plant II, the overall installed capacity at Cambambe will be 960 MW.
At present, the Cambambe dam provides electricity to the province of Luanda, through 3 distribution lines of 220 MW, the province of Kwanza North, through one line of 30 MW, the province of Kwanza South (till Sumbe), through one line of 220 MW, and Benguela, through one line of 30 MW. The hydroelectric power plant receives two lines coming from the Capanda Station, each with 220 MW.
The Hydroelectric Power Plant of Capanda is located in the Kwanza river between the provinces of Malanje and Kwanza South, with easy and direct access from the right bank and where the facilities were built.
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The construction of Capanda was initiated in 1987 and includes a roller compacted concrete dam, equipped with Francis turbines and an installed power capacity of 520 MW, with an average production capacity of 480 MW.
FIGURE 3.3 - The dam, reservoir and tailrace area.
FIGURE 3.3 - Hydroelectric Power Plant of Capanda
At present, the power energy produced at Capanda supplies the provinces of Malanje, Luanda, Kwanza North, Kwanza South, Uíge, and Bengo.
In the following table, we indicate the main specifications of the plants under construction/operation.
TABLE 3.6 - Main specification of hydroelectric power plants under construction/operation
CAMBAMBE
CHARACTERISTICS AFTER RAISING CAPANDA LAÚCA AT PRESENT Year of commissioning 1962 2017 1987 2017 Catchment area (km2) 115 524 115 524 109 022 112 617 Maximum height of the dam (m) 110 132 110 132 Reservoir storage capacity (hm3) 96 96 4 700 5 482 Maximum gross head (m) 111 n.a. n.a. 200/128 Annual average flow (m3/s) 604 604 572 588 Equipment flow (m3/s) 272 717 500 1092 Number of units 4 4 n.a. 6/1 Installed Capacity (MW) 260 700 520 2004+69 Annual average produced power (GWh/year) 1896 2497 4847 8816
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The current installed power capacity is 780 MW, forming the backbone of power production in the country and, in particular, of the North Power Grid, providing about 75% of the overall consumption in Angola. When the works at Cambambe and Laúca are concluded, this capacity will be 3 553 MW. With the commissioning of the Cambambe II, Laúca, and Caçulo Cabaça hydroelectric power plants, and the continuation of the operation of Cambambe I and Capanda, the middle section of the Kwanza river will have an overall capacity of 5 725 MW, which enables the annual average production of electric power of approximately 26 622 GWh/year. In the following figure, the location of the hydroelectric power plants under study/project and under construction/operation are shown in the middle section of the Kwanza River.
FIGURE 3.7 - Location of hydroelectric power plants under study/project and under construction/operation
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The operation of all the plants showed in the previous figure would allow an installed capacity of 7 455 MW in the middle section of the Kwanza river, which would enable an annual average production of 35 214 GWh/year.
In the following figure, a schematic profile of the different hydroelectric power plants is presented for the middle section of the Kwanza river.
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015) FIGURE 3.8 - Schematic profile of the different hydroelectric power plants is presented for the middle section of the Kwanza river.
12.1.1 - Project's Purpose
As main purpose for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant is the need to produce electric power to remedy the severe shortage at present in Angola.
The formulation of various Programs and Plans by the Angolan ministries within the power industry, with the definition of ambitious energy goals for the next few years, reveals well the importance that this industry
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has now assumed in Angola, which is the reason why this study meets the purposes and goals established in these plans.
The present project will also aim to take advantage of the vast hydroelectric potential of the middle section of the River Kwanza, the importance of which was determined in the 1950s, when the first energy studies were initiated.
12.1.2 - - Project Aims and Justification
Taking into account the prolonged civil war, Angola's electrical structures have suffered significant destruction. After reaching a peace agreement in the country, Angola's government decided that one of its main goals would be the elimination of poverty in the country, supplying more services in terms of social infrastructures, which includes electricity. The fast development of the economy and the general increase of the living standards has contributed to the increase of power demand, making its availability an urgent matter. Severe power shortages can lead to occasional power cuts which lead to an insufficient supply of power to cover the socieconomic requirements. It is estimated that until 2025 the power demand will be higher and higher and will reach 7.2 GW of consumption, i.e. five times more than at present, with an estimated annual increase of 16.7% until 2017 and of 12.6% between 2017 and 2025. Angola will have a strong consumption increase, from 375 kWh/inhabitant (2013) to 1230 kWh/inhabitant (2025). Despite the high growth, the predicted consumption of 1230 kWh per inhabitant by 2025 will continue to be low when compared internationally and that is why this situation should be counteracted.
In the last few years, the predominance of hydroelectric power in Angolan power supply can be contributed, among other things, to the high potential of the country, a result of the country's geomorphologic and climate characteristics (19 000 MW), combining good waterfalls with abundant flows and low climate variability. The average course of the Kwanza river, where the Zenzo HPP is located, combines excellent conditions for the implementation of hydroelectric power stations after elevation (950) at km 354.5, where the Capanda hydro power plant is located, descending till elevation (16) at km 219 of the river where Cambambe hydro power plant is located, with an average slope of the river bed of 4.89 m/km.
In spite of the contribution of the already existing stations, the increase in demand in Angola makes it necessary to develop other projects that on one hand will increase
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the installed capacity and, on the other, the efficiency of river course regulation, which at present only has the contribution of Capanda reservoir. In this sense, several studies have been undertaken to explore the slopes of the Kwanza river between Capanda and Cambambe, that led- among others - to the development of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project. The Zenzo HPP aims to contribute to the achievement of the Plans and Programs developed by the Angolan Government, namely:
• Development of the energy industry with the purpose of relieving the serious electricity shortage; • Industrial and economic development of Angola; • Hydroelectric development of the Kwanza river, in particular the middle section.
The Zenzo hydroelectric operation, when compared to thermoelectric plants, can provide sustainable clean energy, and is a recyclable resource, thus contributing to the reduction of the coal and oil consumption and the emission of harmful gases, such as CO2 and SO2, as well the protection of the environment.
Apart from that, developing a water plan with a raise in the elevation will help to improve the irrigation conditions for the agricultural sector, as well as life standards for the inhabitants along its banks.
8.6 - Project Background Information
The geomophorlogic and climate characteristics of the Kwanza river, namely in the middle section, combining significant altitude variations with high flows and reduced climate variability, has been the inspiration for further studies on hydroelectric power production since the 50s of the 20th century. The conclusions of these studies led to the definition of a solution with several possible hydroelectric power types of stations in cascade, which maximizes the available head in the middle section of the Kwanza river, turning it possible to be implemented in various phases. On a first stage, the hydroelectric power plant of Cambambe was built, near the village of Dondo, the commissioning of which took place in 1962, and in a second stage, it was Capanda, which dates from 1987. Laúca is now under construction and so is the Cambambe dam and the building of a second station, whose commissioning is expected in year 2017 if all goes well. In December 2013, CWE agreed with the Ministério da Energia e Águas da República de Angola (GAMEK) to undertake a Hydroelectric Development Plan in the basin of Kwanza river, namely for
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the section between the Caçulo cabaça and Cambambe falls. The hydroelectric stages for this section were Zenzo I, Zenzo II, Túmulo do Caçador, and Luíme, located downstream of the powerplant foreseen for Caçulo Cabaça. (these had already been thought over in previous studies carried out in the 50s of the 20th century). In the following schematic diagram, it is possible to observe the foreseen hydroelectric stages and studied by CWE, as well as the longitudinal profile of the river section and the diagram of the relevant power plants.
Source: Documento de análise e parecer da COBA (Dezembro 2014) ao projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo
FIGURE 3.9 - Hydroelectric power plants foreseen for the section of Kwanza river between Caçulo Cabaça and Cambambe
Source: Documento de análise e parecer da COBA (Dezembro 2014) ao projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo
FIGURE 3.10 - Longitudinal profile of river section between Caçulo Cabaça and Cambambe
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TABLE 3.7 - Main characteristics of the Caçulo Cabaça and Cambambe
Full Storage Produced Hydroelectric Head Power Level (m) Power Hydraulic Circuit Power Plants (m) (MW) (GWh/year)
Zenzo I 415 80 450 2700 2.2 m tunnel
Zenzo II 335 20 120 700 On the foot of the dam Túmulo do 270 85 450 2700 7.6 km tunnel Caçador Source: DocumentoLuíme de análise e parecer185 da COBA (Dezembro43 2014)330 ao projecto do1500 Aproveitamento Incorporated Hidroeléctrico or do Zenzo adjacent to the dam
In March 2014, CWE undertook a preliminary study to the four plants, being decided that the Luíme would be developed first, since it had the lowest installed capacity of all the hydroelectric power stations. On the 15th July 2014, upon the conclusion of the Hydroelectric Power Plant Project of Luíme, it was concluded that the other stations should also be studied (Zenzo I, Zenzo II, Túmulo do Caçador), since Luíme had the risk of being associated to 2 geological faults. On the 31st July 2014 and after several comparative studies, CWE concluded that Zenzo I and Zenzo II combined would constitute the project to be developed at first, with an installed power capacity of 600 MW. This solution offers more favorable geotechnical conditions and less development needs of the hydraulic circuits. In August 2014, the "Offer for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant" was concluded, following this scenario. In December 2014, experts from the Portuguese company COBA - Consultores de Engenharia e Ambiente, carried out an assessment and study of the "Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project", saying that, even though an economic analysis of the various alternatives had not been submitted, the option to focus all the efforts in the middle section of the Kwanza River (which includes Zenzo I and Zenzo II) is feasible, leaving for a later stage Túmulo do Caçador and Luíme. The main alteration suggested by COBA was the increase of the rated flow of the turbines from about 690 m3/s into 1100 m3/s and, as consequence, of the installed power capacity from 610 MW to about 950 MW.
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In January 2015, CWE reformulated the "Offer for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant", in compliance with COBA's suggestions, addressing the technical issues and including the increase of the installed power capacity to 950 MW, constituting the project under consideration within the present EIS.
8.7 - Geographic Location and Location Alternatives
8.7.1 - Geographical Location
The Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant ("Zenzo HPP ") is to be located in the Kwanza North Province, Cambambe municipality, in São Pedro da Quilemba commune, and in the province of Kwanza South Province, Libolo municipality, in Kabuta commune. The project is located in the middle section of the Kwanza River (hydrographic unit of Middle Kwanza), approx. 236 km from the river's mouth.
8.7.2 - Considered Alternatives In December 2013, CWE agreed with the Ministério da Energia e Águas da República de Angola (GAMEK) to undertake a Hydroelectric Development Plan in the basin of Kwanza river, namely for the section between Caçulo Cabaça and Cambambe. The hydroelectric stages for this section were Zenzo I, Zenzo II, Túmulo do Caçador, and Luíme, downstream of the powerplant foreseen for Caçulo Cabaça. (these had already been thought over in previous studies carried out in the 50s of the 20th century). In March 2014, CWE undertook a preliminary study for the four plants, being decided that the Luíme would be developed firs, since it had the lowest installed capacity of all the hydroelectric power stations. On the 15th July 2014, upon the conclusion of the Hydroelectric Power Plant Project of Luíme, it was concluded that the other stations should also be studied (Zenzo I, Zenzo II, Túmulo do Caçador), since Luíme had the risk of being associated to 2 geological faults. On the 31st July 2014 and after several comparative studies, CWE concluded that Zenzo I and Zenzo II combined would constitute the project to be developed at first, with an installed power capacity of 600 MW. This solution offers more favorable geotechnical conditions and less development needs of hydraulic circuits. In August 2014, the "Offer for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant" was concluded, following this scenario. The Offer for the Zenzo Hydraulic Power Plant has taken into account:
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• Alternative 1: Zenzo I (450 MW) and Zenzo II (120 MW) - including two concrete dams - Zenzo I and Zenzo II, respectively upstream and downstream, at heights of 59 m and 34 m and flooded areas of 709 ha and 59 ha
Source: Documento de análise e parecer da COBA (Dezembro 2014) ao projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo
FIGURE 3.11 - Alternative 1: Zenzo I and Zenzo II
• Alternative 2: Low Zenzo (610 MW) - upstream, including a concrete dam, with a height of 57 m and a flooded area of about 709 ha
Source: Documento de análise e parecer da COBA (Dezembro 2014) ao projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo
FIGURE 3-12 - Alternative 2: Low Zenzo
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• Alternative 3: High Zenzo (610 MW) - to be built downstream, including an embankment dam of 115m height and an auxiliary dam of 78 m height, with a flooded area of about 1 894 ha
Source: Documento de análise e parecer da COBA (Dezembro 2014) ao projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo
FIGURE 3.13 - Alternative 3: High Zenzo
Below is the review of the multicriteria assessment between the 3 alternatives.
TABLE 3.8 - Multicriteria assessment between the 3 alternatives ALTERNATIVES
CHARACTERISTICS Zenzo I + Low Zenzo High Zenzo Zenzo II
EXECUTION COSTS + - +
(importance = 1) = Total investment 2 559 MUSD 2 625 MUSD 2 599 MUSD
POWER GENERATION + + ++
(importance= 1) - Average annual 3 396 GWh/year 3 232 GWh/year 3 486 GWh/year production TECHNICAL RISKS - -- +
2.0 km tunnel 115 m height dam (importance = 0.5) - Main civil works: 4.3 km tunnel and 2 plants
TIME FRAMES ++ + +
(burden = 0.5) - Execution / Generation 54 / 42 months 60 / 57 months 57 / 55 months
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CHARACTERISTICS
ALTERNATIVE Zenzo I + Low Zenzo High Zenzo Zenzo II
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL - ++ -- IMPACTS Two reservoirs One reservoir and a Larger flooded and a short long tunnel area (importance= 1 ) - Environment tunnel
Flooded houses, Reduced impact agricultural lands Agricultural - Social and economic and roads area flooded
TOTAL 1.5 + 1.5 + 2.0 +
Source: Documento de análise e parecer da COBA (Dezembro 2014) ao projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo
According to COBA's document and the previous table, the results show that the High Zenzo alternative is apparently the most favorable, although the remaining alternatives achieve very close classifications, which leads us to think that this is a quite sensitive sort of assessment regarding the significance attributed to each assessment element. Based on the same document, COBA's main recommendation for the High Zenzo (Zenzo Alto) was to increase the nominal flow of the turbines from about 690 m3/s to 1100 m3/s and, as a consequence, the installed power capacity from 610 MW to about 950 MW. These criteria have been taken into account by CWE and this is the final project for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, which is under consideration in the scope of the present EIS.
9.1 - PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS
9.1.1 - Project General Characteristics
The Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant (Zenzo HPP ) is to be located in the middle section of the Kwanza River (hydrographic unit of Middle Kwanza)around 236 km from the river's mouth, having as main purpose power generation.
The following picture shows the longitudinal profile of Zenzo HPP and the reservoir, with indication for the Full Storage Level.
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Source: Documento de análise e parecer da COBA (Dezembro 2014) ao projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo
FIGURE 3.14 - Longitudinal profile of Zenzo HPP and reservoir
Zenzo HPP will include the following elements, according to figure 3.15: • Two dams (main and auxiliary) and relevant equipment; • Reservoir which will be installed in the flooded area; • Hydraulic circuit, with water intake and tailrace structures, characterized by its surface and tunnel development; • Hydroelectric plant; • Spillway.
At the dam's site, the surface of the drainage basin tributary to the Zenzo HPP covers 113 239 km2, representing 75% of the total area of the Kwanza River's hydrographic basin 151 397 km2).
Considering the data used as the basis for the Project development, the proposed Full Storage Capacity is 415 m, the Maximum Flood Capacity is at the level of 416.34 m. The reservoir will have a maximum storage capacity of 510 million m3, being the useful capacity for regulation of 494 million m3. The flooded area per reservoir will be 1900 he (19 km2) and the installed capacity will be 950 MW, with 4 units of generators of unit power equal to 237.5 MW.
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Below is the general information on the project, bearing in mind the dimensioning resultant from the different series of data, namely a series of 69 years (COBA) and a series of 23 years (CWE).
TABLE 3.9 - Project general data Designation Unit Series of 69 years - Series of 23 years - CWE COBA Annual average flow from tributary to dam m3/s 587 (modified flow*) 687 (natural flow)
3 Annual discharge m 18 500 000 000 21 665 000 000 Installed capacity MW 950 950 Guaranteed capacity MW 247 166.8 Full storage level m 415 (in both dams) 415 (in both dams) Estimated annual production GWh/year 4 076 4 392 Annual operation hours h/year 4 290 4 623 Average net head m 99 98.7 Water use cycle % 93.8 86.6 Turbine flow m3/s 1 137 1 102.8
* Modified by the regularization of the Capanda and Laúca dams
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
The Zenzo Hydroloelectric Power Plant Project, within the scope of this EIS, took into consideration 23 years.
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477500 480000 482500 B A ´ A
!( Quilemba
7
10 8
B
Dams and surrounding facilities 8925000 8925000 Main dam reservoir
21 Auxiliary Dam 3 Hydraulic circuit/hydroelectric plant 3a - Zenzo Reservoi Water intake r 3b - Headrace tunnels 3a 9 15 3c - Hydroelectric plant 3d 3b - Tailrace tunnel 11 3c 3e - Transformer substation 14 4 Spillway 4a - Proximity 3e 5 canal 4b - Spillway weir 4c - Slope 3d 6 1 tunnel 4d - Energy dissipation works 4e - Tailrace tunnel Infrastructures supporting the construction 4a - Cofferdam upstream 4b 5
4c 15 Cofferdam downstream
4d 13 16 Social area 2
4e 17 Supporting area to the
8922500 8922500 9 construction Cofferdam stock area 10 Storage Area for Waste and Materials 8 11 Concrete station
12 10 Crush plant 11 Quarry 10 10 12 1st Temporary deviation tunnel 13 2nd Temporary deviation tunnel
477500 480000 482500
00/drawing/Figure_3_15_v2.mxd
- Universal Transverse Mercator Projection System 465 - (UTM), Datum Camacupa, Zone 33 S. Units in meters (m).
SIGREF/2015 FIGURE 3.15 - Zenzo HPP General Project Presentation
APROVEITAMENTO HIDROELÉCTRICO DO ZENZO Estudo de Impacte Ambiental - Relatório
According to the information of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Offer - January 2015), when the water level is reduced, it is estimated that it will be necessary to guarantee only the operation of the hydraulic structures.
The Annex II shows the drawings submitted by CWE, which can be consulted to get a more detailed picture of every element of the project that are presented next.
3.4.1.1 General mode of operation
The Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plants will constitute an artificial barrier to the water course of the Kwanza river, enabling the water storage in its reservoir. At a later stage, the stored water will be forwarded by the hydraulic circuit. The water is collected at the intake and then sent through the headrace tunnels into the hydroelectric power plant, where the circulation of the water causes the rotary motion of the hydraulic turbines blades which, in their turn, activate the generator, allowing the production of electrical current. The difference in height between the water surface in the reservoir and the turbine is called gross head. For the turbine to be able to function it will be necessary that the gross head remains within a certain range. If from the gross head value (99.16 m at Zenzo HPP ) the losses that the spillway is subject to between the reservoir and the turbine are deducted, such as the friction in the conducts or the sudden passage from one reservoir into a conduct, a net head is obtained (98.7 m at Zenzo HPP ). This last value is the condition to produce power and it should, therefore, be the closest possible to the gross head value, so as to benefit the most from the water height level in the reservoir.
The energetic tension generated at the plant is increased through transformers and transported until the power lines, and then to the end consumers. By the end of the process, the water is oriented back to the Kwanza river through the tailrace tunnels, downstream of the hydraulic infrastructures. The purpose of the flood spillway that constitutes a hydraulic element is to lead the water in excess in the reservoir into downstream, preventing the impacts of an eventual flood.
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- Dams (Main and Auxiliary) and Relevant Equipment
- Main Dam
The main dam will be located on an embedded section of the river, standing on the slopes and on the river bed, which are granitic massifs of good quality (little touched and fractured, of low permeability, resistant to uniaxial compression greater than 100MPa) covered by surface deposits of low thickness.
The main embankment dam, in rockfill with an upstream concrete curtain, will be implemented on the river bed, with an orientation angle of 324.78 degrees. It will crest at the 421 m elevation with an approximate extension of 1000 m, 8 m width and 115 m maximum height. The protection wall against the waves will be placed at el. 422.2 m.
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.16 - Main dam of ZENZO HPP - Plan view
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.17 - Main dam of ZENZO HPP - Longitudinal view
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The proposed inclination of the slopes is of 1:1.4 (v:h) being provided the adoption of sidewalks with 3 m of width on the slope downstream, spaced 30 m . The rockfill materials will be indicated with dmax = 800 mm, percentages of particles finer than 0.1 mm and less than 5% and higher permeability than 1 x 100 cm/s.
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015)
Sem Escala FIGURE 3.18 - Main dam of ZENZO HPP - Schematic cross section view
The tightness will be ensured by a reinforced concrete curtain made of slabs with a distance of 16 m between each vertical joint, settled on upstream face and with a variable thickness between 0.685 m adjacent to the base of the dam and 0.30 m near the crest.
Inferiorly, at the footing of the upstream face, the armed overhead is supported on a concrete plinth from which the waterproofing injections of the rocky massif will be made.
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.19 - Foundation slab of the main dam - Detail
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.20 - Impermeabilization of the main dam foundations - Detail
• - Auxiliary Dam
The The auxiliary dam will also be located in an area of altered granite masses of a thickness of the order of 2 to 4 m, and moderately altered to a thickness of 10 to 15 m. It is assumed that in the altered levels the granitic massif presents moderate to high permeability. The granitic massif is covered by surface deposits (soils) whose thickness is estimated to be of the order of 10 to 25m.
The auxiliary dam in rockfill with concrete curtain will be located in a valley in the reservoir perimeter, with soil elevations lower than the elevation of the FSL = 415 m, with the crest at el. 421
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m with approximately 645 m extension, 8 m width and 78 m maximum height. The protection wall against the waves will be placed at el. 422.2 m.
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.21 - Auxiliary dam of ZENZO HPP - Plan view
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.22 - Auxiliary dam of ZENZO HPP - Longitudinal view
The proposed inclination of the slopes is of 1:1.4 (v:h) being provided the adoption of sidewalks with 3 m of width on the slope downstream, each 30 m apart. The rockfill materials will be indicated with dmax
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= 800 mm, percentages of particles finer than 0.1 mm and less than 5% and higher permeability than 1 x 100 cm/s
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.23 - Auxiliary dam of ZENZO HPP - Schematic cross section view
The tightness will be ensured by a concrete curtain made of slabs with a distance of 16 m between each vertical joint, settled in the upstream face and with a variable thickness between 0.685 m at the bottom of the dam and 0.30 m near the crest. Inferiorly, at the footing of the upstream face, the reinforced concrete overhead is supported on a concrete plinth from which the waterproofing injections of the rocky massif will be made.
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.24 - Foundation slab of the auxiliary dam - Detail
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015)
Sem Escala FIGURE 3.25 - Impermeabilization of the auxiliary dam foundations - Detail
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• - Reservoir
The reservoir area will be equivalent to the flooded area, e.g. 1900 ha (19 km2).
Considering the height of the water peak during the flooding period, the wave height, the height to retain safety and block the reservoir's basin, we have determined the normal storage level to be 415 m for the Full Storage Level (FSL).
• - Hydraulic Circuit
In view of the topographic and geological conditions, the hydraulic circuit will be installed on the right bank, in a granitic mass area of good quality.
This installation shall be composed of the following equipment: 9 Intake outside the dam at el. 390 m, in concrete, with 96 m length, 25 m width and 35 m height and 4 openings protected by trash racks; 10 4 Penstocks in tunnel. Each tunnel will be 299 m long, divided into a section of 219 m length and a circular section with 8 m diameter concrete-lined and another section with 80 m length and a circular section of 7.4 m diameter steel-lined. Each penstock will be responsible for a 275.7 m3/s flow; 11 Hydroelectric plant; 12 Tailrace tunnel to the Kwanza river at el. 310 m, with 250 m length, 7.2 m width and 6.6 m height. The FIGUREs show the hydraulic circuit and the profile.
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.26 - Hydraulic Circuit - Plan view
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala Hydraulic circuit - longitudinal profile • HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
The Zenzo power plant will also be installed in an area of good quality granitic massifs on the right bank of the Kwanza river, in order to reduce the length of the tunnels necessary for the water supply. The method to be used is by derivation tunnel.
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The plant will be located at the surface with the sill at el. 283 m and the top at el. 343 m, which implicates excavations that can get to 60 m high. Systematic stabilization works are foreseen with projected concrete, steel wire mesh, and anchor bolts. The turbines will remain at el. 302 m.
The operation of this plant will depend from an intake area, penstocks, turbines, generators, gates, tailrace tunnel (250 m), transformation substation, among other equipment.
The power plant building will include: 10 Concrete structure to surround and cover the groups and tailrace galleries (at inferior elevations); 11 Frame structure with beams, buttresses, pillars and concrete slabs (at higher elevations); 12 Cladding for the steel structure.
The power plant will have a total length of 135.5 m, 52 m width and 60 m maximum height.
It will include four main blocks, where the four units will be installed, and two other blocks including the auxiliary systems area and areas for discharge and assembly of equipment.
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.28 - Cross section view of the Hydroelectric Power Plant
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.29 - Longitudinal view of the Hydroelectric Power Plant
The transformation substation is located at open sky near the plant main building, at el. 319.5 m, on a platform 160 m length x 70 m width and includes 4 unit panels, 2 line panels and 1 coupling bay, in a double busbar configuration.
The voltage in power generation produced will be increased by transformers, for a voltage level of 400 kV, and is adequate to be later transported by three main lines: Caculo Cabaça substation (upstream and to be built within the near future), Túmulo do Caçador substation (downstream and under study), and Catete substation (upstream and already built).
We indicate below the equipment specifications that are to be included in the ZENZO HPP Hydroelectric Power Plant:
Turbines
13 Number: 4 14 Model: HL244-LJ-510 15 Type: Francis 16 Unitary flow rate: 275.7 m3/s 17 Rated Head: 96.5 m
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18 Power: 237.5 MW 19 Useful Power: 241.9 MW 20 Speed: 150 rpm 21 Specific Speed: 244 (m kW) 22 Runner Diameter: 5.1 m
Generators
23 Number: 4 Model: SF237.5 40/1160
24 Type: Synchronous, 3-phase, vertical shaft 25 Rated output: 237.5 MW 26 Nominal apparent power: 279.5 MVA 27 Nominal power factor: 0.85 28 Rated frequency: 50 Hz 29 Rated voltage: 18 kV 30 Speed: 150 rpm
Transformers
31 Number: 4 32 Type: Mounting Outdoor , 3-phase, immersed in a bath of mineral oil. 33 Rated apparent power: 95 MVA 34 Rated voltage VHV : 400/31/2±2×2.5%/18kV 95MVA 35 Rated frequency: 50 Hz 36 Connections group: YNd11 37 Cooling: ONAN/ONAF 38 Short-circuit impedance between 13% and 15%
• - Flood Spillway
The flood spillway will be located outdoors near the main dam and will be located close to the left bank of the Kwanza river, el. 383 m. It will be located in an area of good quality granitic massif, however, with locally occurring surface deposits (gravelly soils) of medium thickness, and areas of the most altered granitic massif.
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It will be composed of a WES-type weir, 3 holes controlled by 3 segment gates, energy dissipation by sky- jump and a tailrace tunnel in a relatively flat area.
Taking into account all the equipment of the flood spillway, it will have about 2 100 m length and 60 m width.
The intake structure of the flood spillway will be in concrete gravity type, with three flow sections of 14 m width and 23 m height, each equipped with a segment gate, whose size was calculated with FSL= 415 m. The pillars that limit sideways the flow sections are calculated with 6 m thickness. The sill slab will have a variable thickness of 4-9 m and will include a drainage gallery to make waterproof injections of the massif and downstream holes to fit drains.
Downstream to the inlet structure, yet part of the flood spillway, is the tailrace tunnel, that will be installed at el. 312 m, with cross section in reinforced concrete and 54 m inner width, 11 m height and 582 m length.
For the installation of the flood spillway excavations will have to be made (left embankment), with a height higher than 85 m and lower than 100 m, with vertical embankments at 1:0.3 (v:h), beams with 6 m height and variable distance 11-15 m. As stabilizing means u the projected concrete, steel meshes and anchor bolts of 3- 9 m length are used.
The flow with adopted dimensioning for the flood spillway corresponds to the flow of 7 560 m3/s (water level upstream= 415 m), associated to a return period of 500 years, being the verification flood equivalent to the return period of 10 000 years of 10 058 m3/s (water level upstream) = 417.10 m).
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.30 - Flood spillway - Plan view
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.31 - Flood Spillway - Longitudinal view
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015)
Without scale FIGURE 3.32 - Control sill of the flood spillway - Plan
• - PROJECT MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS
In the following table the main engineering parameters are indicated for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant
TABLE 3.10 - Engineering parameters and characteristics of ZENZO HPP
ITEM UNIT QUANTITY HYDROLOGY Hydrological Data Tributary area of drainage basin (dam section) km2 113 239 Hydrological Analysis Years 23 Average annual discharge mm3 21 665 ·Multiannual average flow (m3/s) m3/s 687 Fllod spillway (P = 02%) m3/s 7 560
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ITEM UNIT QUANTITY
Check flood (10 000 years) m3/s 10 058 Sediments Solid annual average flow in suspension Mkg 720 Annual mass concentration of sediments kg/m3 0.0012 Solid annual average flow discharged by drag Mkg * RESERVOIR Full storage level (FSL) m 415 Minimum operation level (NmE) m * Maximum flood level (FSL) m 416.34 Reservoir characteristics Total capacity (FSL) mm3 510 Storage capacity Minimum operation level mm3 * (NmE) Regulation capacity mm3 494
FSL Area ha 1900 Dimensioning flow rate of the spillway gate m3/s 7 560 Minimum discharged flow downstream m3/s * DAMS Main embankment dam, in rockfill with a concrete curtain Type: - Dam with tilter wall Foundations characteristics - Granitic massif Crest elevation m 421 Maximum height of the dam m 115 Length m 1000 Auxiliary dam in rockfill with concrete curtain Type: Dam with tilter wall Foundations characteristics Granitic massif Crest elevation m 421 Maximum height of the dam m 78 Length m 645 FLOOD SPILLWAY - Kwanza river left bank With gates, outside the Type: dam Foundations characteristics - Granitic massif Spillover elevation m 392 m
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ITEM UNIT QUANTITY Intake channels number Unit 3 Inlet structure dimensions mxm 14x23 m（width×height). Unitary Maximum Discharge (Qmax) m3/s.m 228 Energy dissipation method - Sky-jump Gate type - Radial Number of gates Unit 3 Operating of gates - Hydraulic hoist Nr. of hoists Unit 3 Hoist capacity kN 3 x 4 600 Type of emergency gate - Sliding Number of emergency gates Unit 1 Operating of emergency gate - Gantry crane hoist Hoist capacity on emergency gate kN 3 x 400 Nr. of hoists on emergency gate UN 1 Dimensioning flow rate (P = 0.2%) m3/s 7 560 Check flood (10 000 years) m3/s 10 058 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT - Kwanza river right bank Water Intake Tower, isolated from the Type: - dam Foundations characteristics - Granitic massif Structure elevation - 390 Number of gates UN 4 Dimensions of gate mxm 8x8 Operating of gate - Hydraulic hoist Hoist capacity kN 1600 Nr. of hoists Unit 4 Design flow per gate m3/s 275.7 Dimensions of emergency stoppage gate (safety) mxm 8x8 Type of emergency gate - Sliding Number of emergency gates Unit 1 Operating of emergency gate - Gantry crane hoist Hoist capacity on emergency gate kN 1250 Nr. of hoists on emergency gate Unit 1 Hydroelectric plant headrace tunnel
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ITEM UNIT QUANTITY Number Unit 4 Unitary flow of water intake m3/s 275.7 Unit length m 299 Section type - Circular 219 m in concrete and Lining of each tunnel - 80 m in steel Tunnel diameter m 8 m (219 m) / 7.4 m (80 m) Tailwater tunnel Length m 250 Section type "U" shape Width m 7.2 Height m 6.6 Gate type - Sliding Operating of the gate - Hydraulic hoist Nr. of hoists Unit 1 HYDROELECTRIC PLANT - Kwanza river right bank Headrace tunnel at Type: - surface Dimensions (L x W x H) mxmxm 135.5 x 52 x 60 Sill beam elavation of turbine installation m 302 Powerhouse top elevation m 343 Sill elevation of the power plant m 283 Installed Capacity (total) MW 950 Number of installed turbines Unit 4 Installed capacity/turbine MW 237.5 Maximum turbinated flow (all 4 turbines) m3/s 1102.8 Rated head m 96.5 Estimated annual production GWh 4 392 Annual operating hours h/year 4 623 Number of transformers Unit 4 Substation of transformer elements Type: - Outdoor (into the open) 160 m in length x 70 m in Dimensions mxm width * The information presented in this Project does not allow to respond to those indicators.
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12.1.3 - Construction Support Infrastructures
Figure 3.15 - General presentation of Zenzo HPP showing the supporting infrastructures for the construction.
• - Quarry
The quarry will occupy an overall area of about 421 000 m2 on the left bank and will be explored from surface to bottom, namely the following activities are foreseen: • Construction of the Road nr. 2 and Access nr. 4 • Construction of a surrounding ditch; • Deforestation; • Definition of the inclination of the slopes; • Exploration of the quarry; • Construction of a surrounding ditch in each slope
• - Cofferdams
The cofferdams downstream and upstream will be built from landfills and rock blocks. For cofferdams will a waterproof solution on the concrete curtain will be applied, using a geomembrane lining.
The cofferdams will be predominantly developed on generally good quality granitic massifs, also with the occurence of superficial debris (gravelly soils). Due to the works volume, namely earthmoving during the excavation, supporting measures will be necessary to avoid destabilization of the slopes, as detailed further on.
The cofferdam upstream will have a maximum height of 35 m (el. 348 m), superior width of 10 m and 575 m crest, and slopes inclination of 1:1.5 (v:h) at el. 330 m and 1:1.2 and 1:1.75 above that elevation for the downstream and upstream slopes, respectively.
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Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.33 - Upstream cofferdam - Cross view section
The cofferdam downstream will have a maximum height of 10 m (el. 326 m), superior width of 10 m and 240 m crest, and slopes inclination of 1:1.75 (v:h) being the slope downstream protected by a rip-rap layer.
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala
FIGURE 3.34 - Downstream cofferdam - Cross view section
These works will be supported downstream and upstream by another cofferdam at about 480 m northwest of the cofferdam upstream and which will occupy about 88 111 m2, serving as storage of materials for the site.
• - Temporary diversion tunnels
The temporary diversion will include two tunnels on the right bank of the Kwanza river, where the water intake will be at el. 319 m and the water outelt at el. 317 m. Each tunnel will have two intakes and two steel gates, for retention.
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The tunnels section will be 13 m x 16 m (W x H), according to the FSL of 415 m and a flow of 4 980 m3/s associated to a return investment period of 30 years. The length of the first tunnel will be 480 m and of the second tunnel will be 586 m.
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.35 - 1st Temporary diversion tunnel - Longitudinal profile
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015)
Sem Escala FIGURE 3.36 - 1st Temporary Diversion Tunnel - Cross view section
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The temporary diversion tunnels will run predominantly through granitic massifs that are, as a rule, of good quality. Nevertheless, additional measures will be implemented during the excavation to avoid destabilization of the slopes.
The excavations of the water inlet and outlet from the tunnels will be done from the surface to bottom and the primary support will be made of projected concrete, anchors, mesh and drains. Within scope are also complementary measures to apply in the ceiling for the massifs of type IV-V.
The secondary support will be in structural concrete, with a variable thickness between 0.6-1.5 m, depending on the quality of the massif. The excavations upstream and downstream of the tunnels downstream and upstream will have 2m berms at 10 m distance from one another, stabilized with projected concrete and anchors.
• - Concrete Station and Supporting Area
A concrete station will be installed on site to crush rocks and obtain aggregates of different grains. These aggregates will be used for concrete preparation and in other applications on site. The concrete station will be erected on the left bank at about 350 m southeast of the tailrace channel of the spillway, with an estimated area of 81 086 m2. The plant must have an air particulate suspension control system, for the crushing process;
The crushing station will have a supporting area nearby, which will support the works on site with an estimated area of 40 908 m2.
• - Concrete station and supporting area
In the project area a concrete station will be erected on the right bank, in the vicinity of the implantation area of the hydraulic circuit/hydroelectric power plant. The area to be occupied will be 30 894 m2.
An overall quantity of 746 000 m3 of concrete is estimated for the development of the project. According to the monthly timeframe of the works a maximum quantity of 41 000 m3 of concrete may be used.
The concrete station will have a supporting area nearby, which will support the works on site.
• - Waste and material storage area
Also foreseen are three waste and material storage areas: one about 900 m north of the cofferdam, on the right bank, covering 320 000 m2;
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a second one at about 270 m southwards of the auxiliary dam, on the left bank, covering 311 311 m2; and a third with 190 000 m2, at the southern boundary of the crushing station.
• - Social area
The social area will include offices, warehouses, workshops and sanitary facilities and will be located on the right bank, northwards of the area of the execution of works, at about 1.2km westwards of São Pedro da Quilemba, close to the south limit of the access road. The overall occupied are will be of 200 000 m2.
12.6.1 - Construction characteristics
The construction of the dams will take into consideration the methods used in identical projects, namely cofferdams on the riverbed and derivation tunnels in the Kwanza river.
In the beginning of the construction, cofferdams will be required for the works to be done in a dry environment, with the river flow being directed through both derivation tunnels to be previously built.
The construction works on the right bank will occupy areas 800 m upstream of the main dam and a strip of 1,5 km - 4 km downstream of the main dam. These works will occupy an area of 833 040 m2, subdivided into 30 894 m2 for the concrete station, 108 684 m2 for the supporting area of the concrete station, 88 111 m2 for the cofferdam stock area, 499 528 m2 for the waste and materials storage area, and 105 823 m2 for the social area.
On the left bank.there will be a strip of 1.5 km upstream the main dam. These works will occupy an area of 854 858 m2, subdivided into 81 086 m2 for the crushing station, 40 908 m2 for the supporting area of the crushing station, 421 553 m2 for the quarry, 311 311 m2 for the waste and materials storage area.
Generally speaking, the preparatory works and the construction of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant will be based on the following main activities: • Preparatory Works • Expropriation (land acquisition) • Demining • Relocation of the people • Construction of the Exterior Access Road (7 km)
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• Installation and erection of Machinery and Equipment • Deforestation, clearing and stripping • Demolition of old constructions (Filomeno Câmara Bridge) that exist in the area of the realization of the infrastructures of the project • Installation of temporary supporting infrastructures: • Social area • Waste and Material Storage Area • Concrete station and supporting area • Crushing station and supporting area • Construction of the 3 bridges and temporary/permanent access ways on site • Construction of temporary diversion tunnels • Excavation of inlet and outlet • Excavation and tunnel support • Tunnel lining • Completion of the dam construction • Exploration of the quarry; • Construction of the cofferdams: • Construction of the retention dyke • Filling of the platform • Widening of the platform • Constructing dams: • Excavation of the dam boundaries • Excavation of the dam foundations • Filling of foundations/structures in steps • Rockfill of dam in steps • Waterproofing works • The lining by curtain coating in steps • Construction of the protection wall against the waves • Construction of the hydraulic circuit • Excavation of the intake area • Construction of the headrace tunnels • Support structures to the headrace tunnels • Concrete filling of the headrace tunnels • Installation of the hydromechanical equipment in the headrace tunnels • Excavation of the tailrace tunnel
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• Construction of the tailrace tunnel • Installation of the hydromechanical equipment in the headrace tunnels • Construction of the hydroelectric power plant • Excavation of the central area • Construction of the plant elements • Installation of the hydromechanical equipment • Installation of the first production unit of production • Installation of the remaining units of production • Construction/installation of the substation of transformer elements • Construction of the spillway • Excavation of the spillway area • Construction of the spillway elements • Installation of the hydromechanical equipment • Removal of the construction support infrastructures • Leveling the earth on the spots occupied by the infrastructures of support to the construction
based on the information of the Zenzo HPP, CWE (Volume I - Technical Offer, January 2015) the maximum area monthly excavated will be 540 000 m3, 480 000 m3 rockfilling and 41 000 m3 concrete filling.
12.6.2 - Exploration Phase Characteristics
This phase corresponds to the Zenzo HPP activity, with the filling of the reservoir and production of electricity from the power generating units. The full storage level (FSL), as previously mentioned, will be 415 m. The installed power will be 950 MW, subdivided by 237.5 MW for each generator group and will produce annually 4 392 GWh, equivalent to 4 623 h of operation.
The turbine flow will be 1 102.8 m3/s corresponding to a unit flow by turbine of 275.7 m3/s.
12.6.3 - Consumptions and Resources
• - Raw materials and materials
The quantities of raw materials and materials estimated for the construction of Zenzo HPP are indicated below.
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TABLE 3.11 – Quantities foreseen for civil works in Zenzo HPP
Hydroelec Unit Main Auxiliary Spillway Infiltration River Designation tric plant Total Dam dam control divers ion 1000 Soils 811.3 1004.2 - - - 100 1915.5 3 m 1000 Excavation Rock 3 719.4 84.6 5576.4 2517.1 - 808 9705.5 m 1000 Tunnels 3 - - - 114.5 0.8 272.6 387.9 m 1000 Sub-total 3 1530.7 1088.8 5576.4 2631.6 0.8 1180.6 12008.9 m 1000 Earthwork 3 10542.9 2019.1 - - - 864 13426 m 1000 Concrete 3 107.7 39 179.8 255.6 0.3 111.2 693.6 m 1000 Projected concrete 3 2.1 3 25.8 9.9 - 11.6 52.4 m Steel t 5698 2032 5731 13267 16 5790 32534 Anchor bolts parts 3900 2900 46800 37500 2000 17700 112600
Anchor cables parts 198 198 1000 Bitumen - - - 35.2 57.4 11.3 103.9 m 1000 Waterproofing - - 3.4 16.3 0.3 20.2 40.2 m2
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Waterproofing 1000 - - - - 103.4 - 103.4 materials m Electromechanical t - - 2000 5039 1060 8099 equipment
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
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The consumption of 223 800 t of concrete is estimated, 1 700 t of steel structures and 10 500 m3 timber and wood.
From the analysis of the previous table, the volume of natural soil excavation estimated is 12 008 900 m3, from which 6 461 200 m3 will be used as landfill in the diversion of the river and on the platform of the construction of the dams.
About 5 715 600 m3 borrowed land will be obtained preferably in the vicinity of the study area.
Concerning aggregates, 2 088 700 tonnes will be needed, which will be obtained from the 1 228 600 m3 of the quarry, using a crushing station and the supporting area of the crushing station.
The resources coming from the borrowed lands will be in total 6 944 200 m3, including the borrowed lands (5 715 600 m3) and the aggregates (1 288 600 m3).
The surplus of rocks/soil, estimated in a total of 10 109 800 m3, will be deposited in the storage areas of waste residues and materials. The area on the right bank will receive 5 967 200 m3, and the area on the left bank will receive 4 142 600 m3.
According to CWE, the greatest percentage of materials and equipment required for the construction of Zenzo HPP will be of Chinese origin and other countries, since they are unavailable in Angola.
Below is a detailed list of raw materials and pre-fabricated products/transformed products to be used at Zenzo HPP.
Construction Phase
• Soils The soils used for waterproofing control are scare on site. It is planned to collect these soils in the floodplains of the Cuanza river, with the accomplishment of the respective tests to verify their suitability for the intended works.
• Silty gravel with sand.
Silty gravel and sand are distributed sporadically along the Kwanza river in the project area. Nevertheless, the quantity and thickness of these materials are not entirely compliant with the project's specifications, so taht
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the collection of these materials will be made on a plane surface and at the end of the Kwanza river. These materials will go through a reactive-alcaline test.
The transport distances of these materials will then be higher, which will increase the costs of the project.
• Rocks
For the construction of the two dans (main and auxiliary) 13 426 100 m3 of granitic rocks will be required.
According to the studies made the estimation is for an availability of 30 000 000 m3 granitic rocks in the project area designated as "Quarry", which will support the construction and where the grainitic rocks will come from.
Exploration Phase
During the exploration phase, apart from the consumptions of water and electricity, the consumption of materials will mainly be done on equipment maintenance of the Zenzo HPP.
This consumption will depend from the maintenance processes followed by each entity, and is also directly connected with the way the workers will carry out their jobs. Thus, any estimate of waste quantification during the operation phase of Zenzo HPP would not be correct, for which reason it was decided not to quantify the waste expected for this phase.
• Water supply
For this project, the volume of water for construction and exploration will come from the Kwanza river.
During construction the water will be supplied through water pumps and will be mainly used in the main construction spots, concrete and crushing stations, social facilities, human consumption, fire fighting, among others. The water circuit for the social facilities and human consumption will go through convenient treatment.
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During operation phase the water coming from the Kwanza river will be used for electricity production.
• - Power supply
Power supply during construction will be totally of fossil origin, with the installation of diesel generators. The installation sites for the generators must be covered and waterproofed;
During construction there will be fuel consumption - typically diesel - for vehicles and machinery that will be used for the construction works and also for the generator units supply.
To support the fuel consumption there must be fuel tanks (diesel and petrol). The spots for these tanks must be waterproof and covered and have retention reservoirs of adequate volume (about 110% of the reservoir volume).
The oil resources are a benchmark of the Angolan economy and since they are available in the country, diesel and petrol will be purchased locally.
During the operation phase the power supply of Zenzo HPP necessary for the operation of equipment will derive from the power produced in this plant.
17.4.1 - Labour Force, Machinery and Equipment
During the execution of the Project, an average presence of 1,600 workers, and a peak of 2,900 workers at peak work levels are estimated.
This number shall be lower during the operation phase; however, it is foreseen that the presence of personnel should be set at a later date, in order to insure the proper operation of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Station.
Among the technical means required it is possible to mention the following equipment, in sufficient number and ideal locations to work on site:
• Explosives (dismantling at the quarry and other places, as required); • Dump trucks (8, 10, 15 and 20 ton); • Bulldozers • Excavators (1 to 4 m3); • Jumbo hydraulic drilling machine of 3 arms; • Side spillway (3 m3);
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• Crawler crane (10 t); • Auto-cranes (50 and 100 t); • Self-erecting cranes MQ600; • Dumper (15-20 ton); • Charger (1 to 2 m3); • Smooth vibrating roller (18 ton); • Convex block vibrators (13, 18 and 25 ton) • Slope vibrator (10 ton); • Cement mixer (3 m3); • Alimak elevating platform; • Concrete pump; • Concrete injection machines; • Concrete mixers; • Drill DTH; • Manual hydraulic breaker; • Hydraulic perforator; • Hoists • Air compressor; • Diesel generators (100 kW and 500 kW).
The main technicians and skilled workers will be from China, while the work requiring no special skills will be done by Angolan workers, mostly from the Zenzo HP area.
17.4.2 - Accesses
• Construction Phase The majority of the electromechanical equipment, materials and construction machinery will be shipped from other countries to the seaport of Luanda; then they will be transported to the site of the Zenzo HPP via the Dondo road, an approximately 228km long and 10m wide paved road. At the construction site, access should preferably be provided from the right river bank, via an approximately 7km long access road that must be constructed for connection to the site of the Project, constituting thus the Exterior Access Road.
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In accordance with the project implementation and transport way for materials and also taking account the actual roads of the study area, we have planned the following access network for the Zenzo HPP within the scope of this Project.
TABLE 3.12 – Accesses to be built/renewed in Zenzo HPP
Length Width/Paving (m) Designation Remarks (km)
Road no. 1 3.2 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent
Inner Road no. 3 1.6 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent
access Access way 3.2 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary Right no. 5 Access way 1.6 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary bank no. 7 Access way 800 m 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary no. 9 Exterior Access Road 7 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent
Road no. 2 4.7 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent Inner Left Access way 2.4 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary access no. 4 bank Access way 1.6 10/8.5 Improvement works Temporary no. 6 Access way 1.5 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary no. 8 Kwanza river road To be built. Permanent (the 2.2 10/8.5 Connectio extension includes 3 bridges) n Bridge 1 344 m 10 m wide To be built. Permanent between the two Bridge 2 300 m 10 m wide To be built. Permanent
banks Bridge 3 110 m 10 m wide To be built. Permanent
Total 29.8
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
A brief description follows for each one of these infrastructures:
• Road nº 1: connects the Exterior Access Road, social area, support area, concrete station, waste and storage area, the area that is foreseen for the hydroelectric plant, and the right bank of the main dam;
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• Road nº 2: connects the Kwanza river road, support area, crushing station, waste and storage area, quarry, left bank of the auxiliary dam and left bank of the main dam; • Road nº 3: connects Road nº 1, support area, concrete station, and the area that is designed for the hydroelectric plant; 14 Acess way nº 4: connects Road nº 2 and quarry; 15 Access way nº 5: connects Road nº 1, cofferdam upstream and the area that is designed for the temporary derivation tunnels; 11 Access nº 6: connects Road nº 2 and quarry; 12 Access nº 7 - connects Road nº 3, hydroelectric power plant, cofferdam upstream, temporary derivation tunnels and cofferdam downstream; 13 Access nº 8: connects Road nº 6, cofferdam upstream and cofferdam downstream; 14 Access way nº 9: connects Road nº 5, cofferdam upstream and temporary derivation tunnels area; 15 Kwanza river road: connects both river banks, including part of Road nº 1, the 3 bridges and part of Road nº 2; 16 Bridges - about 1.5 km of the main dam route. Bridge nº 1 is designed for the crossing the tailrace tunnel and bridges 2 and 3 are designed for crossing Kwanza river.
17 Operation Phase
During operation, the following accesses will remain: 18 Exterior Access Road; 19 Road no. 1; 20 Road no. 2; 21 Road no. 3; 22 Kwanza river road: connects both river banks, including Road nº 1, the 3 bridges and Road nº 2; 23 Bridges - about 1.5 km from the main dam axle. Bridge nº 1 is designed for crossing the tailrace tunnel and bridges 2 and 3 are designed for crossing the Kwanza river.
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TABLE 3.13 - Accesses during exploration of Zenzo HPP
Length Width/Paving (m) Designation (km)
Road no. 1 5.3 10/8.5 Right Road no. 3 1.6 10/8.5 bank Exterior Access Road 7 10/8.5
Left bank Road no. 2 4.7 10/8.5
Kwanza river road 2.2 10/8.5
Connection Bridge 1 344 m 10 m wide between the Bridge 2 300 m 10 m wide two banks
Bridge 3 110 m 10 m wide
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
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477500 480000 482500
(A-B)
A
Exterior access road 11
8925000 8925000 Existing road
Access 5 !( Quilemba
Access 9 Zenzo reservoir Road 1 9 15 7 Road 3-3 11 14 8 B Access 7 5 Bridge 1 6 1
Dams and Attached Facilities Access 8 Access 6 Reservoir
Access
Kwanza river road 1 - Main Dam and 2 -
Right bank
Auxiliary Dam 13 4 Road 1 - to be built Permanent 2 3 - Hydraulic circuit/Hydroelectric plant 4 - 8922500 Road 3 - to be built Permanent 8922500 Bridge 2 Spillway
Access 5 - to be built Temporary
Access 7 - to be built Temporary Construction Support Infrastructures
Access 9 - to be built Temporary Bridge 5 - Cofferdam upstream 6 3 Access 4 Exteriro access road - to be built Permanent left bank 8 Cofferdam downstream Road 2 - to be built Permanent 12 12 - Social area Access 4 - to be built Temporary 13 10 10 Access 6 - to be improved - Plant support area Road 2 Temporary 14 - Stock area for cofferdam Existing road Access 8 - to be built Temporary 15 - Waste and material storage area
existing road 16 - Concrete station
Connection between the two banks 17 - Crushing plant 13 -
480000 Quarry Kwanza river road - to be built. PermanentBridge 1, 2 17 1st Temporary deviation tunnel and 3 - to be built Permanent 18 - 2nd Temporary deviation tunnel
477500 482500 00/design/Figure3_37_v2.mxd
Universal- Transverse Mercator Projection 426 - System (UTM)), Datum Camacupa, Edit 33 S. Units in meters (m).
SIGREF/2015
FIGURE 3.37 - Different accesses to the project implementation area
ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT (ZENZO HPP) Environmental Impact Study - Report
12.1.4 - Pollutant Loads
• - General Considerations
A contruction project is essentially a production cycle for which recources or inputs are to be planned - in this case natural resources, energy, materials, equipment and labor is projected. From this contrcution process a set of products and sub-products - the outputs - result, with the Project being the main product. In addition, some residuals are also produced, i.e. residual side-products which manifest themselves as pollutants on the environment where the project is implemented.
Likewise, during the operation phase, the activities and operation of the project may be seen as a group of small productive processes that can be presented by a plan of input streams and output of resources.
Bearing in mind the main actions of construction and operation, the main negative outputs - pollutant loads on the environment related to the project - are identified below, associated with the different phases: noise and vibrations, gaseous emissions, liquid effluents and waste. The project data available do not allow the rigorous quantification of the loads associated, therefore the analysis is mainly qualitative.
• - Noises and Vibrations
During the construction phase, there will be an increase of continuous or occasional noise levels, with the incidence of, significance and causing discomfort or inconvenience on potential receivers depending mostly, on one hand, on the methods of construction, type and number of machines on site, and, on the other, on the distance, obstacles and minimizing measures that may eventually mitigate the noise emissions in the surroundings of the site. The noise emissions and vibrations generated in this phase will be mainly due to: • Works on site, supporting areas and active areas, including the use of generators, loading and unloading activities; • Movement and operation of machinery and equipment on site that ar necessary for the execution of works (the table below indicates the typical noise levels on site caused from machnier and equipment); • Movement of heavy duty vehicles entering/leaving site and accesses nearby (transportation of workers, equipment and materials);
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• Civil works on site (demolitions and cleaning of land, excavations, soil compactions, concreting, erection of structures, paving, among others). TABLE 3.14 - Noise levels generated from machinery and equipment of civil construction Equipment Noise level at 15 m (dB(A)
Pile drivers (impact and vibration) 95
Cement mixer 80
Concrete pump 82
Water pump 77 Cement mixer 85
Truck (with tipping/fixed body) 84
Concrete Plant 83 Compactor 80
Compressor 80
Steel cutting/bending machine 80 Excavator 93
Explosives 94
1 2 of 1 2 Generator ( 25 kVA or less; 25 kVA) 70 – 82 Crane (mobile or stationary) 85
Concrete injection machine 80
Hammer drills 80
Pneumatic drill 85
Paver 85
Drilling machine 85
Backhoe 80
Concrete saw 90
Electric saw 85
Tractor 84
Concrete vibrator 80
Source: adapted from AGRAR, 2011
During the operation phase, the main noise emission sources will be due to: • Site and road traffic in and around Zenzo HPP;
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• Equipment used in Zenzo HPP (alternators, transformers, compressed air machines, emergency generators, etc); • The noise emissions will be due to the water discharge from the tailrace channels (hydraulic circuit and flood spillway) into the Kwanza river, associated with the water head.
• - Gaseous emissions
The emissions of air pollutants during construction are basically caused by earthmoving works, movement of machinery and equipment, heavy duty vehicles traffic, generators, maintenance areas of soil without vegetation cover during longer periods (with suspension of wind erosion particles). The most frequent pollutants contributing to the degradation of the quality of the air on site, with consequences on the potentially sensible receivers nearby and in the dominant dispersion direction, will be suspension particles and combustion gases, as indicated in the following table. TABLE 3.15 - Origin of noise sources and air pollutants emissions during construction Sources of emissions Main pollutants
Cleaning of the land, earthmoving, works on Particulate matter site
Transport of materials/circulation through unpaved roads
Heavy vehicle traffic/operation of Airborne particles, CO, NOx, SO2 a nd COV machinery, generators Wind erosion on exposed soils Particulate matter
Regarding gaseous emissions, it is important to mention the production of the following emissions in the operating phase:
13 Operation of the emergency generator - given that the fuel is diesel, release of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) will occur; 14 Movement of vehicles assigned to Zenzo HP - which will be responsible for typical road traffic emissions such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PM10 and sulfur dioxide, as well as particulates and dust from dirt roads in the study area.
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• - Liquid effluents
Waste water from the works on site pose a contamination hazard if allowed to seep into soil as well as ground water or leak onto surface water if they are not contained, controlled, adequately treated and managed. These risks are invariably associated to the works on site and the risk of accidental discharges and emissions which, in general, occur in high quantities.
The liquid effluents produced during the construction phase mainly relate to wastewater generated at the site and in the active work areas - such as domestic wastewater from sanitary and social areas, oil and lubricant runoff in the machinery parks and maintenance areas, among others - and from other sources, such as water for washing machines and for on-site concreting operations.
Among the main pollutants is significant production of organic matter and suspended solids associated with production of domestic wastewater, as well as hydrocarbons and other hazardous substances resulting from machine run-off and accidental discharges.
Wastewater from the sanitation facilities on site must be directed to sealed tanks, followed by transportation to a suitable final destination by septic tank cleaning trucks.
For wastewater resulting from construction operations, such as concrete operations, installing a retention basin must be considered where the water resulting from the concrete mixtures will be discharged, and subsequently removed by septic tank cleaning trucks and sent to an appropriate final destination.
The wastewater in the operating phase will come from the sanitary facilities that will exist in the hydroelectric power station building. These waters must be sent to leak-tight tanks, to be later removed by septic tank cleaning lorries.
• - Waste Management
As far as waste management is concerned, the Presidential Decree 190/12, August 24th, approves their regulation. Accordingly, the term waste refers to substances or objects which are being disposed of or are intended or legally required to be disposed of and which pose a certain risk due to being inflammable, explosive, corrosive, toxic, infectious or radioactive, or possess other characteristics which pose a risk to
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life or the health of people or the environment. In order to prevent or minimize any negative impact, this decree approves the regulation on Waste Management, creating general rules about the production, deposit into or onto land and subsoil, releasing into the water or into the atmosphere, treatment, collection, stock, and transport of any waste residues, with the exception of those being radioactive or subject to specific regulation, so as to prevent or minimize any possible negative impact on the health of people and the environment.
Apart from this decree, there is also the Executive Decree 17/13, January 22nd. It establishes the legal framework covering the management of waste resulting from construction works, demolitions or landslides, known in short as construction and demolition waste (RCD), their prevention and re-utilization, collection, transport, storage, screening, treatment, upcycling , and elimination.
Regarding this project, although it is not possible to estimate the quantities of waste produced during construction and exploration, it is known that there will be waste.
The management of solid waste will be a very important step during construction and exploration of Zenzo HPP , given their diversity.
Acceptable management of residues prioritizes the treatment of waste and its upcycling universally.
Source: www.ecomais.pt FIGURE 3.38 - Hierarchical options of waste management
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According to this model, waste is seen as resource. Top priority is the prevention of the production of waste. When production cannot be reduced, waste will be reused and later recycled. Landfills will be minimized as much as possible, considering this the last option in the treatment of waste.
Generally speaking, the waste residues resulting from construction works at Zenzo HPP will be of following type: • Waste of paint, oils, glues, and waterproofing materials; • Cardboard, paper wrappings, glass, wood, metal and plastic; • Paper and cardboard; • Wood • Plastic and metals; • Cleaning rags; • Lamps; • Old tires and used oil filters; • diesel and petrol; • Lubricants; • Concrete; • Iron; • Rocks, stones, earth, plant debris;
During exploration:
• Lubricant oils for maintenance activities; • Cardboard, paper wrappings, glass, wood, metal and plastic; • Lamps;
In the next chapters (5.4.5, 6 and 7.5.5) waste residues will be further detailed.
38.2 - Complementary or Subsidiary Projects
38.2.1 - Initial Considerations
Complementary projects are independent projects of which the execution, although contributing to the operation of Zenzo HPP, does not compromise its completion. - Subsidiary Projects are:
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those which need to be executed to ensure the operation of Zenzo HPP. Included are infra-structures of electricity transportation.
The following are considered complementary and subsidiary projects: • Temporary diversion of the river; • Accesses; • Quarry; • Waste and Material Storage Area
38.2.2 - Temporary diversion of the river
The temporary diversion will include two tunnels on the right bank of the Kwanza river, where the water intake will be at el. 319 m and the water outlet at el. 317 m. Each tunnel will have two intakes and two steel gates, for retention.
The tunnel section will be 13 m x 16 m (W x H) and the length of the first tunnel will be 480 m and of the second 586 m.
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume II – Desenhos, Janeiro 2015) Sem Escala FIGURE 3.39 - 1st Temporary diversion tunnel - Longitudinal profile
38.2.3 - Accesses
In view of the above-stated, the following accesses are foreseen for the site of the Zenzo HPP:
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TABLE 3.16 – Accesses to be built/renewed in Zenzo HPP
Length Width/Paving (m) Designation Remarks (km)
Road no. 1 3.2 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent
Inner Road no. 3 1.6 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent
Right access (in Access way 3.2 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary no. 5 concrete) bank Access way 1.6 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary no. 7 Access way 800 m 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary no. 9 Exterior access road 7 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent
Road no. 2 4.7 10/8.5 To be built. Permanent
Left Inner Access way 2.4 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary no. 4 bank access Access way 1.6 10/8.5 Improvement works Temporary no. 6 Access way 1.5 10/8.5 To be built. Temporary no. 8 To be built. Permanent (the Kwanza river road 2.2 10/8.5 Connectio extension includes 3 bridges) n Bridge 1 344 m 10 m wide To be built. Permanent between the two Bridge 2* 300 m 10 m wide To be built. Permanent
banks Bridge 3 110 m 10 m wide To be built. Permanent
Total 29.8
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
* They will remain during the operation phase
38.2.4 - Quarry
The exploration of the quarry will occupy a global area of 421,553 m2 on the left bank, estimating an availability of 30,000,000 m3 of granitic rock, ensuring the supply of 13,426,100 m3 granitic rocks, required for the construction of the two dams.
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Concerning aggregates, 2,088,700 tonnes of different grain sizes will be needed; these will be obtained from 1,228 600 m3 of the quarry, using a crushing station and the supporting area of the crushing station for the crushing of rocks and deposit of the aggregates, respectively.
38.2.5 - Waste and Material Storage Area
Three storage areas for waste residues and materials have been included (item 3.4.2.6).
The surplus of rocks/soil, estimated in a total of 10,109,800 m3, will be deposited in the storage areas of waste residues and materials. The area on the right bank will receive 5,967,200 m3, and the area on the left bank will receive 4,142,600 m3.
38.3 - Provisional Schedule of the Various Phases of the Project
38.3.1 - Preparatory Works
These preparatory works will take about 7 months and include the expropriation services (purchase of land), demining, relocation of people and construction of the Access Way /Road.
38.3.2 - Construction Works
The time estimated for the construction works is of 57 months.
This period includes 15 months for the building of the infrastructures on site (3 bridges, supporting infrastructures and temporary derivation tunnels), 40 months for the main construction works (dams, hydraulic circuit, hydroelectric power plant, spillway , among others), and 2 months for the conclusion works (closing of the 2nd temporary derivation tunnel, conclusion of the assembly of the hydromechanical equipment, among others).
• - Temporary diversion works
Between April and August of the 1st year the excavations of inputs and outputs of the temporary diversion tunnels will be done. The excavation works of the tunnels will take place in August of the 1st year and January of the 2nd year. The lining of the tunnel will be executed between February and May of the 2nd year. The concrete injection will take place between April and June of the 2nd year.
During the month of July of the 2nd year the construction of the cofferdams downstream and upstream will begin and the derivation of the flow of the Kwanza river through the tunnels of the temporary diversion will be carried out. By the end of October of the 2nd year the construction of the cofferdams will be concluded.
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Between October of the 2nd year and April of the 5th year, the construction of the main dam will take place with the support of the cofferdams and the flow of the Kwanza river will be redirected to the temporary derivation tunnels.
From July to September of the 5th year, the 1st tunnel of the temporary diversion tunnel will be closed, and the flow of the Kwanza river will be redirected to the 2nd temporary diversion tunnel, along with the removal of the cofferdams which take place between July and August.
Between October and December of the 5th year, the 2nd temporary derivation tunnel will be closed, and the water storage in the reservoir will begin.
• - Main Construction Works
Main Dam
The excavations of the dam boundaries will be done between January and June of the 2nd year. The excavation of the dam foundations will be done between August and October of the 2nd year. The filling of the foundations/structure with concrete will be done between November of the 2nd year and December of the 4th year. The rockfill will be done between November of the 2nd year and April of the 5th year. The waterproofing works will be done between December of the 2nd year and January of the 5th year. The lining by curtain coating will be done between May and September of the 5th year. The surface waterproofing will be executed between August and October of the 5th year. The construction of the protection wall against the waves will be done between October and December of the 5th year.
Auxiliary Dam
The excavations of the auxiliary dam will be done between March and July of the 4th year. The rockfill will be done between August of the 4th year and February of the 5th year, and the lining by curtain coating will be done between March and May of the 5th year.
Spillway
The excavations will be done between January of the 3rd year and February of the 4th year. The construction will be done between March and December of the 4th year and the installation of the hydromechanical equipment will be done between January and March of the 5th year.
Hydraulic Circuit / Hydroelectric Plant
The excavation of the intake area will be done between May and October of the 2nd year. The excavation of the tunnels will be done between November of the 2nd year and April of the 3rd year. The supporting structure S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02
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year and the installation of the hydromechanical equipment in the tunnels will be done between July and August of the 4th year.
The excavations of the hydroelectric power plant will be done between July of the 2nd year and February of the 3rd year. The construction of the plant will be done between March of the 3rd year and August of the 4th year. The installation of the hydromechanical equipment in the tunnels will be done between September of the 3rd year and September of the 4th year. The installation of the first production unit will be done between September of the 4th year and March of the 5th year. Later on, each production unit will be installed every 3 months. The production units 1, 2 and 3 will be operational until October of the 5th year and the production unit 4 will be operational until the end of December of the 5th year.
The excavation of the tailrace tunnel will be done between January and April of the 3rd year, whereas its construction will be done between May and December of the 3rd year. The installation of the hydromechanical equipment in these tunnel will be done between April and November of the 4th year.
The conclusion of the Zenzo HPP will take place in December of the 5th year.
15.5.1 - Decommissioning Works The decommissioning of the Zenzo HPP is not expected.
15.5.2 - Energy Production The delivery term foreseen for the electricity production is 55 months.
23.7 - Financial Viability and Investment Value
23.7.1 - Investment Value
The total investment value is estimated to be approximately 2.9 billion USD for Zenzo HPP, being 3,056 USD/kW and obtaining a value of 0.66 USD per kW.
23.7.2 - Basic Terms
The installed capacity of the Zenzo HPP plant will be 950 MW and the annual average production capacity 4,392 GWh.
• Reference rate for financial returns The reference rate for financial returns of the entire investment is 10%.
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• Calculation period The calculation period is 35 years, of which 5 years are for construction and 30 are for plant operation.
23.7.3 - Funding
The global investment includes the development of the project, foreign investment insurance during construction and loan interests. It should be mentioned that 15% of the project's global investment is own capital, financed by the Project Owner, 85% is bank funding, with an interest current rate in the commercial banks of China of 4.9%, and the payback period is 20 years (grace period of 5 years in which the return period is 15 years, and using the capital average return plus interests).
The total investment of Zenzo HPP is estimated to be 3,379,480,000 USD, in which the investment value of the project is 2,902,920,000 USD. The foreign investment insurance during construction is 361,140,000 USD (annual insurance rate 1.2%, commitment rate 15%) and the loan interests for the period of construction are 361,140,000 USD.
23.7.4 - Cost Analysis
The total cost of the project covers the depreciation costs, maintenance costs, wages and salaries, costs of materials, insurances on the foreign investment for the period of operation, as well as rates included in the costs. Operational and usage costs (annual cost of operation) refer to the expenses for electricity production minus the depreciation rates and the interests included in the costs. According to the project features, CWE has estimated the following costs:
• Depreciation cost The amortization of the fixed assets of this project is calculated using the straight-line amortization method, with depreciation rate being 3.33%.
• Annual operating costs Includes maintenance costs, wages and salaries, costs of materials among others, and using the estimates of the expansion rate, it is considered 1.0% of the project's investment.
• Foreign investment insurance
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Only the foreign investment insurance included in the claim and expired on payback period, the annual rate is 1.2%.
• Interest included in the cost It refers to the interest rate of the fixed assets loan for the period of operation. As estimated, the average global cost for the operation period (30 years) of this plant is 195,070,000 USD, the unit cost of electricity production is 4.71 US cents/kWh, the cost of operation is 39,999,000 USD, and the operation unit cost is 0.97 US cents/kWh.
23.7.5 - Price of electricity and Financial Analysis
• Price
Assuming that the price for electricity remains the same during the operational period, the estimate of the average feed-in electric power per year, in accordance with the generation capacity, minus 0.3% of power station capacity and losses, will be 4,379,000,000 kWh. Assuming a loss rate of the transmission line of 5.5%, the electricity in the transmission and distribution terminal will be about 4,138,000,000 kWh.
According to the internal financial return rate of 10% (considering the income tax of 35% of the company), the estimated price (transmission and distribution terminal) is about 9.66 of US cents/kWh). According to the internal rate of financial return of 15%, the estimated price is about 12.57 US cents/kWh.
• Financial Analysis For analysis according to the price of 9.66 US cents/kWh measured against the internal rate of financial return of 10%, the total internal rate of financial refund is 8.54% (before income) and for analysis according to the price of 11.57 US cents/kWh measured against the internal rate of financial refund of 15%, the total internal rate of financial return is 10.5%, and can pay the loans within the timeframe and denotes the operation as financially sustainable with financial profitability, solvency and viability.
The next table shows the financial ratios in brief.
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TABLE 3.17 – Main financial ratios Internal rate of the Nr. Item Unit financial capital Notes 10%return 15% 1 Total Investment 10,000,000 337,948 337,948 - USD Construction 1.1 10,000,000 290,292 290,292 - investment USD Interests during 1.2 10,000,000 36,114 36,114 - construction USD Foreign investment 1.3 10,000,000 11,162 11,162 - insurance USD 1.4 Working capital 10,000,000 380 380 - Electricity price USDUS 2 9.66 11.57 - cents/kW 3 Operacional result 10,000,000h 39,956 47,864 USD 4 Total cost 10,000,000 19,466 19,466 Average of 5 Total profit 10,000,000USD 20,490 28,398 operation 6 Income tax 10,000,000USD 7,172 9,939 period 7 Net profit 10,000,000USD 13,319 18,459 8 USD Profitability ratio Internal rate of financial Before/After 8.1 return on project % 8.54/6.9 10.5/8.39 Income tax investment Internal rate of the 8.2 % 14.73/10 21.69/15 financial capital return Return on investment 8.3 % 7.33 9.67 -
9 Solvency ratio - 2.45 3.28 - Interest coverage 9.1 - 2.45 3.28 - ratio Coverage ratio of the 9.2 - 1.23 1.51 - debt service Financial viability 10 - - - - indicator Surplus fund accumulated 10.1 ended during the 10,000,000 21,550 88,370 Average of the repayment period USD return period Surplus fund accumulated 10.2 ended during operation 10,000,000 379,633 533,833 period USD
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17.8 - Technological Alternatives and Project Conception
According to the above-stated, the location identification studies made in the middle section of the Kwanza river resulted in the Alternative Zenzo Alto (High Zenzo), with an estimated power capacity of 610 MW and a turbine flow of 690 m3/s. In view of the recommendation proposed by COBA, that proposed the increase of the turbine nominal flow from about 690 m3/s to 1100 m3/s, and consequently an installed power capacity increase from 610 MW to about 950 MW, CWE simulated several possibilities of installed capacity for the hydroelectric power plant of Zenzo, integrating the 600 MW, 950 MW and 1100 MW options, as can be seen in the following tables. TABLE 3.18 – Main characteristics of the 3 options under study
Requirement Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Installed capacity MW 600 950 1100
Difference in power capacities MW 350 150
Estimated annual production GWh/year 3581 4392 4599
Difference in Electricity GWh/year 811 207 Production Annual operation hours h/year 5967 4623 4180
Average net head m 98.8 98.7 98.7
Water use cycle % 70.5 86.6 90.7
Turbine flow m3/s 709 1102.8 1320
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015))
TABLE 3.19 – Electromechanical characteristics of the 3 options under study
Requirement Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Full storage level (FSL) m 415
Installed capacity MW 600 950 1100
Number of turbines UN 4 4 4
Installed capacity/turbine MW 150 237.5 275
Average net head m 98.8 98.7 98.7
Rated head m 95 96.5 97
Specific Speed Coefficient - 2408 2396 2344
Specific Speed m·kW 247 244 237
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Requirement Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Speed r/min 187.5 150 136.4
Runner Diameter m 4.05 5.1 5.5
Unit flow rate m3/s 176.9 275.7 317.2
Generator Type Semi-umbrella Semi-umbrella Semi-umbrella
Rated Voltage kV 13.8 18 18
Rated power factor - 0.85 0.85 0.85
Unit weight of the turbine t 360 600 750
Unit weight of the generator t 800 1.26 1.48
Total weight t 4640 7440 8920
Travelling crane type 225t+225t 360t+360t 360t+360t
Number of travelling cranes Unit 1 1 1
177 95 110 Apparent rated power MVA (three-phase) (single phase) (single phase)
Rated Voltage MAT kV 13.8kV,63kA 18.0kV,75kA 18.0kV,80kA
Voltage level KV 220 400 400
Number of circuits Unit 2 3 3
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
TABLE 3.20 – Characteristics of the hydraulic circuit/hydroelectric plant of the 3 options under study
Requirement Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Installed capacity MW 600 950 1100
Hydro Power Plant LengthxWidthxHeight m 110.5×43.8×54.1 135.5×52×60 142.5×54.8×61
Water intake LengthxWidthxHeight m 78×25×29.5 96×25×35 100×25×35
6.3 concrete, 8.0 concrete 8.5 concrete Diameter m Hydroelectric plant 5.8 steel 7.4 steel 7.8 steel headrace tunnel 876 – concrete 876 – 876 – Total length m concrete concrete 320 steel 320 steel 320 steel Tailrace tunnel Lower width m 80 98.5 102
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
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TABLE 3.21 – Earthmoving and consumptions of the 3 options under study
Requirement Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Installed capacity MW 600 950 1100
Soil 1000 m³ 1 915.0 1 915.50 1 915.50
Excavations Rocks 1000 m³ 8 949.50 9 705.50 9 766.70
Tunnels 1000 m³ 345.80 387.90 399.70
Sub-total 1000 m³ 11 210.80 12 008.90 12 081.90
Earthwork 1000 m³ 13 426 13 426 13 426
Concrete 1000 m³ 601.70 693.60 711
Projected concrete 1000 m³ 50.50 52.40 52.60
St t 27 410 32 534 33 471
Anchor bolts Parts 105 100 112 600 113 300
Anchor cables Parts 198 198 198
Fillers 1000 m 93.10 103.90 104.90
Waterproofing 1000 m² 36.9 40.2 41
Waterproofing materials 1000 m 103.4 103.4 103.4
Elecromechanical equipment t 6 901 8 099 8 872
Source: Projecto do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico do Zenzo, CWE (Volume I – Proposta Técnica, Janeiro 2015)
Based on the information of the previous tables, a comparison has been made between the three power options for the Zenzo HPP, the results of which are indicated in the following table.
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TABLE 3.22 – Comparison between the 3 power options
Power Requirement 600 950 1100 Energy 2.34 2.87 3.00 Correspondence with upstream flow 1.93 3.00 2.10 Electricity Market 2.34 2.87 3.00 Electromechanical Equipment 3.00 3.00 3.00 Derivation works 3.00 2.90 2.80 Environmental impact 3.00 3.00 3.00 Construction Period 3.00 3.00 3.00 Project Construction Cost 2.73 2.92 3.00 Total points 2.72 3.00 2.92
Analyzing the above table, it is possible to conclude that the 950 MW option is the one with higher classification in the global analysis of several requirements, having been the one selected as the most advantageous, in comparison to the 600 MW and 1,100 MW options.
This way, CWE has decided for the 950 MW option for the project, being thus the final project of the Hydroelectric power plant of Zenzo, which is part of this EIS.
17.9 - Risk Assessment
17.9.1 - General Considerations
The purpose of the risk assessment is to support the decision making process, which means that the level and type of risk assessment to be carried out depends on the specific project and its overall framework.
Some authors establish that the risk assessment for dams is first and foremost based on the thorough analysis of possible exceptional occurrences or abnormal circumstances that my cause deterioration in dams, i.e. environmental risk factors (Cantwell and Murley, 1988).
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17.9.2 - Assessment Methodology
The expected probability calculation of identified environmental risks occurring took into consideration the information contained in studies regarding this specific project as well as historical reports of accidents in relation to dams.
The preliminary approach to environmental awareness or magnitude of damages is qualitative and is defined in three levels of magnitude, namely, weak, moderate, high. Table 3.23 shows the criteria which were taken into consideration for the identification of the magnitude level corresponding to the several types of occurrences which were identified. TABLE 3.23 - Criteria for the magnitude level
MAGNITUDE Criterion
19 Without impact 20 Effects are felt locally LOW 21 Existing efficient preventive measures 22 The remediation/minimization takes immediate effect by eliminating the source of the damage
15 With negative impact but without significant effects on susceptible
areas MODERATE 16 Effects are felt in the region 17 The remediation process must eliminate the source and also extend to other measures, for example: removal of contaminated material, use of containment measures, alterations to the operation
14 With negative impact and with significant effects on susceptible areas HIGH 15 Effects are felt in the province 16 The remediation process must include elimination of the damage, recuperative measures in the affected area, and the adaptation of specific repair and preventive measures, including potential alterations to procedures and operation.
17.9.3 - Relevant Environmental Issues
Accidents on dams or associated infra-structures can potentially generate environmental damages of greater magnitude which may lead to rather complex and expensive repairs due to the potential destruction level involved.
In the following table, the main risks present at Zenzo HPP which may cause serious or significant environmental issues are shown.
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TABLE 3.24 – Main potential environmental risks – Zenzo HPP
IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE SITUATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
ID Possible occurrences Annual probability Magnitude
Simultaneous collapse of the 1 0.000016 High main dam and auxiliary dam
2 Collapse of the main dam 0.004 High
Low to high 3 Partial rupture of the main dam 0.007 (depends on the discharge volume of water)
4 Collapse of the auxiliar dam 0.004 High
Low to high 5 Partial rupture of the auxiliar dam 0.007 (depends on the discharge volume of water)
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17.9.4 - Area of Influence
The area of influence is the area which may potentially be affected by a worst case scenario accident with major environmental consequences, including susceptible areas such as surface and ground water, soils, the area occupied by the dam, human settlements, protected historical heritage areas as well as natural habitats and protected species.
In this particular case, due to the dams being constructed in different locations, the water volume released in case of an accident will be discharged through different locations, thereby creating several possibilities of areas of influence. The three possible scenarios for a collapse of the dams, as indicated in the previous table, lead to the definition of three possible areas of influence, namely:
• Area of influence resulting from simultaneous collapse of the main dam and the auxiliary dam; • Area of influence resulting from the collapse of the main dam; • Area of influence resulting from the collapse of the auxiliary dam.
Since there is no study regarding the propagation conditions of the flood wave in case of the above three situations in this phase of the project, it is not possible to precisely establish the area of influence.
The Bidder for Zenzo HPP will have to define the propagation conditions of the flood wave according to the three accident scenarios at the appropriate point in time of the project. Flood maps for each accident scenario shall show the time of arrival of the initial part of flood wave, the peak of the flood wave, maximum levels reached in terms of the height of the flood, maximum velocity, maximum flow rate and the duration of the critical phase of the flood for each population or material or environmental asset to be preserved.
However, based on studies made within the environmental impact assessments, it is possible to conclude that, given the presence of the Cambambe dam about 35 km downstream of the Zenzo HPP dam and the volume of stored water in Zenzo's reservoir when full, it is most likely that the flood wave originated by the collapse of the main dam would affect Cambambe.
17.9.5 - Emergency Plan
Emergency plans must be made for Zenzo HPP with the following data: • Indication of the technician, designated by the Project Owner, responsible for implementing this plan in an emergency situation;
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14 Description and characterization of the dam, including the reservoir and the valley downstream, as well as access routes to the dam and to the safety and operating equipment; 15 Main accident scenarios considered in the project and in the safety control of the dam, relevant with the type of dam and the characteristics of the surrounding area;
16 Flood maps with the hydrodynamic characterization of the flood waves for the accident scenarios considered, including the dam collapse scenario; 17 Characterization of populations, materials and environments which are at risk in areas affected by the flood wave, for the most unfavorable accident scenario;
18 Identification of human resources and specification of the technical means to alert civil protection services in the event of an accident and the procedures to be followed, defining the order in which civil protection services should be alerted;
19 Identification of the human resources and specification of the technical means for warning the affected population in the Auto-Rescue Zone (ZAS) in case of an accident, as well as specification of warning procedures, including the types or messages and signals used for rapid evacuation, duly approved by the Civil Protection Services. Action plan, identifying the procedures to be followed in the event of an accident.
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13 - DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT´S AREA OF INFLUENCE
13.1 - Limits and Framework
The areas in which the Project Influence Area (PIA) is subdivided are described below.
13.1.1 - Directly Affected Area (DAA)
The Directly Affected Area coincides with the area of direct and strict implementation of all infrastructures inherent to the Project (dams and annexes, reservoir, construction support infrastructures and roads/accesses), and where, subsequently, all activities associated with the exploration of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant Project will be developed.
Given that, at the construction stage, it may be necessary to directly allocate other support areas to the works, potential parking areas for vehicles and machinery in work areas, maneuvering areas to be used during construction activities and other unplanned spaces that may be targeted directly or by project activities, can still potentially be included in the DAA.
13.1.2 - Direct Influence Area (DIA)
The Direct Influence Area (DIA) is the area of direct impact on the natural environment (physical and biotic) and socio-economic environment, resulting from construction and operation actions.
The DIA corresponds to the area of study defined in Chapter 1.6.2 of this EIS, thus integrating all the infrastructures and equipment that comprise the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant, as well as the respective reservoir, in addition to the location of the infrastructures and accesses that will support the construction work.
The DIA/study area limit also considered, on average, a range of 2 km from the areas referred to above, thus allowing for a more thorough, rigorous and comprehensive analysis.
13.1.3 - Indirect Influence Area (IIA)
The Indirect Influence Area (IIA) is generally a broader area where the possible side effects that may result from the Project can be felt.
The locations where these effects may occur most significantly were examined around the DIA.
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It should be emphasized that the definition of areas of influence presented here can be reviewed and adapted according to each descriptor, allowing for a more informed view.
The various themes to be addressed in the EIS will thus consider the general areas of influence referred to above and presented in the following figures, adapting to specific areas of influence of interest to the descriptor being analyzed.
4.2 - Government Plans and Programs in the PIA
The Plans and Programs that have an impact on the Project Influence Area (PIA) are presented in summary form and are elaborated upon in detail in Chapter 5.4.2 - Spatial Planning.
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475000 480000 485000 490000 ´
8930000 8930000 7 8
Study Area Area Directly Affected - ADA Area of Direct Influence - ADI Reservoir
Dams and Attached Features
1. Main Dam 2 - Auxiliary Dam 3 -
Hydraulic
10 Circuit/Hydroelectric Plant
8925000 8925000 15 - Flood Spillway 15 Construction Support 3 14 9 11 Infrastructures 5 16 - Upstream Cofferdam 6 1 6 - Downstream Cofferdam
39 - Social area 13 2 4 40 - Plant support area
8 41 - Stock area for cofferdam 12 10 10 42 - Waste and material storage area 43 - Concrete plant
44 - Crushing plant 13 - Quarry
8920000 14 - 1st Provisional Diversion
Tunnel 15 - 2nd Provisional
Diversion Tunnel 8920000
U ersal (UTM), Datum 475000 n Camacupa, Area 33 S. 480000 i Units in meters.
00/design/Figure_4_1_v2.mxd Transverse Mercator Cartographic Projection System
- v
426 -
SIGREF/2015
485000 4 9 0 0 1 km 0 0 0
Figure 4.1 - Area Directly Affected and Area of Direct Influence
440000 450000 460000 470000 480000 ´
8940000 8940000
8930000 8930000
8920000 8920000
Reservoir Study Area
Directly Affected Area - DAA Direct Influence Area - DIA Area of Direct
Influence - AII
8910000 8910000 440000 450000 460000 470000 480000
Excerpt from the cartographic map of Angola, scale 1:100,000, pages 128 and 129, Angola's Geographic and Cadastral Systems, Transverse Mercator Cartographic Projection System 0 2.5 km Universal (UTM), Datum Camacupa, Area 33 S. Units in meters.
00/design/Figure_4_2_v2.mxd
- 426
-
Figure 4.2 - Indirect Influence Area (IIA)
SIGREF/2015
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18 - ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION
18.4 - General Considerations
This chapter presents the characteristics of the current environmental situation in the Project influence area. The objective of characterizing the reference situation is to obtain an adequate basis of information for the assessment of the environmental impacts caused by the Project.
In the following points, the analyses of the current environmental characteristics in the Project influence area are presented for the aspects considered in the following media: 18.4.1 Physical medium; 18.4.2 Biotic medium; 18.4.3 Socio-economic medium
Each of these media will address the environmental factors appropriate to the typology of the project under analysis, thus complying with the Terms of Reference for the Elaboration of Environmental Impact Studies defined in Executive Decree No. 92/12 of March 1.
The analysis to be carried out will focus on the environmental factors of Climate, Geology (including Seismicity, Tectonics, Geomorphology and Mineral Resources), Soils and Land Use, Surface and Subterranean Water Resources, Ecology (Flora, Habitats and Fauna), Landscape, Air Quality, Sound Environment, Spatial Planning, Socio-economics and Heritage (Historical, Cultural and Ethnological) and Waste.
At the end of this chapter, after the characteristics of the environmental factors have been assessed, the evolution of the current situation of the environment of the area of analysis is presented, and the relations between the physical, biotic and socio-economic means, without the project being implemented, are also considered.
In the context of the preparation of the environmental diagnosis, the following information was collected for the study area: 18.4.4 Primary sources - fieldwork conducted in March 2016, which included interviews with the Sobas (or leaders) of the villages affected by the Project, noise measurements, water quality analysis, characteristics of fauna and flora, prospecting and archaeological features, and a photographic survey to support the analysis of the landscape and the identification of effective land use;
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18.4.5 Secondary sources - the most up-to-date and rigorous official documentation and bibliographic research (whose references are at the end of the document), highlighting published data for climatology, hydrological and water quality data and air quality data, amongst others.
The results obtained in the field survey are presented and framed in this report, in the chapter referring to the environmental factor in question, and can also be discharged to other chapters, whenever warranted.
The results of the field survey will be presented in the appendix.
The degree of detail of the survey of information concerning the reference situation was determined by the degree of sensitivity of each environmental factor.
18.5 - Physical medium
15.5.3 - Climate
• - General Characteristics
The Republic of Angola, located on the west coast of Central Africa, can be found at the following co-ordinates: 4º 22 'and 18º 2' south latitude and 11º 41 'and 24º 2' east longitude.
The Angolan climate is strongly influenced by a number of factors, including the range of latitudes, altitude, orography, the cold current of Benguela and the hydrographic basins of Zaire, Zambezi, Kwanza and Cunene.
In general, the country has two more or less well-differentiated seasons: one, dry and fresh, called "Cacimbo", which runs from June to the end of September; and another, the rainy season, which runs from October to the end of May. Sometimes, in certain regions, the rainy season is divided by a short period of drought known as "Little Cacimbo" that may occur from the end of December to the beginning of February.
The relatively humid coastal region has an average annual rainfall of over 600 mm, decreasing from North to South, from 800 mm in the coast of Cabinda to 50 mm in the South (Namibe), with the average temperature above 23 degrees.
The interior region is divided into three zones: the northern zone, with high rainfall and temperatures; the altitude area, in the central plateaus, is characterized by average annual temperatures around 18 degrees,
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with accented minimum temperatures in the dry season; the Southeast, semi-arid zone due to the proximity of the Kalahari desert, where temperatures are low even during the hot season. This region is under the influence of large masses of tropical continental air.
• - Climatic Characteristics
• Kwanza/Mid-Kwanza Hydrographic Basin
The climate of the River Kwanza basin is fundamentally influenced by its geographic location in the subequatorial zone of Africa, being the climate of the Mid-Kwanza basin, which is the focus of this the project: of tropical type, with a dry season in winter. Average annual rainfall varies between 1400 mm in the center of the basin and 600 mm at the mouth, with an average value in the basin in the order of 1200 mm.
According to Koppen's climatic classification, the climate in the Mid-Kwanza basin is of the Tropical Savanna type, and is referred to as "Aw". In this type of climate, the average monthly temperature of all the months of the year is higher and 18ºC, with the average monthly rainfall of at least one month less than 60 mm.
• Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant
Taking into account the baseline studies of the Angola National Water Plan (PNA, 2014) and consulting the values corresponding to the monthly spatial variation of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, evapotranspiration and solar radiation In the Mid-Kwanza area, the following information is presented, which is provided in Table 5.1 and the following figures.
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TABLE 5.1 - Average monthly variation of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, humidity and solar radiation
Months Annual Parameter average Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Maximum Air Temperature (ºC) 27.5 - 30 30 – 32.5 27.5 - 30 30 – 32.5 27.5 - 30 28.3 – 30.8
Minimum Air temperature (ºC) 17.5 - 20 20 – 22.5 17.5 - 20 15 – 17.5 17.5 - 20 17.5 - 20
Relative Air Humidity (%) 70 - 80 80 -90 70 -80 50 - 60 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 62 - 72
Solar radiation (W/m2) 275 - 300 250 - 275 225 - 250 250 - 275 275 - 300 250 - 275
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Maximum Minimum Temperature Temperature Source: PNA baseline studies (2014) FIGURE 5.1 - Isoline map showing mean annual maximum temperature and mean annual minimum temperature
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Relative Humidity Evapotranspiration
Source: PNA baseline studies (2014)
FIGURE 5.2 - Moisture insulation map showing annual average at 9 am and evapotranspiration in question.
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Source: PNA baseline studies (2014) Figure 5.3 – Annual Monthly Rainfall Chart for the period 1944/1945 to 1973/1974
From the analysis of the previous data, it can be verified that the study area is characterized by maximum temperatures that vary between 27.5ºC and 32.5ºC. In turn, the minimum temperatures range from 15ºC to 22.5ºC. The average annual temperature varies between 22.9ºC and 25.4ºC.
Regarding rainfall and the average annual rainfall in the periods considered, Figure 5.3 refers to a value that varies between 800 mm and 1000 mm, which is in line with the previously referenced values for the Kwanza/Mid-Kwanza Hydrographic Basin.
The average annual relative humidity varies between 62% and 72%, while the average monthly values vary between a minimum in July (40-50%) and a maximum in March (80-90%).
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The average annual solar radiation varies between 250 and 275 W/m2, while the evapotranspiration value is 4 mm/month.
As regards wind direction and velocity, reference is made to the data recorded in 2014 at the meteorological station of the Biocom Unit in Cacuso, Malanje, which is located near the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza.
Source: Sodepac - Capanda Agro-Industrial Development Center FIGURE 5.4 - Wind direction (registered and pattern) at the Biocom Unit weather station in Cacuso, in 2014
Source: Sodepac - Capanda Agro-Industrial Post Development Company
Figure 5.5 - Wind speed recorded at the Biocom Unit weather station in Cacuso, in 2014
Extrapolating the previous data to the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza, it is verified that the wind blows mainly from the West-Southeast/Southwest quadrants. These directions correspond to the pattern forecast for the compass rose, with prospects also for winds from the east quadrant.
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The speed is low, with an average annual speed ranging from 6.1 km / h (1.7 m/s) to 7.5 km / h (2.1 m/s).
It can generally be stated that the climate that is the focus of this study is fundamentally influenced by its geographic location in the subequatorial zone of Africa: of tropical type, with a dry season in winter.
• - Climate Change
• - Initial considerations
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity today. The more frequent occurrence and severity of natural disasters, changing climate patterns, declining glaciers, rising sea levels and droughts are some of the consequences that are already being felt. These circumstances are increasingly resulting in significant impacts upon human societies and ecosystems, which means that this issue needs to be considered in this EIA.
The uncertainty still associated with this theme is reflected in the following approach, which is based mainly on data presented on a global scale, identifying as main sources of information the reports produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a scientific group specifically created within the United Nations under the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Development Program - UNDP in 1988 to address the issue of climate change.
• - Phenomenon characteristics Although there is no common consensus on the definition of climate change, the definition formulated by the IPCC, which links this concept with any change in climate over time, regardless of its Natural or anthropogenic causes, shall be adopted in the context of this study,
In addition to the increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climate events, climate change is mainly manifested by a rising trend in the global mean temperature of the lower atmosphere or troposphere, and it is very likely, according to the IPCC, that this pattern is for the most part a consequence of the increased concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) that are anthropogenic in origin.
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Acknowledging this problem, efforts to contribute scientifically focused on the outlook for the future were initiated at international level. Climate models have been developed, which allow, through global simulation, the interpretation of climate behavior through a set of variables, of which the emission of GHGs, usually measured in CO2, is highlighted, thereby providing future climatic scenarios.
• - Climate Change Scenarios The number of teams that have been regularly producing climate scenarios is relatively small, highlighting in this context the contribution of the IPCC as a pioneer group in the development of global scenarios for long- term GHG emissions. Over time, these scenarios have undergone several changes, with that group developing a new set of GHG emission scenarios, compiled in 2000 in the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES).
These scenarios are based on four groups of possible future development narratives (A1, A2, B1 and B2), which consistently include demographic, social, economic and technological factors (Nakicenovic et al., 2000) (Table 5.2). These scenario groups are further divided into a number of other scenarios, making up a total of 40 emission scenarios, as shown in Figure 5.6.
It should also be pointed out that none of these scenarios includes any specific emission reduction measures.
TABLE 5.2 - GHG emission scenarios
The context and group of A1 scenarios depict a future world of very rapid economic
growth, with the global population peaking in the middle of the century and declining
rapidly, and rapid Introduction of new, more efficient technologies. The main underlying
issues are convergence across regions, capacity building and increased cultural and social
interactions, with a substantial reduction in regional differences in per capita income. The A1 A1 scenario family can be broken down into three groups that describe alternative directions of technological change in the energy system. The three A1 groups are distinguished by their technological emphasis: intensive use of fossil fuels (A1FI), non- fossil energy sources (A1T) or a balance between all sources (A1B).
The context and group of A2 scenarios point to a very heterogeneous world. The
underlying theme is self-sufficiency and the preservation of local identities. The patterns of A2 fertility between regions converge very slowly, which leads to a growing
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population increase. Economic development is primarily oriented to the region, with per capita economic growth and technological change more fragmented and slower than in other contexts. The context and group of B1 scenarios describe a convergent world with the same global
population, which peaks in the middle of the century and then declines, as in the A1
context, but with a rapid change in economic structures geared towards a service and
information economy, with reductions in material intensity and the introduction of clean, B1 resource-efficient technologies. The emphasis is on global solutions for economic, social and environmental sustainability, including improving equity, but without additional climate- related initiatives. The context and group of B2 scenarios depict a world in which the emphasis is on local
solutions for economic, social and environmental sustainability. This is a world in which the
global population continually increases at a rate lower than A2, with intermediate levels of B2 economic development and technological change less rapid and more diverse than in the B1 and A1 contexts. The scenario is also geared towards environmental protection and social equity, with a focus on local and regional levels.
Source: Nakicenovic et al, 2000 FIGURE 5.6 - Schematic diagram of GHG emission scenarios
The scenarios mentioned above have often been used in quantitative projections of climate change, obtained through future climate scenarios, which in turn have been achieved on the basis of models that
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simulate the climate system. The projections of these models, usually made up to 2100, make use of discrete points scattered in a three-dimensional mesh with a horizontal resolution between 200 and 400 km. These models, capable of simulating the evolution of a set of climatic variables, and in some hydrological cases on a global scale, allow us to evaluate the climatic consequences of the choices made all over the planet, individually or collectively.
Considering the spatial resolution of global climate models, it is not possible to accurately assess the impact of climate change on particular regions. Nevertheless, resorting to regional climate models, with resolution of 30 to 50 km, forced or conditioned by the boundary conditions of global models, may increase the spatial resolution of climatic scenarios.
In the absence of other specific analyses for Angola, the main conclusions have been drawn from the latest Fourth Assessment Report ("Climate Change 2007", hereinafter referred to as AR4), 2008 by the IPCC, taking into account the direct observations made during the period 1960-2006 and global climate projections.
• - Direct Observations in the Period Between 1960 and 2006
In direct observations of climate between 1960 and 2006 (the period for which the best data is available, as well as a longer chronology), AR4 confirms that the global climate is most likely to change through anthropogenic activities.
At the global level, the warming of the climate system is unmistakable, marked by increases in average global air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea levels:
• The trend of the increase in the average temperature is of 0.74ºC, a tendency in excess of that expressed in the report previously published (Third Assessment Report "Climate Change 2001" - TAR), which was 0.6ºC. Temperatures have increased almost all over the planet, albeit more sensitively in the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The 11 warmest years since records of surface air temperature began (1850) have occurred in the last 12 years;
• New data obtained indicate that losses of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are very likely to have contributed to rising sea levels over the period 1993 to 2003. The global mean sea level rose at an average rate of 1.8 mm per year, from 1961 to 2003. The rate was most accelerated over the period 1993 to 2003, about 3.1 mm per year;
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• The linear trend of warming in the last 50 years, of 0.13ºC per decade, is approximately double the trend observed in the last 100 years;
• Significant changes have occurred in regional precipitation, with an increase in the frequency of episodes of intense rainfall.
For the African continent, the UN Climate Change Country Profiles (UNDP) report states that observations made between 1960 and 2006 point to an increase in the average surface temperature of 0.33ºC per decade, with greater growth verified during the cold season than in the hot season. In the same period, annual rainfall will have decreased by about 24 mm per year per decade, corresponding to 2.4 percentage points, and it was also observed that the duration of the dry season and the frequency of intense rainfall phenomena increased.
• - Global Climate Projections
The global climate projections shown in AR4 were obtained through the application of global circulation models with the SRES scenarios of the IPCC. These models conclusively demonstrate the dangers of increasing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere as a result of the reduced capacity of industrialized countries to reduce their emissions, and at the same time the resistance of some developing countries to negotiating stabilization and even decrease in their emissions. In fact, the projections developed in AR4 reflect that, in the absence of climate policies, global GHG emissions (CO2 equivalent) will increase from 25 to 90% between 2000 and 2030, as shown in Figure 5.7.
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Global GHG emissions (in GT equivalent to CO2) in the absence of climate policies: six illustrative reference scenarios (SRES, colored lines) within a range of 80 percentage points of the scenarios published after the SRES (post-SRES, shaded area). The dashed lines delimit all the ranges of post-SRES scenarios (IPCC, AR4, SYR, 2007). FIGURE 5.7 - Global GHG emissions in the absence of climate policies
On the basis of the results of the global climate projections, it is probable that the trends observed between the years 1960 and 2006 are projected, with global warming of around 0.2°C per decade forecast. Even though concentrations of all GHGs remained constant at 2000 levels, further heating of about 0.1ºC per decade would be expected. Scenario A2 (which projects higher GHG emissions by 2100) will lead to a further increase in global mean temperature (Figure 5.8). Projections indicate greater warming in the Northern Hemisphere.
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The GHG emissions (in GT equivalent to CO2) in the absence of climate policies: six illustrative reference scenarios (SRES, colored lines) in a range of 80 percentage points of the scenarios published after SRES (post-SRES, greyish area). Dashed lines delimit all ranges of post-SRES scenarios. On the left, solid lines represent the global averages of surface heating produced by various models (relative to 1980-1999) for scenarios A2, A1B and B1, shown as continuations of the twentieth century simulations. Shading denotes the ± 1 standard deviation range for the individual annual averages of the models. The orange line represents the experiment where concentrations were kept constant at year 2000 values. The gray columns on the right indicate the best estimate (continuous line within each column) and the probable range evaluated for the six SRES (IPCC) , AR4, WG1, 2007). FIGURE 5.8 - Projections obtained for global surface heating for some SRES emission scenarios
Projections of surface temperature changes for the beginning and end of the 21st century for the period 1980 to 1999. The panels on the left show the uncertainties as relative probabilities of estimated global warming estimated from different studies. Some studies present only results for a subset of the SRES scenarios or for several versions of the models. Therefore, the difference in the number of curves is only due to the differences in the availability of the results. The panels on the right. The panels on the right show the average projections of various General Atmosphere-Ocean Circulation Models for scenarios B1, A1B, and A2 over the decades from 2020 to 2029 and from 2090 to 2099 (IPCC, AR4, WG1, 2007). FIGURE 5.9 Change in mean global surface temperature
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As a result of this expected increase in the planet's average temperature, AR4 projects that sea ice will decrease in both the Arctic and Antarctic in all SRES scenarios. It is very likely that extremes and heat waves will continue to be more frequent.
As for rainfall phenomena, Figure 5.10 shows the differences in this parameter for the period 2090 to 2099, relative to the period from 1980 to 1999, considering only scenario A1B. The analysis was carried out with several models of global circulation and the results are presented for the winter and the summer periods, and verified that the amount of rainfall will most likely increase in the highest latitudes, and probably decrease in most of the subtropical continental regions. Future tropical cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes) are still likely to become more intense, with higher wind-speed peaks and more extreme rainfall associated with current increases in sea surface temperatures in the tropics.
Relative changes in rainfall (as a percentage) for the period from 2090 to 2099, compared to the period 1980 to 1999. The values are averages taken from various models, based on the SRES scenario A1B from December to February (left) and from June to August (right). White areas are where less than 66% of the models concur with the sign of change and the dotted areas are where more than 90% of the models concur with the sign of change.
Without scale FIGURE 5.10 - Projections of patterns of change in rainfall
For the African continent, and considering the A1B family as an intermediate scenario of the remaining IPCC proposals, it is very likely, according to the regional climate projections presented in AR4, that its warming will be higher than the world annual rate. It is projected that for the period 2080 to 2099, this continent will be subject to a higher average temperature and a decrease in rainfall, with these parameters being more critical in the winter months. This will be especially acute in North Africa (Figure 5.6).
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Temperature and rainfall difference for the period from 2080 to 2099, compared to the period from 1980 to 1999, estimated by several models of global circulation for the SRES A1B. scenario. The values are presented annually (on the left) for the months of December to February - DJF (in the center), and for the months of June to August (on the right) (IPCC, AR4, WG1, 2007).
Without scale FIGURE 5.11 - Temperature difference and rainfall for the African continent
For the Angolan context, the aforementioned report, published by the UNDP (Climate Change Country Profiles), states that warming in the country has taken place in a rapid and significant way during the last decade, with the average annual temperature increasing by about 1.5ºC between 1960 and 2006, when the average rate observed for the African continent was 0.33ºC, as previously mentioned.
Predictions from this same source point to an increase in the average annual temperature of between 1.2 and 3.2°C by 2060, and 1.7 and 5.1°C by the end of the 21st century, considering A2, A1B and B1 scenarios (TABLE 5.3 ).
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CHAPTER 5.3 - Variation (ºC) of the annual temperature for Angola
2030 2060 2090 SCENARIOS Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. A2 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.7 3.2 3.3 4.5 5.1 A1B 0.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.6 4.8 B1 0.6 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.9 2.5 1.7 2.3 3.0
Projections of the annual temperature variation for the period 2000 to 2100 (minimum, average and maximum), covering the period from 1970 to 1999, considering the SRES A2, A1B and B1 (UNDP, 2012) emissions scenarios.
Considering the more pessimistic scenario of SRES GHG emissions, the A2 scenario, the increase in average temperature should be higher in the regions of Eastern Angola. In the area covered by the Zambezi River Hydrographic Basin, forecasts indicate that the greatest increase in average temperature will occur in its southern sector, reaching an average increase of 5.1ºC by the end of the 21st century
Projections of the annual temperature variation for the period 2000 to 2100 (minimum, average and maximum), compared to the period from 1970 to 1999, considering the SRES A2 emissions scenario (UNDP, 2012). The central values presented in each grid indicate the median and the values in the upper and lower corners indicate, respectively, the maximum and minimum value of the variation (UNDP, 2012).
Without scale FIGURE 5.12 - Variation (ºC) of the annual temperature for Angola for the SRES A2 scenario
For the meteorological parameter "rainfall", the projections made point to a wide range of changes, varying between 27% and 20% by the end of the 21st century (TABLE 5.4).
TABLE 5.4 - Variation (mm / month) of the average monthly rainfall for Angola
2030 2060 2090 SCENARIOS Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. A2 -14 -2 8 -18 0 9 -29 -4 14 A1B -8 0 5 -24 -4 9 -17 -2 12
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2030 2060 2090 SCENARIOS Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. B1 -19 0 7 -17 -2 8 -17 -1 14
Projections of the variation in the average monthly rainfall (measured in mm per month) for the period 2000 to 2100 (minimum, average and maximum) compared to the period from 1970 to 1999, considering the SRES A2, A1B and B1 emission scenarios (UNDP, 2012).
The following figure shows a general trend throughout the Angolan territory of precipitation decline by the end of the 21st century.
Other studies show that the frequency of intense rainfall events may occur in the northern regions of Angola, while in southern Angola, drought events are more likely to occur, especially in the more arid areas.
Projections of the average monthly precipitation variation (measured in mm per month) for the period 2000 to 2100 (minimum, average and maximum), compared to the period from 1970 to 1999, considering the SRES A2 emissions scenario (UNDP, 2012). The central values presented in each grid indicate the median and the values in the upper and lower corners indicate, respectively, the maximum and minimum value of the variation (UNDP, 2012).
Without scale FIGURE 5.13 - Variation (mm/month) in the monthly average rainfall for Angola for the SRES A2 scenario
In terms of future climate change, the approach taken on this theme in the National Strategic Water Program (PNEA) defines, for Angolan territory, five major climatic regions: the North Coast, South Coast, Northern Region, Plateau Region and Semi-Arid Region, including the study area between the Northern Region and the North Coast
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Source: Adapted from PNEA, 2012 FIGURE 5.14 - Framework of the study area in the simplified scheme of the most significant climate change in the climatic regions of Angola
Considering the projected climatic changes for the regions mentioned above, it is expected that the trends referred to in TABLE 5.5 shall be reflected in the River Kwanza Hydrographic Basin.
CHAPTER 5.5 - Most significant climate change projected for the River Kwanza Hydrographic Basin
1 The annual and seasonal temperature increase should be significant, being explicit for most models and scenarios, and may reach an increase of up to 4.6ºC NORTH until the end of the 21st century, considering the scenario SRES A2. 2 This increase in temperature is expected to become more significant as the ERN distance to the coast increases and attenuated from South to North. 3 An increase in average annual precipitation (in difference and quantity) may REGIO occur. N
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17 This region presents the greatest possibility of an increase in intense rainfall in Angolan territory
45 An increase in the mean annual and seasonal temperature of 1.2ºC to 2030, from 2.4ºC to 2060 and 3.8ºC until the end of the 21st century, considering NORTH COAST the SRES A2 scenario. 46 It is expected that there will be a decrease in monthly rainfall in SON and an increase in DJF
Source: adapted from PNEA, 2012
Finally, it should be noted that the models, projections and climate scenarios are based on numerous simplifications and assumptions, and therefore the results are uncertain. Consequently, climate change decision-making, its effects and adaptation options should not be considered as a single model, but rather as a set of climate projections or scenarios, with associated uncertainties.
18.5.1 - Geology and Geomorphology
• - Background Information
The following points will be used to characterize the most relevant aspects of the geology and soils of the study area.
The characterization was based on the following documents:
• Geological Chart of Angola, sheet 1, at scale 1:1,000,000 (Ministry of Industry, 1988); • Explanation of the Geological Chart at 1:1,000,000 scale (Geological Survey of Angola, 1992); • Mineral Resources Chart (Institute of Geology of Angola); • Source: COBA analysis and opinion document (December 2014) for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project • Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, (Volume I - Technical Proposal and Volume II - Designs, January 2015).
• - Geomorphological Framework
The River Kwanza hydrographic basin, as well as its hydrographic network, present evident contrasts throughout their development, and it is possible to identify 3 large physiographic units:
• Alto Kwanza, with an area of approximately 93,000 km2, comprising the section between the spring and the Condo falls, with a predominant South-North orientation located on the Angolan plateau above the elevation (1000);
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• Mid-Kwanza, with a total area of about 23,000 km2 and an extension of the order of 200 km, located between Cangandala and Cambambe bridge, with a predominant east-west orientation and where the main water falls of the River Kwanza are located, ranging from 200 m to 1000 m; • Baixo Kwanza, located between Cambambe and the river mouth, with an area of approximately 34,000 km2 and with a predominant east-west orientation.
In the western part of the Alto Kwanza, there are reliefs corresponding to the archaic formations and their eruptive intrusions. They are clearly denudation reliefs where "peaks" of eruptive rocks sometimes stand out several hundred meters above the base morphology, which is an unmistakable mark on the landscape. The eastern part of the Alto Kwanza is characterized by a succession of flattenings in which the interfluves of the River Kwanza and its tributaries are filled by detrital accumulation sediments deposited in different phases on the eruptive and metamorphic rocks of the crystalline base rocks.
In Mid-Kwanza, there are undulating reliefs due to tectonic action, which conditions the hydrographic network. Strong reliefs are sometimes observed in which, by differential erosion, the most resilient materials are exposed to ridges (sometimes of impressive size).
In Baixo Kwanza, in the northernmost sector between Negage and Caladula, there is a flat surface with smooth undulations resulting from the folds of the geological formations of the Shale-Clay Group of the Upper Proterozoic. From here to the entrance to the coastal depression, near the city of Dondo, there is a rather bumpy morphology due to the structural context affecting the region, especially the large E-W orientation fractures. The coastal plain developed over the Mesocenozoic formations, with some structural inspection on sub-horizontal structures, which has modeled a flat surface with a very gentle slope up to the mouth of the River Kwanza.
Angolan territory, due to its extension and location and the influence of the rivers that cross it, presents a varied geomorphology. Geomorphologically, Angola is divided into six parts, as shown in Figure 5.15.
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Source: Adapted from Angola's General Soils Chart, 3rd edition, on the scale 1/3,000,000 (1965) Figure 5.15 - Geomorphological framework of project
Based on Figure 5.15, it has been verified that the study area is located along the coastal strip, with altitude varying between 200 and 500 meters. This area is also characterized by undulating reliefs which are the result of tectonic action, and which thus condition the hydrographic network.
According to Castanheira Diniz (2006), "This vast area [corresponding to the Coastal Range] descends smoothly and expressively to the sea. Within the general flattening of the surface, however, different types of relief may be observed, according to the lithological material that occurs there (...) ". "(...) The peneplain is a passage for the important rivers, for their great flows throughout the year and of the interior plateaus, which head directly towards the sea, as is typical for the Kwanza, Long, Cuvo [= Queve], N'Gunza, Cubal
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do Quicombo, Eval and Balombo (...)". These lines of water acquire, in their final stage, an expressive form.
"This unit [the coastal strip] is carved into the Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary formations and rocks of the Ancient Massif (Junta de Investigaciones del Ultramar, 1968)." "(...) The water courses cut out all geological formations, digging narrow canyons into the hardest, and wide and flooded valleys into the mildest (...)" (idem).
PHOTOGRAPH 5.1 - Undulating reliefs that characterize the hydrographic network
PHOTOGRAPH 5.2 - Wide valley crossed by the River Kwanza
• - Regional Geological Framework
Figure 5.16 shows the extract from the Geological Chart of Angola, sheet 1, at scale 1:1,000,000 (Ministry of Industry, 1988) with the location of the study area.
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Source: Geological Chart of Angola, sheet 1, to scale 1:1,000,000 (Ministry of Industry, 1988)
FIGURE 5.16 - Geological framework of the project
Looking at the previous figure, it can be confirmed that the study area is situated in several geological units such as:
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Quaternary Alluvial Deposits apQ - Sands, proluvional alluvial clays (Undifferentiated Quaternary) These deposits are composed of sands and clays and, in the vicinity of the main beds, gravel can also occur. Due to their genesis, they rest indistinctly on recent formations (undifferentiated Kalahari) and also on the earliest (Lower Archaic) formations throughout the River Kwanza hydrographic basin. The thickness of the deposits should be a few tens of meters. The proluvional alluvial deposits (apQ) present greater development in the Alto Kwanza associated with the River Kwanza and its main tributaries, especially those on the right bank, occupying the interfluves of these waterways. They are particularly well developed in the interflows of the Kuquemba, Kwanza, Luando and Jombo rivers. They also appear, to a lesser extent, in the region of Mungo and Andulo.
Lower Proterozoic PR1 - Quibala Granites (Υ) - Porphyrioid Biotytic Granite Rocks A huge set of intrusions, considered as intrusions from the early Proteozoic, are known by this designation. The complex referred to corresponds to a set of granitoid rocks resulting from the granitization of metamorphic rocks of the Lower Proterozoic and the deep remobilization of Archaic metamorphic rocks. They are composed of porphyroblast biotitic granites. The ages determined for this type of granite lie around 1 700 MA (H. Carvalho, 1983). The upwelling areas of these granitoids, which regionally take other names such as red granite from Matala, Cunene Complex, are considerable. In the basin area, they appear mainly on the left bank of the High and Mid-Kwanza, sometimes forming imposing reliefs. Also associated with these rocks, a set of granite porphyries, rhyolites, dacites and andesites with associated tufts appears in an equally expressive though smaller form.
PR1on - Oendolongo Group This includes several sedimentation basins within Angolan territory. It is basically constituted by conglomerates, sandstones, quartzites, siltstones, greywhackes, shales, chertes, itabirites. Volcanic rocks of acidic to basic composition may occur at various sites. The metamorphic rocks of the Oendolong Group, which exist in the area of the Kwanza Hydrographic Basin, correspond to formations belonging to regional settlements, which are characterized by a discontinuous extension, relatively small thicknesses and a predominantly terrigenous composition. The main outcrops occur in the region of Calulo and further south from the Mungo to Chiumbo and Tchikala-choloanga, at the border of the basin in Alto Kwanza.
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Archaic Lower Group AR11 - Lower group Constituted fundamentally by plagiogneisses with minerals typical of the degree of metamorphism, amphibolites, eclogites, cordierite gneisses, quartzites and ferruginous quartzites. Migmatites occur in areas of ultrametamorphism. In the southernmost area, the lower group is represented by granulites, gneisses, gabbros, amphibolites and quartzites. This sequence is considered, by the majority of authors, to be the oldest to appear in Angola. According to the Explanatory Notice (1992), one can observe situations in which gneisses lose their shale texture and gradually turn into diorites and quartz diorites. Although the thickness is not known, it is thought to be greater than 2-3 km. It can be said that the outcrops are divided from the source of the River Kwanza until its entrance in the perioceanic basin, near the city of Dondo. The Lower Group is quite well represented in the surrounding area of the town of N'Dalatando until near Cacuso, on the right bank, continuing south on a continuous strip from the bank of the River Kwanza passing through Quienha and Mussende to Cassumbe. It should be noted that all outcrops are cut short.
• - Local Geological Framework
Based on COBA's analysis and opinion document (December 2014) regarding the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant Project, the study area is located on a section of the river in question, in particular on the slopes and river bed, granitic masses of good quality (little altered and fractured, low permeability, resistance to uniaxial compression superior to 100MPa), and covered by superficial deposits of reduced thickness.
In certain areas, the granitic masses altered at a thickness of the order of 2 to 4 m and moderately altered to a thickness of 10 to 15 m are important. It is assumed that in the altered levels, the granitic massif presents moderate to high permeability. The granitic massif is covered by surface deposits (soils) whose thickness is estimated to be of the order of 10 to 25m.
• - Seismicity and Tectonics The site is located in a region of low seismicity, with no known active faults or major earthquakes in the sites provided for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant. Figure 5.17 shows the world seismic risk map, which was developed by the United Nations Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program.
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Source: http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/static/GSHAP/
FIGURE 5.17 - World seismic risk map
This seismic risk map shows the probability of occurrence of a seismic event. An analysis of the previous figure shows that for this country the forecast is very low, being 10% for the next 50 years (the probability of a seismic event is one in 500 years).
As can be seen from the above-mentioned map analysis, the seismic risk calculated for Angola is quite small and the entire central area of Angola, excluding a small green-painted area on the south coast of the country, is painted white.
According to the USGS (United States Geological Survey), it is possible to observe the earthquakes that occurred within a radius of 500 km and a radius of 1000 km with respect to central Angola (Figure 5.18).
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Radius: 500 km Without scale Radius: 1 000 km
(500 km = 4.49964) Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov
FIGURE 5.18 - Occurrence of earthquakes in Angola
According to this database, there are seven earthquakes identified within a radius of 500 km and 44 earthquakes within a radius of 1,000 km with respect to the center of Angola for the period between 1973 and 2011 (about 37 years). The maximum magnitude of earthquakes recorded in Angolan territory is 5, with almost all earthquakes occurring along the border with Zambia.
According to data provided by the geological and mining authorities of the province of Kwanza Sul, the earthquake records in the area are practically zero.
The study area is characterized by a reduced probability of occurrence of earthquakes.
In terms of tectonics, according to the Tectonostratigraphic Outline of Angola, at a scale of 1 / 5,000,000 (Figure 5.19), the study area is mostly located in an area of granite intrusion, partially emphasizing structures from the early archaic cycle originating in the lower part of the proto-metamorphic layer represented by gneisso-granitic ovals.
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Source: Tectonic-Stratigraphic Outline of Angola, at a scale of 1 / 5,000,000 FIGURE 5.19 - Angola's Tectonostratigraphic Outline
The granitic nature of the substrate formations determines their suitability for use as building materials, namely as rockfill.
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PHOTOGRAPH 5.3 - Granites in the study area
• - Mineral Resources
The occurrence of many dozens of mineral deposits, which can be explored or exploited, give a picture of Angola's potential in the exploitation of mineral resources.
In the province of North Kwanza, the importance of mineral potential is significant, with iron, manganese, copper, gold, ornamental rocks, quartz, asphalt and talc being the most prominent components. For iron and manganese, the deposits of Kassala Kitungo have long been known in the peneplain from Dondo to Ndalatando, with proven reserves valued at more than 300,000,000 tonnes of iron ore, and about 5,000,000 tonnes of manganese ore. As for copper, there is information on its presence in the Serra do Banga. Gold is known to occur in Massangano, in the Serra do Banga, and in the municipality of Gonguembo, where it is handcrafted. As far as marble is concerned, deposits are marked in various locations - Quixico,
Colombo and Zanga. In addition to this rock, there are some granite formations capable of supplying pieces of stone that can be used as an ornamental feature.
The province of Kwanza Sul is rich in mica, gypsum, gold, quartz, thermal waters, iron and diamonds. The study area does not interfere with existing mineral resources.
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13.1.4 - Land and Land Use
• - Methodology
Land characterization and land use of the project area was carried out on the basis of the Angola Generalized Land Chart at 1:3,000,000 scale (Overseas Ministry, 1965) and respective explanatory notification, as well as on research bibliography on the specialization and information collected during the field visits. The nature and characteristics of land types determine their suitability for agriculture, and more specifically for irrigation, depending on geological, topographical and climatic conditions.
• - Land Identification and Characterization The diversity of Angola's land types is mainly the result of the combination of climatic and geological characteristics. Along the River Kwanza hydrographic basin, the observable differentiations in the River Kwanza hydrographic basin are mainly the result of: • Transition from humid tropical (with dry season) areas to a progressively drier tropical to semi-arid climate, the closer towards the coast; • Change from crystalline base rocks inland to sedimentary terrain along the coastline. Figure 5.20 shows an extract from the Angola Generalized Land Chart, with the location of the study area.
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Source: Angola Generalized Land Chart at the scale of 1:3,000,000 (Overseas Ministry, 1965) FIGURE 5.20 - Extract from the Angola Generalized Land Chart with the location of the study area
From the analysis of the previous figure, it can be verified that the study area is situated in Tropical Fersialitic Soils, subdivided in Predaceous Euro-Fersialitic and Eutro-Chromic Fersiallitic.
According to Castanheira Diniz (2006), "Fersiliatic lands are distributed in the area in a well-defined and more or less narrow band, bordering the steep peripheral surface of the east. (…) ”. "They are argillaceous, with
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medium to thin textures, generally medium to poorly textured, with a textural B horizon, generally chromatic, while the surface horizons are brownish in color. They have reasonable, or even high, content in a metastable mineral reserve, especially of a feldspathic and micaceous nature, and the fine fraction of the land (fersialite clay) consists mainly of kaolinite minerals and a small proportion of micaceous minerals."
The Eutro-Fersialitic sub-division refers to lands of medium or fine texture and with a highly alterable and macroscopically visible mineral reserve.
On the other hand, the Predaceous Euro-Fersialitic designation includes land with "brown", "brown to gray", "brown to yellow" or even "pale" subsoil, while Eutro-Chromic Fersiallitic refers to soils with "Red," "reddish brown," "orange," "orangish" or, less often, "yellow" sub-soils.
• - Identification of Land Agricultural Suitability
The agricultural suitability of a given type of land is closely linked to the topography and the presence of water lines in the area, since these factors encourage the development of pedological groupings with considerable productivity.
The aspects covered by this analysis relate, on the one hand, to the different uses associated with each type of land and, on the other, to the degree of suitability of these types of land.
Lands suitable for agriculture are mainly located along the water lines.
From the field visits carried out and the analysis of the specialized literature, especially Castanheira Diniz (2006), it can be stated that Tropical Fersialitic soils possess "Good internal drainage, regular and good capacity for usable water; they are soils that are easy to work...". It is therefore believed that these soils offer agricultural suitability, varying from moderate to high in degree.
• - Identification of the Degree of Land Vulnerability
More than 50% of Angolan territory is subject to constant or periodic erosion processes caused by rain, wind and also human activity. In Figure 5.21, extracted from the Water Resources Rapid Assessment and Angola Water Resources Study (DNA, Sweco, 2005), an overview of the different land limitations in Angola is presented.
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Source: DNA, Sweco, 2005
FIGURE 5.21 - Land Limitations in Angola
In the study area, the lands present limitations due to the slope (a dominant slope higher than 30%), as proven by Castanheira Diniz (2006), indicating that the fersialitic lands require, "however, adequate defensive measures, given how easily they suffer erosion. In certain areas, they are affected, both on the surface and in the subsoil, by stoniness - "lines of stones" - especially in those which are more pronounced undulating, which may compromise their agricultural use."
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PHOTOGRAPH 5.4 - Steep slopes in the study area.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.5 - Steep slopes in the study area.
• - Current Land Use
• - General Considerations In the scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment, it is important to carry out a survey and characterization of the various typologies of current land use, in order to ascertain some of the most visible data in the territory. The characterization of the soil use of the study area was based on cartography (1:100,000 topographical chart, sheets no. 128 and 129), satellite images (Google Earth software) and the survey conducted in March 2016.
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• - General Framework
According to Castanheira Diniz (2006) in the unit where the study area is situated, "(...) the land is covered by diverse types of vegetal communities (...), which is closely related to the climatic and edaphic characteristics of the environment (... )". Thus, in regard to land use, it is possible to observe a high alternation of natural forest, savanna and agricultural areas. The urban agglomerations, with the exception of provincial capitals, are concentrated in small rural settlements.
The forest may present a different constitution and density depending on the availability of water. Thus, it may present characteristics similar to those of a tropical forest or of a dry forest development.
Savannas transition from woody vegetation to herbaceous vegetation and are often of anthropic origin. Herbaceous plants predominate in these savannas with emphasis on high grasses, but it is also possible to find some varied shrubs and trees.
As far as the agricultural areas are concerned, the principal crops cultivated are mainly for food and the majority are for personal consumption. The emphasis is on maize and cassava, but other crops such as vegetables, bananas, beans, peanuts, palm trees, pineapples and other fruits abound. In fact, the areas previously occupied by coffee have been replaced by these crops, either due to the fall in the price of coffee on the international market or because of the absence of incentives to produce coffee. In the last two years, growing cotton, sunflower and soybean crops has also been encouraged.
• - Land Use in the Study Area The information collected during the field visit in March 2016 and the analysis of satellite images (Google Earth software) allowed the development of the Current Land Use Chart in the study area, presented in Figure 5.22, and whose information is listed in Table 5.6.
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TABLE 5.6 - Land use table in the study area % relative to the study Land use Area (ha) area Savanna 8 438 62.0 Riparian Gallery 1 078 7.9 Dense forest 3 457 25.4 Agricultural area 184 1.4 Man-made area 28 0.2 Water plane (River Kwanza) 422 3.1 TOTAL 13 607 100 Analysis of Table 5.6 shows that, in the study area, land use is predominantly dominated by savanna (62.0%) and dense forest (25.4%). The areas associated with the riparian gallery, the River Kwanza, the agricultural area and the man-made area display, in the study area, are represented to a very low degree, accounting for about 12.6% of the total.
SAVANNA This land use is characterized by herbaceous, bushy or arboreal savanna areas. In the course of human activity (agriculture), many wooded or shrubby savannas were converted into herbaceous savannas, especially in the soft relief areas and near the river. They are mainly covered by gramineae and a small number of trees or shrubs. The shrub or arboreal savanna covers the areas where relief is not so pronounced, which facilitates human activity. The density of trees or shrubs varies from place to place, and in some areas is more or less dispersed, while in others it forms denser communities. Characteristic species are the Piliostigma thoningii, Bridelia micrantha, Bridelia mollis, Combretum Collinum, Combretum zeyheri, Maitenus senegalensis, Acacia sieberiana, Ozoroa paniculosa, Albizia versicolor, Cochlospermum angolensis, among others. This formation has traces of human intervention but is still in an acceptable state.
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PHOTOGRAPH 5.6 Savanna PHOTOGRAPH 5.7 Savanna
RIPARIAN GALLERY They correspond to formations with high vegetation in the vicinity of the River Kwanza, with evident signs of human degradation, but still in an acceptable state. These areas benefit from the proximity of the water line and high water availability, and are populated by Spondias mombim, Spathodea campanulata, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Markhamia lutea, Ficus thoningii, Ficus sycamorus and Grewia flava in the study area. Also common is the occurrence of a climbing plant (Mucuna sp.) which, in addition to occupying most of the clearings, also reaches the treetops.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.8 Riparian gallery PHOTOGRAPH 5.9 Riparian gallery
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DENSE FOREST It covers the mountainous areas existing in the study area and its main species are: Adansonia digitata, Combretum zeyheri, Combretum Collinum, Albizia gumifera, Albizia versicolor, Diospyros mespiliformis, Sterculia quinqueloba, Diplorhinchus condilocarpon and Cochlospermum angolense, amongst others. The difficulty of access and the existence of rocky outcrops are responsible for the fact that this formation does not show evident traces of degradation and is therefore considered to be in natural balance.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.10 Dense forest PHOTOGRAPH 5.11 Dense forest
AGRICULTURAL AREA The agricultural areas are composed of areas occupied by agricultural crops destined for local consumption, located in the flat zones near the River Kwanza. Soil preparation is performed manually and fertilizers and pesticides (MINADER) are generally not used.
MAN-MADE AREAS The man-made areas consist of villages, with the Quilemba, Candengue and Calambala districts standing out. They also correspond to isolated and abandoned roads and dwellings, and abandoned old colonial estates, whose precarious access has made them inaccessible. In the social and economic part (see chapter 5.4.1.17), the characterization of some of the man-made areas identified in the study area and referred to above is presented.
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PHOTOGRAPH 5. 12 Man-made area – PHOTOGRAPH 5.13 Man-made area – Dwellings Dwellings WATER PLANE (RIVER KWANZA) It is formed by the channel defined by the River Kwanza.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.14 River Kwanza PHOTOGRAPH 5.15 River Kwanza
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475000 480000 485000 490000
Aa1 Aa2 FD1 FD2 SA1
´
Reservoir Study Area 8930000 8930000 Current Land use Arboreal 7 8 savanna SA Dense
Forest - FD
Agricultural Area AA
Riparian Gallery - GR
Water Plane (River Kwanza) - PA
- Man-made area - Aa
Aa1
Dams and Connected Features
1. Main Dam 2 -
Auxiliary Dam 3 -
Hydraulic Circuit /
Hydroelectric Plant 10 - Flood Spillway
8925000 47
Aa2 8925000 Construction Support 15 Infrastructures FD1 GR2 3 14 9 48 - Upstream Cofferdam 11 PA2 5 GR1 SA2 1 6 - Downstream cofferdam PA1 SA1 6 7 - Social area
19 - Plant support area 13 2 4 20 - Stock area for cofferdam
21 - Waste and material storage 8 FD 2 12 10 area 10 22 - Concrete plant 23 - Crushing plant 13 - Quarry
14 - 1st Provisional Diversion
Tunnel 15 - 2nd Provisional
Diversion Tunnel
8920000
8920000 GR1 GR2 PA1 PA2 SA2
475000 480000 485000 490000
00/design/Figure5_22_v2.mxd
- Mercator Transversal Cartographic Projection System
Universal (UTM), Datum Camacupa, Area 33 S. Units in meters. 0 1 km 465 -
SIGREF/2015
Figure 5.22 - Current Land Use Map
15.5.4 - Water Resources
• - General Considerations
The aim of this description is to characterize the surface and groundwater resources existing in the Project's area of implantation, as well as in its surroundings, based on cartographical analysis (topographic map of Angola, 1/100,000 scale, 127, 128 and 129), bibliographical research and field work (March 2016).
The relevant national legislation in this area is Law no. 6/2002 of June 21, known as the Water Law, the main aspects of which have already been referred to in the chapter on the Legal Framework.
• - Surface Water Resources
• - General Framework Angola´s hydrographic network is very dense, with rapid rivers and strong flows predominating, and waterfalls often present. In the context of the National Water Plan, the Angolan hydrographic network was divided into 22 hydrographic units, as shown in the following figure. The study area is located in the Mid-Kwanza hydrographic unit.
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Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
FIGURE 5.23 - Hydrographic Network and Hydrographic Units of Angola
The availability of surface water resources in Angola is estimated at around 140 km3/year (MINUA, 2006). There are 47 hydrographic basins in Angolan territory, which form the five main drainage areas.
• Atlantic Strand (40.1% of the total area of the country); • Zaire Strand (23.2% of the total area of the country); • "Etosha-Pan" strand - Namibia (4.5% of the total area of the country); • Okavango Strand (12.5% of the total area of the country); • Zambezi Strand (19.7% of the total area of the country).
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Source: Sweco (2005), adapted from the National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
FIGURE 5.24 - Main drainage areas The area of study is located on the Atlantic Strand, in the River Kwanza hydrographic basin, as can be seen in figure 5.25.
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FIGURE 5.25 - Hydrographic Basins of Angola
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• - Framework of the River Kwanza Basin
Administrative Framework
The River Kwanza is the most extensive river that runs exclusively in Angola; its hydrographic basin has been verified and it lies entirely in national territory. The combination of these aspects, as well as its location in the center of the country with an opening to the Atlantic in the proximity of the capital, Luanda, confirm the River Kwanza´s high strategic and economic importance for the country.
The hydrographic basin area of the River Kwanza (151,397 km2) is distributed over the territory of ten of the eighteen provinces of Angola: Bié, Huambo, Malanje, North Kwanza, Kwanza Sul, Uíge, Luanda and, marginally, the provinces of Moxico, Cuando Cubango, and Bengo, including the provinces of Kuito, Malanje and Ndala- tando and a significant part of the city of Luanda
FIGURE 5.26 - Administrative framework of the River Kwanza hydrographic basin
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The following table shows the areas that each of the provinces referred to has in the basin of the River Kwanza, as well as their relative water area in relation to the total area of the province and the basin.
TABLE 5.7 - Provincial coverage areas of the River Kwanza hydrographic basin
Water area of the Representativeness of Area covered by River Kwanza basin the Province area in the Province the River in the total area of River Kwanza Kwanza basin the province (%) hydrographic basin (%) (km2) Bié 58 171.2 80.6% 38.5%
Malanje 48 538.1 57.1% 32.1%
Kwanza Sul 17 485.5 31.5% 11.5%
North Kwanza 11 419.1 59.3% 7.5%
Luanda 8167.9 43.4% 5.4%
Huambo 5338.1 16.1% 3.5%
Uíge 1 385.7 2.2% 0.9%
Moxico 613.2 0.3% 0.4%
Bengo 72.3 0.3% <0.1%
Cuando Cubango 84.1 <0.1% 0.1%
It has been verified that Bié province has the greater proportion of territory in the hydrographic basin of the River Kwanza (80.6%). The following are the cases for North Kwanza and Malanje (59.3% and 57.1%, respectively). Conversely, the provinces of Uíge, Moxico, Bengo and Cuando Cubango have only marginal portions of their territories in the hydrographic basin of the River Kwanza.
Longitudinal profile of the River Kwanza According to the digital terrain model from the USGS / SRTM-NASA data project (shuttle-STRM-NASA, 2007) version 4.11, the source of the River Kwanza, with a total length of 1190.6 km, lies about 8 km north of the town of Mumbué, in Chitembo municipality, Bié province, on Angola´s Central Plateau, approximately at the level of 1558 m. The average slope of the river is 0.131%. The River Kwanza, from its source to approximately 1150 m near the Nhareia hydrometric station, runs predominantly in a S-N direction, inflecting from this point and following a predominant SE-NW direction until near the Cangandala hydrometric station. In this section, the river inflects once again and then follows an E-W direction until it reaches, approximately, the Cambambe hydroelectric power plant.
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In the last section, from the Cambambe power plant to the Atlantic Ocean, the course runs approximately in the SE-NW direction, inflecting in its final stretch, and running NE-SW until reaching its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean at Barra do Kwanza, at the boundary between the Quiçama and Belas municipalities, in Luanda province, about 55 km south of the center of the capital. The drainage basin covers an area of 151, 397 km2.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.16 - Longitudinal profile of the River Kwanza at a point in its course - Filomeno da Câmara bridge.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.17 - Longitudinal profile of the River Kwanza at a point in its path - Filomeno da Câmara bridge.
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PHOTOGRAPH 5.18 - Longitudinal profile of the River Kwanza at a point in its course - Filomeno da Câmara bridge
Hydrographic Basin of the River Kwanza The hydrographic network of the River Kwanza basin is characterized by numerous tributaries. Characteristics of the main tributaries of the River Kwanza are displayed in Table 5.8.
TABLE 5.8 - Characteristics of the main tributaries of the River Kwanza
Heights (m) Length (km) Slope (%) Bank Tributary (Source/Mouth) Tchimbandianga 1 536 - 1 323 96.3 0.22
Cuime 1 529 - 1 295 103.5 0.23
Cuiva 1 419 - 1 268 133.4 0.11
Right Luando 1 250 - 962 116.5 0.25 Cuige 1 219 - 1 018 233.0 0.09 Mucoso 948 - 22 152.3 0.61 Lucala 1 241 - 18 520.0 0.24 Cutupo 1 521 -1 336 82.3 0.22
Cuquema 1 759 -1 273 242.4 0.20
Cunje 1 727 - 1 256 142.7 0.33
Cunhinga 1 771 - 1 060 225.0 0.32
Left Cutato 1 839 - 1 054 367.9 0.21 Gango 1 762 - 910 249.2 0.34 Luinga 1 524 - 781 105.0 0.71 Buiza 1 275 - 774 96.2 0.52 Lua 1 213 - 176 83.7 1.24
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The main tributaries are located in equal numbers on the right and left banks of the River Kwanza, with the Lucala (520 km), Cutato (367.9 km), Gango (249.2 km), Cuquema (242.4 km), Cuige (233 km) and Cunhinga (225 km), in order of length.
The following figure shows the hydrographic network of the hydrographic basin of the River Kwanza.
FIGURE 5.27 - The hydrographic basin of the River Kwanza and its hydrographic network
• - Regional Hydrological Characterization and Study Area • Regional Characterization The hydrological characterization presented below is divided into two parts, the first one related to the Rainfall Pattern, and the second one related to the Flow and Discharge Pattern.
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The data presented initially comprises the results of the National Water Plan (December 2014) for the River Kwanza basin, specifically for the hydrographic unit of the Mid-Kwanza, where the study area is situated. A second phase will be presented for the specific section under study at Zenzo Hydroelectric power plant, the information contained in the COBA analysis and opinion document concerning the Zenzo Hydroelectric power plant project (December 2014) and data from the Zenzo Hydroelectric power plant project (Volume I - Technical Proposal, January 2015), prepared by CWE.
Rainfall Pattern Table 5.9 and Figure 5.28 show the average monthly, annual and semi-annual rainfall at the hydrographic facility in Mid-Kwanza, for the study period 1944/45 to 1973/74.
TABLE 5.9 - Average monthly, annual and semi-annual rainfall at the hydrographic facility in Mid-Kwanza (mm) - 1944/45 to 1973/74
Hydrogra Months/Year/Half-year phic Facility
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Mid- 125.3 202.0 138.7 116.8 116.1 202.2 172.3 23.3
Kwanz Jun Jul Aug Sep Year Dry half- Wet half-year year a 0.6 0.3 3.9 40.1 1141.8 240.6 901.2
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 FIGURE 5.28 - Year-on-year distribution of average monthly rainfall - Mid- Kwanza
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By analyzing the previous data, it was verified that in relation to average monthly rainfall, rainfall was more intense from October to April, mainly in the months of November and March, which interestingly demonstrate almost equal values. The months of October, January and February also show very similar rainfall values. In the months of June to August, rainfall was almost nil.
Table 5.10 shows the annual rainfall data for the Mid-Kwanza hydrographic facility, and considers the variations that can occur in this parameter, resulting in very dry years, dry years and wet years.
TABLE 5.10 - Characteristic rainfall data at the Mid-Kwanza hydrographic facility
Hydrogra Rainfall (mm) phic Facility Average Very dry year Dry year Wet year
Mid- 1141.8 933.1 1035.1 1248.5 Kwanz
Source:a National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 In Mid-Kwanza, the annual rainfall can vary between 933.1 mm, in a very dry year, and 1248.5 mm, in a wet year.
Flow and discharge pattern Table 5.11 and Figure 5.29 show the average monthly, annual and semi-annual discharge at the Mid-Kwanza hydrographic facility, for the study period 1944/45 to 1973/74.
TABLE 5.11 - Average monthly, average annual and half-year average discharge at the Mid-Cruanza hydrographic facility - 1944/45 to 1973/74
Hydrogra Months/Year/Half-year (mm) phic Facility
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Mid- 5.2 7.9 12.7 18.4 20.0 28.1 32.2 20.3
Kwanz Jun Jul Aug Sep Year Dry half- Wet half-year year a 10.5 7.4 5.8 4.7 173.1 53.9 119.2
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
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Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
TABLE 5.29 - Chart of distribution throughout the year of the monthly average flow - Mid-Kwanza According to the previous data, it is possible to determine some basic characteristics of the discharge pattern at the Mid-Kwanza hydrographic facility, namely: 18 Minimum flows in the month of September; 19 Maximum flows in the month of April; 20 Increasing flows between the months of October and April; 21 Decreasing flows between the months of April and September. Table 5.12 shows the characteristic data of the annual discharge for the Mid-Kwanza hydrographic facility, considering the variations that can occur in this parameter, resulting in a very dry year, a dry year and a wet year.
TABLE 5.12 - Characteristic data of the annual discharge at the Mid-Kwanza hydroelectric facility
Hydrogra Annual Discharge (hm3) phic Facility Average Very dry year Dry year Wet year Mid-Kwanza 4797 2327 3260 6228
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 In Mid-Kwanza, annual rainfall can vary between 2337 hm3, in a very dry year, and 6228 hm3, in a wet year.
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• Characterization of the Study Area
Rainfall Pattern Taking as a reference the hydrographic basin defined by the Cambambe dam, which is the final section of the Mid-Kwanza and located in the vicinity of the study area, a weighted average annual rainfall was calculated in the 1250 mm basin, which is distributed throughout the year as shown in Figure 5.30.
Source: COBA analysis and opinion document (December 2014) for the Zenzo Hydroelectric power plant project
FIGURE 5.30 - Average weighted rainfall in the River Kwanza basin in Cambambe
The rainy season runs from October to April, with November highs in the order of 300 mm and five months (May to September), with no or very low rainfall.
Flow and discharge pattern
According to COBA's analysis and opinion document (December 2014), taking as a reference the flow discharged by the Caculo Cabaço dam (to be constructed in the short term, and located at the beginning of the water plane of the Zenzo reservoir), which can be considered representative of the section of the River Kwanza in Zenzo, the distribution of the average monthly flow throughout the year is shown in Figure 5.31.
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Source: COBA analysis and opinion document (December 2014) for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project
FIGURE 5.31 - Monthly average flow in the Zenzo section
As can be seen, the distribution of flow rates throughout the year is very different from the distribution of monthly rainfall. The average monthly maximum flows are recorded in March and April with values in the order of 1000 m3/s. From December to May, the average values are above 500 m3/s and from August to October they are of the order of 300 m3/s.
The series of flows that has been presented previously is the series of modified flows, through the joint simulation of the exploration of the hydroelectric power plants at Capanda, Lauca and Caculo Cabaço, upstream from Zenzo, including, therefore, the changes to the natural flow regime caused by larger reservoirs, as well as evaporative losses, which are of the order of 4 m3/s.
The comparison between natural and expected future monthly flows (modified by the regulation effect of the Capanda and Lauca reservoirs) enables the regularization effect of the Capanda and Lauca reservoirs to be verified, with the modified flows being greater in the dry and less in the wet season. However, the seasonality of the natural flows remains, with the lowest flows in August, September and October, and the highest in March and April.
Table 5.13 summarizes the information on the tributaries to Zenzo.
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CHAPTER 5.13 - Flows in the study area
Series Number of Avera Standard Variation Asymmetry Period of years ge deviation coefficient coefficient FlowsNatural (m3/s) (m3/s) 1944-2013 69 590.6 200.5 0.339 0.564 (COBA) Modified 1944-2013 69 587.3 197.3 0.336 0.647 (COBA) Natural 1951-1974 23 687.0 232.3 0.338 0.518 (CWE) Source: COBA analysis and opinion document (December 2014) for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project
Analyzing the above table and in relation to the natural flows, CWE estimates an average flow rate of 687 m3/s at Zenzo, with an annual discharge of 21,665,000,000 m3, whereas COBA estimates that this figure is in the order of 590.6 m3/s.
Regarding the modified flows, COBA believes Zenzo to have an average flow of 587,3 m3/s, with an annual discharge volume of 18,500,000,000 m3.
The monthly variation of the mean annual flow defined by CWE for the data series 1951-1974 is presented in Table 5.14.
TABLE 5.14 - Monthly average annual flow variation - CWE
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Flow (m3/s) 900 1070 1340 1510 946 502 341 269 222 222 357 588 687 % 11.1 12.1 16.5 18.1 11.7 6.0 4.2 3.3 2.7 2.7 4.3 7.3 100
Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Proposal, January 2015)
Table 5.15 shows the monthly variation of the mean annual flow defined by CWE (natural flows) and COBA (modified flows).
CHAPTER 5.15 - Monthly variation of annual average flow - CWE and COBA
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year COBA – 69 years 582 780 1014 1007 636 495 396 350 375 380 466 578 587 CWE – 23 years 900 1070 1340 1510 946 502 341 269 222 222 357 588 687
Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Proposal, January 2015)
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Table 5.16 considers the statistical forecasts of annual average flows for the various periods of return.
Table 5.16 - Statistical forecasts of the annual average flows for the various return periods
Probability of not being exceeded 2% 10% 20% - 80% 90% 98%
Return period (years) Series of flows Number of years 50 10 5 - 5 10 50 Dry year Avera Wet year (m3/s) ge (m3/s) Natural (m3/s) 69 260.0 351.8 413.8 590.6 755.8 885.7 1171.5 (COBA) Modified 69 278.1 362.3 419.1 587.3 732.8 851.9 1114.1 (COBA) Natural (CWE) 23 319.3 419.4 487.1 687.0 860.4 1002.2 1314.2
Source: COBA analysis and opinion document (December 2014) for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project
For the natural flow situation in the series of 69 years, it can be observed that for an average annual flow of 590.6 m3/s, once every five years there is a flow in the order of 413.8 m3/s in a dry year, and in a wet year, a flow rate of 755.8 m3/s. For once every 10 years, these values are, respectively, 351.8 m3/s and 885.7 m3/s.
Considering the same series of years for the modified flows, at an annual average flow of 587.3 m3/s, once every 5 years there are flow rates of 419.1 m3/s in a dry year, and a flow of 732.8 m3/s in a wet year. For once every 10 years, these values are, respectively, 362.3 m3/s and 851.9 m3/s.
• - Extreme Hydrological Phenomena
Flooding may be caused by high rainfall over a period of time or by sudden, high-intensity rainfall. The excess of rainfall increases the surface discharge and the flow of the water courses, causing overflow of the normal bed of the water lines and flooding of the banks and surrounding area.
By analyzing the data on areas subject to flooding, which are included in the basic NAP studies, it can be verified that in North Kwanza province there is a flood occurring in
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Massangano (2001) and Dondo (2010 to 2011), sites belonging to the municipality of Cambambe. In the province of South Kwanza, the occurrence of a flood in Calulo (2010 to 2011), which is part of the municipality of Libolo, can be highlighted.
In the Massangano floods (2001), 20,000 people were displaced, 600 families were left homeless and about 500 ha of farmland were flooded, while with the Dondo floods (2010 to 2011), 1 person died, 2070 were displaced, 4 schools and 2 churches (1 church partially) and 1 medical station were destroyed, and 172 ploughs submerged; 181 homes were destroyed and 233 homes partially destroyed; there was a loss of crops in flooded agricultural areas and low production; there was also a loss of school materials.
In the Calulo floods (2010 to 2011), there were 6 deaths and 6010 evacuees; 2 schools, 2 churches, 3 warehouses and 1 telegraph pole were destroyed; 1039 homes were destroyed, 40 homes were partially destroyed and 109 flooded; there was a loss of crops in flooded agricultural areas and low production; there was also a loss of school materials.
As far as flood flows are concerned, there are no records of instantaneous flows at the hydrometric stations located in the area of the hydrographic basin of the River Kwanza. However, it should be noted that the maximum daily average flow recorded at Cambambe power plant, located in the vicinity of the study area, amounts to about 2328.3 m3/s.
Droughts are extreme and temporary natural phenomena with properties that are highly characteristic and different to all other types of catastrophe. Generally, a drought is considered to be a situation characterized by water scarcity associated with reduced rainfall, which occurs over a longer period of time and significantly affects ecosystems and socio-economic activities.
Table 5.17 shows the rainfall values associated with the severe drought and extreme drought thresholds at the River Kwanza hydrographic facilities. TABLE 5.17 - Rainfall values (mm) associated with severe drought and extreme drought thresholds
Rainy Dry Hydrogra season season phic Facility Severe Extreme Severe Extreme Alto Kwanza, AK 996.7 933.0 11.8 7.2 Mid-Kwanza, MK 827.4 779.6 18.3 13.0
Baixo Kwanza, BK 698.3 646.6 17.5 13.2
According to the inventory of sites with droughts, presented in the NAP basic studies, it has been verified that South Kwanza province was affected by about 54 occurrences, and was one of the provinces that registered
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the highest number of drought phenomena. Of these 54 occurrences, 4 occurred in the Libolo municipality in the years 2007 to 2008, 2012 and 2013.
The drought phenomena that affected the province of South Kwanza affected the productivity of thousands of hectares of crops and led to food shortages.
According to results released by OCHA concerning droughts, during the 2011-2012 season, there was a drought period characterized by the decrease of rainfall by about 60% compared to normal years, resulting in a drought that lasted all 2012. According to the assessment carried out in 10 provinces, it was noted that agricultural production in general and cereal production in particular decreased by 30%, depending on the harvest. It was estimated that production at national level would be reduced by 400,000 tonnes and about 366,780 households (1,833,900 people) would be affected, with the provinces of Bengo, South Kwanza, Benguela, Huila, Namibe, Cunene, Moxico, Bie, Huambo and Zaire the most devastated.
The effects of drought in the following years were notorious, contributing to a significant increase in food insecurity, causing public health problems, in particular by increasing levels of acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age. Based on extrapolations of the estimated results for the number of children with acute malnutrition, this would be around 533,000, of which around 97,000 are in the province of South Kwanza.
According to international assessments, the humanitarian consequences of drought in the populations studied are as follows: 49 Reduction in the availability of water for human and domestic consumption. The average consumption per person is 3 to 7 liters per day, instead of the recommended 20 liters; 50 Increased public health problems due to water scarcity; 51 Increase in the occurrence of malaria, measles, diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, combined with acute malnutrition; 52 Increase in the number of children who will be admitted to nutrition-related treatment centers; 53 Increases in food prices and scarcity will lead to a change in dietary patterns among practically all families evaluated; 54 The low degree of coverage of basic nutrition programs for the community will limit responsiveness. Taking into account the problems identified and the situations that have occurred in the past, drought and consequent problems at household level should be considered as a global concern.
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• - Erosion and Sedimentary Transport
According to the information in the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Proposal, January 2015), through the analysis of the sediment discharge records of the Capanda Hydroelectric Plant upstream of the study area, the annual sediment value is 720,000 tonnes, the material weight being suspended in the order of 0.0012 kg/m3. In the aforementioned technical proposal, it is indicated that the sediment results of the Capanda Hydroelectric Plant should be considered for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant.
Considering all the previously mentioned aspects, it can be concluded that the sediment load is potentially reduced in the study area.
• - Water Uses and Requirements
Consumption Uses
The annual water requirements for consumption uses in the Mid-Kwanza Hydroelectric Facility (where the study area is located) are estimated at 107.1 hm3 The sector with the greatest water needs is irrigation (95.5 hm3 / year), responsible for 89.2% of total needs. A significant part of the area currently irrigated benefits from the Capanda reservoir. Public supply with 10.3 hm3/year is the second sector with the greatest needs (9.6% of the total). Livestock (1.2 hm3/year) and industry (0.1 hm3/year) represent 1.1% and 0.1%, respectively, of the consumption needs. (National Water Plan - 2014) (National Water Plan - 2014)
In average annual terms, the water resources of the Mid-Kwanza hydroelectric facility are around 29,977 hm3, of which 20,762 hm3 correspond to surface resources and 9,216 hm3 to groundwater.
At the Mid-Kwanza Hydroelectric Facility, the average annual volume of turbine water for the production of electricity is 20,267 hm3. This volume accounts for about 98% of the average annual runoff due to the existence of Capanda and Cambambe I waterfall operation (where Zenzo's hydroelectric plant is placed). This percentage will be in the order of 300%, with the start-up of the hydroelectric plants of Cambambe II, Lauca and Caculo Cabaça.
Table 5.18 shows the main descriptive statistics of the monthly results of the water balance of the Middle Kwanza hydroelectric facility for the situation in question, based on monthly water availability corresponding to the period 1944/45 to 1973/74.
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TABLE 5.18 - Descriptive statistics of the monthly water balance at Middle Kwanza hydroelectric facility.
Surface Recharg Subterranean Availability Balance Available ratio Statistics Water e Water (hm3/month) (hm3/mon Req. (hm3/mon (hm3/mon (hm3/month) th) Maximum 826 768 th)7 503 8 271 8 270 2 602 th) 3rd Quartile 276 768 2 369 3 137 3 135 717 Mean 149 768 1 229 1 997 1 994 360 1st Quartile 9 768 726 1 494 1 485 67 Minimum 0 768 106 874 860 29 Average 169 768 1 734 2 502 2 490 521 Value Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
The analysis of the monthly values shows that the minimum value of the ratio requirement needs is about 29 times, the average value being significantly higher, by about 521 times. For the whole period, there is no change in the volume of groundwater, since needs are almost wholly supplied from surface resources.
According to the basic studies of the NAP, in the Cambambe municipality, the water supply requirement is 1.20 hm3 / year. On the other hand, in the Libolo municipality, the water requirement is 1.40 hm3/year.
Non-consumption uses This assumes that the right to use non-consumption water resources refers to use that does not produce any type of transformation of the water resource, which is returned to the natural environment in order to be available for other uses, which are identified as hydroelectric, fishing and aquaculture, navigation, and other uses and occupations such as tourism and cultural uses.
Hydroelectric Plants
The existing and planned hydroelectric plants for Mid-Kwanza are presented in Chapter 3.1.1.
Fisheries and Aquaculture
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River fishing
The Kwanza Hydrographic Basin is characterized, in addition to the hydrographic network with water lines of significant flow throughout the year, by the presence of lakes and ponds, which encourage the practice of river and lagoon fishing.
Fishing activity is mainly directed aimed at personal consumption, with surpluses being traded locally. As a result of the greater population density in the province of Luanda, much of the surplus fish from other regions is transferred to it.
However, the potential for development is severely limited by the lack of resources as well as lack of training in the area, given that many of the techniques used are still quite rudimentary, such as line fishing, trapping and even inappropriate techniques which are harmful to the environment, such as the use of toxic products.
Due to their potential, the different provinces covered by the basin possess different orders of subsistence dependency in this sector.
Mid-Kwanza is possibly the province covered whose population depends the most on fishing activity. Practiced in rivers and lagoons, using traditional processes, it has significant economic and social importance, particularly in the municipality of Cambambe, where the most fished species are cacusso and catfish. One of the most small scale fishing lagoons is Ngolome.
In the other municipalities of the province, fishing is less prevalent in the subsistence activity of the population, but is practiced in different water lines that cross these municipalities.
Aquaculture (fish farming)
In Angola, aquaculture (cultivation of aquatic species in nurseries) is essentially small-scale, developing mainly in inland waters and being practiced mostly by rural communities and the private sector. In the River Kwanza hydrographic basin, although aquaculture is present in some places, it does not currently have a notable economic impact.
At the national level, a program is under way for the sustainable development of aquaculture (cultivation of aquatic species in nurseries), aimed at addressing the decline in fish stocks. The project includes the construction of experimental fish farm stations, larviculture centers for the production of marine species (when applicable) and freshwater, feed mills and the promotion of community aquaculture.
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The program aims to increase and contribute aquaculture to regional economic growth and promote trade in the Angolan region, thereby harnessing the potential provided by abundant natural resources, exploiting them in a sustainable way, so that this activity can guarantee food security, poverty reduction, job creation and population subsistence.
The River Kwanza hydrographic basin is no exception to the implementation of a program for the sustainable development of aquaculture. Therefore, among the measures adopted, it is possible to highlight the rehabilitation of the Camibafo Production Center in the province of Malanje, as well as in the province of North Kwanza, the development of a project to expand aquaculture and the construction of a Larviculture Center in Cambambe, to supply species.
Navigation
Most of the Angolan rivers do not have the characteristics suitable for navigation, given their high slope and the sudden drop in altitude, as well as the fact that the flow of many of these rivers is very dependent upon seasonality, that is, insignificant during the dry season, and rainy season. However, the River Kwanza is among the main navigable rivers in Angola, along with the River Lucala. With regard to investments planned for this part in the River Kwanza hydrographic basin, it is essential to highlight river transport project along the River Kwanza.
Tourism
The Kwanza Hydrographic Basin covers points of high interest for tourism development in different fields, with the following being the most noteworthy:
• Nature Tourism: Kissama National Park, located in the province of Luanda, the Kalandula Falls, which will be the target of a tourist development initiative with the same name, the Luando National Reserve, the Cagandala National Park and the Stones of Pungo Andungo, all in Malange province; • Cultural and historical: Muxima (Luanda province) and Massangano (North Kwanza province), which preserve historical features of ethnographic value, such as forts and churches; • Themed rural tourism: with, for example, the use of areas of former coffee farms; • Recreational and Leisure Tourism: due to the presence of permanent natural lagoons and lagoons.
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Although at the tourism level, North Kwanza province is only a point of passage to other destinations, it is possible to highlight some potential for nature tourism development relating to the province's water resources, such as the Kwanza rapids, which may be an attraction for the practice of extreme sports such as rafting, or the potential for rural tourism and recreation offered by the lagoons in Banga municipality. In addition to these aspects, North Kwanza province can offer potential in terms of historical tourism with the presence of villages such as Massangano, with its high-value, well-conserved features.
The Provincial Commerce, Hotel and Tourism Board also identified the potential for rural tourism development north of the Lower Kwanza sub-basin, in Camabatela municipality, North Kwanza province), given the presence of countless old coffee farms.
The same board identified the following places as being of major tourist interest:
TABLE 5.19 - Sites of major tourist interest in North Kwanza province
Designation Municipalities Botanic Garden Cazengo Mountain 1.014 Cazengo Morro Hill Cazengo Miradouro Pool (Ndalatando) Cazengo River Vuva falls (Muembeje Falls) Cazengo Massagano Ruins Cambambe Hydroelectric Complex Cambambe Kiamafulo Beach (River Kwanza) Kambambe (Dondo) Nova Oeiras Foundry Kambambe (Dondo) River Lucala rapids Lucala
Calombolo Caves (Kiangombe Lucala Municipality) Santo Hilário ruins Upper Golungo Mazalala waterfall Upper Golungo River Canhogo falls Ambaca Banga Lagoon Banga River Caule waterfall Quiculungo Zanga caves Cazengo Hala caves Lucala
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Designation Municipalities Cachoeira falls (Bembeze) Lucala River Caule waterfall (Bengueji) Quiculungo Banga Hills Banga Source: Provincial Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism Board, adapted from the North Kwanza Provincial Development Plan, 2013-2017
Cultural Uses
In the Kwanza Hydrographic Basin, water resources are a key element in the life of the population, for whom they are an integral part not only of subsistence, but also of popular culture, influencing how these populations interact with this resource.
Field reconnaissance made it possible to verify that the adaptation of the populations to the scarcity of water took place through the use of the river banks for basic necessities such as washing and bathing. For cultural reasons, some people still prefer to get water from the river, to the detriment of wells.
In addition to domestic uses, the banks of the water lines continue to be very important means for the subsistence of the populations, especially in the plateau area with its strong agricultural activity. Here, during the rainy season, it is possible to observe the almost total abandonment of the villages by entire families, who move to the fields on the banks of the river, where they remain for practically the entire period.
No other cultural uses have been identified at the water level associated with religious rituals or beliefs.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.19 - Use of the banks of the River Kwanza - Dondo
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PHOTOGRAPH 5.20 - Use of the banks of the River Kwanza
Hydraulic infrastructures
In the area of study, the Filomeno Câmara Bridge stands out.
PHOTOGRAPH 5.21 - Filomeno Câmara Bridge, on the River Kwanza
• - Surface Water Quality
22 Initial considerations
As regards surface water water quality, there is currently insufficient monitoring to enable characterization of water lines throughout the year and along river sections. However, especially in rural areas, water quality is apparently good, according to PNEA (2012). In spite of this lack of information, it is possible as a first resort to systematize the main identified threats to the contamination of surface water resources:
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55 Contamination and eutrophication of surface water due to the use of agrochemicals which, although reduced, present a real risk of surface water contamination; 56 Pollution through discharge of industrial waste water; 57 Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste; 58 Absence of sanitation infrastructures, and there is no adequate route for sewage.
Although there are shortcomings in the region in terms of good water management practices, scarce human and industrial use is unlikely to result in significant contamination of water lines, especially at the beginning of the wet season, when there are significant rainwater flows of considerable erosive power.
In order to resolve the scarcity of information on the quality of water resources, and considering that the necessary safety conditions were met, a water quality sampling campaign was carried out in the study area at two different points. These analyses were carried out with in situ measurement equipment in order to reduce the risk of assigning results to the laboratory. The sampling campaign was carried out in March 2016. However, it can already be pointed out that the campaign carried out does not allow an overall characterization of the surface water quality situation of the water line, since, in addition to not carrying out sampling in a sufficient number of places to be considered representative, sampling only took place in a humid period, so that at least two reference periods were not considered, including also the dry period. Reference should also be made to Presidential Decree No. 261/11, of October 6, which defines the Water Quality Regulation, and establishes water quality standards and criteria, with the aim of protecting the aquatic environment and improving water quality, in their main applications.
23 Water Quality in the River Kwanza Hydrographic Basin
In the River Kwanza hydrographic basin, mainly due to the various hydroelectric operations and short-term planned exploration and environmental studies carried out, there is some water quality data that is included in the existing monitoring networks at various points along the stretch of the river between the Capanda and Cambambe dams, including the Lauca dam under construction and the site designed for the future dam of Caculo Cabaça. Figure 5.32 shows the location of the aforementioned facilities and the study area.
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FIGURE 5.32 - Location of the Capanda, Lauca, Caculo Cabaça and Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plants Section of River Kwanza between Capanda and Caculo Cabaça
The following tables present the results and observations derived from the few campaigns that monitored the quality of surface water carried out on the section of the River Kwanza river between the Capanda and Caculo Cabaça hydroelectric plants.
TABLE 5.20 - Results of the monitoring campaigns of the technical, economic and environmental feasibility studies of the new operations at Lauca and Caculo Cabaça (Intertechne, 2008)
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Studies on the technical, economic and environmental feasibility Parameter of the new uses of Lauca and Caculo Cabaça (Intertechne, 2008)
Results/Observations
Nutrients Does not transport nutrients in significant quantities, reflecting the use (nitrogen and of less intensive soil in the region Colorphosphorus) (in situ Clear waters measuring) Neutral pH, with moderate buffering capacity, indicated by alkalinity pH
Hardness Low Hardness Calcium Low Concentration Magnesium Low Concentration
Low concentration The ammoniacal fraction appears to have been Total nitrogen oxidized by the turbulence promoted by the bottom
Absence anddischarge. low levels of nitrogenous nutrients due to the non- Organic pollution existence of intense occupational processes in the area of
Suggestsinfluence. that the phosphorus concentration at the bottom of the
reservoir should be high. This phosphorus certainly feeds
phytoplankton given the sulfite concentration (0.05 mg / L), an indicator
of anaerobic environments. In these environments, the phosphorus is
in dissolved form, so that its transfer downstream, through the turbines Phosphates or the bottom discharge, creating an eutrophication hazard. According to the analytical results analyzed, this does not happen, which means that this potential is neutralized by the vigorous rapids of the River Kwanza, which do not favor algae growth, even in nutritional conditions.
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
TABLE 5.21 - Results of the social survey carried out for the Environmental Impact Study of the Lauca Dam Construction Project (Holísticos, May 2013)
Social survey carried out for the Environmental Impact Study of the Lauca Dam Construction Project Parameter (Holísticos, May 2013) Observations
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The water in the River Kwanza near the Lauca hydroelectric plant is little used by the local population, although it is commonly used for fishing General and washing clothes, without significant changes in the water quality of
the Kwanza in this location.
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1
TABLE 5.22 - Results of the River Kwanza Water Monitoring Plan - Odebrecht (2013)
River Kwanza Water Monitoring Plan Parameter Odebrecht (2013) Results/Observations Color (in situ Clear waters measuring) pH Slightly alkaline Conductivity Lower conductivity Dissolved solids Low concentration
Well oxygenated, mainly due to the existence of rapids that allow the Dissolved Oxygen mixing and oxygenation of water.
The results obtained were also compared and interpreted taking into
account the existing national legislation (Presidential Decree No. 261/11
of October 6) and the international standard values, with regard to the
European Union Framework Directive on Environmental Quality
(Directive 2008/105/EC - Environmental Quality Standards - EQS) for water quality in natural environments The analysis of the results shows
that the River Kwanza in the studied area generally has good water
quality, clearly indicating a reduced influence of diffuse and point source General pollution at this level. As a result of this sampling and in the context of environmental monitoring of the construction of the Lauca dam, the "Monitoring Plan for Water Analysis of River Kwanza" has been continued, which allows for a rigorous assessment of the current state of the water quality in this area. The results of the physico-chemical analyzes that have been obtained reveal the maintenance of physico-chemical properties compatible
Source: National Water Plan (2014) with- Volume good 1 water quality of the River Kwanza in this area.
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In view of the above, it can be stated that the water quality of the stretch of the River Kwanza between the hydroelectric plants of Capanda and Caculo Cabaça can be classified as good.
Cambambe dam The following tables present the results and observations from the few campaigns to monitor the quality of surface water carried out in the Cambambe dam area.
TABLE 5.23 - Results of the monitoring campaigns of the Environmental Impact Study of the Cambambe Hydroelectric Project" (Holísticos, December 2013)
Environmental Impact Study of the Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant Parameter ” (Holísticos, December 2013) Results/Observations
Concentration values are lower than the limits established by
Presidential Decree No. 261/11 for Annex IX - "Minimum Quality
Environmental Objectives for Surface Waters". At the points sampled
downstream of the Cambambe dam, the situation is aggravated by the Heavy Metals concentration of metals, not only of iron, but also cadmium and mercury. At the downstream points of the dam, there is large-scale anthropogenic activity which results in the dumping of solid waste in the canal and on the banks of the river, through laundry and mass bathing.
High concentrations but always within the limits set out in Annex I to PD Iron No. 261/11 - "Quality of surface fresh water intended for the production of water for human consumption"
Within the standards established by WHO and the limits established Physicochemical by PD No. 261/11, either in Annex I or in Annex IX.
They are not within the standards established by the World Health Total and fecal Organization for water quality and the limits established by Annex I of coliforms PD No. 261/11.
Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 Overall, the physico-chemical parameters related to the water quality of the points analyzed in the Cambambe hydroelectric area are within the standards established by national and international standards
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for good quality water, except for the microbiological parameters that indicate some degree of bacterial contamination.
24 Water Quality in the Study Area
As mentioned above, and in order to balance the scarcity of information on the quality of water resources, especially in the area under study, a water quality sampling campaign was carried out at two different points. These analyses were carried out with i n s i t u measurement equipment, in order to reduce the risk of assigning results by transport to the laboratory.
The sampling campaign was carried out in March 2016. However, it is merely indicative, as it does not allow an overall characterization of the surface water quality situation of the water line, either because samplings have not been carried out in sufficient places to be considered representative, or because sampling was only carried out in the wet period, thus not taking into account at least two reference periods, including also the dry period. The analytical methods considered for the determination of the parameters were, in general, different from those referred to in Presidential Decree No. 261/11 of October 6, 2011, which establishes standards and criteria for the measurement of water quality, thus constituting one more reason for the sampling campaign carried out to be indicative only.
Sampling Sites The locations where water quality samplings were performed are shown in Figure 5.33 and their characteristics and identification in Table 5.24.
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FIGURE 5.33 - Location of sampling points for surface water quality
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TABLE 5.24 - Identification and characteristics of sampling points
Water Line Sampling Water Line Collection Data Local Coordinates Width Photograph Observations Point Designation (m)
In this area, the
In the vicinity of water line is used 09º44’17.1’’ S SUP1 03/02/2016 Filomeno Câmara River Kwanza 30 for consumption, 14º48’09.5’’ E Bridge washing of clothes and bathing
In this area, the Upstream of the water line is used 09º43’58.4’’ S SUP2 03/02/2016 sampling point SUP2 River Kwanza 410 for consumption, 14º48’40.3’’ E (right margin) washing of clothes and bathing
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Field Work Methodologies
Sample collection took into account the following criteria:
59 Volume of water collected sufficient to perform the analysis of the parameters; 60 Field records used for collection, with the following data: 60.1 Exact location of the collection point (coordinates and photographic record); 60.2 Date when collection took place; 60.3 Indication of the parameters analyzed in situ; 60.4 Characterizing the enclosure of the collection point.
Samplings were carried out in situ for the following parameters:
61 pH; 62 Temperature; 63 Conductivity; 64 Total dissolved solids 65 Dissolved oxygen; 66 Phosphates 67 Nitrates; 68 Nitrites; 69 Iron; 70 Copper; 71 Zinc.
For this purpose, the following equipment was used:
72 In situ parameter measurement samples: 72.1 Multi-parameter pH, TDS, Conductivity and Temperature Sensor 72.2 Dissolved Oxygen measurement probe 73 In situ photometer for measurement of parameters.
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FIGURE 5.34 - Equipment for measuring water quality parameters
Results of Samplings
The following table shows the results obtained in the field work carried out in March 2016.
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Table 5.25 - Surface Water Quality Sampling Results
PARAMETERS
SAMPLING POINT Conductiv Dissolved Oxygen Total Temperature Phosph Nitrates Zinc Copp Iron Nitrites pH ity (μS) Dissolved (ºC) Saturatio Concentration ates (mg/l) (mg/l) er (mg/l) Solids (mg/l) (mg/l) n (%) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) SUP 1 7.14 38 27.9 129 10.2 23 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 SUP 2 7.14 23.5 28.4 120 8.7 18 0.00 1.00 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.01 Annex I VMR 6.50-8.50 1000 22 70** - - 0.40 25 0.50 0.02 0.10 - DP 261/11 Category VMA - - 25* - - - - 50* 3.00 0.05* 0.30 - A1 VMR - Recommended Maximum Value VMA - Permissible Maximum Value * - Limits can be exceeded in case of exceptional geographic or meteorological conditions ** - Recommended minimum value Measured value higher than VMA Value measured higher than VMR or outside VMR range Value measured lower than the VMA / VMR or within the range of VMR
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Analysis of the results.
Presidential Decree No. 261/11 of October 6, 2011 establishes the standards and criteria for measuring water quality according to its main uses, with a view to protecting public health, integrated water resources management and preservation of the environment.
Through the analysis of the previous table, it can be concluded that only the values obtained for the temperature parameter do not meet the maximum permissible value for category A1 of Annex I of Presidential No. 261/11 of October 6, 2011.
It should be noted, however, for the temperature parameter indicated in the Presidential Decree, there is the safeguard that limits can be exceeded in the case of exceptional geographical or meteorological conditions, which can be applied in the present case, where the temperature of the air at the time samples were taken was high (about 34.5°C) and the height of the water column at the collection sites was reduced resulting in greater warming of the body of water.
For the other parameters, although there was no exceedance compared to the legal maximum permissible values, it should be noted that the sampling campaign carried out does not allow, on the one hand, an absolute characterization of the quality of the water lines, on the other, it does allow for an evolutionary analysis of the analyzed parameters, the relative proportions and rates of transport of substances dissolved in the rivers being highly variable from one place to another, depending on their sources, paths and interactions with particles.
In order to analyze the results obtained, the South African Water Quality Guideline Field Guide, of the South African Water Quality Guidelines series (Volume 8), was also taken into account.
In this document, for each parameter and specific use of water, a range of concentration values is defined for which the presence of each parameter does not lead to known or anticipated adverse effects on the suitability of the water, assuming long-term and continuous use and for safeguarding of the health of aquatic ecosystems.
However, it should be emphasized that if the values obtained for each parameter exceed the defined range of values, it does not mean that the water is not suitable for a specific use, but rather that this particular situation should be better evaluated.
In this analysis, it was considered relevant to present the ranges of support values for aquatic systems and for domestic use (human consumption), and the values and the respective legal framework, when possible, presented below.
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TABLE 5.26 - Target value range for water quality
TARGET VALUE INDICATORS FOR WATER QUALITY / VALUES PARAMETER MEASURED AQUATIC SYSTEMS DOMESTIC USE Ammonia (mg/l) 7 0 – 1.0 SUP1 0.01 SUP1 0.01 Copper (mg/l) 0.0003-0.0014 0 – 1.0 SUP2 0.02 SUP2 0.02 SUP1 129 Dissolved Oxygen (%) 80-120 ND SUP2 120 0.00* SUP1 0.01** Nitrates*/Nitrites** (mg/l) ND (a) 0 – 6 1.00* SUP2 0.01** SUP1 7.14 pH ND (b) 6 – 9 SUP2 7.14 Temperature (°C) ND (c) ND Phosphorous (mg/l) ND (d) ND SUP1 23 Total dissolved solids (mg/l) ND (e) 0 – 450 SUP2 18 SUP1 0.01 SUP1 0.01 Zinc (mg/l) < 0.002 0 – 3 SUP2 0.01 SUP2 0.01
SOURCE: South African Water Quality Guidelines Field Guide, South African Water Quality Guidelines series - Volume 8 NA - Not Available 24 The range of target values for water quality should be obtained only after the completion of site-specific studies. 25 pH values should not vary between samplings at the same time and place, at intervals greater than 0.5 (unit value) or 5%, and should be conservatively evaluated. 26 The temperature values should not vary between daily mean values of standard samples for specific locations and hours, at intervals above 2°C or 10% and should be conservatively evaluated. 27 Inorganic phosphorus concentrations shall not be changed by more than 15% between sampling in the same place and at any time of the year. 28 Total dissolved solids concentrations shall not change more than 15% between samplings in the same place and at any time of the year. Measured value within the range of target values measured value outside the range of target values
Through analysis of the above table, it can be concluded that the values obtained for zinc and copper at the two sampling points and for the dissolved oxygen at sampling point 1 are outside the range of target values defined for the quality of the water supporting the aquatic systems. As far as domestic
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use is concerned, it is verified that the values obtained for the framed parameters are within the set intervals.
On the other hand, it was sought to classify the water lines sampled in terms of quality through the methodology used by the Portuguese Environment Agency (SNIRH - National Water Resources Information System), which assigns surface water quality classes to watercourses, based on quality characteristics for multiple uses. TABLE 5.27 - Quality Limits of surface watercourses
A B C D E CALCULATION Very METHOD Excellent Good Fair Poor PARAMETER: UNITS: poor PERC FREQUEN MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX - ENTILE CY Arsenic mg/l As 85 3 - 0.01 - 0.05 - - - 0.1 >0.1 Kjeldahl nitrogen mg/l N 85 4 - 0.5 - 1 - 2 - 3 >3 Ammoniacal mg/l NH4 85 8 - 0.5 - 1.5 - 2.5 - 4 >4 nitrogen Biochemical oxygen mg/l O2 85 8 - 3 - 5 - 8 - 20 >20 demand Chemical oxygen mg/l O2 85 8 - 10 - 20 - 40 - 80 >80 demand Lead mg/l Pb 85 3 - 0.05 - - - 0.1 - 0.1 >0.1 Cyanides mg/l CN 85 3 - 0.05 - - - 0.08 - 0.08 >0.08 Copper mg/l Cu 85 3 - 0.05 - 0.2 - 0.5 - 1 >1 Fecal coliforms /100 ml 85 8 - 20 - 2000 - 20,00 - >20,00 0 0 Total coliforms /100 ml 85 8 - 50 - 5000 - 50000 - >50000 Conductibility μS/cm, 20ºC 85 8 - 750 - 1000 - 1500 - 3000 >3000 Chromium mg/l Cr 85 3 - 0.05 - - - 0.08 - 0.08 >0.08 Cadmium mg/l Cd 85 3 - 0.001 - 0.005 - 0.005 - >0.005 Fecal streptococci /100 ml 85 4 - 20 - 2000 - 20,00 - >20,00 0 0 Phenol mg/l C6H5OH 85 4 - 0.001 - 0.005 - 0.01 - 0.1 >0.1 Iron mg/l Fe 85 3 - 0.5 - 1 - 1.5 - 2 >2
Phosphates P 2 mg/l P 2 O 5 85 8 - 0.4 - 0.54 - 0.94 - 1 >1 O 5 Phosphorous P mg/l P 85 8 - 0.2 - 0.25 - 0.4 - 0.5 >0.5 Manganese mg/l Mn 85 3 - 0.1 - 0.25 - 0.5 - 1 >1 Mercury mg/l Hg 85 3 - 0.0005 - - - 0.001 - 0.001 >0.001 Nitrates mg/l NO3 85 8 - 5 - 25 - 50 - 80 >80 Oxidability mg/l 85 8 - 3 - 5 - 10 - 25 >25 Dissolved Oxygen % O2 saturation 85 8 90 - 70 - 50 - 30 - <30 (sat) Selenium mg/l Se 85 3 - 0.01 - - - 0.05 - 0.05 >0.05
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A B C D E CALCULATION Very METHOD Excellent Good Fair Poor PARAMETER: UNITS: poor PERC FREQUEN MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX - ENTILE CY Surfactants mg / l, sodium 85 4 - 0.2 - - - 0.5 - 0.5 >0.5 lauryl sulfate Total suspended mg/l 75 8 - 25 - 30 - 40 - 80 >80 solids Zinc mg/l Zn 85 3 - 0.3 - 1 - 3 - 5 >5 pH Sorensen Scale 85 8 6.5 8.5 5.5 9 5 10 4.5 11 >11 16 As a parameter that is very dependent upon geomorphological characteristics, pH can present values outside this range, without, however, signifying changes in quality due to pollution. 17 Frequency change to Kjeldahl Nitrogen since 2006. 18 In classifications referring to the North in 2007, the minimum sampling frequency was not respected.
Source: SNIRH, 2013 Bold Classification of water quality class
Before characterizing the water line, it should be noted that water bodies should be characterized by the analysis of three main components: hydrological, physicochemical and biological parameters. A comprehensive assessment of water quality is based on proper monitoring of these components. Accordingly, this classification is merely indicative, on the one hand, for the reasons explained above in terms of the frequency and periodicity of sampling, on the other, because there are no sufficient rater parameters since only 29% of the sample was analyzed. The total number of parameters necessary for its classification according to this methodology, and no biological parameters were analyzed.
Analyzing the values obtained in the sampling campaign carried out and the respective classification in the limits of quality of surface water courses, and based on the fact that the worst classification obtained for a parameter determines the class of water quality in a water line, it was concluded that the section of the sampled water line (River Kwanza) is classified as Excellent (Class A).
Synthesis of Surface Water Quality Results The widespread lack of updated data on surface water quality does not allow for more in-depth analysis of this aspect. Effectively, the existing analyzes are scarce, do not translate the variability of water quality during the hydrological year at the analyzed sites and do not consider, in the main, the current international trends, which establish the biological and microbiological parameters analysis. However, the data collected and previously presented makes it possible to ascertain that the surface water quality in the study area is apparently good.
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• - Preliminary Identification of Sensitive Areas In general, these are regarded as the areas to be protected that support ecosystems for nature conservation, which undergo changes in water quality during certain periods (flood phenomena), or which support demanding uses, such as supply procurement. According to the characteristics of the current situation in the study area, the following sensitive areas are considered:
Public and / or private procurement The study area is not provided with public and/or private water abstraction.
Flood areas As mentioned previously, the municipalities of the project have already been affected by flood events, namely Massangano (2001) and Dondo (2010 to 2011), localities belonging to the municipality of Cambambe and in Calulo (2010 to 2011), part of the municipality of Libolo.
Nature Conservation Areas/Lakes and Lagoons In the study area, there are no nature conservation areas, lakes and lagoons.
• - Identification of Pollution Sources
Pressure on the quality of watercourses in the study area is not the result of pollution sources that are industrial in origin (point sources), since they are non-existent, nor of diffuse sources of pollution associated with agriculture, since this activity is limited and, when practiced, very rudimentary, without recourse to manure or fertilizers.
The main source of contamination of the water environment in the area under analysis is therefore thought to be the discharge of domestic effluents and those resulting from the leaching of indiscriminately dumped waste.
However, it is recognized that the low population density of the study area combined with the natural self- purification capacity of watercourses does not currently lead to the serious pollution of surface water resources.
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• - Underground Water Resources
• - Initial Considerations
Hydrogeological nature studies of the region where the study area is situated are practically non-existent.
The hydrogeological chart, 1:250,000 scale, presented in 1989 by the team of MacDonald & Partners Limited (UK) and Hidroproyecto, Consultores de Hidráulica e Salubridade SA, as part of the "Hydrologic Assessment of Sub-Saharan Countries" SADC project.
The Sweco (2005) document for the National Water Board uses data from the Hydrogeological Chart (1989) and the Friend Program, to which it adds some comments about expected productivity and also some opinions about the relationship between surface water and groundwater, thereby seeking to present potential use of the groundwater that is connected hydraulically with rivers.
PLANIRRIGA (2010) and PNEA (2012), both of which were developed by COBA - Consultores de Engenharia e Ambiente, SA, respectively, for the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries and for the Ministry of Energy and Water, were also consulted. In both cases, data from the Hydrogeological Chart (1989) was used, but it only includes information obtained from data from about 2,000 surveys for Southwest Angola.
PNEA sought to collect information on existing quality data, which proved to be unsatisfactory, as stated in the report: "Existing analyses are scarce, do not translate water quality variability throughout the year in the sites analyzed and do not consider, according to the current international trends, biological and microbiological parameters".
Finally, the National Water Plan (2014), also developed by COBA for the Ministry of Energy and Water, was also consulted. With regard to groundwater resources, the quantitative approach rests on a methodology based on hydrogram decomposition. It was only applied to the watersheds of southern Angola. The study is based on the 1:250,000 scale Hydrogeological Chart referred to above.
• - Hydrogeological Framework Considering all the reports previously mentioned and analyzed, the geology and geomorphology of the River Kwanza hydrographical basin, the interpretation of the development of the hydrographic network, the expected hydrogeological behavior of the different types of geological materials, and the hypotheses for predicting conceptual models of hydrogeological performance, it is believed that the area of the River Kwanza hydrographic basin
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can be divided into four aquifer units, in which geological formations are grouped that present similar hydrogeological behavior, but with distinct lithologies. The aquifer units defined in this grouping are: Alluvial Systems, Detritic Media, Eruptive/Fissured Media and Mixed Media.
FIGURE 5.35 - Aquifer units of the River Kwanza hydrographical river basin
According to the previous figure, it can be verified that the study area is included in the alluvial systems aquifer unit.
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Alluvial Aquifer Systems
The alluvial plains generally constitute an important water reserve. These deposits correspond to the alluvia of the water lines, formed by fine and coarse sand and mostly with little clay, sometimes with pebbles, blocks and layers of clays. They complete the sequence of one or more levels of coarse gravel.
The thickness of the alluvial formations is quite irregular, while in many cases there may be no alluvium or the outcropping ends because the river enters a "rapid" and thus there is no sedimentation.
These materials, on the whole, support aquifer systems that are regarded as the most favorable for the implantation of groundwater abstractions.
In general, these systems are connected hydraulically with the rivers, which translates into a variation of the water tables and the direction of flow. The hydraulic relationship between the aquifer and the river (influent or effluent) depends on the relative position of the water levels.
There is river-aquifer flow in the high water period, with rising levels and consequent increase in storage in the aquifer system. When the water level is lowered in the river, the flow is inverted and the aquifer system is "discharged" to the river. In this situation, the aquifer is subordinated to the river, that is, the hydraulic connection with the river is made without significant hydraulic constraints.
In this way, the productivity potential of these aquifer systems is a function of the hydrogeological parameters that characterize the alluvial deposits and, especially, the levels of gravels that always comprise these geological formations. Sometimes there are some difficulties in plants when the thickness of the gravel is slight. It is normal that the plants, when well installed, can provide high flows of several tens of liters per second.
• - Vulnerability to Pollution
The vulnerability to pollution of geological formations is intrinsically linked to the lithological composition, morphology, permeability, depth of the aquifer area and fracturing, together with other characteristics.
It may also be understood as the capacity that the layers overlying the aquifer have to reduce the propagation of potential pollutants, and thus can be regarded as a property intrinsic to the geological environment itself, which supports the system.
In this EIS, the EPPNA method was used, which was developed in Portugal (INAG, 1998) by the National Water Plan Project Team Specialists. It employs a qualitative method which only examines lithology and is applied on a small scale (<1:100,000).
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According to this method, the eight classes of vulnerability are presented in the following table, depending on the lithological composition of each type of formation and the respective classification of vulnerability (indicator).
TABLE 5.28 - Vulnerability Classes
VULNERABILITY AQUIFER INDICATOR TO POLLUTION Aquifer on carbonate rocks with high carsification High V1 Aquifer on carbonate rocks with mid- to high carsification Mid- to High V2
Aquifer in unbound sediments with hydraulic connection with surface High V3 water
Aquifer in unbound sediments without hydraulic connection to surface Average V4 water Aquifer on carbonate rocks Mid to Low V5 Aquifer on fissured rocks Low and Variable V6 Aquifer on consolidated sediment Low V7 No aquifers Very low V8
SOURCE: EPPNA, 1998
Considering that alluvial systems function as free aquifers connected hydraulically to the rivers to which they are associated, these systems are classified with a high degree of vulnerability belonging to class V3. It should be noted that these systems normally contain farms which are very vulnerable in relation to pesticides and herbicides, as the water table is usually at a very low depth.
In spite of the lack of information, as a first resort it is possible to systematize the main threats identified for the contamination of groundwater resources: • Saline intrusion into (shallow) aquifers due to changes in flow rates; • Contamination and eutrophication of surface waters due to the use of agrochemicals which, although reduced, present a real risk of contamination to surface and groundwater; • Pollution by discharge of industrial waste water; • Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste; • Bacteriological contamination of domestic sources through shallow wells due to lack of sanitary protection.
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• - Underground Water Availability Based on the uses and needs of water and the descriptive statistics of the monthly water balance in the Mid- Kwanza HU presented in Table 5.18, it can be verified that the value of the underground water resources amounts to 768 hm3/month.
• - Underground Water Abstractions - During field work, no groundwater abstractions were identified in the study area.
73.1.1 - Air quality
• - Methodology
The analysis of air quality was based on the following information:
• Consultation of specialist literature; • Field surveys with identification of sensitive receivers and the main pollutant sources in the study area.
This evaluation will consider the dispersion conditions of the pollutants based on the meteorological parameters determining the transport and dispersion phenomena and the local morphological characteristics.
• - Legal Framework
In the absence of national legislation directly addressing issues related to air quality, the review of international conventions and protocols ratified by Angola in this field and the use of guideline recommended by WHO were used.
• - United Nations Framework Convention
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, ratified in 2000, aims to "stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that avoids dangerous anthropogenic interference to the climate system. Such a level should be achieved in a period of time sufficient to allow the natural adaptation of ecosystems to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner."
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• - Vienna Convention
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, ratified in 2000, among other recommendations, underlines the need to "adopt appropriate legislative or administrative measures and cooperate in harmonizing policies to control, limit, reduce or prevent human activities under jurisdiction or control where it is found that such activities are or are likely to have harmful effects as a result of actual or potential changes in the ozone layer."
• - Montreal Protocol
Through the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, ratified in 2000, the signatory countries undertake to replace substances that have been shown to react with ozone in the upper stratosphere.
• - The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is a commitment by a number of countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are thought to be the main cause of global warming. This agreement came into force in 2005 and was ratified by Angola in 2007.
• - World Health Organization
With the aim of providing guiding standards for the protection of human health from harmful effects and the support of national and local authorities in air quality management, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends guideline values for atmospheric pollutants. These values are shown in Table 5.25.
TABLE 5.29 - Guideline values for air pollutants, recommended by the WHO POLLUTANT DURATION OF EXPOSURE VALUE GUIDE (μg/m3) 15 min 100 000 30 min 60 000 Carbon Monoxide 1 hour 30 000 8 hours 10 000 Lead 1 Year 0.5 1 hour 200 Nitrogen Dioxide 1 Year 40 Ozone 8 Hours 100 10 min 500 Sulfur Dioxide 24 hours 20 PM 10 Particles 24 hours 50
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POLLUTANT DURATION OF EXPOSURE VALUE GUIDE (μg/m3) (a value that should not be exceeded more than 3 days per year) 25 PM2.5 Particles 24 hours (a value that should not be exceeded more than 3 days per year) • - General Data
Table 5.30 presents the main air pollutants and their effects on human health.
TABLE 5.30 - Major air pollutants and their effects on human health
Pollutant Issuing Sources Effects on Human Health
Its effects are raised susceptibility to
Nitrogen dioxide is the result of the burning of respiratory diseases, especially in NO2 fuels in industrial plants and from high- children, as well as an increase in the temperature combustion in motor vehicles. possibility of asthma attacks
Its effects are associated with respiratory Sulfur dioxide (SO2) comes primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur. diseases (such as chronic bronchitis and
This gas that is mainly emitted by industrial asthma) and cardiovascular diseases.
SO2 sources (such as refineries, oil, paper and These gases contribute the most to the chemical industries), as well as by road traffic. acidification of water and vegetation, to the formation of smog and can also cause poor visibility conditions
Suspended particles come from the ash, soot
and other particulates mainly produced by the combustion of coal and fuel oil in industry and Its effects are associated with respiratory automobiles. They are generated in industrial diseases. processes, resulting from PM Their risk does not depend so much on road traffic (emitted in exhaust gases their concentration but rather on other from diesel vehicles, burning processes, land parameters, such as their size and toxicity movement and resuspension caused by the passage of vehicles on the roads
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Pollutant Issuing Sources Effects on Human Health
The CO comes essentially from the
emissions generated by gasoline vehicles, It affects the cardiovascular and nervous mainly from the older ones, and through some system. CO industrial processes. Often, CO concentrations occur High concentrations can cause symptoms in confined spaces, or along traffic and transit such as headaches and fatigue. routes.
• - Air Quality Characteristics in Angola
Generally, in Angola, the most abundant pollutants are carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Among the gases with the greatest implications for human health are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and small particulate matter (PM10).
As has been the case in developing countries beginning to industrialize, Angola has also experienced a high influx of population to urban centers. The growth of unplanned urban areas and the anarchic development of various sectors of industry have been factors contributing to the increase in air pollution.
Due to the lack of a monitoring network, there is no real data on air quality in Angola. However, based on information from the literature of the specialist area and knowledge of the country's reality (consultations made in the field), it can be assumed that the predominant emissions to the country´s atmosphere are those from fossil fuel combustion. The following sources can be identified: 24 Vehicles in circulation; 25 Generators used for power supply; 26 Oil-based torches 27 Ground fires.
• - Local Characteristics The analysis of the study area is carried out in relation to the presence of sensitive receivers, the existence of polluting sources, dispersion of air pollutants and air quality.
• - Identification of Sensitive receivers
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The field survey carried out revealed the presence of sensitive receivers in the study area, as shown in Figure 5.36.
Without scale FIGURE 5.36 - Sensitive receivers in the area of influence of the Zenzo hydroelectric plant
The three areas considered and presented below are described in detail in the factor of the social and economic component (see chapter 5.4.1.17).
• Zone 1 - Abandoned houses and old colonial farms, in Kabuta commune, Libolo municipality and South Kwanza; • Zone 2 - Candengue neighborhood and isolated dwellings, São Pedro da Quilemba commune, Cambambe municipality, North Kwanza; • Zone 3 - Calambala neighborhood, São Pedro da Quilemba commune, Cambambe municipality and North Kwanza;
• - Localisation and Identification of Pollution Sources
In the study area and its immediate surroundings, the main source of pollutants is road traffic (mopeds and light and heavy vehicles) that circulates on existing roads, mostly on land. The road to Cacuso connects Upper Dondo to Cacuso.
The burning of woody material for coal production and cleaning of agricultural land and solid waste, practiced in all the provinces of Angola, not only by individuals, but also by small and even large companies, is also associated with the emission of pollutants.
The operation of generators for the supply of electricity is also a polluting source.
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In terms of industry, there is no presence of industrial areas/industries in the study area.
• - Atmospheric Pollutant Dispersion Conditions
Based on the analysis carried out in Chapter 5.2.1, and referring to the climate factor, it can be ascertained that the wind blows mostly from the West-Southeast/Southwest quadrants in the area of study. These directions correspond to the trend forecast for the rose-winds, with winds from the East quadrant also anticipated.
The speed is low, with an annual average speed ranging from 6.1 km/h (1.7 m/s) to 7.5 km / h (2.1 m/s).
Source: Sodepac - Capanda Agro-Industrial Post Development Society
FIGURE 5.37 - Wind direction (registered and pattern) at the Biocom Unit weather station in Cacuso in 2014
Source: Sodepac - Capanda Agro-Industrial Post Development Society
FIGURE 5.38 - Wind speed registered at the Biocom Unit weather station in Cacuso in 2014
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In this way, the receivers located in the East-Northeast and Northeast of the study area will be the ones most affected by the dispersion of pollutants. Considering the rose-winds trend, the east winds are likely to disperse the pollutants to the receivers located to the west, although the probability is reduced in line with the expected frequency.
• - Air Quality Characteristics
There is no reference data for air quality in the study area and near surroundings. However, given the rural characteristics and the scant pollutant sources in the study area, it is expected that the concentration of air pollutants does not exceed the guideline values recommended by WHO and already presented in Table 5.29.
17.9.6 - Sound Environment
• - General Considerations The purpose of this descriptor is to define the study area with respect to the sound reference framework, following a methodology that includes the identification of existing sound sources and sensitive receivers
• - Legal Framework
In the absence of specific Angolan legislation on noise, the legal framework of this descriptor was made using the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), considering itself adjusted and able to respond to the main problems that are observed and characterize the acoustic frame of reference.
Noise is now considered a serious public health problem. Some of its most frequent effects are psychological disturbances or physiological changes associated with stress and fatigue, which result in sleep disturbance and lack of concentration.
In that sense, the WHO has stipulated that the noise threshold for continuous noise is 50 dB (A) at the daytime LAeq level. At night, sound levels should be between 5 dB and 10 dB below daytime values to ensure a balanced sound environment.
• - Acoustic Reference Framework Characteristics The field survey carried out revealed the presence of sensitive receivers in the study area, as shown in Figure 5.39.
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Without scale FIGURE 5.39 - Sensitive receivers in the area of influence of the Zenzo hydroelectric plant
The 3 areas considered and presented below are described in detail in the factor of the social and economic component (see chapter 5.4.1.17).
• Zone 1 - Abandoned houses and old colonial farms, in Kabuta commune, Libolo municipality and South Kwanza; • Zone 2 - Candengue neighborhood and isolated dwellings, São Pedro da Quilemba commune, Cambambe municipality and North Kwanza; • Zone 3 - Calambala neighborhood, São Pedro da Quilemba commune, Cambambe municipality and North Kwanza;
Based on the 3 areas previously presented, sites were chosen for the measurement of sound levels along sensitive receivers (buildings with human occupation). The selection of measurement points took into account the greater proximity of sensitive receivers to the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project area and the access that will be used by vehicles during the construction and operation phases. Thus, the following measuring points were defined:
Measurement Point 1 - housing and school, in the Candengue neighborhood, on the right bank of the River Kwanza. Located in the future reservoir.
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FIGURE 5.40 - Measurement Point 1 - PM1
Measurement Point 2 - The dwelling closest to the road that will provide access to the work site. It lies about 1,900 meters from the future reservoir.
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FIGURE 5.41 - Measurement Point 2 - PM2
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FIGURE 5.42 - Single Access to the river (right bank)
Due to the impossibility of access to sensitive receivers located in the Calambala neighbourhood, São Pedro da Quilemba commune, Cambambe municipality and North Kwanza, no noise measurement points were defined for this area.
The main local source of identified noise emissions corresponds to vehicular traffic, on the various local access roads and within the villages themselves. The Cacuso road, which connects Upper Dondo to Cacuso, is a considerable distance away. No sources of noise emissions from industrial or other sources have been identified.
Thus, on March 2, 2016, during a field visit, noise measurements were taken at the two above mentioned locations during the afternoon under the conditions described. The results of the noise measurements are given below.
TABLE 5.31 - Details of acoustic surveys carried out
Equipment Brüel & Kjær Model 2236 Height of equipment relative to the ground 1.5 meters Measurement range 10-40 dB Weighting mesh A Measurement time 10 minutes Atmospheric conditions Clear sky Type of substratum Permeabilized area
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TABLE 5.32 - Results obtained from the acoustic analysis
DAYTIME REMARKS MEASURI CO-ORDINATES (atmospheric conditions, soil NG POINT LAeq L5 L50 L95 type, measurement period)
Clear sky 09º43’45.1’’ S PM1 46.1 49.5 42.5 41.0 Dirt tracks 14º48’42.5’’ E 14:30/14:40
Clear sky 09º41’25.5’’ S PM2 45.8 49.0 42.0 36.5 Dirt 14º47’33.5’’ E tracks15:25/ 15:35
Bearing in mind the values obtained for the PM1 and PM2 measurement points and the thresholds set by the WHO (50 dB (A) discomfort threshold for daytime LAeq), it is reported that the values obtained are below the discomfort thresholds of WHO, which meets the rural characteristics of the study area, without the influence of significant noise sources.
22.1 - Biotic medium 22.1.1 - General Considerations The work to be carried out under the Ecology descriptor aims to gather all relevant information about the study area considered for the project and to characterize the ecological, floristic and faunal communities potentially affected by the implementation actions of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant. . 22.1.2 - Regional Geological Framework The study area covers the area where the River Kwanza and its riparian gallery are located adjacent to this watercourse. The development of the riparian gallery is partially conditioned by the development of agricultural areas and human settlements. In more remote surroundings and sometimes in the proximity of the water resource areas, the typical areas of savannas are developed, and the dense forest areas are also highlighted in the more prominent areas.
The study area does not coincide with protected or classified areas under Nature Conservation. However, on a wider scale, we can observe their relationship in the territory with the Quiçama National Park.
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FIGURE 5.43 - Protected Areas in the Project Environment
The Quiçama National Park (Kissama), located in the north of Angola, 75 km from Luanda, is bordered on the north by the River Kwanza from Muxima to the sea, to the south by the River Longa from the Mumbondo- Capolo road to the sea, to the west by the coast line between the mouth of the River Kwanza and the mouth of the River Longa, and to the East, by the road that goes from Muxima, Demba-Chio, Mumbondo and Capolo to River Longa. This park occupies an area of 9,600 km² and the altitudes vary between 0 and 150 m. It was established as a Game Reserve on April 16, 1938 and was classified as a National Park on April 11, 1957. The vegetation varies greatly from
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the River Kwanza to the interior of the Park, including mangroves, dense forest, forest-savanna mosaic, open forest and dry tropical forest with cacti and baobab trees. The most representative botanical genera are: Acacia, Sterculia, Adansonia, Euphorbia and Commiphora. Dense forests of Chrysobalanus, Drepanocarpus, Dalbergia, Leguncularia and Hibiscus occur along the water lines. This variety of vegetation results in an abundant and varied fauna, such as African Manatees (Trichechus senegalensis, VU), Roan Antelopes (Hippopotamus Equinus), Talapoins (Miopithecus talapoin) and sea turtles. Mammals include several other endangered carnivores: Lycaon pictus (EN), Acinonyx jubatus (VU) and Panthera leo (VU). It also has a high variety of birds: about 186. Main threats: illegal hunting, oil drilling, diamond mining, excessive grazing, extensive cotton production, and subsistence farming. Co-ordinates: 09°19’S 13°09’E.
22.1.3 - Phytocenis and habitat.
• - Methodology
For phyto-phenotypic charecteristics, bibliographical research was carried out regarding the area in question, which was the basis for comparison with the data collected in the field. A general survey of the vegetation was carried out in situ between March 27 and April 1, 2016, crossing the areas where access allowed for the recording of the main characteristic species and the habitats to be affected. Two transects were also recorded for the occurrence of the main species, one on the south bank along the forest gallery, about 3 km long, and one on the north bank of about 1 km in the area considered as wooded savanna, both starting from the Senado da Camara bridge area upstream. The species were identified with the aid of field guides and another bibliography related to the study area.
• - Biogeographical and Phytosociological Framework
The area of the Kwanza hydrographical basin falls entirely within the Zambezi terrestrial biome (phyto- ecological division). This class is represented to a large extent by the forests of miombo (Brachystegia), a type of vegetation that extends for a great part of East and South Africa, according to the following figure.
Miombo is characterized by several unique ecological factors, including its propensity for burning, the isoptera community (termites) it receives, and the difficult accessibility afforded by the density and extent of forest patches. Despite the high density of the vegetation cover, this biome is home to a rich variety of large mammals such as the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), some specialized ungulates such as the sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) or species such as kaku (Damaliscus lunatus) that prefer wetlands (WWF, 2012).
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Source: adapted from MINUA, 2006
FIGURE 5.44 - Biomes or phyto-ecological divisions occurring in Angola
By consulting the Phyto-geographical Chart of Angola (Grandvaux Barbosa, 2009) and respective explanatory notes, it is possible to verify that the study area and surrounding area comprise 2 classes and 2 phyto- geographical sub-classes, which are listed below:
• Mosaics of Savanna-Forest:
o 11 - Mosaic of dry forest, predominantly deciduous, digested, and dry savanna, low altitude (brown soils: Ambriz, Zenza, Sumbe). Bombax, Pteleopsis, Pterocarpus, Adansonia, Heteropogon.
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18 Open Forests or Woods:
o 22 – Lowland forests and savannas, shrubs and tall grasses, from the lower levels of the central plateau). Cochlospermum, Terminalia, Albizia, Pterocarpus, Combretum, Hyparrhinia, Panicum
Without scale FIGURE 5.45 - Framing of the Project in the Phyto-geographic Chart of Angola
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• - Phytocenosis Characterization
Overall, the area that will be affected by the dam construction presents the following vegetation formations:
• Escarpment Forest
This formation covers the mountain regions along the project catchment area and its main species are Adansonia digitata, Combretum zeyheri, Combretum Collinum, Albizia gumifera, Albizia versicolor, Diospyros mespiliformis, Sterculia quinqueloba, Diplorhinchus condilocarpon and Cochlospermum angolense, among others.
Since the rocky outcrops are difficult to access, the formation identified in the following photo does not show evident signs of degradation, which leads us to believe that it preserves its natural equilibrium. This is a formation that will not be directly affected by the reservoir construction but which may be indirectly impacted.
PHOTO 5.22 - Detail of the escarpment forest in the project catchment area
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• Shrub and Tree Savanna
The shrub savanna covers the areas whose terrain is not that rugged, which facilitates human activity. Tree and shrub density varies depending on the location. In some places, the trees and shrubs are more or less dispersed, while in other places they form denser groups.
PHOTO 5.23 - Detail of a shrub savanna with some dispersed trees
Examples of characteristic species include Piliostigma thoningii, Bridelia micrantha, Bridelia mollis, Combretum Collinum, Combretum zeyheri, Maitenus senegalensis, Acacia sieberiana, Ozoroa paniculosa, Albizia versicolor, Cochlospermum angolensis, among others. It should be noted that some species are present both in savannas and escarpment forests, the only difference being their size. This formation presents signs of human activity but is still in an acceptable state.
• Grassy Savanna
Due to human activity (farming), many tree or shrub savannas were converted into grassy savannahs, especially in areas with gentle landforms and close to the river. They are mainly covered by grass and some trees or shrubs left there on purpose.
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PHOTO 5.24 - In the foreground, a grassy savanna with dispersed shrubs, resulting from human activity on the river banks. .
• Gallery Forests
Along the River Kwanza and the small tributaries, gallery forests are formed, whose flora composition is similar to that of escarpment forests but with some particularities. In addition to the species found in escarpment forests, there are Spondias mombim, Spathodea campanulata, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Markhamia lutea, Ficus thoningii, Ficus sycamorus and Grewia flava.
This formation presents highly opened vegetation with evident signs of human degradation, but which is still in an acceptable state. In this formation, the occurrence of a climbing plant (Mucuna sp.) is common which, besides occupying most of the clearings, also reaches the tree canopies. This is the vegetal formation that will be completely and definitively flooded with the construction of the reservoir.
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PHOTO 5.25 - Detail of a gallery forest in the project catchment area. It is possible to observe some trees adapted to cyclical floods.
• Hydrophilic Vegetation
Along the river banks and in some places of the grassy and less dense shrub savannas, especially downstream of the Senado da Camara bridge, there is often river and storm water accumulation which creates conditions favorable to the emergence and development of various aquatic plants (macrophytes), but on a small scale. Among the most frequent species are Cyperus papirus, Echinocloa sp. and Phragmites mauritianus.
The following pictures show the Vegetation Map of the study area and the region that will be flooded by the Zenzo power plant reservoir.
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PICTURE 5.46 - Vegetation Map - Phytocenotic Area
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PICTURE 5.47 – Vegetation Map - Area flooded by Zenzo power plant
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Protected Species and Habitats
Gallery forests are the main habitats affected by the operation and construction of the Zenzo power plant. Gallery forests are key for ecological balance, since they provide protection that contributes to water and soil quality, reduce silting and the pressure of the water that flows into rivers, which maintains water quality and prevents the entry of contaminants into the aquatic environment. In addition, they form corridors that contribute to biodiversity preservation, and provide food and shelter for fauna. They are natural barriers against the spread of pests and disease and when they are growing they absorb carbon dioxide and retain carbon, one of the main elements associated with gases responsible for the climate changes affecting the planet. Consequently, gallery forests are considered to be habitats of major importance and subject to protection measures.
Many species identified during the survey appear on the list of Angolan threatened plants and on the UICN red list (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). The list includes Adansonia digitata, Diplorhinchus condilocarpon, Combretum zeyheri, Diospyros mespiliformis, Albizia versicolor, Acacia sieberiana, Albizia gummifera, Piliostigma thoningii, Ficus thoningii, Swartzia madagascariensis, Erythrina abyssinica, Afzelia quanzensis, Terminalia sericea, Cochlospermum angolense, Strychnos cocculoides and Sterculia quinqueloba. The preservation status and number of individuals registered are presented in the following table.
TABLE 5.33 - Species identified during the survey in each transect with their families, status and habitat Transect Family Species Transect I Total Conditi Habitat II on Adansonia digi- Bombacaceae tata 31 3 34 VU EF, SV, GF Albizia gummifera 6 6 LR GF Fabaceae Albizia versicolor 22 22 VU SV, GF Piliostigma thoningii 7 5 12 VU EF, GF, SV Piptadeniastrum africanum 1 1 GF Swartzia mada- gascariensis 1 1 VU EF, SV Erythrina abyssinica 1 1 VU SV Afzelia quanzens 1 1 VU SV Milletia isversicolor 6 6 GF Acacia sieberiana 9 9 18 LR SV, GF Combretum Combretaceae collinum 32 32 EF, GF, SV Combretum zeyheri 7 4 11 LR SV, EF Terminalia sericea 1 1 VU SV
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Transect Family Species Transect I Total Conditi Habitat II on Spondias Anacardiaceae mombim 3 2 5 GF Ozoroa paniculosa 18 4 22 SV, EF Manguifera indica 2 2 SV Bridelia micrantha 66 66 SV, GF Euphorbiaceae Bridelia mollis 9 9 SV, GF Spathodea cam- Bignoniaceae panulata 3 3 GF Markhamia lutea 5 5 GF Diospyros Ebenaceae mespiliformi 11 1 12 LR FG, EF Diplorhynchuss Apocynaceae condilocarpon 27 6 33 VU EF, SV Malvaceae Grewia flava 20 6 26 GF, SV Ficus thoningii 1 4 5 LR GF, SV Moraceae Ficus sycomorus 2 2 SV Arecaceae Elaeis guineense 16 3 19 GF, SV
Cochlospermaceae Cochlospermum 34 34 34 GF, SV, EF angolense Maitenus Celastraceae senegalens 3 2 5 SV Cussoniais ango- Araliaceae lensis 1 1 SV Strychnos Loganiaceae cocculoide 1 1 LR SV Sterculias Sterculiaceae quinquelob 109 8 117 VU FG, SV, Key: Condition: VU - Vulnerable;a LR - Low Risk; EN - Endangered EFSV, FG, Habitat: EF - Escarpment Forest; SV - Savanna; GF- Gallery Forest. EF
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PHOTO 5.26 - Main species identified during the survey
1- Adansonia digitata; 2- Sterculia quinqueloba; 3- Cochlospermum angolense; 4- Spathodea campanulata; 5- Markhamia lutea; 6- Diplorhynchus condilocarpon; 7- Bridelia micrantha; 8- Bridelia mollis; 9- Grewia flava; 10- Afzelia quanzensis; 11- Erythrina abyssinica; 12- Milletia versicolor.
24.6.2 - Aquatic Biodiversity
The Mid-Kwanza Hydrographic Basin has an approximate area of 25,000 km². It runs from the Condo waterfalls to the south of the city of Malanje, up to the base of the Cambambe Rapids, with an altitude between 160 and 1000 m.
In the stretch between Pungo Andongo and Cambambe, the River Kwanza declivity is greater, with many rapids and concentrated waterfalls, significantly reducing the lateral flooding areas with formation of lentic environments.
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There are few tributaries on the right bank, the main one being the Lombe river. The main tributary on the left bank is the Gango river, whose hydrographic basin has geological and topographical characteristics similar to those of Alto Kwanza.
However, it is worth noting the presence of the Capanda dam, the Laúca dam (under construction) upstream of the Zenzo region, the Cambambe dam downstream of the Zenzo region which, together with the existing waterfalls - namely Salto do Cavalo and Caculo Cabaça - are ecological barriers, both real and artificial, to certain elements of the aquatic biodiversity subject to longitudinal migration.
Therefore, part of the presence and distribution is subject to ecological barriers and habitat changes due to the biological requirements of each species.
The construction of dams turns lotic (river) environments into lentic (dam) ones, thus significantly increasing water retention time.
• - Phytoplankton
Framework
In studies of phytoplankton communities, quantitative variations are frequently studied, since this community's composition and spatial and temporal variations reflect not only the interactions of these components but also the effect of environmental variables on the phytoplankton community, this variation being influenced mainly by light concentrations, temperature, pH and water electrical conductivity (Hino, 1979). It should be noted that the phytoplankton community constitutes the basic unit of organic material production in aquatic ecosystems, thus representing the first level of the trophic chain (Wetzel, 1993).
In tropical climates, significant quantitative changes in phytoplankton may be related to alternating periods of dry and rainy seasons (Beadle, 1974: Payne, 1986 in Dias - Jr., 1990) associated here with water flow gradients and watercourses. Therefore, rainfall and/or hydrological condition and quantity are of particular importance to the phytoplankton annual cycle (Dias - Jr., 1990).
Consequently, studies into the phytoplankton community composition and seasonal variations and the likely connection of these variations to the hydrological cycle of the area of study support better understanding of aquatic ecosystems, especially those of flood plains.
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It is important to know the composition and fluctuation of phytoplankton communities and the trophic relationships between them and those of higher trophic levels. This may provide a suitable basis for system management in order to improve the efficiency of a specific trophic level or, for example, to prevent the eutrophication progress through the correct manipulation of the levels that influence it (Vasconcelos, 1991).
This work aims at providing a full picture, although empirical, of the phytoplankton community characterization intrinsic to the ecosystem of the future Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant, thus providing the basis for future ecological studies.
Methodology
For the phytoplankton community characterization, the data of studies performed in the Cambambe region was used, and no collection of specific samples was performed to describe this biodiversity component in the Zenzo region.
It is worth noting that the information described comes from phytoplankton samples collected in August and September of 2009 in the Cambambe and Dondo regions in three (3) seasons, six (6) of which are upstream and three downstream of Dondo town and using Van Dorn bottles. The samples were collected at the upstream surface and at the bottom and only at the downstream surface since the location has lotic characteristics.
For identification and counting purposes, the Uthermol sedimentation methodology (1958) was used. This method is based on sample sedimentation for 24 hours in 50 or 100 ml polystyrene cylindrical chambers. The phytoplankton was identified with an "Axiovert 200" inverted binocular microscope equipped with Epifluorescence phase contrast. Cell count in each sample was performed by counting transects or the whole field depending on the quantity of species found and the number of cells per liter was calculated using the rule of three. The references most used for species identification were Bourelly (1966, 1968, 1970), Prescott (1964, 1978), Santos & Pires (2000).
The criterion adopted for determining abundant and dominant species was that presented by Lobo & Leighton (1986). According to this criterion, species are abundant whose numerical occurrence is higher than the average value of the total number of individuals of the different species in the sample, and species are dominant whose numerical occurrence is greater than 50% of the total of individuals present. In regard to frequency, Gomes' criterion (1989) was used, in which frequency expressed as a percentage is the relationship between the occurrence of different species and the total of samples. Therefore, the following rule was followed: • Frequent species: F≥60%;
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• Common species: 20%≤F≤60%;
• Rare species: F≤20%
Frequency calculation is provided by the following formula:
F = (Pa/P)* 100
Where: Pa - no. of samples in which species "a" is present; P - total of samples analyzed.
In this work, the diversity index per sample was calculated according to the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (1949) using the following equation:
H´ = - Σ pi.log pi
Where: pi is a value estimated from ni/N and represents the ratio of the total population of individuals 74 which belong to species i (ni) using the base 2 logarithm.
Nygaard (1949) in Perez, (1992) developed five trophic state indices, assuming that Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta, Centrales Diatoms and Chlorococcales are found in eutrophic waters, while many Pennales Diatoms cannot bear high levels of nutrients and thus are considered to be characteristic of oligotrophic waters. The most used indices proposed by Nygaard are: 74.1 Chlorophyceas index = no. of Chlorococcales species / no. of Desmidiaceae species. 74.2 Diatom index = no. of Central Diatom species / no. of Pennales Diatom species. 74.3 Composite index = no. of Cyanophyceas + Chlorococcales + Central Diatoms + Euglenophyceas species / no. of Diatoms.
If the Chlorophyceas index is <1, then it is an oligotrophic medium, whereas, if it is >1, it is an eutrophic environment. In relation to the Diatom index, if the result is 0.0-0.2, the lake is oligotrophic and if it is 0.2-3.0, it is an eutrophic medium. For the composite index, if the value is <1, it is oligotrophic, if 1.0-2.5, it is mesotrophic and if >2.5, the medium is eutrophic (Esteves, 1988).
According to Infante (1988), these indices have a universal application and they should be carefully applied in the tropics, since Central Diatoms are fairly more abundant in low latitudes than Pennales Diatoms, which does not necessarily mean that the environment is oligotrophic. In addition, blue-green algae are generally more abundant in tropical lakes.
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Phytoplankton Characterization
Although the results presented highlight the Cambambe region, it may be considered to a certain extent expectable for the Zenzo region with the reservoir construction, since it is the same hydrographic basin and on the riverbed of the main draining river, the Kwanza.
The surveys of the phytoplankton community in Mid-Kwanza are represented by the occurrence of 37 taxa, 23 of which were identified in terms of genus and 14 in terms of species. The distribution of the different forms found (genus and species) in the different classes were the following: 14 Diatomaphyceae with 24 taxa (15 genus and 9 species);
15 Chlorophyceae, with 11 taxa (8 genus and 3 species);
16 Cianophyceae with 1 taxa (1 genus) and Dinophyceae, with 1 taxa (1 species).
In the following table, classes, genus and species of phytoplankton that can be expected for the area of study are presented.
TABLE 5.34 - Qualitative Composition of the Phytoplankton Community in Mid-Kwanza
Diatomaphyceae Class Chlorophyceae Class
Amphipleura pellucida Ankistrodesmus falcatus
Amphora sp Ankistrodesmus fusiformis
Aulacoseira sp Ankistrodesmus sp
Cerasteria sp Closterium sp
Chaetoceros sp Cosmarium sp
Cocconeis sp Euastrum sp
Coscinodiscus sp Pediastrum sp
Cymbella cistula Scenedesmus sp
Eunotia asterionelloide Staurastrum leptocladum
Eunotia sp Staurastrum sp
Frustula rhomboide Staurastrum spp
Gomphonema sp
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Diatomaphyceae Class Chlorophyceae Class
Diatomaphyceae Class Chlorophyceae Class
Leptocylindrus mínimus
Navicula placentula
Navicula sp
Nitzschia closterium
Nitzschia longuissíma
Nitzschia sp
Nitzschia spp
Pinnularia sp
Surirella robusta
Surirella sp
Synedra sp
Treubaria sp
Cianophyceae Class Dinophyceae Class
Anabaena sp Ceratium fusus
The abundance of variations of different phytoplankton organisms present at the different sampling points show Diatoms to be the most representative. However, no dominant species were recorded in this study, which shows the uniformity in the distribution of the individuals among Diatoms and Chlorophyceae in groups presenting more species. However, it is worth noting the presence of Anabaena sp with 543 ind/L in some samples, this genus being associated with the production of toxins (Azevedo, 2000).
According to Wetzel (1993), each species has a niche based on its physiological needs within the variations of each habitat. According to the same author, based on the Gause principle, which corresponds to competitive exclusion, in a relatively uniform medium, such as the lake pelagic area, where many species compete for the same resource, a tendency for a unispecific balance
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would be expected. In fact, in the Cambambe region, there is no species exclusion, but rather one or more species are more abundant than the others, or dominant in the phytoplankton general group.
According to Payne (1986), with the construction of a dam, the phytoplankton community growth is accelerated due to reduced flow, improved nutrient concentration and more penetration of light energy, mainly thanks to the increase in time availability for river material sedimentation. This argument may reveal a currently lower diversity in the Zenzo region, which becomes more evident with the change from a lotic medium to a lentic one.
The phytoplankton organism occurrence frequency in the samples collected during previous studies is shown in the following table.
TABLE 5.35 - Phytoplankton Community Composition and Frequency
Phytoplankton Diversity Frequency %
DIATOMAPHYCEAE
Amphipleura pellucida 100
Amphora sp 82
Aulacoseira sp 100
Cerasteria sp 18
Chaetoceros sp 9
Cocconeis sp 9
Coscinosdiscus sp 9
Cymbella cistula 100
Eunotia asterionelloide 18
Eunotia sp 36
Frustula rhomboide 9
Gomphonema sp 100
Leptocylindrus mínimus 64
Navicula placentula 45
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Phytoplankton Diversity Frequency %
Navicula sp 82
Nitzschia closterium 64
Nitzschia longuissíma 9
Nitzschia sp 36
Nitzschia spp 64
Pinnularia sp 18
Surirella robusta 18
Surirella sp 9
Synedra sp 45
Trubaria sp 9
CHLOROPHYCEAE
Ankistrodesmus falcatus 100
Ankistrodesmus fusiformis 27
Ankistrodesmus sp 73
Closterium sp 82
Cosmarium sp 45
Euastrum sp 27
Pediastrum sp 9
Scenedesmus sp 91
Staurastrum leptocladum 100
Staurastrum sp 91
Staurastrum spp 9
CIANOPHYCEAE
Anabaena sp 18
DINOPHYCEAE
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Phytoplankton Diversity Frequency %
Ceratium fusus 18
Among the organisms that belong to the Diatom group, the most frequent species, considered to be permanent, were Amphipleura pellucida, Aulacoseira sp, Cymbella cistula with 100%; Amphora sp and Navicula sp with 82%; Leptocylindrusminimus, Nitzschia closterium and Nitzschia spp with 64%. The common species were Navicula placentula and Synedra sp with 45%; Eunotia sp and Nitzschia sp with 36%. Cerastérias sp, Eunotia asterionelloide, Pinnularia sp and Surirella robusta with 18%, Chaetoceros sp, Cocconeis sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Frustularhomboide, Nitzschia longuíssima, Surirella sp and Treubaria sp with 9% were considered to be rare.
In the Chlorophyceae group, Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Staurastrumleptocladum with 100%; Scenedesmus sp and Staurastrum sp with 91%; Closterium sp with 82% and Ankistrodesmus sp with 73% were permanent. Cosmarium sp with 45%; Ankistrodesmus fusiformis and Euastrum sp with 27% were common. The rare ones were Pediastrum sp and Staurastrum spp with 9%
In the Cyanophyceae and Dinophyceae group, only rare species were found, i.e. Anabaena sp and Ceratium fusus with 18%, respectively.
Specific diversity is defined according to the number of species present and the equitability with which the individuals are distributed among species (Margalef, 1983; Dias Júnior, 1990). Therefore, the occurrence of a high number of individuals of the same species results in reduced diversity (Odum, 2001). The diversity index numbers in this study were 2.73-3.59 bits/cell in the samples analyzed.
According to Odum (1988, 1997, 2001), when the medium conditions are favorable, many species are found, each of them being represented by a small number of individuals and in this case the diversity index is high. On the other hand, when conditions are unfavorable, only a small number of species is found, but each of them is generally represented by many specimens, thus the diversity index is low.
According to the calculations performed, the water being studied presented an index of 0.2 for Diatoms, 0.8 for Chlorophyceae and a composite index of 1.6. It is worth noting that, based on the studies performed and data obtained, Mid-Kwanza next to the Cambambe hydroelectric power plant is mesotrophic, and the phytoplankton community composition analysis in the Cambambe dam catchment area was represented by four (4) groups: Diatom, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae.
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Analysis of the results found enables us to suggest that the Mid-Kwanza region next to the Cambambe hydroelectric power plant is a mesotrophic environment and presents a reasonable preservation level considering the presence of few Cyanophyceae and the richness of phytoplankton species found. This fact make it possible to consider different conditions in a perspective of more healthiness in the Zenzo region, due to the lack of a huge formation of little-movement waters. However, for a more precise determination of its trophic level, qualitative and quantitative studies need to be performed with defined sampling and seasonal frequency analyzing environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, transparency, and oxygen saturation.
• - Zooplankton
Framework
Zooplankton is vital in the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, especially in cycling nutrients and energy flow. Zooplankton population production is the sum of growing increments of all population species.
In aquatic environments, qualitative and/or quantitative changes in the planktonic community structure may have key significance for the diverse ecosystem components and may impair the use of water for its numerous uses.
The zooplankton community, whose structure and dynamics are influenced by abiotic and biotic factors, is directly affected when there is a change in the system. The sensitivity of the zooplankton organisms to environmental changes and the different responses they provide both in terms of species composition change and abundance of the populations that are part of the community enables their use for aquatic environment characterization and as bio-indicators, mainly of changes in water trophic condition.
The zooplanktonic community composition, abundance and diversity study is highly relevant, not only due to fauna awareness, but also because it provides indications of the environmental conditions and system functioning, considering that these organisms live in direct contact with the water medium.
The freshwater zooplankton is represented by two main Phyla: Rotifers and Arthropods. In the latter, the Cladocera and Copepods orders, both belonging to the Crustacean Class, are the most representative. The
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Cladocera, together with Copepods and Rotifers, are responsible for most of the zooplankton secondary production in fresh water, besides being part of the natural diet of young fish and adult fish of plankton-eating species. Awareness of the zooplankton community composition will contribute to better understanding and characterization of system functioning.
This paper aims to provide a full picture of the zooplankton community characterization, thus making it possible to generate limnological data that facilitate knowledge of the main power functions that act in this system.
Methodology
For zooplankton community characterization, the report described for surveys performed in the Cambambe region in August and September of 2009 and Capanda region in 2002 and 2003 was used. Therefore, no sampling was performed in the Zenzo region.
The data collection in the Cambambe region in 2009 and 2010 when completing the EIS for the Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant (downstream of Zenzo) according to the characterization of the study area was performed at three sampling collection points - two points upstream of the dam and one point downstream.
The zooplankton community qualitative and quantitative determination was performed with sample collection by integrating the water column using a plankton net with a standard 67 μm mesh opening. The samples were fixed and preserved with formaldehyde at 4% and kept in 250 ml plastic bottles for subsequent qualitative and quantitative analysis. Zooplankton identification and counting were performed using a counting chamber, an optical microscope and binocular lens in Holísticos' laboratory.
For determining the microcrustacean numerical density (Cladocera and Copepods), secondary 10 ml samplings were performed using samples with a predetermined volume. Organism counting was performed using an acrylic counting chamber. For Rotifers, 1 ml secondary samplings were performed and counting was carried out in a "Sedgwick-Rafter" chamber in the binocular microscope.
For zooplanktonic community identification, specialized literature was used. The dominance (D) and abundance (A) analysis of zooplankton species found was performed according to Lobo & Leitghton (1986) criterion. According to these authors, taxa whose numerical occurrence is higher than the average value of the total number of individuals of taxa present in the sample are considered to be abundant. The groups or species whose numerical occurrence was 50% higher than the total number of individuals present in the sample were considered to be dominant.
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Species frequency was indicated in percentage form, the relationship being between the occurrence of different taxa and the total number of samples. According to the Gomes (1989) criterion, taxa are considered to be permanent when frequency (F) is higher than 50%, common when 10 F = (Pa/P).100 Where: Pa - number of samples in which species P is present; P - total number of samples analyzed. Zooplankton Characterization The Cambambe region zooplankton community is rather poor, hardly representative and was characterized by the presence of 16 species, 11 of which belong to Philum Rotifers and 5 to Philum Arthropoda, Crustacean Class, 3 of which are part of the Cladocera Order and 2 of the Copepods Order. TABLE 5.36 - Zooplanktonic community composition in the Cambambe region and taxa frequency during the sampling period GROUP SPECIES FREQUENCY (%) Keratella cochlearis 40 Monostyla bulla 10 Keratella quadrata 20 Keratella valga 30 Colurella sp 30 ROTIFERS Synchaeta sp. 10 Lecane sp. 20 Trichocerca sp. 10 Lecane elasma 10 Asplancna sp. 10 Tricocerca loginseta 10 Bosmina hagmanni 10 CLADOCERA Bosmina sp. 10 Moina micrura 20 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 287 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report GROUP SPECIES FREQUENCY (%) Parastenocaris starrelli 20 COPEPODS Termociclops decipiens 40 Cyclopoid Nauplii Nauplii Calanoida Nauplii It is important to note that plankton is hardly representative in open ecosystems with unidirectional flows. Zooplankton is generally formed by short-lived and rapid multiplication species, adjusting itself to flow velocity, with more or less turbulence, which allows them to keep a certain populational "stock." Limnological studies performed in 2002/03 (Andrade, 2003), indicate the existence of a high diversity of zooplankton organisms for the Mid-Kwanza region, upstream and downstream of the Capanda dam, and mention 39 taxa, 26 of which belong to Philum Rotifers and 13 to Philum Arthropoda, Crustacean Class, 8 of which are part of the Cladocera Order and 5 of the Copepods Order. Therefore, taking into account the current ecological condition, the Zenzo region may have some variation in diversity specific to the zooplankton community and this latter is obviously influenced by seasonality. The scarce representativity of zooplankton in the Cambambe region is probably related to low phytoplankton diversity and to the characteristic intrinsic to the location, although many factors influence zooplankton density and composition, given that real causes can only be determined by performing in-depth, ongoing and interdisciplinary studies that are beyond the scope of this paper. At group level, Rotifers were predominant in all sampled points, although there were abundance variations among the species at different points, which are in line with the results obtained for environments formed by river damming in tropical regions. Studies performed in tanks have shown that one of the main characteristics of these systems is the Rotifers' dominance in relation to other zooplankton groups in terms of population density. It needs to be stressed that, according to the criterion applied to the Cambambe region, no dominant species were found, and only some abundant species that predominated over the others were identified. Among Rotifers, the predominant species were Keratella cochlearis and Keratella valga, for Cladocera the predominant species was Bosmina hagmanni, while for Copepods the following species were predominant: Termociclops decipiens and Parasteronocaris starrelli. However, zooplanktonic species composition varied at the different points sampled. The species pertaining to Cladocera and Copepods groups were found in stations upstream and S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 288 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report downstream of the banks, which may bring this presence closer on the banks along the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant catchment area. Copepods and Cladocera are found in backwaters, marginal lagoons or stretches with very slow flow, since current is a limiting factor for slower organisms, which makes the Zenzo region even rarer due to the presence of significant rapids, mainly in the rainy season. Current is one of the main factors that influence the composition of communities, which present adaptations that enable them to avoid the drift in relation to the river mouth, as well as the system's physical and chemical conditions, such as water temperature, oxygen saturation and nutrient load, which may also influence community distribution. Among Copepoda, Calanoida and Cyclopoida sub-orders are indicators of the trophy condition of aquatic systems. In oligo-mesotrophic systems, Calanoida are predominant, while in highly eutrophic systems Cyclopoida are the predominant ones. In the points sampled, young organisms of both sub-orders were found, and no dominance of one over the other was seen, which would mean that the system may be mesotrophic in terms of trophy. For the Zenzo region and based on current conditions, this fact should not be considered since the build-up of organic material capable of elevating the medium to eutrophication seems unlikely, except for possible water quality condition, which is a factor to be analyzed, coming from upstream and where the Laúca and Capanda dams meet. It is worth noting that zooplankton was hardly represented at the points sampled in Cambambe. Rotifers presented more density and species diversity, which means that the zooplankton community is mainly composed of species of this group. • - Benthic Macroinvertebrates Framework Macroinvertebrates constitute an important food source for fishes. They are valuable indicators of environmental degradation, as well as influencing nutrient cycling, primary productivity and decomposition (Wallace & Webster, 1996). These organisms live in different substrata of the seabed (sediments, detritus, trunks, aquatic macrophytes, thread algae, etc.). Populations co-exist and interact among each other and with the environment in a certain habitat, forming organism associations. The structure of these associations includes attributes such as specific composition, species richness, density, biomass, diversity and trophic relationships of the organisms that are part of them. In general, they spend all or part of their lives in aquatic environments and the community energy basis is detritus, namely that coming from allochthonous sources. Sediment nature and S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 289 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report water body depth, together with food and oxygen availability, are the main factors that define community structuring and distribution among the environments. They are important not only due to their role in the food chain, but also because they contribute to allochthonous and autochthnous organic carbon processing (Fisher & Lihens, 1973; Petersen et al., 1989), thus affecting food availability for fish and other vertebrates associated with watercourses, such as birds and mammals (Sagar & Eldon, 1983; Bachman, 1984, Pierce, 1989). Interestingly, water speed in rainy season makes it hard for benthic organisms to remain in fast-flowing stretches. At the same time, marginal areas are growing fast due to the enlargement of the river channel. Flat parts are generally dry banks during drought, sometimes loamy compacted or sandy soil which is light, difficult to be colonized by annelids, mollusks or insect larvae or does not offer shelter or food places for crustaceans. In turn, the temporarily flooded marginal vegetation may offer shelter and food to aquatic organisms whilst reducing water speed. During drought, this scenario is inverted, and specific environments for the development of this fauna in particular, especially decapod crustaceans, appear. This chapter includes characterization of the Mid-Kwanza macroinvertebrates obtained by means of bibliographic references found about the Mid-Kwanza system. Methodology For the characterization of macroinvertebrates, no sampling was performed, but reports and data from environmental studies performed in the same system were used. For a better understanding of the information, data will be presented in the following way: Measurement A: Data from surveys performed in 2002 and 2008 next to Laúca dam; Measurement B: Data from surveys performed in 2013 next to the Cambambe dam. For Measurement A, the data was collected along the River Kwanza with defined sampling areas, always trying to determine the representativity of the area of study. Specific nets for benthic organisms and traps were used as equipment for collecting biological material. For Measurement B, samples were collected upstream and downstream of the Cambambe dam. Three transects were established from one bank to the other. Each transect corresponded to a station. Three samples were collected for each station, with 9 samples in all. Sediment was collected with a Van-Veen dredge, and sample washing was performed with 1 and 5 mm mesh strainers. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 290 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Benthic Macroinvertebrate Characterization According to the sampling effort reported during Measurement A, no living organism was collected, only remnants of a crustacean were recorded. PHOTO 5.27 Carapace of a crustacean typical of the River Kwanza At the stations used for collection during Measurement B, in total 33 larvae of individuals were found, all belonging to the Chironomidae family. Chironomidae is a mosquito family of the Diptera order. Insects of this family are important components of the lotic and lentic system benthic community, colonizing a wide range of biotopes and living under the most diverse environmental conditions (Pender, 1986). They live in all types of fresh water and frequently reach high population densities. Their larvae are an important element of the fish diet and can also be indicators of environmental quality (some species are very specific in their environmental requirements, while others are relatively tolerant to many pollutants). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 291 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report PHOTO 5.28 Chironomidae larva with 3 mm (10X) The presence of Chironomidae larvae as the only organism found at the stations sampled in Measurement B seems to be evidence that anthropic activities may be impacting biotic communities at that point, since Chironomidae larvae are considered to be powerful water quality bio-indicators. • - Ichthyofauna Framework Fish have an important role from an ecological point of view in all aquatic ecosystems, integrated into food chains and responsible for energy transfer and material circulation in these systems. On the other hand, from an economic and social point of view, they are also valuable, since they constitute a protein source in coastal population feeding and are a source of income. Consequently, it is important to perform an ichthyological component analysis to try to understand the potential impact on the environment of changes in its structure and functioning. This section includes a diagnosis of fish species collected in Mid-Kwanza in diverse campaigns performed in previous studies between Capanda and Cambambe and based on reports on River Kwanza ichthyofauna. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.292 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report Methodology The ichthyofauna characterization, with support from scientific reports and environmental impact studies, is presented for better understanding in the following way: 17 Measurement A: Data from surveys performed in 2002 and 2008 next to Laúca dam; 18 Measurement B: Data from surveys performed in 2009 next to Cambambe dam. In Measurement A, the ichthyofauna was sampled using 3 m and 10 m trawls, both with 4 mm mesh. A butterfly net of approximately 35 x 35 cm was also used in slow-current lentic environments and puddles. It is important to highlight that Kwanza river water was at a high level and there was a strong current in the period of field studies (April, end of the rainy season), which hindered the access to many sampling points. The sampling points were the following: Point 1: "Caculo Cabaça", Point 2: "Laúca", Point 3: "Muta 1-mata", Point 4: "Muta 2-praia" and Point 5: "Posto 05 Hidrometria". All the specimens collected in Measurement A were fixed in situ with formaldehyde at 10%. In medium-sized and large fish (generally larger than 12 cm as standard, i.e. from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail fin), diluted formaldehyde at 10% was applied with a syringe, aiming at a more efficient fixing. The specimens collected were put in plastic bags, duly labeled and sealed. They were subsequently identified and photographed in the lab. Measurement B samplings occurred in August and September of 2009 and were made in 5 points downstream of Cambambe dam. These surveys were conducted with two main focuses. The first focus consisted in findings and informal interviews with coastal communities who use the river directly, with special emphasis on fishermen, from who it was possible to obtain a full picture of the existing species, more abundant seasons and their importance from an economic and social point of view, considering fishing effort and use. The second focus consisted in sampling methods according to passive and active methods through different fishing gear, namely three (3) gill nets with several measures (12 panels with 3x1.5 m between 5 and 55 mm), one (1) purse sein no. 0.5 (1.5x6 m) and one (1) butterfly net. In gill net sampling (Measurement B), passive method, a semi-locking of one of the reservoir branches and vegetated bank flooded was tried, covering the entire water column. The nets remained there for 24 hours, the first checks being made after the first 12 hours. Purse seine sampling, active method, was applied to capture small pelagic and demersal species, as well as large fingerling in open areas of the system, sand banks S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 293 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report with little or no current and vegetated banks. This technique made it possible to perform multiple samplings within a short period of time. Small-mesh butterfly nets were used to catch small fish and big fish fingerling, mainly in rocky bottom areas where it is difficult to use other types of nets, thus making it possible to increase knowledge about biodiversity. Still in Measurement B, further surveys based on informal inquiries to the fishing communities within the project scope, downstream of the undertaking, helped us get to know the population dynamics of new recruits and to recognize the ichthyological importance across the Lower River Kwanza system. The specimens caught and collected during data surveys were photographed and preserved in formaldehyde at 10%. The vast majority of species were locally identified by means of identification keys and expertise knowledge, while others were more precisely identified in the laboratory. Ichthyofauna Characterization In relation to measurement A: The list presented in Table 3.11 follows the modern classification of the Actinopterygii group, which includes finfish (Nelson 2006) and species collected during the 2002 and April 2008 campaigns (identified with an asterisk), and this material is preserved at Capanda power plant, in the Environmental Laboratory. TABLE 5.37 - Measurement A ichthyofauna listing Family/species Specimens collected Mormyridae Petrocephalus cf. Simus 1 Marcusenius dundoensis 6 Marcusenius cf. Stanleyanus 1 Marcusenius cf. moorii 10 TOTAL 18 Kneriidae Parakneria cf. vilhenae 5 TOTAL 5 Cyprinidae 151 Raimas cf. christyi 9 Barbus brevidorsalis * 10 Barbus greenwoodi * 82 Barbus radiatus * 1 Barbus sp. 1 1 Barbus sp. 2 3 Barbus sp. 3 3 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 294 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report Family/species Specimens collected Barbus sp. 4 28 Barbus sp. 5 3 Barbus sp. 6 3 Barbus sp. 7 39 Barbus sp. 8 57 Barbus sp. 9 19 Barbus sp. 10 57 Barbus sp. 11 1 Labeo cf. annectens 8 Labeo sp. 9 Labeobarbus marequensis * Cyprinidae gen. et spec. indet. 1 Cyprinidae gen. et spec. indet. 2 Cyprinidae gen. et spec. indet. 3 Cyprinidae gen. et spec. indet. 4 Cyprinidae gen. et spec. indet. 5 Cyprinidae gen. et spec. indet. 6 TOTAL 483 Hepsetidae Hepsetus odoe 17 TOTAL 17 Alestidae Brycinus cf. lateralis * 50 Rhabdalestes cf. rhodesiensis 1 TOTAL 51 Claroteidae Parauchenoglanis ngamensis * 33 Chrysichthys cf. delhezi 1 TOTAL 34 Schilbeidae Schilbe cf. bocagii * 98 TOTAL 98 Clariidae Clarias ngamensis 9 Clariallabes platyprosopos 4 TOTAL 13 Mochokidae Synodontis sp.* 91 Chiloglanis cf. lukugae 12 TOTAL 103 Masacembelidae Mastacembelus cf. batesii * 12 TOTAL 12 Cichlidae Serranochromis cf. angusticeps 21 ?Oreochromis sp. 3 Tilapia rendalli * 110 Pharyngochromis cf. schwetzi * 44 Pharyngochromis sp. 2 Cichlidae gen. et spec. indet. 1 15 Cichlidae gen. et spec. indet. 2 16 TOTAL 211 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 295 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report Family/species Specimens collected Amphilidae Doumea angolensis 2 TOTAL 2 Poeciliidae Aplocheilichthys cf. johnstonii * 80 TOTAL 80 TOTAL 1127 The abbreviation cf. = (Latim confer) used in the following table is intended to indicate that the relevant species identification is doubtful (e.g. Petrocephalus cf. simus); sp. is used to indicate species that still need to be identified with further studies and which possibly have not yet been described (e.g. Labeo sp. 1, Barbus sp. 2). The species list above shows that there is a wide range of Cyprinidae fish, the most diverse family in Mid- Kwanza. In general, these fish are detritivores or omnivores and serve as a food source for carnivorous fish (such as Hepsetus), thus forming an important element of the food chain. Other larger predators include the catfish Clarias ngamensis, the largest river catfish, which differs from smaller catfish in that it is a voracious carnivore. However, most species listed above have eating habits that would fit in the lowest part of the food chain (i.e., herbivore and detritivore species). Most individuals collected represent juvenile fish (although already metamorphosed), excluding mastacembelidae and cyprinidontoids. This is to be expected, since the sampling effort took place on river banks and lentic environments, such as backwaters and small marginal lakes, where juvenile individuals usually group together (many species spawn on the banks). However, mastacembelidae and cyprinodontoids live all their life cycles on the banks, submerged among vegetation. In relation to measurement B: From the catches made with various fishing gear for Measurement B, the presence of 31 different species was identified, distributed by the following families: Cyprinidae, Characidae, Hepsetidae, Claroteidae, Mochokidae, Schilbeidae, Mochokidae, Clariidae, Cichlidae, Mormyridae and Mastacembelidae. It is worth noting that representatives of the Cyprinodontiformes, Clupeidae and Kneridae families are also described for the system, although they were not caught during this sampling period. TABLE 5.38 - Species collected at the sampling points Family/species Specimens collected Mormyridae Marcusenius sp. 2 TOTAL 2 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 296 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report Family/species Specimens collected Cyprinidae Barbus cf. musumbi 2 Barbus cf. mattozi 3 Barbus radiatus 3 Barbus holotaenia 24 Barbus barnardi 3 Barbus thalamakanensis 4 Barbus afrovernayi 2 Barbus cf. paludinosus 3 Barbus cf. argenteus 2 Labeobarbus sp. 1 Labeo cf. annectens 5 Labeo cf. chariensis 12 Varicorhinus sp. 1 Opsaridium zambezense 42 TOTAL 107 Characidae Rhabdalestes maunensis 12 Bricynus lateralis 32 TOTAL 44 Hepsetidae Hepsetus odoe 3 TOTAL 3 Claroteidae Chrysichthys macropterus 8 Parauchenoglanis ngamensis 1 TOTAL 9 Schilbeidae Schilbe bocagei 4 TOTAL 4 Clariidae Clarias ngamensis 1 Clarias gariepinus 1 TOTAL 2 Mochokidae Synodontis sp. 1 TOTAL 1 Masacembelidae Mastacembelus sp. 1 TOTAL 1 Cichlidae Oreochromis andersonii 3 Tilapia rendalli 2 Tilapia sparmanii 3 Pharyngochromis sp. 8 Hemichromis fasciatus 4 Oreochromis angolensis 1 TOTAL 21 TOTAL 194 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 297 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report Cyprinidae and Cichlidae families turned out to be the most diverse, and Cyprinidae had the highest numerical abundancy index (density). Please note that the species representing these two families belong in the lowest trophic levels of the system, thus concentrating higher energy levels. 24.6.3 - Terrestrial Biodiversity This chapter includes data on the fauna existing in the implantation location and the project catchment area, integrated based on the data collected during the field visit. Particular emphasis was placed on birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals, since they are the best-known fauna groups and the ones that demonstrate the conditions to which they are exposed. • - Amphibians Framework Amphibians constitute a fauna group of great importance due to their high sensitivity to possible medium changes. Namely the fact that they rely on the water and breathe and absorb substances through the skin makes them extremely vulnerable to pollution. Consequently, they are one of the best environmental indicators we have and monitoring their population is thus recommended. However, amphibian localization, monitoring and identification are generally quite critical due to their small size, cryptic and seasonal behavior and lack of up-to-date knowledge in Angola. Generally, the preferred season to perform amphibian surveys is concurrent with the first rainfall peak, in November and December. Although the end of March is not the ideal time, it allows for amphibian data collection and register compilation. In this context, an effort was made to catch and identify the highest possible number of species, which are presented herein. Methodology The amphibian register was mainly based on nocturnal efforts over three consecutive nights, namely on March 27, 28 and 29 of 2016. Opportunistic nocturnal registers were made in the forest paths available, but the effort was mainly focused on some previously identified locations along the left bank. A particular emphasis was made on several accessible temporarily flooded locations of the riverbed, which presented puddles full of grass and reeds. Therefore, surveys were S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 298 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report performed after dark to coincide with peak hours of amphibian activity, mainly between 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. For amphibian surveys, appropriate clothing was used, which enabled technicians to go into the water at chest height. Head and hand flashlights were also used to view amphibians, as well as an EDIROL R09 sound recorder and an external microphone to record some calls for subsequent species identification. A Canon EOS 5D camera, equipped with a macro 100 mm f2.8 lens and MT-24EX external flashes was used to take photos. Guides specialized in African amphibians were also used, namely Channing 2001, Schiotz 1999, Du Preez and Carruthers 2011. Amphibians were first located through calls, sometimes using triangulation performed by two technicians and then they were accurately located using flashlights. In other cases, opportunistically located specimens were also caught. This way, many specimens were caught and duly photographed. Some amphibians were even photographed at night, in their natural habitats. Amphibian Characterization In total, seven different amphibian species were identified. However, despite the effort, it is important to consider that this result is only indicative, since a feasible listing of the amphibian species would imply an exhaustive effort throughout the area and would take several months, which would obviously fall beyond the scope of this study. Some locations were completely inaccessible, such as rapid rocky areas, due to lack of forest paths and riverbed overflow. In any event, the register of seven species is remarkable and helps a great deal to better characterize the region's biodiversity. The species identified were: Flat-backed toad (Amietophrynus maculatus) – Species abundant in Angola and with broad distribution in most of the country. We located these toads along the river, forest paths and even on the camping site. Angolan Reed Frog (Hyperolius angolensis) – Very common species in Angola and with broad distribution in most of the country, generally associated with wet areas and floodplains, with emerging grass vegetation. Unsurprisingly, we located and caught several specimens of this species, and the S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 299 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report presence of an appearance typical of the coastal plain (black and white stripes), instead of the typical plateau appearance (red and white pattern blotches) was confirmed. Kwanza Tree Frog (Hyperolius punctulatus) - This is an endemic species in Angola and practically unknown, since it was first described in the nineteenth century only to be rediscovered this year. In addition, the little that was known about this species is that it was associated with the Kwanza and Bengo rivers' coastal and swampy marshy plains. Thus, its discovery in this area came as a surprise and represents quite relevant data. Besides confirming its association with the River Kwanza, it indicates that the coastal ecological influence can still be felt up to the Zenzo region. Nonetheless, this species seems to be rare or highly unusual in the area, with only two specimens located and caught. Their call sound was recorded and both specimens were photographed. Striped Spiny Reed Frog (Afrixalus dorsalis) – Relatively uncommon species in Angola, generally associated with swampy areas close to wet forest or savannas in the North of the country. They were incredibly abundant in the area of study, and several specimens of these frogs were located and caught. Their calls were recorded and several specimens were photographed, including at night in their habitat. Puddle Frog (Phrynobatrachus sp.) – Puddle frogs are generally very common in puddles, ponds and shallow waters in many country locations. There are a large number of species; however, in this case, we could not accurately identify the species since we only recorded the characteristic call of this type of amphibian. Three-striped Frog (Ptychadena cf porosissima) – This is a relatively common species in swampy areas in dry or wet savanna regions. However, the time spent watching on the field was minimal and thus no specimens were caught. Therefore, it is not possible to accurately identify the species. Groove-Crowned Frog (Hoplobatrachus accipitalis) – Relatively unknown species relatively unknown and a fearsome predator for other amphibians. It can be considered as a good environmental indicator since it is in a higher level of the food chain. We located several specimens in a temporary pond, two of which were caught and photographed. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 300 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report 1 - Flat-backed toad (Amietophrynus maculatus); 2 - Angolan Reed Frog (Hyperolius angolensis); 3 - Kwanza Three Frog (Hyperolius punctulatus); 4 - Striped Spiny Reed Frog (Afrixalus dorsalis); 5 - Groove-Crowned Frog (Hoplobatrachus accipitalis). PHOTO 5.29 Amphibian Species Identified In general calculations, the amphibian fauna composition found seems to be balanced and shows that the area is very rich for this fauna group, which certainly results from the presence of the River Kwanza and some habitat diversity. Among the most relevant data, it is important to mention the presence of the Angolan Reed Frog coastal type, which was to be expected, but confirms that the coastal ecological influence is more notable in the altitude corresponding to the project than the plateau's. In addition, it is worth noting the presence of the Striped Spiny Reed Frog, since it is a relatively unknown species and, in this case, shows the region's wetter influence is felt due to its proximity to some forest areas in South and North Kwanza. All the same, the most important register was the Kwanza Tree Frog's, since it is a widely known and endemic species in Angola and its prevalence is significant not only because it increases the species' known distribution, but also because it helps to confirm the coastal influence in the project's catchment area. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 301 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report Only one endemic species was identified, the Kwanza Tree Frog, which is a species identified in the UCN red list as ID (Insufficient Data) because it was not rediscovered until a very short time ago. However, this does not mean that it is an endangered species and most probably it is common along the lowest stretch of the River Kwanza and tributaries. All the other species recorded are classified as LC (Least Concern). The prevalence of non-registered endangered species in the project catchment area is not to be expected either. • - Reptiles Framework Reptiles are a fauna group of great importance and therefore they should be part of the characterization in studies of this type. However, it would be very difficult to perform a herpetological survey due to reptiles' elusive nature which makes it very difficult to catch them, together with the lack of published material on Angolan reptiles. Methodology Considering all the logistic constraints related to the relevant fauna group and as with other studies, the herpetological survey was opportunistically performed and we tried to identify the highest possible number of species. The surveys were performed over four consecutive days, between March 27 and 30, 2016. All the forest paths were taken daily with an off-road vehicle and sometimes at very low speed, watching and registering lizards and, when possible, photographing them. Walking tracks were also taken, which allowed for recording of other species, while in some cases it was possible to catch some specimens for better identification and photographs. The period of highest yield for reptile recording was usually the hottest and lightest hours, more precisely between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. Reptile Characterization Six different reptile species were identified in all. This is a rather modest result and does not reflect the real herpetological diversity of the region. It is just a first indication. A more extended effort would need to be made and seasonally distributed to better complete the list. However, reptile surveys are usually very difficult to perform, thus the recording of these species is remarkable and enables some conclusions to be drawn about the ecological particularities S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 302 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report of the region. Some locations were completely inaccessible due to lack of forest paths or the inaccessibility of some mountains. The six species recorded are described in brief below: Short-snouted Grass Snake (Psammophis brevirostris) – This harmless snake was accidentally hit by the car on one of the forest paths and two other specimens were seen in the same forest path of the left bank of the River Kwanza. It is quite a common species in Angola in savanna areas where it eats small rodents and is also an abundant and relevant species in the area of study. Its local abundance demonstrates the high density of small rodents. Variable Skink (Trachylepis varia) – We saw several specimens throughout the area of study. It is a generally abundant species in Angola in many types of ecosystems and presents a terricolous behavior, since it prefers to eat small insects in frequently sandy soils and among the crawling vegetation. Thus, its frequent recording in the area of study did not come as a surprise. Bocage's Mabuya (Trachylepis bocagii) – We saw several specimens in rocks near rapids in the Caculo Cabaça waterfall areas. It is a relatively unknown species first described in Angola. Too little is known about this species, apart from the fact that it occurs in the South Kwanza and North Kwanza provinces. It is also known that this is a species with eminently rupicolous habits, i.e. strongly associated with rocky areas. Its recording in the area of study is a relevant indicator of the importance of the habitats characterized by exposed igneous rocks. Black-lined Plated Lizard (Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus) – Several specimens were seen crossing the forest paths; however, since they are extremely fast, we were not able to catch them and only a photograph of one species was taken. It is a common species in Angola and widely distributed, with terricolous habits and is present in many habitats. Namib Rock Agama (Agama planiceps) – Many specimens were seen and photographed in rocks and anthropic structures, such as bridges, walls and houses. This species is abundant throughout the country and is always associated with rocks, stones and urban areas. It became a commensal species for man, since it uses houses and buildings to establish its territories. In the Dondo area and downstream of the coastal region, this species is replaced by Agama mucosoensis, which is less associated with rock outcrops, and in this case the absence of the latter species in the catchment area was confirmed, S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 303 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC USE Environmental Impact Assessment - Report which demonstrates less influence of coastal substrata in the Zenzo region. Black-necked Agama (Acanthocercus atricollis) – A specimen of this species was seen in a tree but we were not able to take photos of it. It is a relatively common and widely distributed species in Angola. Its habits are mainly arboreal. The composition of the reptile species found confirmed the region's transitional nature, with the existence of some predominant species of hinterland areas such as Agama planiceps, and showed the presence and importance of ecosystems associated with characteristic rock outcrops that allow for the occurrence of the endemic species Trachylepis bocagei. No endemic or endangered species were found in the area of study. Reptile species identified during the survey: 1 - Short-snouted Grass Snake (Psammophis brevirostris); 2 - Variable Skink (Trachylepis varia); 3-Bocage's Mabuya (Trachylepis bocagii); 4 - Black-lined Plated Lizard (Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus); 5 - Namib Rock Agama (Agama planiceps). PHOTO 5.30 - Reptile Species Identified S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.304 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Avifauna Framework Among the vertebrates, birds are usually the most abundant fauna group in terms of number of species and the group for whom the compilation of their list is relatively more informative. This way, bird existence analysis and its stratification in species and families are of great importance, since they are one of the best indicators of the biodiversity of a certain ecosystem, both for its intrinsic richness in number of species and their relative ease of identification. In contrast, the sensitivity of certain species to environmental fluctuations, e.g. in the way they react to pollution or profound changes in the habitat, reinforces its importance for inclusion in studies of this type as environmental indicators. Methodology Avifauna watching was performed over four consecutive days, from March 27 to March 30 of 2016. Due to the extensive area to be covered and mainly because of the difficulty of access to many locations due to lack of forest paths and the short time available for this work, we decided to collect the information in the field in an opportunistic way, rather than by adopting a systematic approach. In this way, an ornithological list of the existing species was compiled. Most of the project and catchment areas were visited with an off-road vehicle for which there was access, both during daytime and the evening, with the goal of registering the highest possible number of existing species of the relevant categories. In some areas and where possible, in line with the recommended safety conditions, we walked. For bird watching, the following were used: Swarovski SLC 10X42 binoculars and Swarovski SD HD 80 10X50 telescope, Edirol R09 sound reproduction device and Radio Shack manual speaker and available bird recordings were used for Angola (Roberts 1999; Chappuis 2002; Mills 2005), as well as specialized field guides (Van Perlo 1999; Sinclair & Ryan 2002; Dean 2000), Canon 7D and Canon 5D cameras, and Canon 400mm f5.6 and Canon Macro 100mm f2.8 lenses. Whenever possible, photos were taken of the birds watched. A "Japanese" net was also used to catch birds, which was mounted close to the camping site. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 305 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Avifauna Characterization In total, 80 species were found, corresponding to 29 families, listed in the following table according to their apparent abundance on-site and in Angola, as well as their preservation status based on their classification in the BirdLife and UCN lists. Most of the birds registered were watched visually, excluding 9 species, which were only identified due to their highly characteristic calls. Reference was also made to those species that were possible to photograph on- site, corresponding to 24% of the bird species registered (20/80). The total number of species registered (80) is quite good, especially if we consider that it resulted from only four days of data collection. However, we believe that this number does not reflect properly the ornithological richness of the location, since the survey performed turned out to be hampered due to lack of access to most of the path on the banks of the River Kwanza, some hills, and the difficulty of exploring the river itself. In addition, the study seasonality itself has some constraints and it can be expected that the ornithological diversity and composition vary slightly during the cold season (Cacimbo). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 306 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.39 - Bird species identified during the survey in the Zenzo region PORTUGUESE SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY REMARKS ind. obse rved AREA NAME No. of March 27 March 28 March 29 March 30 STATUS ANGOLA Hamerkop Scopus umbretta Scopidae * C C N Y Y N 3 Hadada Ibis Bostrychia agedash Thresk iornithidae * R R N Y N N 1 Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis Accipitridae * C C Y Y Y Y 7 African Fish Eagle Haliaetus vocifer Accipitridae * C C N Y N N 2 Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis Accipitridae * C C N N N Y 1 African Hawk-eagle Hieraetus spilogaster Accipitridae * PC P N N Y N 1 Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occupitalis Accipitridae * C C N N Y N 1 African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus Accipitridae * C C N N N Y 1 Red-Necked Spurfowl Pternistes afer Phasianidae * A A Y Y Y Y 9 Grey-striped Francolin Pternistes griseostriatus Phasianidae E PC PC N Y N Y 2 Only the characteristic call was registered Water Thick-Knee Burhinus vermiculatus Burhinidae * C C N Y N N 2 Bronze-winged Courser Cursorius chalcopterus Burhinidae * PC C N Y N N 1 Ring-Necked Dove Streptopelia capicola Columbidae * A A Y Y Y Y 24 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata Columbidae * C C N Y Y N 4 Emerald-Spotted Wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos Columbidae * C C Y Y Y Y 18 Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria Columbidae * C C N N Y Y 2 African Green Pigeon Treron calvus Columbidae * C C Y Y Y Y 7 Diederik Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius Cuculidae * C C Y Y Y N 3 Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx k laas Cuculidae * C C Y Y Y N 3 Only the characteristic call was registered Red-Chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius Cuculidae * C C Y Y Y N 4 Lark-heeled cuckoo Centropus superciliosus Cuculidae * C C N Y Y Y 4 African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii Strigidae * C C Y Y Y N 3 Only the characteristic call was registered African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus Apodidae * C A N N Y N 14 Little Swift Apus affinis Apodidae * A A N Y N N 30+ Red-backed Mousebird Colius castanotus Colidae E C C Y Y Y Y 15 African Pygmy-Kingfisher Ceyx pictus Alcedinidae * PC C Y N N N 1 Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti Alcedinidae * C C Y N N N 2 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima Alcedinidae * PC PC N N Y N 1 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Alcedinidae * C C N N Y Y 3 Little Bee-Eater Merops pusillus Meropsidae * C C Y Y Y Y 8 European Bee-Eater Merops apiaster Meropsidae * C C Y N Y N 17 Casual watching Crowned Hornbill Tock us alboterminatus Bucerotidae * C C Y Y N N 4 Trumpeter Hornbill Ceratogymna bucinator Bucerotidae * PC P N Y N N 3 Yellow-Fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus Lybiidae * PC C N Y N N 1 Only the characteristic call was registered Black-Collared Barbet Lybius torquatus Lybiidae * C C N Y N N 2 Only the characteristic call was registered Rufous-Naped Lark Mirafra africana Alaudidae * PC C N Y N N 1 Black Saw-Wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera Hirundinidae * C C N N Y Y 2 Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica Hirundinidae * A A N Y Y Y 50+ Angolan Swallow Hirundo angolensis Hirundinidae * C C N Y N N 9 Wire-Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Hirundinidae * C C N Y Y Y 5 Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula Hirundinidae * C C N Y N N 6 African Wagtail Motacilla aguimp Motacillidae * C C Y Y Y Y 13 Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris Pycnonotidae * C C Y Y Y N 5 Falkenstein's Greenbul Chlorocichla falk ensteini Pycnonotidae * A C Y Y Y Y 16 Yellow-Throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis Pycnonotidae * PC P N N Y N 1 Dark-Capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor Pycnonotidae * C A Y Y Y Y 9 White-Browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini Muscicapidae * C C Y N N N 2 Only the characteristic call was registered Natal Robin Cossypha natalensis Muscicapidae * PC C N Y N N 1 Forest Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas leucosticta Muscicapidae * C C N Y Y N 5 Only the characteristic call was registered Bubbling Cisticola Cisticola bulliens Cisticolidae * A A Y Y Y Y 37 Hartert's Camaroptera Camaroptera harterti Cisticolidae E C C N Y N Y 3 Only the characteristic call was registered Scarlet-Chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis Nectariniidae * PC C Y N N N 1 Purple-Banded Sunbird Cinnyris bifasciata Nectariniidae * C C Y N Y N 7 Yellow-throated Nicator Nicator vireo Nicatoridae * PC P N Y N Y 2 Only the characteristic call was registered Southern Fiscal Lanius collaris Laniidae * PC C N N Y N 1 Swamp Boubou Laniarius bicolor Laniidae * C C Y Y Y Y 7 Black-Backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla Malaconotidae * C C Y Y Y N 4 Brown-Crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis Malaconotidae * C N Y Y N 3 Sulphur-Breasted Bush-Shrike Malaconotus sulfureopectus Malaconotidae * A C Y Y Y Y 8 Cape Glossy Starling Lamprotornis nitens Sturniidae * C C Y Y Y Y 14 Northern Gray-headed Sparrow Passer griseus Passeridae C C N Y N Y 4 Gosbeak Waver Amblyospiza albifrons Ploceidae * PC C Y N N N 1 Holub's Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops Ploceidae * C C N N Y Y 2 Vllage Weaver Ploceus cucullatus Ploceidae * A A Y Y Y Y 50+ Red-Billed Quelea Quelea quelea Ploceidae * C C N N Y Y 3 Black-Winged Red Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus Ploceidae * C C Y Y Y Y 25 White-Winged Widowbird Euplectes albonatus Ploceidae * A C Y Y Y Y 41 Yellow-Mantled Widowbird Euplectes macrourus Ploceidae * PC C Y N N N 1 Green-Winged Pytilia Pytilia melba Estrildidae * C C Y N Y Y 16 Black-Faced Firefinch Lagonosticta cf landanae Estrildidae * C C Y Y N Y 6 Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis Estrildidae * A A Y Y Y Y 23 Orange-Cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda Estrildidae * A C Y Y Y Y 26 Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild Estrildidae * C C N N Y Y 8 Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullatus Estrildidae * C A N N N Y 5 Black-and-white Mannikin Spermestes bicolor Estrildidae * PC P N Y N N 8 Pin-Tailed Whydah Vidua macroura Viduidae * C C N Y Y Y 11 Eastern Paradise-Whydah Vidua paradisaea Viduidae * PC C N N N Y 1 Black Widowfinch Vidua cf funerea Viduidae * C C N Y N Y 5 Yellow-Fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus Fringillidae * C C N Y N Y 5 Golden-Breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris Fringillidae * PC C N Y N N 1 The region where the project is located offers a considerable wealth in terms of number of bird species, mainly due to the middle ground of the area between the coastal dry savannas and that penetrating inland following the River Kwanza above Cambambe, the proximity to some forest ecosystems typical of the Angolan escarpment, and which appear mainly on the slopes that leads to Calulo. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 307 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report On the other hand, the characteristic elements of the plateau dominated by the panda forest (Brachystegia sp.) were absent or insignificant, probably due to the modest altitude in the area. On the other hand, the presence of the River Kwanza, on a rocky bed with a considerable and permanent flow, often marked by rapids, leads to the existence of permanent lake ecosystems, but presents some small patches of well- developed forests on some slopes. All these facts make a very important contribution to the enrichment of the region's biological communities. In terms of the work carried out in the various habitats present, the bulk of the information collected refers to dry savanna habitats, grasslands, pits, and some better developed forest areas near the Kwanza or tributaries. However, for the reasons already mentioned, the denser river and forest areas were under- represented due to logistical and access issues. This constraint is evident when analyzing the bird list obtained. Thus, the registered number of aquatic birds or waders was much lower than would have been expected. Likewise, the number of forest birds listed is much lower and does not adequately reflect the probable ornithological richness that would be found in some areas of dense forest that were mostly inaccessible to us. Regarding the structure of the ornithological listing, we can say that it is relatively balanced, with 56.25% of birds belonging to the Passerine Order (45/80), which usually correspond to about half of the total. However, it is important to note the identification of so many passerines in relative terms, since they generally correspond to smaller birds and cause greater difficulty in identification. In other words, it seems to us that the recorded number of non-passerine birds has been in relative terms to be below normal, which in part can be explained by the number of birds of water type being below that expected in this list, but also by the considerable wealth of Passerine birds that were registered. Among non-passerine birds, the complete absence of species of the families Phalacrocoracidae, Anatidae, Rallidae, Glareolidae, Ardeidae, and Ciconidae is surprising, which can be explained by the impossibility of carrying out adequate surveys along the Cunza river. It is still surprising and could be the result of the absence of permanent lake areas, excessive flooding of the river during this period, and also seasonal and purely accidental incidents. One of the most relevant ornithological categories in any study corresponds to that of birds of prey (diurnal and nocturnal), since these birds are predators at the top of the food chain and therefore are a good environmental indicator of the state of the general ecosystem. In this case, only 7 species were counted, accounting for around 8.8% of the total, which is only marginally below normal reference values and is in keeping with a relatively S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 308 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report balanced ecosystem. All species of birds of prey belong to the Accipitridae family and the nocturnal species to the Strigidae family. Still referring to non-passerine birds, we can also point out the abundance of birds belonging to the Columbidae family, with five species of doves and pigeons, and the registration of four species of cuckoos and kingfisher, belonging respectively to the Cuculidae and Alcedinidae families. As for the passerines, it is worth noting the remarkable richness of the Hirundinidae family, corresponding to swallows and suchlike, with five species and which certainly benefits from the presence of the River Kwanza and some diversity of river habitats with associated savannas. Above all, the abundance of granivorous birds is worth mentioning, with a total of 19 species corresponding to 23.8% of the total and belonging to the Ploceidae, Estrildidae, Viduidae, Fringillidae and Passeridae families. The abundance of granivorous birds is extremely relevant and indicates good habitats of savanna, pits and grasses, given the eating habits of these birds. Also outstanding are the shrikes, with five species, of the Laniidae and Malaconotidae families. On the negative side, we can refer to the relative poverty of the Nectarinidae family with only two species of hummingbirds registered, and the total and conspicuous absence of representatives of the Turdidae and Sylvidae families. The low representativity of these last three families may be due only to chance, the difficulty of identifying some of their species, and especially the impossibility of properly exploring dense forest habitats and some patches of riparian forest. Of the species identified and that we consider relevant, in order to get some indications about the region ecosystems state, we can highlight the following: • HUMAN COMMENSAL BIRDS These are species that proliferate generally associated with human presence and which directly benefit from human impact upon ecosystems. They are birds that can be good indicators of the state of degradation of a given habitat. Interestingly, no commensal species was detected in the study area, with species such as the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), pied crow (corvus albus) or house sparrow (Passer domesticus). This could indicate that it is a S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 309 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report pristine region, undisturbed by human presence, which clearly is not the case, and we believe that the absence of these three species has been accidental and should not have major implications. • BIRDS OF PREY We indicate some of the recorded birds of prey, which allow us to draw conclusions to a certain extent about the environmental state of ecosystems. Palm-Nut Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis) - This is a very common species in Angola, and many specimens were observed, especially along the River Kwanza. This is a species that tolerates human presence and disturbance quite well, even by its use of palustrine agricultural areas with palm groves, but the abundance found at the site is still a good environmental indicator, probably reflecting the wealth of river ecosystems in the area. Red-necked Buzzard (Buteo auguralis) - It is a species usually associated with the forest mosaic and dense forests of the North of Angola. It is worth mentioning its site observation, which is a good environmental indicator and probably reflects the geographical proximity to the forests of South Kwanza. African Hawk-Eagle (Hieraetus spilogaster) - An adult of this species was observed gliding high over the study area, which should be highlighted, given that it is a top predator. It is a very aggressive species that frequently eats other small and medium-sized birds and mammals. Its presence indicates an ecosystem in good condition, especially if reproduction is confirmed in the area. Woodford's Owl (Strix woodfordii) - It was recorded every night through its very characteristic nocturnal call, which also indicates active territorial behavior, and is an indirect sign of reproduction in the study area. This is a relatively common species in Angola and can be found in many types of ecosystem, mostly associated with forests, but is also present in savannas, provided that there are well-developed trees. It is a good environmental indicator, which feeds mainly on small rodents, reptiles and some birds. Other registered birds of prey: African Fish Eagle (Haliaetus vocifer); long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis); African Harrier-Hawk (Polyboroides typus). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 310 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • ENDEMIC BIRDS Here we refer to endemic species of Angola, which do not therefore occur in any other country. Although many of the endemic species of Angola are rare or endangered, in this case endemic species, two of which were recorded on site, do not give rise to particular preservation needs. Grey-striped Francolin (Pternistis griseostriatus) - This species was recorded on two occasions, and on both banks of the River Kwanza, but through its characteristic call, and it was not possible to observe them by sight. However, its identification did not cause any doubt. This is an endemic species restricted to escarpment forests and woodlands and wetlands on the coastal plain of Angola. It is typically a species of cryptic behavior, rarely venturing into overcast areas, and for that reason is easily missed, even though it is not rare. Its presence is noteworthy, being common in the study area, and necessarily reflecting the existence of low altitude dense forest patches on the River Kwanza. Red-backed Mousebird (Colius castanotus) - This is another endemic but very abundant species in the western half of the country, which proliferates both in well-preserved sites and in impacted or even urban areas, thus it cannot be considered as a good environmental indicator. In the project area, it was quite common, which did not come as a surprise, and several specimens were thus observed and photographed. It was found here mainly associated with pits. Hartert's Camaroptera (Camaroptera harterti) - It was also recorded through its very characteristic and distinctive call. This is another endemic species which is most common in the forest areas of the coastal plain and especially in escarpment semi-humid forests. Its recording was not a surprise, and stems from the presence of some spots of dense forest near the River Kwanza. • BIRDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLUVIAL MEDIUM This paragraph includes birds not included in previous groups, which are almost always associated with aquatic zones and are therefore good indicators, reflecting the passage in the study area of the River Kwanza. Hadada Ibis (Bostrychia agedash) - It is not a rare or endangered species; in some southern African countries, it even becomes a human commensal bird. However, it is generally rare in Angola, thus the observation of a specimen came as a surprise, especially given that there were relatively few aquatic species registered. This species is often associated with water, but its presence in the study area may not have great significance, especially because it is a bird with migratory habits and somewhat erratic. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 311 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Giant Kingfisher (Megaceryle maxima) - A specimen was observed and photographed in the rapids of the Filomena da Câmara Bridge. Although it is a relatively common species, its distribution is essentially localized and dependent on the presence of a specific habitat, namely rapids rocky areas in medium or large rivers, and abundant fish feed for feeding. As a result, it is a good environmental indicator. Other aquatic birds registered: Hamerkop (Scopus umbretta); water thick-knee (Burhinus vermiculatus); pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis). • FOREST BIRDS A few other forest birds, not mentioned earlier, are referred to, and in our case are often associated with escarpment forests. Their presence in the study area reflects geographic proximity to the escarpment and the presence of relatively moist spots. Falkenstein's Greenbul (Chlorocichla falkensteini) - Its call was recorded very frequently in the study area, it was observed on some occasions and even photographed. It is an imminently forest species and almost always associated with Angola escarpment forest. The fact that it has proved to be abundant in the study area is to be noted, stemming necessarily from the proximity to the Calulo forests and the presence of some spots of dense forests near the River Kwanza. Forest Scrub-Robin (Cercotrichas leucosticta) - It was only registered due to its typical call. It is also a species characteristic of coastline escarpment forests and woodlands. Yellow-throated Nicator (Nicator vireo) - It was another species only registered thanks to its characteristic call. And, like the previous ones, it is a species typical of escarpment forest, a reason why its presence is a good environmental indicator. Other forest birds registered: Tambourine Dove (Turtur tympanistria); Natal Robin (Cossypha natalensis); Black-and-white Mannikin (Spermestes bicolor). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 312 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • DRY SAVANNA BIRDS Birds not previously mentioned before and typical of coastal dry savannas are added. They are also environmental indicators insofar as they reflect the geographic proximity of the coast, the relative low altitude of the study area, and the presence of dry savanna habitats. The presence of these birds in combination with those of the previous group highlights the transition characteristics of the study area. Bubbling Cisticola (Cisticola bulliens) - Several specimens were observed and photographed. It is an almost endemic species but abundant in the coastal plain of Angola, and shows a marked preference for areas of dry savanna. Purple-Banded Sunbird (Cinnyris bifasciata) - Several specimens were observed and photographed. It is another species typical of coastal dry savannas. Other birds registered and which are typical of coastal savannas at least in Angola: Swamp boubou (Laniarius bicolor); cape glossy starling (Lamprotornis nitens); white-winged widowbird (Euplectes albonotatus). Of all bird species registered, none of them are on the UCN Red List. 1 - Palm-nut Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis); 2 - Red-necked Buzzard (Buteo auguralis); 3 - Red-backed Mousebird (Colius castanotus); 4 - Giant Kingfisher (Megaceryle maxima); 5- Falkenstein's Greenbul (Chlorocichla falkensteini); 6- Purple-Banded Sunbird (Cinnyris bifasciata). PHOTO 5.31 - Fauna Species Identified S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 313 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Mammals Framework In contrast with the natural importance of mammals for biodiversity characterization, this is typically a fauna group that is highly difficulty to register, since it includes many species living in cryptic habitats, often of small size, nocturnal, or highly persecuted by humans. Methodology Much like the methodology adopted for reptiles, in the case of mammals, we also used opportunistic surveys, mainly taken from the off-road vehicle at low speeds in all forest paths, and with some walking on foot, to which some night observations were added. These surveys were also performed over four consecutive days between March 27 and 30 of 2016. Some areas without access were naturally excluded, which also limited the scope of work. It was not possible to capture any mammal, with all records taken from observations that were almost always very short and which made the identification of species very difficult. In other cases, indirect evidence has also been collected, such as stools, tracks or parts. The Kingdon 2015 specialized field guide was also used as an auxiliary. A Reconyx HC-600 hidden infra-red sensor camera was also used for recording cryptic species, but unfortunately it did not produce results during the period in the field. Mammal Characterization The survey carried out for this group produced somewhat modest results with the registration of only nine mammals and it was not possible to determine the species of some of them. This is due not only to the elusive nature of most mammals, but also to time and movement constraints. Despite everything, we think that this is a useful preliminary contribution that helps to ecologically characterize the study area. A brief listing of the observed mammals is given below. Multimammate Mouse (Mastomys sp.) - - Small rodent that was observed several times on the forest paths and which was tentatively attributed to the Mastomys genus. It was not possible, however, to determine with any degree of certainty this classification, much less to attempt a specific characterization. It is a type of small rodent common in Angola. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 314 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Groove-Toothed Rat (Otomys sp.) - A small rodent of a larger size than the previous one and which has also been observed, in this case on two occasions, crossing a forest path of the left bank of the River Kwanza, in an irrigation zone. These observations could be attributed with some probability to the Otomys genus, but it is not possible to determine the species. These are common species in humid areas or those under agricultural use. Greater Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) - An adult specimen of this species was observed on the forest path near the Filomena da Câmara bridge. It is a very common species in Angola, generally associated with areas of low wetlands and pits, and much sought after for food purposes by resident human populations. Porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis) - On the asphalt road at the edge of the project area, the spines of an animal that may have been hit were observed. It is another common species with widespread distribution throughout most of the country, so its presence in the study area is not surprising either. Congo Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus congicus) - One specimen was observed on the left bank of the River Kwanza. It is also a very common species in Angola, especially in the coastal savanna regions. Savannah Hare (Lepus saxatilis) - An adult specimen was observed on the road, on the right bank of the River Kwanza. It is a common and widely distributed species in Angola, only absent in the rainforests and in the Namib Desert. Wahlberg’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus sp.) - At the camp site, several specimens of fruit bats feeding on fruits on spondias mombin were observed at night. It was not at all possible to determine the species of this small flying mammal, and even the Epomophorus genus cannot be assumed with certainty. In any case, the Epomophorus and Epomops genera are quite similar and difficult to distinguish in the field, and have similar habits and both include several species of wide distribution in Angola. Genet (Genetta sp.) - There were typical traces of genet in a mud puddle along a forest path of the left bank of the River Kwanza. However, the species cannot be precisely determined. In any case, genet is a species of viverridae predators very common throughout the country, and mostly with arboreal habits. African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) - A cesspool was found in a rocky area of rapids on the River Kwanza left bank and can typically be attributed to this species, although it was not S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 315 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report observed. It is a relatively common species in many rivers of Angola, where it feeds on fish and crustaceans. As an excellent river predator, it is an excellent environmental indicator. The composition of mammals found does not make it possible to draw many conclusions, since it can be balanced and with common and general species. Only the squirrel is indicative of some coastal ecological influence in the study area, which in any case is in line with what has been registered in other fauna groups. On the other hand, the presence of the otter is indicative and reflects some richness of the ecosystem. Its lacustrine nature is also indicative of some environmental health of the medium. Although it was not possible to register other mammal species, we believe that it is worth stating that the occurrence of some other species known to be frequent in the area is probable, such as the Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola) and African civet (Civettictis civetta). No endemic or endangered species were found in the area of study. 24.7 - Socioeconomic framework 24.7.1 - Social and Economic Elements • - General Considerations This chapter intends to characterize the study area, considering different scales of analysis (country, province, municipality, commune and area of intervention and surrounding area of the Project) and various domains (administrative environment, demography, economic base, social context, accessibility and heritage). The characterization was also completed with the information collected through fieldwork, observation records and contacts made with local agents. The population component will be analyzed in a dynamic perspective, aiming to trace a trend of behavior of the variables that more traditionally define it. For the study of the territorial component, the occupation pattern of the space will be analyzed through population density. The economic structure will be characterized by analysis of the unemployed population and economic sectors. However, the relevance of several information gaps found is highlighted, namely: • Lack of recent demographic and economic data recorded in Angola; • Fragility and low reliability of existing data; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 316 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Lack of data compatibility between the sources consulted; • Lack of data at the municipality, commune, or even province levels. • - Administrative Framework The Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant is located in the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza, in the municipalities of Cambambe (North Kwanza) and Libolo (South Kwanza) and in the communes of São Pedro de Kilemba (municipality of Cambambe) and Kabuta (Municipality of Libolo), as shown in Figure 5.48. Area of study Without scale FIGURE 5.48 - Project Province Framework Geographically, the North Kwanza province is located in the Center-North region and has as borders the provinces of Uíge to the North, Bengo to the West and Southwest, South Kwanza to the South and Malange to the East. After the readjustment with Bengo, it occupied an area of about 24,190 km2, about 1.9% of national territory. The province's headquarters, N'Dalatando, is located about 180 km southeast of Luanda. North Kwanza province includes the following municipalities: Ambaca, Banga, Bolongongo, Cambambe, Cazengo, Golungo Alto, Lucala, NGonguembo, Quiculungo and Samba Cajú. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 317 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Municipalit Commun ies es Area of study Without scale Area of study FIGURE 5.49 - Municipal and Communal Project Framework Dams + reservoirs Without scale FIGURE 5.50 - Project Local Framework The municipality of Cambambe is seated in the city of Dondo and is bordered to the North by the municipality of Pango Aluquém (Bengo province), to the Northeast by the municipalities of Golungo Alto and Cazengo, to the Northwest / West by the municipality of Icolo and Bengo (province of Luanda), to the West / Southwest and South by the municipality of Quissama S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 318 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report (Luanda province) and to the South / Southeast by the municipality of Libolo. It consists of the communes of Dange Ia Menha, Dondo, Massangano, S. Pedro da Quilemba (where the project is located) and Zenza do Itombe. On the other hand, the province of South Kwanza, located in Angola’s central / western coastal region, has an area of about 55,660 km2, or 4.5% of national territory. It is bordered to the North by the North Kwanza province, to the Northeast by the Malange province, to the East by the Bié province, to the Southeast by the Huambo province and to the South by the Benguela province. Its seat, Sumbe, is located about 256 km south of Luanda. The South Kwanza province includes the following municipalities: Amboim, Casson, Cela, Conda, Ebo, Libolo, Mussende, Porto Amboim, Quibala, Quilenda, Seles and Sumbe. The Libolo municipality is seated in the town of Caculo and is bordered to the North by the municipality of Cambambe (North Kwanza province), to Northeast by the municipality of Cacuso (Malange province), to the East by the municipality of Mussende, to the South by the municipality of Quibala, to the Southwest by the municipality of Quilenda and to the West by the municipality of Quissama (Luanda province). It consists of the communes of Calulo, Kabuta (where the project is located), Kissongo and Munenga. • - Population Characterization 5.4.1.3.1 - Resident Population Whereas in 2013 the demographic data was not consensual, varying significantly according to the source used, it is certain that the General Census of Population and Housing conducted in May (Census 2014) provided the country with the creation of an up-to-date sociodemographic database. Table 5.40 shows the population living in Angola and its provinces. TABLE 5.40 - Distribution of population by province, 2014 RESIDENT POPULATION (INHAB.) COUNTRY/PROVINCE No. % Angola 24,383,301 100 Urban 15,182,898 62.3 Rural 9,200,403 37.7 Provinces Cabinda 688,285 2.8 Zaire 567,225 2.1 Uíge 1,426,354 5.9 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 319 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report RESIDENT POPULATION (INHAB.) COUNTRY/PROVINCE No. % Luanda 6,542,944 26.9 North Kwanza 427,971 1.8 South Kwanza 1,793,787 7.4 Malanje 968,135 4.0 North Luanda 799,950 3.3 Benguela 2,036,662 8.4 Huambo 1,896,147 7.8 Bié 1,388,923 5.5 Moxico 727,594 3.0 Cuando-Cubango 510,369 2.1 Namibe 471,613 1.9 Huila 2,354,398 9.7 Cunene 965,288 4.0 South Luanda 516,077 2.1 Bengo 351,579 1.4 Source: INE, 2014 The Angolan population is currently over 24 million (24,383,301). Analyzing the distribution of the population by provinces, 27% of the population is concentrated in the province of Luanda, followed by the provinces of Huíla with 10%, Benguela and Huambo with 8%, South Kwanza with 7%, Bié and Uíge with 6%. Together, these 7 provinces account for 72% of the total resident population of the country. Table 5.41 shows the distribution of the resident population, the area and the population density in the municipalities of the North Kwanza province, in 2014. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.320 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.42 - Distribution of the population of the North Kwanza province by municipality and gender, 2014. RESIDENT MEN WOMEN POPULATION (inhabitants) (inhabitants) PROVINCE/MUNICIPAL (inhabitants) ITY No. % No. % No. % North Kwanza 427,971 100 208,933 100 219,038 100 Urban 282,992 66.1 136,923 65.5 146,069 66.7 Rural 144,979 33.9 72,010 34.5 72,969 33.3 Municipalities Ambaca 60,835 14.2 29,177 14.0 31,658 14.5 Banga 9,493 2.2 4,818 2.3 4,675 2.1 Bolongongo 12,635 3.0 6,180 3.0 6,455 2.9 Cambambe 88,951 20.8 44,308 21.2 44,643 20.4 Cazengo 165,839 38.8 80,034 38.3 85,805 39.2 Golungo Alto 29,259 6.8 14,342 6.9 14,917 6.8 Lucala 20,148 4.7 9,908 4.7 10,240 4.7 Ngonguembo 6,865 1.6 3,396 1.6 3,469 1.6 Quiculungo 10,060 2.4 4,974 2.4 5,086 2.3 Samba Cajú 23,886 5.6 11,796 5.6 12,090 5.5 Source: INE, 2014 Source: INE, 2014 FIGURE 5.51 - Distribution of the population of the North Kwanza province by municipality and gender. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.321 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report By analyzing previous data, we can see that, with the exception of the municipality of Banga, in the other municipalities of the North Kwanza province, the female population is slightly higher than the male population. Table 5.43 shows the distribution of the resident population, the area and the population density in the municipalities of the South Kwanza province in 2014. TABLE 5.43 - Distribution of population by municipality in the South Kwanza province, 2014 RESIDENT POPULATION POPULATION (inhabitants) AREA* PROVINCE/MUNICIPAL DENSITY (km2) ITY 2 No. % (inhabitants/km ) South Kwanza 1,793,787 100 55,660 32.2 Urban 685,042 38.2 - - Rural 1,108,745 61.8 - - Municipalities Sumbe 267,693 14.9 3,890 68.8 Amboim 234,894 13.1 1,730 135.8 Quilenda 92,364 5.1 2,560 36.1 Porto Amboim 119,742 6.7 4,370 27.4 Libolo 85,106 4.7 5,860 14.5 Quibala 135,898 7.6 9,980 13.6 Mussende 76,284 4.3 9,700 7.9 Seles 174,981 9.8 5,080 34.5 Conda 89,682 5.0 2,090 42.9 Cassongue 140,587 7.8 5,510 25.5 Cela 218,505 12.2 5,440 40.2 Ebo 158,051 8.8 2,410 65.6 Source: INE, 2014 * All these data were taken from the INE; however, the sum of the values of the municipalities does not match the value for the province. Particularly analyzing the province of South Kwanza, we can see that the preliminary results of the 2014 census indicate that Sumbe is the municipality with the largest population in the province (14.9%), followed by Amboim (13.1%). In contrast, Libolo (the municipality of the project) represents the second least populated municipality in the province (4.7%). Regarding population density, the municipality of Amboim is the one with the highest population density in the province (135.8 inhabitants/km²), while the municipality of Libolo has the third S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.322 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report lowest population density, with a value of 14.5 inhabitants/km². On the other hand, about 62% of the province's population live in rural areas and 38% in urban areas. Table 5.44 and Figure 5.52 show the distribution of the population of the South Kwanza province by municipality and gender in 2014. TABLE 5.44 - Distribution of the population of the South Kwanza province by municipality and gender, 2014. RESIDENT MEN WOMEN POPULATION (inhabitants) (inhabitants) PROVINCE/MUNICIPAL (inhabitants) ITY No. % No. % No. % South Kwanza 1,793,787 100 865,021 100 928,766 100 Urban 685,042 38.2 328,230 37.9 356,812 38.4 Rural 1,108,745 61.8 536,791 62.1 571,954 61.6 Municipalities Sumbe 267,693 14.9 127,450 14.7 140,243 15.1 Amboim 234,894 13.1 113,993 13.2 120,901 13.0 Quilenda 92,364 5.1 44,828 5.2 47,536 5.1 Porto Amboim 119,742 6.7 58,275 6.7 61,467 6.6 Libolo 85,106 4.7 41,311 4.8 43,795 4.7 Quibala 135,898 7.6 66,996 7.7 68,902 7.4 Mussende 76,284 4.3 36,934 4.3 39,350 4.2 Seles 174,981 9.8 84,228 9.7 90,753 9.8 Conda 89,682 5.0 43,432 5.0 46,250 5.0 Cassongue 140,587 7.8 66,480 7.7 74,107 8.0 Cela 218,505 12.2 104,810 12.1 113,695 12.2 Ebo 158,051 8.8 76,284 8.8 81,767 8.8 Source: INE, 2014 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.323 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: INE, 2014 FIGURE 5.52 - Distribution of the population of the South Kwanza province by municipality and gender. By analyzing previous data, we can see that in all the municipalities of the South Kwanza province, the female population is slightly higher than the male population. 5.4.1.3.2 - Age Structure If information is not available for 2014, the analysis of the age structure of the population shall be done based on INE's most recent data and the data of the Provincial Governments of North Kwanza and South Kwanza. Figure 5.53 shows the age pyramid of the Angolan population for 2013. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.324 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: INE, own chart. FIGURE 5.53 - Age pyramid of the population, Angola – 2013 According to the previous figure, the age structure of the Angolan population is very young, presenting a broad base (younger age groups) and a narrow top (older age groups). This shows a positive natural dynamic (overall fertility rate of 6.4% in 2009) and reduced average life expectancy (48 years in 2009). Despite the high birth rate, it is worth mentioning that, in 2009, infant (0 – 11 months) and child (0 – 4 years) mortality rates were very high at the national level, at 115.7‰ and 193.5‰, respectively. This problem is found in most of the Angolan provinces, but is more serious in rural areas, where access to basic health care is more difficult. The age structure of the population of the North Kwanza province (Figure 5.54) is very similar to the age structure of the total Angolan population (Figure 5.53), which shows a population decrease from the first age group and so on, corresponding to the youngest age group (0-4 years) and the one with the highest value. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.325 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: North Kwanza Development Plan, 2013 - 2107 FIGURE 5.54 - Evolution of the age pyramid of the North Kwanza province, between 2009 and 2012 As in the case of the North Kwanza province, the age structure of the population of South Kwanza (Figure 5.55) is also very similar to the age structure of the overall Angolan population. The population is characterized by being extremely young and 63% of inhabitants are less than 25 years old and the weighting of the population over 65 is residual (2% of the total population). The estimated weighting of the male population (45.6%) is relatively lower than the estimated weighting of the female population (54.4%). M W 65 + 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 29 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5 - 9 0 - 4 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Population (thousands) Source: Provincial Government of South Kwanza FIGURE 5.55 - Age pyramid of the population of South Kwanza – 2011 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.326 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The following table presents a set of summary indicators on the age structure of the resident population in Angola, which generally reflects the characteristics of the population of the various provinces and municipalities. TABLE 5.45 - Summary Ratios of the Age Structure of the Angolan Population SUMMARY AGE STRUCTURE RATIOS ANGOLA % Young population (0 – 14 years) 49.0 % Working age population (16 – 64 years) 48.2 % Elderly population (65 and over) 2.8 Youth Dependency Ratio 0.96 Old-Age Dependency Ratio 0.005 Total Dependency Ratio 1.01 Aging Index 0.05 Youth Index 18.7 Source: Integrated Survey on Population Welfare, IBEP, 2008-2009. • - Angola's Macroeconomic Framework Table 5.46 shows the different economic growth rates of the country in the last three years according to different information sources. TABLE 5.46 - GDP growth rates in Angola according to different sources (%) Year OGE FMI FMI-WEO EIU World Bank CEIC 2008 13.8% 13.8% 13.8% 13.4% 13.2% 13.2% 2009 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% -0.9% -0.9% 2.0% 2010 4.5% 2.3% 1.6% 5.9% 3.5% 2.1% Source: CEIC-UCAN, 2011, adapted from the National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 In the National Development Plan 2013-2017, presented in December 2012, the following Macroeconomic Framework for Angola was established for the period 2013-2017. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.327 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: National Development Plan 2013-2017 FIGURE 5.56 - Macroeconomic Framework for Angola for the period 2013-2017 The sharp drop in the international oil price in the last quarter of 2014, translating, at the end of 2015, to a 50% drop in the barrel price observed in mid-June (from USD 115 to slightly over USD 57), represents, for the Angolan economy, a second major external shock after the one suffered at the end of 2008, which is why the values indicated for the Macroeconomic Framework may undergo some changes. The extent and depth of the impact of this shock on the performance of the Angolan economy will depend, of course, on the duration (or even the possible aggravation) of this adverse scenario dictated by the low price of the product that contributes to about 45% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The longer this scenario continues, the more severe the effects will be, particularly with regard to the level of economic activity measured by GDP variation. The duration of the scenario, the intensity of the shock, the economic policy responses, in particular with regards to the direction of fiscal policy, as well as the behavior of economic agents in the presence of a new shock will be decisive factors for economic activity. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.328 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report By analyzing the main sectors of the Angolan economy and their respective weight in the GDP in recent years, we can see that activities related to oil and diamond markets have been losing their position. However, these two sectors together accounted for about half of GDP in Angola in 2010. Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 FIGURE 5.57 - Structure of the Angolan economy in 2010 Despite its undoubted importance in the economy and development of any country, the Water and Energy sector accounts for a very small part of GDP (0.1%). However, it was the sector that presented the highest average annual GDP growth rate between 2002 and 2010, rising to 40% per year. The Angolan economy is thus in a phase of transition in the process of development of its sectors of activity, currently focusing on the growth and diversification of non-oil-related domestic production sectors. Of particular relevance are agriculture, livestock, agribusiness, biofuels, fisheries, manufacturing and the extraction industry (diamonds). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.330 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Oil In 2010, according to data released by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), average oil production in Angola amounted to 1.8 million barrels per day (mb/day). This output value positioned Angola as China's largest oil supplier, ahead of Saudi Arabia, and the largest producer in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the reduction in oil demand and the current drop in the barrel price have altered this situation, resulting in a reduction in the number of barrels sold and also in profit margins. In the near future, it will be important for the Angolan oil sector to invest in the renewal of procedures in the oil industry, in order to reduce production costs and thus increase profit margins. Construction The construction sector in Angola represented about 6.4% of GDP in 2010. This evolution has been the result of the launch of the reconstruction of the Angolan economy, after a period of almost 30 years of civil war with undeniable negative impacts to society, communication and transport infrastructures, social facilities, housing, water supply, sanitation, energy supply, health services and education. In future, the pace of construction will slow down due to the reduction of oil revenues and consequently the money available to invest in this sector. Agriculture The rural sector in Angola, encompassing agriculture and livestock farming, is the second non-oil productive sector in the country. Angola has resources that can make it one of the richest agricultural countries in Africa. Only 6.2% of the Angolan agricultural area (57 million hectares) is exploited. The country has great irrigation possibilities which have not yet been exploited. Only 3.5% of the potentially irrigable 3.7 million hectares are developed. Agriculture is one of the main growth drivers of Angola's GDP, leading growth among eight non-oil areas. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.331 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Extraction Industry The extractive industry represents, by its potential, one of the main strategic areas of the national economy, contributing significantly to Angola's GDP. Although increases in the production of these resources are envisaged, some fluctuations in the price of minerals may affect the profit margins initially forecast. Telecommunications The development of the telecommunication sector is a priority for Angolan economic and social policy, and several investments are planned in this sector in the coming years. The Angolan telecommunication system still has a long way to go, since it has great weaknesses. Most infrastructures need to be recovered and improved in order to provide the population and businesses with more sophisticated and effective communication systems, and thus unite the country in a global development strategy. In the near future, some investments planned for this sector will not advance due to the fall in oil revenues and consequently the funds available to invest in this sector. • - Electricity Sector in Angola The total installed production capacity in Angola is about 1,000 MW, with about 60% coming from hydroelectric power and 40 from thermal energy (mainly diesel). Angola's electricity sector is based on five main systems: the Northern System, the Central System, the Southern System, the Eastern System and Isolated Systems (Cunene, Cuando-Cubango, Zaire). The Northern System is made up of the Cambambe hydroelectric power plant (which is the target of rehabilitation and dam erection works and construction of the second plant), with total expected capacity of 960 MW. This amount will be increased with the work on the river diversion for the construction of the Laúca hydroelectric power plant, which will have a capacity of 2070 MW. This system will also be reinforced with the completion of the interconnection between the Northern and Central systems, through the Gabela (South Kwanza) – Kileva (Benguela) interconnection. The Central System is made up of the Lomaum hydroelectric plant, with an installed capacity of 50 MW, but which is not yet connected to Benguela. Also part of this system are the Kileva and Cavaco thermal power plants, as well as the rehabilitation of the Biópio Thermal Power Plant, which, S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.332 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report together, will add an additional 78 MW to Benguela's production system, which is still insufficient to cover the needs of the region. On the other hand, the Biópio hydroelectric power plant operates below its installed capacity, due to the state of degradation of the dam, which is in need of urgent rehabilitation, as well as the lack of regulation of the Catumbela river basin, which requires the construction of the hydroelectric power plant of Cacombo. The construction of the Gove plant and the rehabilitation of the respective dam were completed, and the Huambo and Bié regions are being served. The system in question requires interconnection between Huambo and Benguela, through the line between Lomaum and Dango (Huambo), as well as interconnection with the Southern System, through the line to be built between Gove and Matala- Lubango-Namibe-Tombwa, which will establish an acceptable inter-support between the thermal, hydro and wind production to be installed in each of the mentioned regions, thus optimizing the capacity of the entire Central System. The Southern System is fundamentally based on the Matala hydroelectric power plant, whose maintenance work is in the process of being concluded, while there is also some thermal capacity concentrated in Chitoto- Namibe. The production capacity will be increased with the construction of 4 thermal power plants, two in Namibe (20 MW) and two in Lubango (80 MW). The Eastern System is based on the Luachimo hydroelectric power plant, which serves Dundo and its surroundings, and the one in Chicapa, which partially serves Saurimo. These cities, as well as Luena, are also supplied by thermal power plants. There is no interconnected system yet. Increasing production, with increased thermal capacity, rehabilitation of the Luachimo Hydroelectric Power Plant and the construction of the Chiumbe-Dala Hydroelectric Power Plant, as well as the interconnection between the three Capital Cities, are the main priorities. With the involvement of private capital, it will be advantageous to expand the production of the Chicapa power plant, by means of construction of the 2nd Power Plant. As for the Isolated Systems (Cunene, Cuando-Cubango, Zaire), the provinces concerned are served by thermal power plants, with the expansion of these capacities in Ondjiva (10 MW) and Menongue (10 MW), the most viable supply solutions so far. The high water and solar potentials of Cuando-Cubango, in combination with existing thermal systems, should be energy sources for the supply of the different municipalities, separated by significant geographic distances and difficult access. The current actions aim to increase supply capacity in Ondjiva and border areas, through imports from Namibia. However, the combination of solar and thermal solutions should also be valid options for Cunene. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.333 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: Ministry of Energy and Water FIGURE 5.58 - Major systems of the Angolan electricity sector • - Water Sector in Angola Luanda The Luanda region has been experiencing significant population growth, which places an enormous amount of pressure on Luanda's urban infrastructures, including the water supply system. Under current conditions, the water supply deficit is estimated at 60%. The public water supply system in Luanda, managed by EPAL, E.P., is composed of 3 Collection Stations, 5 Water Treatment Plants (WTPs), 12 Distribution Centers (DCs) and a 3,180 km supply network. Two of the aforementioned collections are associated with the respective water treatment plants (WTPs), namely those in Candelabro and Kifangondo. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.334 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Other Provincial Capitals The systems installed in other provincial capitals (17) are, in most cases, subdivided to meet current needs, as is the case with Luanda, and a program is underway to rehabilitate, renovate or expand these capacities. The following is a list of these systems: • Rehabilitated and operational systems: Caxito, Malange, N’Dalatando, Uíge, Dundo, Saurimo, Huambo, Kuito, Menongue and Benguela (includes Lobito, Catumbela and Baía Farta) and Cabinda; • Rehabilitating systems with limited operational status: M’Banza Congo, Sumbe, Luena, Namibe, Lubango; • Systems to be expanded: N’Dalatando, Saurimo and Benguela (includes Lobito, Catumbela and Baía Farta); • Systems to be renewed or replaced by new collection stations: Caxito, Malanje, Uíge, Dundo, Huambo, Kuito, Menongue, Cabinda, M’Banza Congo, Sumbe and Luena. Most of the municipalities have water treatment systems in a state of limited operation, and the Government has decided to make an inventory of the infrastructures and prepare master plans for the deployment of new systems in several municipalities. In communal regions, small water collection and pumping systems have been installed under the "Water for All" ("Água para Todos") Program. According to the information provided by the Provincial Directorate of Energy and Waters of South Kwanza, the municipality of Libolo has a water treatment and distribution station with the following characteristics: • The city is supplied by means of direct (superficial) collection in a mini dam on the Mudora river, with a daily installed capacity of 2,160 m3; • It has a gravitational system; • It is subjected to treatment by initial disinfection, decantation, filtration and finally chlorine disinfection; • It has masonry distribution tanks with a capacity of 60 m3; • Four metal filters; • Two electric pumps for treated water and two for untreated water; • The 400 mm supply pipeline is made of polyethylene; • The 500 mm distribution network is made of fiber cement; • A 50 m3 compact water treatment unit (Intaka). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.335 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Labor Market At a national level, the overwhelming majority of the economically active population is presumed to be outside the formal employment system and to engage in livelihood activities, mainly related to agriculture. Indeed, according to the estimates of the Ministry of Planning for 2007, of the approximately 5.4 million inhabitants considered to be economically active, 88% were engaged in agricultural activities, 4% belonged to institutional sectors and 3% were in the fishing sector. All other sectors have a weight of about 1% or less. Taking into account the estimates of the Ministry of Planning itself for the existing information gaps, the national unemployment rate should be around 35%. In this context, according to some international statistics, Angola has one of the highest unemployment rates in sub- Saharan Africa. The following table shows the employment estimates for the province of North Kwanza distributed by the main activity sectors: TABLE 5.47 - Employment estimates for the North Kwanza province by activity sector Activity Sectors 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Agriculture 82,259 86,644 87,099 89,625 92,224 94,899 97,651 100,483 Manufacturing Industry 310 337 459 508 536 548 573 608 Electricity, gas and water 185 204 224 247 248 273 303 371 Construction 95 195 395 435 487 526 579 636 Tertiary Sector 1,990 1,618 2,293 2,752 3,302 3,963 4,756 5,707 Total 84,839 86,999 90,471 93,567 96,789 100,210 103,861 107,805 Unemployment rate 31.30 31.50 30.80 30.50 30.10 29.70 29.20 28.50 Source: INE, adapted from the North Kwanza Development Plan 2013-2017 The unemployment rate is in line with the best known national estimates - between 25% and 35% - and shows a downward trend that may be consistent with the positive variation in the level of economic activities in the North Kwanza province. Even so, this is a very high value given the poverty conditions of the population. For these populations, the solution for reducing the sacrifices resulting from their social exclusion situation is to obtain a duly paid job. The most employable activity sector is agriculture. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 336 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The following table presents data on the employed population in the municipalities of South Kwanza, including informal sectors. According to it, in 2010, 86% of the population in Libolo was employed. TABLE 5.48 - Population employed in the municipalities of the South Kwanza province, 2010 Municipalities EMPLOYED POPULATION (%) Amboim 63 Cela 88 Conda 85 Ebo 90 Kassongue 85 Kibala 59 Kilenda 80 Libolo 86 Mussende 81 Porto Amboim 74 Seles 90 Sumbe 86 Average 81 Source: Provincial Government of South Kwanza, 2010, adapted from the South Kwanza Development Plan 2013-2017 According to Table 5.49, which shows the employment rate by sector in the municipalities of South Kwanza, as in the rest of Angola, in the majority of municipalities in the South Kwanza province, the population predominantly conducts activities that are outside the formal employment system, especially in agriculture. In fact, with the exception of Libolo, Sumbe and Kibala, in every remaining municipality, the informal economy employs between 80% and 90% of the labor force and the weight of the agricultural sector varies from 60% in the municipality of Mussende to 90% in the municipalities of Amboim and Cela. Livestock farming is particularly important in the municipalities of Seles, Mussende, Porto Amboim, Cassongue and Ebo, where the weight of the population working in this sector ranges from 10% to 15%. The fishing sector stands out in the municipalities of Mussende, Quilenda and Sube, where it employs between 13 and 20% of the working population. The exploitation of natural resources is of major importance in the municipalities of Cassongue, Conda, Quilenda and Porto Amboim, where at least 10% of the working population work in this sector. Still according to data from the same survey, the weight of the activities present in the formal employment system S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 337 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report has some relevance in the municipalities of Libolo, Sumbe and Kibala, where it represents between 10% and 20% of the working population. In the municipality of Libolo, 70% of the working population work in agriculture, 2% in livestock farming, 8% in the exploitation of natural resources, that is, about 80% of the working population dedicate themselves to livelihood activities, especially activities related to the rural environment, while the remaining 20% work within the formal employment system. TABLE 5.49 - Employment by sector in the municipalities of the South Kwanza province, 2005 NATURAL MUNICIPALIT AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK FISHING OTHERS Y FARMING RESOURC Ebo 75% 10% 5% ES 4% 6% Cela 90% 2% 1% 2% 5% Cassongue 74% 10% 4% 10% 2% Conda 70% 8% 2% 12% 8% Seles 70% 15% 0% 6% 9% Mussende 60% 10% 20% 8% 2% Kibala 75% 8% 4% 3% 10% Libolo 70% 2% 0% 8% 20% Porto Amboim 70% 10% 5% 13% 2% Quilenda 65% 5% 15% 10% 5% Amboim 90% 3% 1% 4% 2% Sumbe 63% 7% 13% 2% 15% Source: MINADER • - Business Structure The Angolan business framework, in terms of number of units, has recorded an ever increasing trend in recent years, with annual average growth of around 11% (INE, 2014). According to INE, in 2012, 75,733 companies were registered in Angola, of which 31,403 were in business. The creation of new companies occurred mainly in the coastal provinces, especially in Luanda, with the predominance of companies belonging to the branch of commerce and sole proprietorships. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 338 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report As regards the distribution of companies in the different branches, in 2012, classified by the CAE Rev1 Section, "Commerce", "Real Estate and Rentals", "Accommodation and Catering (Hotels and Restaurants)", Construction" and "Manufacturing Industries" are the categories that still stand out, accounting for 47.9%, 14.6%, 7.3%, 6.6% and 6.9%, respectively. Entrepreneurial "Agriculture and Animal Production" represented only 4.0% of the total of business units. There is also a tendency for companies to concentrate in the institutional sectors of National Family Businesses and Private Non-Financial Companies, with 53.1% and 46.5%, respectively. According to Table 5.50, with respect to the North Kwanza province, 819 companies (1% of the national total) were active in 2012, with companies predominating in the institutional sectors of National Family Businesses and Private Non-Financial Companies, with around 79.7% and 20.3%, respectively. On the other hand, in the South Kwanza province, 2,900 companies (3.8% of the national total) were active in 2012, with companies predominating in the institutional sectors of National Family Businesses and Private Non-Financial Companies, with 82.7% and 17.2%, respectively. There is no information available on the structure of companies at municipal level and it is not possible to assess the business structure in the municipalities of Cambambe and Libolo. TABLE 5.50 - Structure of operational enterprises, by province, according to institutional sectors, 2012 NATIONAL FOREIGN PUBLIC NON- PRIVATE NON- CONTROLLED FINANCIAL FINANCIAL FINANCIAL NON-FINANCIAL FAMILY TOTAL COMPANIES Provinces COMPANIES COMPANIES COMPANIES BUSINESSES No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. Cabinda … … 630 18.6 0 0.0 - - 2,762 81.4 3,394 Zaire … … 317 44.0 3 0.4 - - 399 55.4 720 Uíge … … 501 33.6 0 0.0 - - 991 66.4 1,493 Luanda 80 0.2 27,100 56.4 194 0.4 14 0.0 20,677 43.0 48,065 North Kwanza - - 166 20.3 0 0.0 - - 653 79.7 819 South Kwanza … … 498 17.2 … … - - 2,399 82.7 2,900 Malanje - - 293 22.6 - - - - 1,006 77.4 1,299 North Luanda - - 470 36.9 … … - - 803 63.0 1,274 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 339 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report NATIONAL FOREIGN PRIVATE NON- CONTROLLED PUBLIC NON- FINANCIAL NON-FINANCIAL FINANCIAL FINANCIAL FAMILY TOTAL COMPANIES COMPANIES COMPANIES Provinces COMPANIES BUSINESSES No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. Benguela 12 0.2 1,570 31.1 2 0.0 - - 3,460 68.6 5,044 Huambo 4 0.2 780 35.1 10 0.5 - - 1,427 64.3 2,221 Bié - - 460 48.1 0 0.0 - - 496 51.9 956 Moxico - - 171 25.6 … … - - 497 74.3 669 Kuando Kubango 1 0.2 285 57.2 - - - - 212 42.6 498 Namibe 4 0.3 463 39.6 - - - - 702 60.1 1,169 Huíla … … 700 28.2 … … - - 1,776 71.6 2,479 Cunene - - 262 29.4 … … - - 627 70.4 890 Lunda-Sul - - 257 35.1 - - - - 475 64.9 732 Bengo … … 284 25.6 … … - - 823 74.1 1,111 TOTAL 101 0.1 35,207 46.5 209 0.3 14 0.0 40,185 53.1 75,733 Source: INE,2012 • - Activity Sectors • - Agriculture • North Kwanza Province In the agricultural field, the North Kwanza province currently produces cereals (corn), roots and tubers (cassava, sweet potatoes and common potatoes), legumes and oilseeds (beans, cowpeas, peanuts and soybeans), various fruits (bananas, citrus fruits and pineapple) and vegetables (mainly garlic, onions, tomatoes, cabbage, coriander and peppers). In the last three agricultural seasons – 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 -– the various crops, which were in some way subject to statistical control by the Ministry of Agriculture, occupied an area varying between 136 thousand and 155 thousand hectares, according to the following distribution: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 340 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.51 - Cultivated areas (hectares) Rows 2009/2010 2010/2011* 2011/2012 Cereals 11,788 12,683 15,069 Roots/tubers 72,279 75,133 81,711 Legumes/oilseeds 38,693 40,385 44,065 Fruit plants 3,719 3,855 4,804 Vegetables 9,773 10,083 9,332 Total 136,252 142,589 154,981 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, adapted from the North Kwanza Development Plan 2013-2017 * All these data were taken from the North Kwanza National Development Plan; however, the sum of the values of the rows does not match the total value. The row containing roots and tubers dominates the others in terms of area, followed by (in order of magnitude) that of legumes/oilseeds, cereals, vegetables and lastly fruit plants. The occupation referred to is divided into two very distinct production structures: family (peasant) farms and business farms, as shown in Table 5.52. TABLE 5.52 - Total number of registered holdings Total Number of Holdings Agricultural years Family Type Business Type 2010/2011 63,121 165 2011/2012 63,548 165 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, adapted from the North Kwanza Development Plan 2013-2017 Family-type farms, mainly characterized by the cultivation of small, very fragmented areas, with the use of traditional techniques due to an enormous limitation of production factors, are the dominant farms, the majority of these being coffee plantations, currently deactivated or at low rates of activity. The data provided by the Results of the Agricultural Seasons from the Ministry of Agriculture allow us to conclude the following about the main crops in the province: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 341 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.53 - Output of the last work seasons (tons) Agricultural Seasons Crops 2007/2008* 2008/2009* 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013* Cassava 602,440 763,765 944,720 965,430 723,540 999,620 Peanuts 3,268 3,608 9,006 8,541 3,933 12,404 Corn 4,380 4,405 3,455 3,401 2,755 13,010 Sweet potato 9,505 10,164 12,500 29,436 28,200 58,527 Common potato 300 588 601 986 340 303 Yam - - - 1,088 468 23,319 Butter beans 3,272 4,118 5,272 4,677 4,419 8,692 Cowpeas 1,240 1,994 1,675 2,003 602 1,577 Bananas 18,392 19,160 20,089 27,160 24,264 28,910 Vegetables 27,600 29,112 32,000 36,601 - 432 Total 670,428 836,924 1,209,318 1,079,323 788,521 1,146,793 Source: Provincial Department of the Institute for Agricultural Development, adapted from the North Kwanza Development Plan 2013-2017 25 All these data were taken from the North Kwanza National Development Plan; however, the sum of the values of the crops does not match the total value Note: In the agricultural year of 2011/2012, the North Kwanza province experienced a drought for more than 3 months in some municipalities, which caused significant damages to the crops, especially short-cycle ones. As far as cassava is concerned, family-owned businesses are responsible for 91% of the cultivated area, with the business sector accounting for only 9%. Family-owned businesses are also responsible, in percentage terms, for 91% of production, while business-type companies are responsible for 9%. Regarding productivity, it should be pointed out that both peasants' and that obtained by business agriculture have very close levels – between 11 and 16 tons/ha – with a slight advantage for family businesses. In terms of cultivated area, peanuts are in second place, just behind cassava. This is also a crop that is mainly produced by the family sector - more than 20,000 hectares per year - with very restricted areas cultivated by business-type farms - 700 to 800 hectares in the last three seasons. The average productivity referred to in the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture is about 500 kg/ha for family farms, and 650 kg/ha for business-type farms. Beans rank third among the most farmed products in the Province, with a particular interest in the family sector - between 15,000 and 17,000 hectares per year in the last three seasons, compared with an average of 1,270 hectares cultivated in business-type farms. The average productivity is lower in peasants' crops - 400 kg/ha, compared with 550 kg/ha produced by business farmers. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 342 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The cultivated corn areas only reached a low level: an average of 1,200 hectares per season, although the numbers show a rising interest in the crop, both amongst family-type farms and business-type farms. Small family farms are particularly devoted to this crop, obtaining low yields per hectare (700 kg/ha), much lower than those achieved by business-type farms (1,300/1,400 kg/ha). Sweet potatoes are of interest for farmers in the province, especially family-type farms, while the areas cultivated by the business sector are negligible. The average yields obtained are about 8 tons/ha for family- type farms, and 9 tons/ha for business-type farms. Common potatoes are a crop mainly developed by business-type farms, which, in each of the last three seasons, have devoted about 1,200 hectares to their cultivation, compared with some 800 hectares cultivated by peasants. Average yields achieved by business-type farms have been much higher than those obtained by family-type farms. As regards fruit plants, according to the reports of the Ministry of Agriculture, banana trees are the predominant ones, with small farmers holding a larger overall area and the largest share of total production. However, according to the same source, the average productivity achieved by companies is significantly higher than that obtained by small farmers. Interest in pineapples seems to be growing, both from family and business-type agriculture, with increases in growing areas and overall production, although still at modest levels for the moment. As regards the listed vegetables, almost all of them have been produced by the two productive structures, and only carrots seem to not attract the interest of family-type farms. Pepper, cabbage, tomato and onion production from the business sector exceeded that of the family sector, which only dominates in garlic production. According to the Cambambe Municipal Administration (November 2015), the municipal agricultural sector is characterized by the following aspects: Agriculture in the municipality is only for subsistence; There are 23 cooperatives and 8 associations representing 11,000 peasants; Main crops are bananas, citrus fruits and vegetables; No chemical fertilizers are used and irrigation is only made with rainwater; There is an irrigated perimeter in Mucoso that is being rehabilitated - current area of 500 hectares; There are 58 private farms in the municipality, mostly located in the commune of Massangano, which use water for the production of bananas, citrus fruits and vegetables (cabbage, tomato, okra, eggplant, etc.); S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 343 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The average size of the existing private farms is about 30 ha, of which about 10 ha are exploited for agricultural purposes. Many are not in operation; In S. Pedro da Quilemba, there is a farm called "Fazenda Rogério Leal" for corn production. It has 10,000 hectares, but only 2,000 ha are used for production. Currently, the coffee sector has 3,655 family-type coffee growers. The characterization of coffee farms by municipalities, in terms of the number of companies and total areas, is mentioned in the following table. TABLE 5.54 - General description of coffee production No. of Producers Yields/ton Municipaliti Total Area (ha) Area with coffee es (ha) Total In operation 2000 2011 2012 Cazengo 442 50 22,560 480 30 26 26 Lucala 3 3 36 20 0 0 0 G. Alto 187 no data 34,060 14,749 250 200 108 Gonguembo 88 no data 1,235 584 30 20 20 S. Cajú 208 no data 1,500 390 120 90 68 Basanga 162 no data 1,905 400 140 100 70 Kiculungo 202 no data 1,960 460 220 180 101 Bolongongo 63 no data 2,000 500 250 190 110 Ambaca 2,300 no data 3,230 2,104 300 200 197 Total 3,655 53 68,486 19,687 1,340 1,006 700 Source: Provincial Department of the National Coffee Institute, adapted from the North Kwanza Development Plan 2013-2017 25.6 South Kwanza Province S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 344 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report According to the Socio-Economic Profile of the South Kwanza province (KPMG, 2003), the economy of all municipalities in this province finds its main livelihood in the agricultural sector. Climate and soil diversity in the province gives rise to equally diversified agricultural potential. The climate is arid on the coastal strip and humid in Kassongue, with semi-arid and semi-humid areas. Rainfall ranges from zero millimeters to 400 millimeters on the coast, and can reach 1,400 millimeters in Kassongue. This climate allows for the cultivation of various crops, from cereals, tubers, oilseeds, coffee, cotton, sisal, pineapple and fruits of all kinds and also the breeding of the most varied animal species. At the provincial level and according to the information provided by the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, there is a predominance of livelihood family farming, characterized by low incomes per area unit, substantiated by a lack of raw materials and equipment, poor soil preparation and non-compliance with the techniques required in exploitation technology. Taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the region, the project's implementation area allows for the cultivation of several crops, especially cereals, legumes/oilseeds, roots/tubers, vegetables and fruit plants, providing peasant families in the region with a higher income. Around 90% of the agricultural and livestock activity is carried out under dry farming conditions. The common practice for irrigation is the natural way (rain), complemented by surface watering through irrigation ditches and motor pumps used by small farmers with some financial capacity. The use of irrigation is around 2%; it is linked to the agricultural business sector and is restricted to the coastal strip. Traditional irrigation systems cover only about 8% of the area under cultivation. There is the Kissute canal that runs 35 km, and we can also find the Cauembe ditch that can be expanded passing through the Langala hill. There is also a reserve of approximately 350 hectares. In addition to these, there is the Catinda ditch in Cachoeiras, which has free land where there is no possibility of irrigation. About 95% of farmers use hoes in the crops, animal traction accounts for about 2% of the energy used in the field and the other 3% corresponds to the use of agricultural machinery. Manual energy and animal traction are used by peasants while tractors are unique to the business sector. The destination of the production obtained in this area is mainly for self-consumption, while the surplus is for sale. Due to the agricultural practices used by peasant families, the crops produced are as follows: tomatoes, onions, peppers, garlic, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas, lemons, mangos, oranges, passion fruit, palm trees, papaya tree, corn, beans, eggplant, sugar cane, chili pepper, baobab, okra, cabbage, pepper, cucumber, melon and watermelon, etc. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 345 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report In the agricultural season of 2012, as can be seen from Table 5.55, the cultivated area of South Kwanza was about 256,645 hectares, with the area cultivated by the family sector being the predominant one (87.3%). In terms of production, cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, pineapple and vegetables stand out, with production of about 684,753 tons, corresponding to about 86.5% of the total number of crops grown. In terms of planted area, cereal cultivation, namely corn, is dominant, with about 62.3% of the planted area of the province. The agricultural sector in the South Kwanza province has some constraints associated with logistics, technical, technological and material difficulties, the aging of the plant material, the lack of infrastructure and bottlenecks in the sale and flow of agricultural production. However, the province has natural conditions that are favorable to agriculture and is close to the main consumption centers, which are essential conditions for the development of the sector (South Kwanza Provincial Development Plan, 2013). TABLE 5.55 - Cultivated area and expected production in the agricultural season of 2012 in South Kwanza CULTIVATED AREA (ha) EXPECTED PRODUCTION (ton) DESIGNATION Family Business Family Business Total Total Sector Sector Sector Sector PROVINCE 223,969 32,676 256,645 691,270 100,238 791,508 FOOD PRODUCTS 207,107 30,261 237,368 512,951 75,014 587,965 Corn 133,744 26,167 159,911 105,087 51,898 156,985 Potatoes 3,317 99 3,416 33,170 955 34,125 Sweet potatoes 7,712 353 8,065 77,120 4,238 81,358 Cassava 23,460 1,403 24,863 280,286 16,836 297,122 Peanuts 15,624 334 15,958 8,245 134 8,379 Common beans 21,596 1,905 23,501 8,638 953 9,591 Cowpeas 1,654 0 1,654 405 0 405 FRUITS AND 16,862 2,415 19,277 178,319 25,224 203,543 VEGETABLES Pineapples 4,701 1,248 5,949 56,412 18,720 75,132 Bananas 3,517 750 4,267 52,755 1,500 54,255 Vegetables 8,644 417 9,061 69,152 5,004 74,156 Source: GPKS Annual Report 2012, adapted from the South Kwanza Provincial Development Plan, 2013-2017 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 346 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Livestock farming • North Kwanza Province There are no reliable indicators available on what the current livestock exploitation actually is in the province. The statistical data obtained are those reported in the Results of the Agricultural Seasons published by the Ministry of Agriculture, which are only estimates and, in addition, do not allow the family sector to be differentiated from the business sector. Based on these elements made available by the Ministry of Agriculture, a summary table of the evolution of the livestock sector is presented below. TABLE 5.56 - Summary of developments in the livestock sector Actual Estimated Actual Abated Net Average Meat Production, Head Head Weight tons SPECIES kg/head 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 Bovine animals 9,391 9,597 195 517 29.3 77.7 Goats 78,088 80,197 2,199 2,861 35.6 46.3 Sheep 64,691 66,438 217 334 3.5 5.4 Pigs 29,961 33,077 400 632 10 15.8 Poultry 64,671 75,471 46,800 58,922 46.9 59 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, adapted from the North Kwanza Provincial Development Plan 2013-2017 Despite the relativity and disparity of the data in question, we can see an evolution in livestock numbers, although it is not very marked. The importance of goats is also highlighted, with a greater actual value, followed by sheep. With the exception of poultry species, slaughter rates are low. • South Kwanza Province With respect to livestock, the South Kwanza province had, in 2012, about 105,813 bovine animals, 88,957 pigs, 19,251 sheep, 70,822 goats and 95,036 birds). The municipalities of Kassongue, Porto Amboim and Sumbe concentrate most of the livestock activity in the South Kwanza province. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 347 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report However, the South Kwanza province still has an excessive food deficit, exposing it to external vulnerabilities, with implications for the development of the agricultural and livestock sector. The development of this sector is still conditioned by the precariousness of sanitary systems, excessive dependence on natural pastures, the lack of logistic conditions that promote the commercialization of products and the lack of investment in the determination of types and their adaptability to the climate conditions. However, the growth potential of this sector in the province and proximity to the main consumer markets should be highlighted as positive aspects. TABLE 5.57 - Livestock in the municipalities of the South Kwanza Province in 2012 MUNICIPALITY BOVINE PIGS SHEEP GOATS POULTR OTHERS ANIMALS Y Ebo 598 0 0 0 0 0 Waku-Kungo (Cela) ------Kassongue 31 010 3 767 2 136 10 444 21 900 182 Conda 1 395 3 500 1 213 2 483 7 210 74 Seles 10 304 6 758 2 391 8 941 10 421 98 Mussende 606 2 872 589 2 053 5 870 45 Kibala 7 359 7 619 1 805 7 815 6 870 96 Libolo 7 650 3 707 1 176 7 761 9 432 108 Porto Amboim 30 895 8 324 1 646 10 573 17 200 387 Quilenda 49 0 0 0 0 0 Amboim 0 4 687 790 8 161 6 890 38 Sumbe 15 947 47 723 7 505 12 591 9 243 245 South Kwanza 105 813 88 957 19 251 70 822 95 036 1 273 Source: GPKS Annual Report 2012, adapted from the South Kwanza Provincial Development Plan, 2013-2017 • - Fishing • North Kwanza Province Fishing is practiced in rivers and lagoons in the province, using artisanal processes, and is of significant economic and social importance, particularly in the municipality of Cambambe (the municipality of the project). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 348 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report This activity is also carried out by a large number of farmers not only for self-consumption but also for the marketing of surpluses. Fish is marketed fresh, scaled and dried, or after being smoked. The most fished species are tilapia, catfish and mussolo. A large proportion of the fish is channeled to Luanda. Artisanal fisheries are undergoing some technical development, mainly aimed at improving post-harvest activities. An aquaculture expansion project is underway in areas of interest, namely in Lucala, Banga, Ambaca and Cambambe, and the construction of a Larviculture Center in Cambambe has been started for the supply of species. The production volumes of artisanal fishing achieved during the three-year period 2010/2012 are shown in the following table: TABLE 5.58 - Artisanal fishing production Years Quantities (tons) 2010 583.2 2011 198.9 2012 6,483 Source: Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, adapted from the North Kwanza Provincial Development Plan 2013-2017 Considering Table 5.58, it can be seen that, after a fall in fish stocks between 2010 and 2011, there was a marked increase between 2011 and 2012, thus revealing the significant economic and social importance this sector represents in the economy of the North Kwanza Province. • South Kwanza Province The South Kwanza province has some 178 km of coastline and is rich in both pelagic and demersal fishing resources. It is also known for its natural potential for crustaceans, with special emphasis on lobster, crab, shrimp and prawns. The fishing sector in the South Kwanza province is divided into 3 main categories: • Industrial fishing: developed through trawling gear (which has a high impact on the sustainability of fishing resources). In 2012, it was carried out by 6 vessels, responsible for catching 3,496 tons of fish (24.6% of the total fish caught in the province); S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 349 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Semi-industrial fishing: with poor fishing and fish-landing conditions. In 2012, it was carried out by only one vessel, responsible for catching 951 tons of fish (6.7% of the total fish caught in the province); • Artisanal fishing: carried out by customary law, guarantees food for the population. In 2012, 343 vessels were registered, responsible for 9,450 tons of fish caught (66.4% of the total fish caught in the province). According to information from IPA, in 2006, artisanal fishing involved 1,458 fishermen (8% of the national total). The municipality of Porto Amboim stands out in the province as the main fishing center, and where the state- owned company PesCuanza, established in 1987 (with 92 employees) is set up, with fish being sold throughout the country, namely to Lundas, Malange and Luanda. The species sold are sardine and horse mackerel, which are caught by trawling. The municipality of Libolo has some fishing activity, but with a much lower level than the municipality of Porto Amboim. There are some situations that undermine the development of the fishing sector in the province, namely the weaknesses in the monitoring of catching activities, which allow "large vessels to fish very close to the coast, harming artisanal fishers". On the other hand, the poor general condition of infrastructure on land, including the cold grid, also constitute a bottleneck in the development of the sector (South Kwanza Provincial Development Plan, 2013). • - Other Activities Related to Self - Sufficiency In most Angolan provinces, in addition to agriculture, livestock and fishing, there are a number of additional activities, such as fruit picking, wild seeds and honey production, hunting, timber harvesting and charcoal production, mainly for personal consumption. Where existing, surpluses are marketed or used as a form of payment. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.350 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report • - Forest Exploitation • Province of Cuanza Norte Currently, the forest exploitation does not reach significant values. This is basically due to the poor capacity of the companies present and the difficult access to the exploitation areas. The following table shows the number of the entrepreneurs dedicated to the forest exploitation, as well as the volume of wood licensed and exploited. TABLE 5.59 – Logging Years Volume licensed (m3) Volume exploited (m3) 2010 14,034 3,040 2011 5,700 3,131 2012 7,920 4,972 Source: Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 There seems to be a reduction of logging, at least for consumption in the urban centers, as can be understood from the numbers registered in the period between 2007 and 2012, joined in the following table: TABLE 5.60 – Logging Years Volume (m3) 2007 1,700 2008 500 2009 200 2010 100 2011 200 2012 200 Source: Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 The production of vegetable charcoal, obtained with primitive means – kilns or excavations – had some meaning in the province, mainly in the years of 2007, 2010 and 2012 where the quantity produced was bigger. The table below shows the volumes produced between 2007 and 2012. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 351 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report TABLE 5.61 – Production of charcoal Years Quantities (kg) 2007 4,542,000 2008 1,730,000 2009 1,826,000 2010 3,486,000 2011 1,492,000 2012 3,972,000 Source: Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 In the municipality of Cambambe, logging is only intended for charcoal production (relevant activity of the population), so there is no quality wood for construction works or sale (Municipal Administration, November 2015). • Province of Cuanza Sul The forest resources are of great importance for the informal and subsistence economy of the households, mainly of the rural and peri-urban areas (more than 60 % of the country's population lives in the countryside). This relevant group of the Angolan population uses wood and charcoal as domestic sources of energy, and also for the generation of revenues. The annual demand for wood and charcoal is estimated in 6 million cubic meters per year, which corresponds, at market prices, to approximately 510 million dollars (USA) not counted in terms of GDP (Ministry of Urban Planning and the Environment). The situation in the province of Cuanza Sul is similar to that of the country. There is an indiscriminate logging, without doing reforestation, which leads to a little balanced use of resources from an environmental and economic point of view. However, this province has a low-cost production, and the local market is the main one. In 2011 / 2012, there was a production of 1,373 m3 of logs and 2,720 m3 of lumber. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 352 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report • - Industry • Province of Cuanza Norte Some economically relevant industrial enterprises settled in the Province of Cuanza Norte, namely a large brewery (EKA), a textile factory (the largest of Angola at that time) and a production and bottling plant of beverages obtained by fermentation of fruit. The industrial facilities of the province are virtually disabled and the performance of the plants still operating is affected by several bottlenecks difficult to solve immediately, whose mitigation requires a vast multi-sector intervention, focused on a clear, integrated and active development policy. The Ministry of Industry, responsible for the licensing of the industrial activities with an expected investment higher than USD 70,000.00, provides the information shown in the following table: TABLE 5.62 – Industrial plants licensed by the Ministry of Industry Investment Total Designation Municipalit Commune Industrial Activity y (USD) Employee Águas Cristalinas do Bottling of table water s Cazengo Ndalatando 6,000,000 50 Cuanza Norte, Lda. Bottling of table water EPBY – Soluções Cambambe Dondo 6,000,000 70 EKA – Empresa Cambambe Dondo Beer production 73,983,287 420 Angolana de NgolafrilajaCervejas – Cement artifacts, blocks and Cambambe Dondo 400,000 15 Comércio Geral, carpentry Light SteelLda. Angola, Lda. Lucala Lucala Production of metal structures 1,000,000 20 Rogério Leal & Filhos, São Pedro da Milling of cereals (maize flour Cambambe 3,435,950 40 Lda. Quilemba and vegetable oil) Pirata – Prestação de Serviços de Importação e Cambambe Dondo Bakery and confectionery 200,000 21 Exportação de Eugénio Oliveira PascoalSource: F. Ministry da Silva of Industry, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 353 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report The information made available by the Industry Provincial Services, together with the information provided by the National Directorate of Industry of the Ministry of Industry, provides a view of the industrial reality of Cuanza Norte shown in the following table: TABLE 5.63 – Industrial plants licensed by the Provincial Directorate of Industry Industry and Products Total Food and milling industry 32 Bakery 42 Bakery / Confectionery 1 Confectionery 1 Sawmill industry 3 Carpentry 7 Carpentry / Woodwork 6 Upholstery / Furniture 2 Tire retreading 2 Construction materials industry 1 Block manufacturing 3 Stone crushing 1 Typography 2 Tailors 2 Shoe repairers 3 Locksmiths 9 Automobile repair shops 2 Total 119 Source: Provincial Directorate of Industry, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 It is essential to highlight the fact that the majority of the industrial plants operating in Cuanza Norte had been licensed by the provincial entity that is in charge of the industry, and that are mainly small institutions, many of them in a small-scale. In this field, the high number of bakeries and millings with investments between USD 1,000.00 and 5,000.00 stands out (of the 42 bakeries, only 9 had a more substantial investment; of the millings, only 1 anticipates an investment higher than USD 70,000.00). The beverage industry (beer and mineral water), the milling industry (cornmeal, manioc and maize flour) and the bakery industry dominate the structure of provincial production. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 354 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report The investment applied in the sector is minor when comparing it with what the province can and must envisage, within certain limitations, regarding powerful sectors in the regional industrial development. Currently, there is little relevance from the industrial point of view, and the sector-specific production is far from being the most convenient one for the progressive development of the province (Province Development Plant of Cuanza Norte, 2013). 26 Province of Cuanza Sul In 2002, the industry of the province of Cuanza Sul was characterized by the non-existence of plants that processed agricultural products. According to the socioeconomic profile of Cuanza Sul (KPMG, 2003), of the 341 existing companies, 266 were operating and 75 were disabled. The goods produced for sale include spirits, regular coffee, mineral water, palm oil, wooden furniture, wallets, building blocks and lime. The craftsmanship activity produces ceramic and clay pots, jugs, vases, saucers, dishes and dolls. According to information provided to ANGOP by the provincial director of the Industry of Geology and Mining in Cuanza Sul, Pedro Firmino, in 2009 the province of Cuanza Sul had only 52 small and medium industries operating. In the industrial field, the plaster plant Super Gesso, the cement plant in Cuacra, the bulk carrier and cotton processing factory and BEBA, dedicated to the production of spirits, juices, water filling and coffee roasting, stood out. In 2013, it is referred the existence of 181 companies in Cuanza Sul, 147 of which were operating and employed about 1,136 employees. • - Mining Operation • Province of Cuanza Norte Due to its potential, the mining sector represents one of the main strategic areas of the national economy. The importance of the province's mineral potential is considered significant, standing out the known occurrences of iron, manganese, copper, gold, ornamental rocks, quartz, asphalt and talc. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 355 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Regarding iron and manganese, the Kassala Kitungo deposits are known for a long time, in the plain that goes from Dondo to Ndalatando, with existing reserves valued at over 300,000,000 tons of iron ore, and at about 5,000,000 tons of manganese ore. As for copper, there is information on its existence in Serra do Banga. Regarding gold, it exists in Massangano, in Serra do Banda, and in the municipality of Gonguembo, where it is exploited by hand. As for marbles, there are deposits signaled in several locations – Quixico, Cacolombo and Zanga. Besides this rock, there is a record of some granite rock capable of providing stone pieces that can be used ornamentally. There are also several places in the province for exploitation / production of building material of mineral origin. In 2013, according to the Ministry of Geology and Mining, the expected production capacity of inert material had the following volumes: TABLE 5.64 – Estimation of inert material production capacity Inert material Volume (m3) Sand 1,900,000 Clay 3,000,000 Pebble 6,750,000 Gravel 8,325,000 Source: Ministry of Geology and Mining, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 • Province of Cuanza Sul The province of Cuanza Sul is rich in mica, plaster, gold, quartz, thermal waters, iron and diamonds. In this sector, the operation of the Catoca Mining Association stands out, authorized by the Government of the Province of Cuanza Sul to develop activities that lead to the installation of equipment for the exploitation of diamonds in the mining concessions of Gango and Quitúbia. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 356 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report • - Commerce, Hotel Business and Tourism • Province of Cuanza Norte Commerce The commercial activity in the province was deeply affected by the destructive effects of the war. Generally, the number of establishments operating falls short of the needs, based on the density of the population, and this starts to be more significant to the municipalities. Currently, in the urban centers, we can observe the reinstatement of the formal commerce, but in the rural area, the commercial activity developed by the licensed permanent trader has little expression. The more prevalent trading system of the production is the individual trade, the roadside sale of products or the sale in markets outside and inside villages, as well as the informal or parallel trade. According to the sheet of statistical units, 2008–2011, of the National Statistical Institute, the number of commercial companies operating in the province was 256, including wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, and personal and household goods. The table below summarizes the commercial network licensed from 2008, by municipality. TABLE 5.65 – Commercial network licensed from 2008, by municipality, in the province of Cuanza Norte Type of Golungo Samba Ambaca Banga Bolongongo Cambambe Cazengo Lucala Ngonguembo Quiculungo Commerc Alto Cajú eWholesale 0 0 0 7 2 2 0 1 0 1 Retail 17 12 23 78 72 22 6 10 6 11 General 2 4 2 17 6 4 0 1 0 1 Market Service 0 0 0 16 32 3 1 0 1 0 Provision Informal 2 6 2 133 261 33 30 12 8 12 Trading Market 2 35 Sellers Street Sellers 15 Total 21 22 27 268 373 64 37 24 15 60 Source: Provincial Government of Cuanza Norte, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 357 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report As can be observed in Table 5.65, the municipality of Cambambe, right after the municipality of Cazengo, is the second municipality of the province that has the greater commercial network, with about 268 licensed commercial establishments. From these establishments, the ones of informal trading have special relevance, with about 49 % of the total establishments of the municipality. Hotel Business and Tourism Currently, Cuanza Norte is only a crossing point to other destinations, not having tourist trade. Such fact results from the non-existence of policies defined for tourism and adequate infrastructures to promote tourism (non-profitable installations and minor preparation of the business professionals). The little that has been done is due to individual efforts, without any relevance for the province. Regarding the hotel and restaurant resources, the sector, according to the Provincial Directorate of Commerce, Hotel Business and Tourism, has actually the following establishments: TABLE 5.66 – Sector of hotel business in the province of Cuanza Norte Resources Hotels Guesthou Restaurants ses Operating 61 16 42 Number of rooms 281 Number of beds 292 Employees 120 100 360 Under stage of 12 completion Under 1 1 constructionSource: Provincial / restoration Directorate of Commerce, Hotel Business and Tourism, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 In the province of Cuanza Norte, there are places likely to attract possible tourism flows for their variety and originality. The places of greater interest in the province are the following: TABLE 5.67 – Places of greater tourist interest in the province of Cuanza Norte Designation Municipalities Botanical Garden Cazengo Mountain 1,014 Cazengo Binda Hill Cazengo Swimming pool of the viewpoint Cazengo (Ndalatando) S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 358 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Designation Municipalities Waterfalls of the Vuva River Cazengo (Muembeje River) Massagano Ruins Cambambe Hydroelectric Complex Cambambe Kiamafulo Beach (Cuanza River) Cambambe (Dondo) Foundry of Nova Oeiras Cambambe (Dondo) Rapids of Lucala River Lucala Caves of Calombolo (Commune of Lucala Kiangombe) Santo Hilário Ruins Golungo Alto Mazalala Waterfall Golungo Alto River Canhogo Waterfalls Ambaca Lagoon of Banga Banga River Caule Waterfall Quiculungo Caves of Zanga Cazengo Caves of Hala Lucala Waterfalls (Bembeze) Lucala Caule River Waterfall (Bengueji) Quiculungo Mountain of Banga Banga Source: Provincial Directorate of Commerce, Hotel Business and Tourism, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017 75 Province of Cuanza Sul Commerce According to the socioeconomic profile of the province of Cuanza Sul (KPMG, 2003), this province has several commercial establishments, informal rural markets, street sellers and service provision. In 2002, the municipalities with a larger number of companies were Sumbe, Amboim, Porto Amboim and Seles. Altogether, there were 501 retail companies, 320 street sellers and 117 establishments in the rural area. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 359 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report TABLE 5.68 – Commercial companies in the province of Cuanza Sul COMPANIES Informal MUNICIPALITI Establishment in Street Service ES Wholesale Retail rural the rural area Sellers Provision market Sumbe 2 172 18 4 142 10 Amboim 3 128 41 4 85 6 Porto Amboim 3 74 11 3 60 3 Seles 0 38 8 3 17 0 Waco Kungo 0 40 3 4 0 0 Libolo 0 14 8 2 16 0 Ebo 0 6 12 2 0 0 Kibala 0 12 2 3 0 0 Kilenda 0 10 8 2 0 0 Kassongue 0 0 0 2 0 0 Mussende 0 0 0 2 0 0 Conda 0 7 6 3 0 0 TOTAL 8 501 117 34 320 19 Source: Provincial Government / GEPE 2002 According to data from the National Directorate of Commerce, in 2007, the province of Cuanza Sul had 2,528 commercial and market service provision establishments duly licensed, namely: 37 of wholesale trade, 768 of retail trade, 235 of mixed trade, 271 of general trade, 576 of informal trade, 30 of service provision and 611 of street trade. Hotel Business and Tourism Regarding the tourism sector, the tourist accommodation in Angola was comprised of 621 functional units, with emphasis on the existence of 359 guesthouses, 139 inns and 81 hotels. In the province of Cuanza Sul, in 2008, there were 32 guesthouses, 14 hotels, a tourist complex and an apart hotel operating. Regarding the restaurants and travel agencies, there were 1,863 restaurants and 29 travel agencies nationwide, and the provinces of Luanda and Benguela had the majority of these units. In Cuanza Sul, there were 79 restaurants and there were no travel agencies. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 360 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report TABLE 5.69 – Hotel business, restaurant business and travel agencies operating, 2008 TYPE ANGOLA CUANZA SUL Hotels 81 14 Guesthouses 359 32 Tourist villages 11 0 Apart hotel 5 1 Tourist complexes 11 1 Tourist resorts 9 0 Lodges 7 0 Hostels 134 0 Inns 4 0 Subtotal 621 48 Restaurants 1,863 79 Travel Agencies 29 0 Subtotal 1,892 79 Total 2,513 127 Source: Ministry of Hotel Business and Tourism, 2009. Statistical Bulletin of the Hotel Business and Tourism Market of Angola, 2008. Regarding the labor in the private sector in the hotel business and tourism, the sector employs 57,583 men and 45,143 women nationwide. In the province of Cuanza Sul, there are 2,406 employees in the hotel business and tourism, 51.4 % of which are men and 48.6 % women. The revenues of the hotel units in 2008 amounted to Kz 34,472 million nationwide, and from that total Kz 86 million arose from the province of Cuanza Sul. The main areas of tourist interest in the province of Cuanza Sul are: 76 Binga Waterfall; 77 Sassa Forest / Caves; 78 Tokota Thermal Waters; 79 Wako Medicinal Waters; 80 Kicombo Caves; 81 Ruins of the fortress of Kibala; 82 Sumbe Caves; 83 Natural Reservation of Kumbira; 84 Fortress of Amboim; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 361 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report 85 Fortress of Seles; 86 Kariango Wall. • - Health Sector • Province of Cuanza Norte According to the available information, life expectancy in Angola is 51 years, also corresponding to the value attributed to the Cuanza Norte population. Despite the significant improvements of the health situation of Cuanza Norte since 2002, due to public interventions resulting from improvement programs and increase in the supply of basic social services, the situation of the province still lacks more interventions. The predominant diseases in the province are also those that favor the most the search for healthcare services, even though the frequency with which it occurs is not the same in every municipalities. In certain municipalities, malaria reveals itself as the reason for which the healthcare services have a greater demand, whereas, in specific municipalities, this demand is due to acute diarrheic diseases caused by a lower availability of drinking water. For the province health sector situation, certain factors have a special importance from the start, such as the basic sanitation and the availability of drinking water, the quality of health infrastructures and their equipment, quantity and quality of medical staff and other resources. In terms of health infrastructures, the province has 128 units, which, in their majority, are health centers and health clinics. Regarding maternity hospitals, there is only one and also a maternal and child specialized hospital. As a whole, there are 10 hospitals in the province, eight of which are municipal hospitals, standing out those from Golungo Alto, Cambambe, Cazengo, Kiculungo, Gonguembo, Lucala and Ambaca with two. Regarding human resources, the province has 84 doctors, and each one has about 4,116 inhabitants. As for nurses, the province has 940, which is not enough for the existing population. (Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Norte, 2013–2017.) To improve the current situation of unsatisfactory infrastructures within the health area, several projects are anticipated for the province of Cuanza Norte, standing out the enhancement of the water supply systems in the capital of the province, the modernization of the province hospital and the construction of 22 health centers. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 362 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report • Province of Cuanza Sul The survey carried out by the Ministry of Health of Angola, from February 2011, concluded that there is 1 provincial hospital, 14 hospitals, 7 maternal and child centers, 22 health centers and 184 health clinics in the province of Cuanza Sul. In the municipality of Libolo, it is highlighted the existence of 1 hospital, 3 health centers and 11 health clinics. TABLE 5.70 – Health equipment existing in the province of Cuanza Sul, 2011 MUNICIPALITY HP HOS CMI CEN POS OTHER TOTAL Sumbe 1 2 - 5 27 1 36 Porto Amboim - 1 - 3 13 1 18 Quilenda - 1 - - 8 7 16 Amboim - 2 2 3 20 2 29 Libolo - 1 - 3 11 - 15 Kibala - 1 1 1 12 1 16 Mussende - 1 1 - 12 - 14 Seles - 1 1 - 21 - 23 Conda - 1 1 - 19 4 25 Cassongue - 1 - 3 4 - 8 Waku-Kungo (Cela) - 1 1 2 25 - 29 Ebo - 1 - 2 12 - 15 TOTAL 1 14 7 22 184 16 244 Source: Sanitary Map – Characterization of the Health Services Provision System of the Province of Cuanza Sul. Ministry of Health. Planning, Studies and Statistics Office. Version for Public Discussion, February 2011, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul, 2013–2017 HP = Provincial Hospital, Hos = Hospital, CEN = Health Center, CMI = Maternal and Child Center, POS = Health Clinic, OTHER = Others It should be referred that, according to the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul (2013–2017), the main focus of the province, in terms of healthcare, is related to the construction of three new hospitals in the capital Sumbe (Provincial Hospital of Cuanza Sul), in Porto Amboim and Gabela-Amboim (Reference Municipal Hospitals). In 2007, the province of Cuanza Sul had performance indicators in the health area more unfavorable than the national average regarding the availability of medical and nursing staff, and more favorable regarding the number of appointments and the number of beds in healthcare units, as can be S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 363 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report observed in the following table. However, the indicated values do not convey a generalized situation of high shortage of healthcare services provision. TABLE 5.71 – Performance indicators in the health sector in the province of Cuanza Sul, 2007 No. No. NURSES / No. EXTERNAL No. BEDS Country / Provi DOCTORS / 10 THOUS. APPOINTMENTS / HEALTHCARE nce 10 THOUS. INHAB. UNITS / THOUSAND 10 THOUS. INHAB. INHAB. Angola INHAB.0.9 15.3 122.3 0.9 Cuanza Sul 0.7 7.7 182.7 1.1 Source: Ministry of Health The following table shows the medical and nursing staff and other caregivers in the municipality of Libolo and in the province of Cuanza Sul referring to the year of 2012. Once again, it is observed the shortage of human resources in this sector. The number of doctors and nurses of the Libolo municipality represent only 12.9 % and 1 %, respectively, comparatively with the province. TABLE 5.72 – Caregivers in the province of Cuanza Sul, 2012 PROVINCE / MUNICIPAL DOCTORS NURSES TECH. DIAGN. ITY THERAPY Libolo 19 18 6 Cuanza Sul 148 1,631 171 Source: GPKS Annual Report, 2012, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul, 2013–2017 • - Education • - Education Levels The illiterate population is still highly significant in Angola, with values around 34 % nationwide, and with great disadvantage for women (virtually half of the female population is illiterate). The illiteracy takes over major proportions in the rural areas, with 70 % of illiterate population, the double comparatively with the cities, affecting mainly the poor population (IBEP, 2011). Only two-thirds of the population over 15 years old knows how to read and write. However, there is a great gap between the city and the rural area, with values around 82 % and 45 %, respectively. Less than half of the population in the cities completed the elementary school, and more than one-third of the individuals that completed the elementary school did not carry on with the studies. Nationwide, only 4 % of the people completed a level of education higher than elementary school (IBEP, 2011). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 364 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report The elementary school net attendance rate (percentage of children between 6 and 11 years old that are attending the elementary or high school) is 76 % nationwide (IBEP, 2011). The table below shows some general indicators on the level of education of the population. Generally, it is possible to observe that the province of Cuanza Norte shows a more unfavorable situation, within the national context, when comparing to the majority of the provinces. In turn, the results of the province of Cuanza Sul, despite being slightly better than those of the province of Cuanza Norte, are also unfavorable. TABLE 5.73 – General indicators on the level of education of the population POPULATION WITH AN POPULATION THAT LITERACY OF PEOPLE AGE EQUAL OR HIGHER ATTENDS PRESCHOOL WITH 15 YEARS OLD PROVINCES THAN 6 YEARS OLD (2013) OR MORE (2013) THAT NEVER ATTENDED SCHOOL % % (2012)% Cabinda 17.0 - - Zaire 16.0 12.7 70.7 Uíge 24.0 1.4 61.7 Luanda 7.0 12.0 86.7 Cuanza Norte 21.0 4.0 53.1 Cuanza Sul 33.0 7.1 52.4 Malanje 33.0 10.3 52.6 Lunda Norte 37.0 2.0 43.3 Benguela 23.0 3.6 56.1 Huambo 24.0 19.2 60.5 Bié 29.0 1.4 40.3 Moxico 29.0 6.7 44.9 Cuando Cubango 41.0 3.6 46.0 Namibe 30.0 12.2 53.6 Huíla 20.0 5.7 67.9 Cunene 23.0 5.9 60.7 Lunda Sul 28.0 11.2 43.6 Bengo 20.0 4.1 54.6 Source: National Statistical Institute The following table shows the number of individuals with 18 years old or more, according to the level of education reached, referring to the years of 2008 / 2009. The level of education reached corresponds to the level of schooling that the individual attended, whether it has been completed or not. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 365 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report TABLE 5.74 – Population with 18 years old or more, according to the level of education reached, 2008 / 2009 HIGH SCHOOL (%) HIGHER ELEMENT PROVINCES EDUCATI ARY SCHOOL JUNIOR SENIOR HIGH HIGH ON (%) (%) SCHOOL SCHOOL Cabinda 46.1 29.0 21.0 3.8 Zaire 59.0 24.4 15.3 0.4 Uíge 68.8 17.5 12.7 0.6 Luanda 75.3 14.5 8.4 1.7 Cuanza Norte 64.8 16.0 15.2 3.7 Cuanza Sul 75.3 13.2 8.7 2.6 Malanje 81.4 13.6 5.0 0.0 Lunda Norte 68.5 21.3 9.7 0.3 Benguela 66.9 21.2 9.6 0.8 Huambo 65.5 20.6 10.4 2.7 Bié 64.3 21.2 13.4 1.2 Moxico 66.0 23.0 10.5 0.3 Cuando Cubango 76.2 17.1 6.0 0.5 Namibe 77.8 17.3 4.4 0.4 Huíla 46.1 29.0 21.0 3.8 Cunene 59.0 24.4 15.3 0.4 Lunda Sul 59.1 27.1 11.4 2.3 Bengo 34.3 32.9 24.7 8.0 Source: National Statistical Institute – IBEP In the province of Cuanza Norte, there is a predominance of individuals that attended the elementary school (64.8 %), although the relative weight of the individuals that attended high school should be registered, both in junior high school (16.0 %) and in senior high school (15.2 %). Only 3.7 % of the population attended a higher education, ranked fourth on the hierarchy of the provinces. The results are very similar in the province of Cuanza Sul, also with a predominance of individuals that attended the elementary school (75.3 %), and registering a relative weight of the individuals that attended high school, both in junior high school (13.2 %) and in senior high school (8.7 %). Only 2.6 % of the population attended a higher education. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 366 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report When comparing both provinces under analysis, Cuanza Norte is the most unfavorable one regarding the individuals that attended elementary school, with a difference of 10.5 % regarding Cuanza Sul. Junior and senior high schools are more favorable in the province of Cuanza Norte, in about 2.8 % and 6.5 %, respectively. In high school, the difference between the provinces, with an advantage for the province of Cuanza Norte, is of about 1.1 %. • - School Network • Province of Cuanza Norte The province of Cuanza Norte attributes crucial importance to education within the provincial development process. However, the destructive effects of the war in the school infrastructures were still not overcome, and consequently the demand for educational services is still not fully satisfied. For that reason, the classrooms still have an average of students per class higher than the adequate number (30 to 35 students – Education Reform Plan). Therefore, the situation of the school infrastructures shows that, between 2013 and 2017, the construction and modernization of these infrastructures should be privileged to deal with the observed growth of student population. Except for the decrease in 2008, the subsequent years registered about 10 % of annual growth of students, while the number of rooms increased only about 2 %. In the same period (2007–2012), the dropout and failure rates averaged around 11 % and 17 %, respectively, while the success rate was of about 73 %. • Province of Cuanza Sul Even though high school is present in 6 municipalities, only Sumbe and Porto Amboim have their own facilities. The number of students enrolled in the different educational subsystems is 127,774, plus the 238 students of ISCED. The school age population is estimated to be 735,081, and it is possible to judge that about 607,307 students are not in the education system1. In the province of Cuanza Sul, the school network operating has 334 schools with 1,635 classrooms, as indicated in the following table. 1Ministry of Territorial Administration. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 367 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report TABLE 5.75 – Schools in the province of Cuanza Sul OPERATIN VACANT DESTROYED TOTAL MUNICIPALI G TY Schools Classro Schools Classro Schools Classr Schools Classr oms oms ooms ooms Amboim 53 316 15 62 8 30 76 408 Ebo 4 31 5 31 19 177 28 239 Libolo 12 60 9 10 39 47 60 117 Cela 52 284 10 30 17 51 79 365 Sumbe 56 304 0 0 7 16 63 320 Seles 14 194 0 0 22 22 36 216 Conda 41 126 8 11 1 1 50 138 P. Amboim 44 130 0 0 8 24 52 154 Quilenda 25 72 0 0 12 12 37 84 Mussende 5 0 0 0 22 66 27 66 Quibala 14 34 2 6 14 80 30 120 Cassongue 14 84 0 0 22 53 36 137 Total 334 1,635 49 150 191 579 574 2,364 Source: MINADER In terms of school equipment, the survey carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, with the support of FAO – UCPER, between December 2004 and May 2006, determined the existence of 437 elementary schools and 21 high schools in the province of Cuanza Sul. Out of this total, 12 elementary schools and 2 high schools belong to the municipality of Libolo. TABLE 5.76 – Schools in the province of Cuanza Sul ELEMENTARY HIGH MUNICIPALITY SCHOOLS SCHOOLS Sumbe 57 2 Porto Amboim 50 3 Quilenda 35 1 Amboim 59 5 Libolo 12 2 Kibala 9 1 Mussende 19 1 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 368 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report ELEMENTARY HIGH MUNICIPALITY SCHOOLS SCHOOLS Seles 17 2 Conda 16 1 Cassongue 32 1 Waku-Kungo (Cela) 93 2 Ebo 38 0 Total 437 21 Source: MINADER According to the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul (2013–2017), in 2012 there were 529 schools in this province, in their vast majority of the elementary school (471). It should also be referred the existence of 2 schools of higher education, 3 technical and professional schools, 4 vocational training schools, 47 high schools (junior and senior) and 1 special education school. Due to the importance of the oil sector in the province, the National Petroleum Institute (INP) should be mentioned, located about 13 km north of the city of Sumbe. This medium level school was created in 1979 and is controlled by the Ministry of Petroleum, whose purpose is to train mid-level technicians and skilled workers for the oil industry, in order to have specialized professionals in the field, as well as refresh and improve their technical, scientific and cultural knowledge. INP provides courses of Industrial Electricity, Production Operators, Maintenance Mechanic, Cooling, Instrumentation, English, Computing, Geology and Mining, Drilling and Production, Gas Processing, Petroleum Geology and Refining. It has a capacity for about one thousand students, distributed across the mid-level school and from oil companies. INP is currently building the Institute of Higher Education in Petroleum (ISP) next to the existing facilities, which should start operating in 2016. The creation of this institution of higher education allows the increase of the training level of managers and technicians of the oil industry. 5.4.1.12 - Housing The housing conditions demonstrate the level of development of a certain territory and of the populations that live there. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 369 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report The following table shows some indicators relating to this domain at the level of the provinces of Angola for 2008 / 2009. According to it, the vast majority of the Angolan population (about 80.2 %) lives in detached houses, a situation that is generally observed in the provinces, including those of Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul, with 93.1 % and 98.2 %, respectively. The housing results essentially from the construction of houses by the families (61.2 % in Angola, 63.9 % in the province of Cuanza Norte and 78.5 % in the province of Cuanza Sul), and the majority of the constructions are about 20 years old (84.5 % in Angola, 81.7 % in the province of Cuanza Norte and 93.2 % in the province of Cuanza Sul). Despite the age of the constructions not being very old, the vast majority of the population lives in houses with inappropriate material (88.4 % in Angola, 96.0 % in the province of Cuanza Norte and 98.4 % in the province of Cuanza Sul). The overcrowding situations have a very significant importance, with about 42.5 % of the Angolan population, 37.3 % of the Cuanza Norte population and 45.4 % of the Cuanza Sul population living under these conditions. The average number of people per bedroom is 2.9 in Angola, 2.5 in the province of Cuanza Norte and 3.0 in the province of Cuanza Sul. TABLE 5.77 – Housing conditions, 2008 / 2009 Households Population living Houses built Houses built Average Population living Provinces / living in in houses with for less than by the owners number of in overcrowded Countr detached inappropriate 21 years (%) (%) people per houses (%) y houses (%) materials (%) bedroom Cabinda 86.1 95.7 78.9 62.1 2.1 27.2 Zaire 88.2 96.3 90.2 70.9 2.6 43.5 Uíge 86.6 97.6 90.6 71.5 2.5 37.1 Luanda 84.3 70.9 75.5 25.1 2.9 44.5 Cuanza Norte 93.1 96.0 81.7 63.9 2.5 37.3 Cuanza Sul 98.2 98.4 93.2 78.5 3.0 45.4 Malanje 63.6 96.1 87.7 65.4 2.6 39.1 Lunda Norte 67.4 99.5 93.4 64.4 2.6 39.4 Benguela 82.2 79.7 81.0 63.2 3.0 32.0 Huambo 83.3 97.6 86.1 83.3 3.7 56.3 Bié 86.4 99.2 96.2 85.5 3.2 61.5 Moxico 67.8 97.7 95.2 79.2 3.6 52.6 Cuando Cubango 52.1 98.7 96.1 86.9 3.2 51.6 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 370 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Households Population living Houses built Houses built Average Population living Provinces / living in in houses with for less than by the owners number of in overcrowded Countr detached inappropriate 21 years (%) (%) people per houses (%) y houses (%) materials (%) bedroom Namibe 63.7 87.8 81.7 67.3 3.5 41.6 Huíla 75.1 97.5 88.6 80.3 2.6 34.5 Cunene 35.8 97.6 86.0 69.8 2.6 58.0 Lunda Sul 74.8 98.9 93.9 84.1 3.0 43.6 Bengo 88.1 97.7 91.4 86.2 2.4 51.1 Angola 80.2 88.4 84.5 61.2 2.9 42.5 Source: National Statistical Institute, IBEP, 2008 / 2009 The following table shows the percentage of the population in every municipality of the province of Cuanza Sul living in a very precarious housing situation. It is possible to determine that the municipality of Libolo has a relatively favorable situation, within the provincial context, with about 23 %. The capital of the province has a more unfavorable situation, with 65 %, whose value is almost twice the average of the province (33 %). TABLE 5.78 – Population living in a very precarious housing situation, 2010 MUNICIPALITY % OF THE POPULATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY Sumbe 65 Porto Amboim 34 Quilenda 41 Amboim 10 Libolo 23 Kibala 44 Mussende 54 Seles 29 Conda 23 Cassongue 26 Waku-Kungo (Cela) 26 Ebo 25 Average 33 Source: Provincial Government of Cuanza Sul, adapted from the Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul, 2013–2017 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.371 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Access to Water and Sanitation The supply of drinking water in Angola is provided by the Public Water Supply Company (Empresa Pública de Abastecimento de Águas), which is also responsible for undertaking studies, projects, and the operation and maintenance of water capture, treatment, supply and distribution systems, under the terms of the concessions or licenses granted by the competent authorities (Ministry of Energy and Water, 2006). According to the “Angola - Millennium Development Goals” report from September 2005, carried out by the Angolan Government together with UNDP, around 65% of the population has access to an appropriate water source. However, the UNICEF “State of the World's Children 2007” report affirms that in 2005 only 53% of the population has access to clean water sources. More recently, according to information available in the “Integrated Population Well-Being Survey - IBEP 2008/2009”, only 42.0% of the Angolan population uses an appropriate source of drinking water, while in Cuanza Norte this figure is slightly higher (46.5%), and in Cuanza Sul province the figure is somewhat lower, with just 30.5% of the total population having access to clean water. Also according to IBEP 2008/2009, only 7.8% of households in Angola had a tap connected to the water network (in the provinces of Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul, this figure is 2.0% and 0.9%, respectively) and only 27.3% of households give adequate water treatment to drink (in the provinces of Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul this figure is 28.6% and 28.4%, respectively). Conversely, about 10.4% of the Angolan population has to travel for more than 1 hour to obtain drinking water, which is almost twice the amount in the province of Cuanza Norte (4.8%) and half the amount in the province Of Cuanza Sul (18.6%). TABLE 5.79 - Drinking Water Access Indicators, 2008/2009 Percentage of Percentage of Population that Population families that families with a takes more than 1 that uses an appropriately Province/Country tap at home hour to obtain appropriate treat their connected to drinking water source of the water drinking water (%) drinking network (%) (%) water (%) Cabinda 58.6 16.8 30.6 18.9 Zaire 38.6 7.2 12.9 23.1 Uíge 31.0 1.3 12.9 23.0 Luanda 51.5 15.4 64.2 2.8 North Kwanza 46.3 2.0 28.6 4.8 South Kwanza 30.5 0.9 28.4 18.6 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page372 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Percentage of Percentage of Population that Population families that families with a takes more than 1 that uses an appropriately Province/Country tap at home hour to obtain appropriate treat their connected to drinking water source of the water drinking water (%) network (%) drinking (%) Malanje water52.4 (%) 0.0 18.3 28.4 Lunda North 16.0 4.1 15.4 20.6 Benguela 46.0 15.3 14.2 14.5 Huambo 38.6 0.6 27.1 2.1 Bié 39.7 0.2 4.6 6.6 Moxico 16.7 0.8 10.7 16.1 Cuando Cubango 24.7 2.0 11.4 6.9 Namibe 43.5 18.3 26.1 15.6 Huíla 55.9 6.5 33.9 3.6 Cunene 24.9 0.8 25.5 15.4 Lunda-Sul 6.6 0.9 10.2 18.3 Bengo 13.5 0.5 19.9 10.0 Angola 42.0 7.8 27.3 10.4 Source: INE (National Statistics Institute), IBEP 2008/2009 However, as part of the government’s “Water for All” program, which has been running since 2007, there are already close to 1.2 million inhabitants in various localities in the country who have gained access to drinking water, thanks to the implementation of 646 projects, including water points and supply systems. This program aims to significantly improve the population’s access to drinking water. At the national level, the sewage network in urban areas served around 74.1% of the country's population in 2004, with only 18.5% of the population being properly connected to the network (Ministry of Energy and Water, 2004). According to the “Angola - Millennium Development Goals” report from September 2005, carried out by the Angolan Government together with UNDP, some 78% of the population has access to improved sanitation conditions. However, the UNICEF report “State of the World's Children 2007” affirms that in 2005, only 31% of the population uses adequate sanitary facilities. More recently, according to information available in the “Integrated Population Well-Being Survey IBEP 2008/2009”, about 59.6% of the Angolan population uses appropriate sanitary facilities, while in the provinces of S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page373 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report North Kwanza and South Kwanza this figure is lower, standing at around 38.8% and 32.2%, respectively. TABLE 5.80 - Population that uses adequate sanitary facilities, 2008/2009 Population that uses adequate Province/Countr y sanitary facilities, (%) Cabinda 84.4 Zaire 46.8 Uíge 56.8 Luanda 89.8 North Kwanza 38.8 South Kwanza 32.2 Malanje 44.6 North Luanda 30.7 Benguela 34.8 Huambo 79.0 Bié 66.6 Moxico 55.7 Cuando Cubango 23.9 Nambie 26.7 Huíla 46.0 Cunene 17.7 Lunda-Sul 37.5 Bengo 52.3 Angola 59.6 Source: National Institute of Statistics, IBEP 2008/2009. Since one of the main factors of mortality in Angola is malaria and diarrheal diseases, it is crucial that the country’s sanitation situation be targeted with interventions in the fields of water and sewage. • North Kwanza Province Based on information from the National Water Plan (Volume 1 - Part 7 - 2014), the water supply in North Kwanza province is generally managed by the North Kwanza Provincial Directorate of Energy and Waters (DPEA). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page374 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Considering the data contained in the SISAS bulletin, the existing and registered water supply infrastructure comprises a total of 122 water supply systems, through which there are around 1,825 household connections. Around 18 (15%) of these systems are inoperative. Of the remaining 104 systems in operation, there are 9 boreholes with hand pumps and 95 conventional motorized systems. In respect of treatment types, there are: 12 standard treatment systems; 12 basic treatment systems; 71 systems that lack treatment. Note: As made clear from SISAS, we assume that the hand-pump boreholes lack treatment. The population benefited by these systems is about 291,193, out of a total of around 427,971 inhabitants, which means that the coverage rate is approximately 68%. Table 5.81 provides a general picture of the province‘s water supply systems. TABLE 5.81 - Water supply systems in North Kwanza province Average Type of Nominal System's Capital Effective Network Supply Producti State of Network Effective Respons City Producti Operatio (System on of the Repair Length Supply Per ible and on of the nal State /Borehole) System (km) Capita Body Municip System (m3/day) (L/inhabitant/ al (m3/day) day) Centers System Operation N’dalatando 5 880 3 888 60 45.0 Operational DEPA and al Ambaca springs Banga Bolongongo Survey to be carried out or unavailable data Cambambe Cazengo Golungo Degra System 5 784 5 244 n.a. 433.8 Deficient City Alto ded Gong Survey to be carried out or unavailable data uembo Under Lucala System 312 312 n.a. 39.4 Operational City repair Quiculungo Samba Survey to be carried out or unavailable data Caju S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page375 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 The following are the investments and service provision objectives for this province: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page376 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.82 - Planned short-term investments in the water supply system in North Kwanza province Investments in progress or to be carried out shortly Characterization of System after Investment Capital Invest Distribution Expected Production Investment Total Total City ment Population Network New Household Supply Management Increase Per Capita Producti Network and Municipal (USD) to Be Increase Connections Per Capita and (m3/day) (USD/Inhab on Length Centers Covered (km) (L/inhabitant Operation itant) (m3/day) (km) /day) 4 766 Company in N’dalatando 0 102 981 37 6 400 46.29 13 953 67 135 807 formation Ambaca Survey to be carried out or unavailable data - Banga At the identification or bidding process preparation stage - Bolongongo At the identification or bidding process preparation stage - Cambambe Survey to be carried out or unavailable data - Cazengo Survey to be carried out or unavailable data - Golungo 5 000 2 741 12 390 13 150 403.54 2 741 13 221 - Alto 000 Gonguembo At the identification or bidding process preparation stage - Lucala Investment not planned - Quiculungo At the identification or bidding process preparation stage - Samba Caju Survey to be carried out or unavailable data - Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 377 Regarding the existing rural systems, Table 5.83 presents a summary of the information from the 2014 Water for All Program Final Report for the North Kwanza province. TABLE 5.83 - Rural population covered and the coverage percentage - North Kwanza province Situation Before 2007 Situation in 2014 Total Rural Final Coverage Province Populatio Initial Populatio Population Total Percentage n coverage n (2014) (%) North Covered percentage Covered 452 227 104 826 23% 224 313 329 139 72.8% Kwan Source:za Water for All Program (2014), adapted from the National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 According to the North Kwanza Provincial Development Plan 2013-2017, the water infrastructure benefited from many interventions following the end of the armed conflict. However, although the province is relatively well-endowed with water resources, the water supply situation in general still inspires concerns, especially in respect of the effects currently attributed to it on the population’s well-being. Out of all the municipalities, Cazengo has best system, which covers a reasonable number of users due to the investments made in recent years. The available figures show that 46% of the population have access to drinking water. As for sanitation, the situation of the province is expressed by the proportion of the population that has appropriate sanitary facilities, around 39% (North Kwanza Provincial Development 2013-2017). In the city of Cambambe water is supplied through two public systems (Cambambe Hydroelectric System and Dondo system) and two private systems (EKA and Lucas Teles). The Cambambe Hydroelectric System supplies the Cambambe community, consisting of a water catchment in the Kwanza river, located next to the Power Plant I water intake, equipped with two pumps with capacity of 45 m3/d that alternate for about four hours a day; a water treatment plant where filtration is performed; a water reservoir to regulate the flow; and a water supply network that supplies about 2000 dwellings. The Dondo system supplies the main community via water catchment from the Kwanza River, on a platform equipped with 2 pumps (Photo 5.32) with a unit capacity of 45 m3/h with alternating operation. The collected water is treated (filtration and disinfection with chlorine) at a water treatment plant located near the catchment area (Photo 5.33). The water captured and treated is sent to S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page378 two reservoirs storing 300 and 1000 m3 that supply the distribution network to around 300 homes with domestic plumbing, 300 homes with outdoor taps, and various fountains. PHOTO 5.32 - Water catchment from the PHOTO 5.33 - Dondo water supply Dondo water supply system system water treatment plant Regarding the private systems, the EKA brewery system supplies water to Alto Dondo from its catchment on the Kwanza river, located immediately downstream of the Cambambe dam, covering about 12 fountains and approximately 300 dwellings, through farm or household plumbing, the average total daily consumption of which is around 100 m3/day. The Lucas Teles water supply system, run by a private entrepreneur, is composed of a catchment area in the river Kwanza, located next to the Municipal Administration, equipped with two groups of electric pumps with a unit capacity of 24 m3/h, operating alternately over 24 hours; a reservoir with a storage capacity of 90 m3; and a supply network to approximately 900 dwellings, mostly through outdoor taps. In Dondo there are still many “long-necked pumps” installed along the Kwanza river, (Photo 5.34), from which small entrepreneurs fill tanks to sell water to the population. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page379 PHOTO 5.34 - “Long-necked Pumps” for water supply to Dondo village According to the information gathered from the municipal and provincial bodies responsible for the management of the sector, the main works in progress or projects to be implemented in the future in the province of North Kwanza are those presented in Table 5.84. TABLE 5.84 - Main projects to be implemented in North Kwanza province DESIGNATION MUNICIPALI TY Enhancing the water supply system to the city of N’dalatando from the Cazengo Lucala River Expanding the water distribution network in N’dalatando to outlying districts Cazengo (54 km) Constructing water supply systems in Zenza do Itombe and Dange-Ya- Cambambe Menha Constructing water supply systems in Samba Samba Cajú • South Kwanza Province The National Water Plan (Volume 1 - Part 7 - 2014) states that the water supply in South Kwanza province is generally managed by the South Kwanza Provincial Directorate of Energy and Waters (DPEA). According to the data contained in the SISAS bulletin, the existing and registered water supply infrastructure comprises a total of 87 water supply systems, through which there are around 39,634 household connections. Around 15 (17%) of these system are inoperative. Of the remaining 72 systems in operation, there are 6 boreholes with hand pumps and 66 conventional motorized systems. In respect of treatment types, there are: 15 basic treatment systems; 51 systems that lack treatment. Note: As made clear from SISAS, we assume that the hand-pump boreholes lack treatment. The population benefited by these systems is about 1,010,188, out of a total of around 1,793,787 inhabitants, which means that the coverage rate is approximately 56%. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page380 Table 5.85 provides a general picture of the province‘s water supply systems. TABLE 5.85 - Water supply systems in South Kwanza province Average Type of Nominal System's Capital Effective Network Supply Producti State of Network Effective Respons City Producti Operatio (System on of the Repair Length Supply Per ible and Important on of the nal State /Borehole) System (km) Capita Body Centers System (m3/day) (L/inhabitant/ (m3/day) day) Degra Sumbe Low- 4 800 2 000 30 36.0 Deficient DEPA pressure ded Amboim Degra System 12 336 12 336 n.a. 125.1 Deficient City (Gabela) ded Cassongue System Conda Survey to be carried out or unavailable data Ebo System Libolo System Degra Mussende System 2 460 2 460 n.a. 56.1 Deficient City ded Degra Quibala System 600 600 n.a. 6.3 Operational City ded Quilenda System Survey to be carried out or unavailable data Seles System Cela Degra Under System 2 400 2 400 n.a. 65.3 City (Waku Kungo) ded repair Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 The following are the investments and service provision objectives for this province: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page381 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Planned short-term investments in the water supply system in South Kwanza province Investments in progress or to be carried out shortly Characterization of System after Investment Capital Production Expected Invest Distribution New Total City Increase Population Investment Per Total Supply Manage ment Network Increase Household Network and (m3/day) to Be Capita Production Per Capita ment and (USD) (km) Connections Length Municip Covered (USD/Inhabitant) (m3/day) (L/inhabitan Operatio (km) t/day) al nCompany CentersSumbe 30 000 000 13 776 95 676 48 14 060 313.56 18 576 78 194 in formation Amboim At the identification or bidding process preparation stage - (Gabela) Cassongue - Conda - Ebo Survey to be carried out or unavailable data - Libolo - Mussende - Quibala 5 000 000 1 800 176 134 24 1 500 28 2 400 24 10 - Quilenda - Survey to be carried out or unavailable data Seles - Cela (Waku 5 000 000 7 632 68 166 31 2 703 73 10 032 31 112 - Kungo) Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 382 Regarding the existing rural systems, Table 5.87 presents a summary of the information from the 2014 Water for All Program Final Report for the South Kwanza province. TABLE 5.87 - Rural population covered and the coverage percentage - South Kwanza province Situation Before 2007 Situation in 2014 Provin Total Rural Final Coverage Populatio Initial Populatio ce Population Total Percentage n Coverage n (2014) (%) South Covered Percentage Covered 608 888 141 132 23% 191 401 332 533 54.6% Kwa Source:nza Water for All Program (2014), adapted from the National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 In the following table, we present some indicators for access by the population of municipalities in South South Kwanza province to basic water and sanitation infrastructure. The province is very weak in this respect, with 27% of the population enjoying access to treated drinking water, 31% with sanitary facilities, and 21% with waste water treatment. The city of Libolo has a better situation than the province as a whole in terms of the population with sanitary facilities and waste water treatment; however, fewer people have access to treated drinking water. The water supply to the population of Libolo is largely dependent upon the state of repair of the existing water treatment plant. TABLE 5.88 Population of municipalities in South Kwanza province with access to water and sanitation, 2010 TREATED SANITARY WASTE WATER MUNICIPALITY DRINKING FACILITIES (%) TREATMENT (%) Sumbe WATER 42(%) 37 7 Porto Amboim 46 21 28 Quilenda 33 21 16 Amboim 42 15 10 Libolo 25 37 29 Kibala 12 50 36 Mussende 4 24 10 Seles 31 22 16 Conda 29 16 16 Cassongue 17 51 34 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page383 TREATED SANITARY WASTE WATER MUNICIPALITY DRINKING FACILITIES (%) TREATMENT (%) Waku-Kungo (Cela) WATER 16(%) 34 20 Ebo 22 38 30 Total 27 31 21 Source: South Kwanza Provincial Government, adapted from the South Kwanza Provincial Development Plan, 2013-2017 • - Income and Poverty The average monthly income per person allows us to measure the disparity between rural and urban areas in Angola. The dichotomy in the income typology of rural and urban residential areas is clear, with an emphasis on the importance of self-consumption/self-sufficiency. TABLE 5.89 - Average monthly income per person, according to income type (both Kwanzas) ANGOLA INCOME TYPE TOTAL URBAN RURAL Wages 5 655 7 410 3 528 Non-wage income 1 988 2 753 1 060 Self-consumption or self-sufficiency 1 124 914 1 379 Total 8 767 11 077 5 967 Source: INE, 2011 The Luanda region, where the capital of Angola is located, has the lowest percentage of people in poverty. Conversely, the Central South provinces, which include South Kwanza (with 43.7%), have higher numbers in poverty; almost half the population is considered poor here. North Kwanza province has a low level of poverty (10.2%). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page384 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report TABLE 5.90 - Population in poverty (%) POSITION PROVINCE POPULATION IN POVERTY (%) 1st Luanda 6.8 2nd Uíge 8.8 2nd Cabinda 8.8 2nd Zaire 8.8 3rd Malange 10.2 3rd North Kwanza 10.2 3rd Bengo 10.2 4th Lunda Norte 14.1 4th Moxico 14.1 4th Cuando Cubango 14.1 4th Lunda Sul 14.1 5th Huila 16.4 5th Cunene 16.4 5th Namibe 16.4 6th Benguela 43.7 6th Huambo 43.7 6th South Kwanza 43.7 6th Bié 43.7 Source: INE, 2011, adapted from the National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 • Population Development Index Based on the rankings established, the National Strategic Water Program (PNEA) defined a Population Development Index (IDP) with the aim of classifying the diverse provinces according to access to essential goods and services. In this classification, merely informative, North Kwanza scored 54 and South Kwanza scored 37, coming in 7th and 13th, respectively, which translates into a relatively low population development index for the population of South Kwanza. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 386 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report TABLE 5.91 – Population Development Index (IDP) CLASSIFICATION POSITION PROVINCE ACCESS TO IDP HEALTH EDUCATION HOUSING POVERTY WATER AND 1st Luanda 2 1 1 SANITATION2 1 91 2nd Cabinda 3 4 3 1 2 86 3rd Huambo 8 5 7 3 6 68 4th Huíla 4 2 13 5 5 66 5th Zaire 10 3 6 8 2 63 6th Benguela 5 10 2 10 6 57 7th Cuanza Norte 11 9 5 9 3 54 8th Uíge 16 6 8 7 2 54 9th Bié 15 17 10 4 6 44 10th Malanje 13 13 15 6 3 44 11th Bengo 12 8 9 13 3 42 12th Namibe 6 12 12 12 5 41 13th Cuanza Sul 14 11 4 14 6 37 14th Moxico 9 16 16 11 4 33 15th Cuando Cubango 1 18 17 15 4 30 16th Cunene 7 7 18 18 5 27 17th Lunda Sul 17 15 11 17 4 19 18th Lunda Norte 18 14 14 16 4 18 Source: PNEA, 2012 • - Accessibility and Transport • Province of Cuanza Norte Regarding the transport sector, and despite the geographic location of the province benefited by the Luanda– Malange road / railway corridor, it has been observed a reduction in number of people and transported goods through these means in the last years. The road transport had, in 2012, about 35,034 users, against the 131,726 in 2011, while the railway had, in 2012, 1,159 travelers, against the 3,451 in 2011, and about 21 tons of cargo, against the 63 tons in 2011. As for S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 387 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report air transport, although the province has an airport in Ndalatando, given the low frequency of registered flights, the transport of people and cargo is not considered relevant. Private companies, namely TCUL, MACON, SGS, etc., ensure the transport of people and cargo by road. There is no public transport, only private cabs and motorcycles, commonly known as "Kupapatas". Due to the low flow of people and goods between municipalities and to the poor condition of the secondary and tertiary roads, it is not feasible to have buses travelling in these roads. 27 Province of Cuanza Sul The current road network in the province of Cuanza Sul is obviously insufficient and is greatly damaged, with serious implications for the traffic safety conditions. "The fundamental road network is comprised of three main routes, all with asphalt, but with different rehabilitation needs (in some cases, only re-pavement is needed, but in other cases, major works that include new profiling and pavement are needed), which, on one hand, ensures inter-provincial connection and, on the other hand, structures the entire urban system of the Province, connecting the main intersections of the provincial urban network, i.e., Sumbe, Porto Amboim, Gabela, Wako Kungo and Kibala." (Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul, 2013.) The main routes that structure the territory of the province are the following: 28 Coast route (North–South), connecting Luanda and Benguela and, on a provincial level, ensuring the connection between Porto Amboim and Sumbe; 29 More interior route (North–South) that connects Luanda–Huambo (going through Dondo) and passing through the entire province of Cuanza Sul, ensuring the connection between the municipalities of Libolo, Kibala and Cela; 30 Transverse route (East–West) that joins both previous longitudinal corridors, connecting the capital of the province of Kibala (going through Gabela). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 388 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Source: Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul, 2013–2017 Without scale PICTURE 5.59 – Fundamental road network: main routes As for the complementary network, it can be structured into three different levels: 31 Level 1: connection of all the municipalities to the fundamental road network. These routes (whether they are paved or with the ground leveled) are greatly damaged and need major rehabilitation or reconstruction interventions; 32 Level 2: connection of the communes to the respective municipalities, ensuring the connectivity of the network and allowing the movement of people and the flow and distribution of products. The majority of these routes have the ground levelled, and need periodic maintenance interventions; 33 Level 3: comprised of minor roads (the majority of them with the ground levelled) of interconnection between the villages and towns within every municipality, and of agricultural roads that enable the access to the main agricultural production units of the province. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 389 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Source: Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul, 2013–2017 Without scale PICTURE 5.60 – Fundamental and complementary road network of level 1 The road network of the province of Cuanza Sul has 123 km and a gauge of 0.60 m, connecting the port city of Porto Amboim and Gabela. Besides serving as a transport of people, it is important to the flow of goods from the potential inland agricultural and coffee areas. The long-term development strategy for Angola – document Angola 2025 – reserves a major role for the railway system regarding the production activity (naturally without forgetting the transport of people). There are plans to rehabilitate the existing rails and build several new ones, anchored to the main route of Benguela–Luau (border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In the specific case of the Province of Cuanza Sul, the railway layout proposed only anticipates the rehabilitation of the Porto Amboim–Gabela rail, not having been proposed its extension to the interior, up to the North–South rail that connects Luanda and Huambo. This would allow the connection of this province to the national railway system, thus having another means of transport of people, and especially goods, enabling the flow and distribution of products to the national and international market. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 390 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Source: Provincial Development Plan of Cuanza Sul, 2013–2017 Without scale PICTURE 5.61 – Layout of the railway system – proposal for Angola 2025 Porto de Amboim is an important infrastructure in the region that is more oriented to the support of the fishing industry (two pier bridges and a fishery belonging to the company PESCUANZA that provides services to third parties). However, investments are anticipated for this port in order to turn it into a deep-water port, with multipurpose terminals and specialized modern terminals to move different types of cargo: bulk cargo, general cargo, containers, fuel, solid bulk cargo, agricultural products (fertilizers, cattle, etc.) and cabotage. This port's infrastructure will be a supplement to the ports of Luanda and Lobito in order to flow the Angolan products. It is also under consideration the creation of land divisions for the installation of an industrial and logistics area in the back, with high strategic potential and offer of services of added value. Besides the construction project of the Porto Amboim deep-water port, the Angolan Government has proposed the rehabilitation of the railways of Amboim. The rehabilitation proposal involves passing through Konde, with a bifurcation between Wako Kungo (for its agricultural potential) and Kibala (subsequently passing through Mussende and Andulo), where there will be a connection to the railway of Benguela. The airport system of the province of Cuanza Sul is comprised of two airports (Wako Kungo and Calulo) and two aerodromes for small- and medium-sized aircrafts (Sumbe and Porto Amboim). All the other S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 390 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report municipalities have ground levelled runways. It is important to mention that the rehabilitation, modernization and expansion of the Porto Amboim aerodrome is also considered. There is no public transport, only private cabs and motorcycles, commonly known as "Kupapatas". Due to the low flow of people and goods between municipalities and to the poor condition of the secondary and tertiary roads, it is not feasible to have buses travelling in these roads. • - Socioeconomic Context of the Project Intervention Area The characterization of the Project intervention area was based on the field records and on surveys made to the main local stakeholders, namely those responsible for the Municipal and Commune Administrations and the Sobas (leaders) of the villages. In March 2016, a visit was made to the study area, where a survey was carried out regarding the area to be flooded by the reservoir, in order to be possible to make the socioeconomic characterization of the population and identify, as far as possible, the affected housing and private lands. The visit was made together with the Municipal Administrators and Sobas, who provided the information shown in the study. The site survey carried out for the characterization of the socioeconomic component is shown in Annex V of this report. The local population is structured into small clusters with rural characteristics developed in the vicinities of the River Cuanza, more specifically on the right bank. Three different areas with buildings will be affected by the project execution: in the commune of São Pedro da Quilemba, the boroughs of Calambala, Candengue and some isolated houses; in the commune of Kabuta, houses in ruins and a former abandoned colonial farm. The following picture shows the areas identified with buildings. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 391 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Without scale PICTURE 5.62 – Housing areas in the area of influence of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Three housing areas were identified before the field visit, and were confirmed and characterized during the field visit: • Area 1 – Abandoned houses and former colonial farm in the commune of Kabuta, municipality of Libolo, Cuanza Sul; • Area 2 – Borough of Candengue and isolated houses, commune of São Pedro da Quilemba, municipality of Cambambe, Cuanza Norte; • Area 3 – Borough of Calambala, commune of São Pedro da Quilemba, municipality of Cambambe, Cuanza Norte. From the field visit and the information obtained from the Sobas and Administrators of the communes, it was possible to prepare a short socioeconomic characterization of the population shown below: 87 Area 1 in the Commune of Kabuta According to information from the Administrator of the commune of Kabuta, Mr. Manuel Pedro, there is no population living in the area to be flooded. There are six houses in ruins and a small abandoned farm. This information is consistent with the information identified from the aerial photograph shown below. However, given the thick vegetation, it was not possible to access the location nor even register it photographically. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 392 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report PICTURE 5.63 – Area 1 – Abandoned houses in the commune of Kabuta (aerial photograph, without scale) PICTURE 5.35 – Area 1 – Access path to the village, houses surrounded by vegetation (left side) S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 393 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Taking into account that no houses with residents will be affected, the concern of the Administrator of the commune is the impact on the Filomeno Câmara bridge (where the dam wall should be built) and the former house of the guard of the bridge. PICTURE 5.36 – Former house of the guard PICTURE 5.37 – Filomeno Câmara bridge, of the bridge over the Cuanza river PICTURE 5.38 – Area to be flooded in the commune of Kabuta – left bank, GPS (09º44’21.25’’ S; 14º48’57.94’’ E) According to the information provided by the Administrator of the commune of Kabuta, Mr. Manuel Pedro, below there is a short characterization of the commune: 87.1 Social Characterization: 87.1.1 Did not know exactly how many people live in the commune (about 3000 inhabitants); 87.1.2 Households with 6 people (average); S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 394 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report 29 Ethnic origin: Kimbundo; 30 Dialect: mixed Kimbundo; 19 Economic Activities: 19.5 The majority of the population is women and they dedicate themselves to agriculture and children care; 19.6 Men work in agriculture; 19.7 There are no places of worship nor cemeteries in the affected area; 19.8 The population lives essentially from agriculture and fishing (bagre, kidande and cacusse); 19.9 Main productions: corn, manioc, peanuts, beans, bananas and vegetables in general; 19.10 Main production purposes: for personal consumption. 20 Water supply, water applications and sanitation: 20.5 There are hardly no basic infrastructures in the commune. The majority of the housings do not have water supply, sanitation and electricity; 20.6 The water used by the population for any purpose (human consumption / irrigation / baths) comes from the river; 20.7 There are no underground water points; 20.8 There is no electric power in the majority of the villages; when there is power, it is provided by a generator; 20.9 The existing drinking water is distributed occasionally throughout the municipality in jerry cans; 20.10 People go to the bathroom outdoors. Some locations have a common latrine, but the population does not use it; 20.11 Debris: it is burnt or buried in no specific location. There is no collection system. 21 Quality of life: 21.5 Maximum education: 4th grade; 21.6 There are three elementary schools in the commune and two health centers where a health professional goes to occasionally; 21.7 The higher mortality is in children, of about 10 per year, due to diarrheic disease and malaria; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 395 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report 21.7.1 The diseases related to contaminated water are more frequent: diarrheic disease and "bilhardose", mainly affecting children; 21.7.2 Village needs: better support in health (bigger center and more frequent visits from the health professional) and in education (more teachers and schools). 88 Areas 2 and 3 in the commune of São Pedro da Quilemba According to the information provided by the Administrator of the commune of São Pedro da Quilemba, Mr. Amilcar Manuel, the commune and the boroughs of Calambala and Candengue are characterized by the following: 88.1 Social Characterization: 88.1.1 Commune of São Pedro da Quilemba (Census 2014): 3024 inhabitants, 930 families and 873 residences; 88.1.2 Borough of Calambala: 117 inhabitants, 37 families and 40 residences; o Borough of Candengue: 275 inhabitants, 55 families and 65 residences; o Households with 5 people (average); 88.1.3 Dialect: mixed Kimbundo; 88.1.4 The eldest inhabitant in the commune has 78 years old; 88.1.5 There are no places of worship nor cemeteries in the affected area. 88.2 Economic Activities: 88.2.1 The majority of the population is women and they dedicate themselves to agriculture and children care; 88.2.2 Men work in agriculture; 88.2.3 The population lives essentially from agriculture and virtually every family has a small agricultural land near their housing; 88.2.4 Main productions: corn, manioc, peanuts, beans, bananas and vegetables in general; 88.2.5 Main production purposes: for personal consumption, there is no commerce; 88.2.6 Fishing (kidande and cacusse) is also an important activity; however, it is only for personal consumption; 88.2.7 There is no commerce nor tourism. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 396 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report 28 Water supply, water applications and sanitation: 28.7 There are hardly no basic infrastructures in the commune. The majority of the housings do not have water supply, sanitation and electricity (there are generators in some locations); 28.8 There is no water supply, sanitation and electric power in the boroughs of Calambala and Candengue; 28.9 The water used by the population for any purpose (human consumption / irrigation / baths) comes from the river; 28.10 There are no underground water points; 28.11 The existing drinking water is distributed occasionally throughout the municipality in jerry cans; 28.12 People go to the bathroom outdoors. Some locations have a common latrine, but the population does not use it; 28.13 Debris: it is burnt or buried in no specific location. There is no collection system. 29 Quality of life: 29.7 Schools: 9 elementary schools and 1 junior high school in the commune, and 1 elementary school in Candengue (currently without a teacher); 29.8 Students: 609 in the commune and 68 in the boroughs of Calambala and Candengue; 29.9 Healthcare equipment: 2 health clinics and one health center in the commune. There is no healthcare equipment in the boroughs of Calambala and Candengue; 29.10 The higher mortality is in children, of about 10 per year, due to diarrheic disease and malaria; 29.11 The diseases related to contaminated water are more frequent: diarrheic disease and "bilhardose", mainly affecting children; 29.12 Accessibility in a poor condition in virtually the entire commune, with no public transports. The population travels mainly on foot and by motorbike; 29.13 Village needs: better support in health (more centers and more frequent visits from the health professionals) and in education (more teachers). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 397 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Area 2 – Borough of Candengue As referred to previously, it was registered in 2014 (Census), in the borough of Candengue, 65 housings, 55 families and 275 residents, an information provided by Mr. Amilcar Manuel, Administrator of the commune. The average dimension of the family is of about 5 people per household, young people standing out, with a significant number of children. The flow of migrants is negative, registering the departure of several individuals to Dondo. There are no basic infrastructures in the borough, the houses do not have water, sanitation and electricity. There is also no debris collection, as it is buried or burnt. The borough has an elementary school (2 classrooms in a good condition), but does not have a health center. The main diseases registered are associated with the water contamination (diarrheic disease), mainly affecting children, and the infant mortality is of 10 children per year. Malaria is also a very frequent disease. Economically, the majority of the population is dedicated to agriculture, and the small-scale fishing of kidande and cacusse is carried out to a lesser extent and is intended to the personal consumption of the fishermen. There are no public transports in the borough. The population travels mainly on foot and a small part by motorbike. The main and secondary road network is in a poor condition, without asphalt, and is very irregular. The main basic needs of the village, identified throughout the visit and referred by the Soba several times, are mainly the following: 18 Guarantee of electrical supply; 19 Construction of a health center or clinic; 20 Teachers to the school; 21 Improvement of secondary roads; 22 Employment creation; 23 Access to drinking water. During the fieldwork, the majority of the borough houses were identified (those that had a safe access), as well as the number of residents, and an individual photographic record was made per house, which is shown in Annex V. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 398 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report PICTURE 5.64 – Area 2 – Borough of Candengue and surroundings, commune of São Pedro da Quilemba (aerial photograph, without scale) From the houses identified in the map, some are abandoned, without accessibility and visibility due to the thick vegetation, standing out a former farm with agricultural lands in the vicinities of the right bank of the river (right lower side of the picture). From the survey carried out, 57 residences were identified (3 of them were only referred by the Soba, Mr. Narciso João, not having been possible to access them for photographic record) of the 65 referred by Mr. Amilcar Manuel, Administrator of the commune. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 399 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report PICTURE 5.39 – Area 2 – Borough of Candengue The majority of the houses are built with adobe bricks, and a straw or zinc roof. There are also some houses with a wattle and daub structure with adobe. PICTURE 5.40 – Area 2 – School in Candengue PICTURE 5.41 – Area 2 – Small agricultural area in Candengue S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 400 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report Area 3 – Borough of Calambala As referred to previously, it was registered in 2014 (Census), in the borough of Calambala, 40 housings, 37 families and 117 residents, an information provided by Mr. Amilcar Manuel, Administrator of the commune. The average dimension of the family is of about 5 people per household, young people standing out, with a significant number of children. The flow of migrants is negative, registering the departure of several individuals to Dondo. There are no basic infrastructures in the borough, the houses do not have water, sanitation and electricity. There is also no debris collection, as it is buried or burnt. The borough does not have an elementary school, and the students go to the school of the borough of Candengue (about 2.5 km away). The borough has a health center. The main diseases registered are associated with the water contamination (diarrheic disease), mainly affecting children, and the infant mortality is of 10 children per year. Malaria is also a very frequent disease. Economically, the majority of the population is dedicated to agriculture, and the small-scale fishing of kidande and cacusse is carried out to a lesser extent and is intended to the personal consumption of the fishermen. There are no public transports in the borough, and the population travels mainly on foot and a small part by motorbike. The main and secondary road network is in a poor condition, without asphalt, and is very irregular. The main basic needs of the village, identified throughout the visit and referred by the Soba several times, are mainly the following: 24 Guarantee of electrical supply; 25 Construction of a health center or clinic; 26 Teachers to the school; 27 Improvement of secondary roads; 28 Employment creation; 29 Access to drinking water. During the fieldwork, some of the borough houses were identified (those that had a safe access), as well as the number of residents, and an individual photographic record was made per house, which is shown in Annex V. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 401 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report PICTURE 5.65 – Area 3 – Borough of Calambala and surroundings, commune of São Pedro da Quilemba (aerial photograph, without scale) From the houses identified in the map, it has been observed that some are abandoned and others are under construction. During the survey carried out, only 20 residences were identified of the 40 referred by Mr. Amilcar Manuel, Administrator of the commune. The majority of the houses are built with adobe bricks, and a straw or zinc roof. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 402 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Assessment – Report PICTURE 5.42 – Area 3 – Borough of Calambala PICTURE 5.43 – Area 3 – Access to the borough of Calambala and its surroundings S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.403 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT 18.1.2 - Land Use Planning • - General Considerations In Angola there is a notable asymmetry in the territorial distribution of the population, with around 60% of the population concentrated in only 5 provinces (Benguela, Huambo, Huíla, South Kwanza and Luanda), located in the central-west region of the country and which occupy about 1/6 of Angolan territory. Effectively, 27% of the population is concentrated just in Luanda province, and this is set to increase. For its part, the eastern interior region of Angola, occupied by the provinces of Lunda Norte and Sul, Moxico and Cuando-Cubango and which correspond to around 47% of Angolan territory, has just 10% of the total population. The Land Use Planning and Urban Planning Law (Law no. 3/04, of June 25) – sets out the system of region planning and urban planning and its policy actions. Land use planning and urban planning policy deals with biophysical space, consisting of all urban and rural soils, subsoil, and the continental shelf and inland waters, with a view to safeguarding actions that result in the occupation, use and exploitation of the aforementioned spaces, through the implementation of the land use planning and urban planning instruments provided for in this law (Article 1 (2)). With the entry into force of Law no. 3/04, of June 25 and subsequently of Decree no. 2/06, of January 23, the following land management instruments were defined: • National Scope: POOTN - Main National Land Use Planning Options; • Provincial Scope: PIPOT - Inter-provincial Plan and PPOT - Provincial Plan; • Municipal Scope: PIMOT - Intermunicipal Plan, PDM - Municipal Master Plan, PDG - General Master Plan (large cities), PU - Urbanization Plan/IOEU, PP - Detailed Plan and POR - Rural Land Use Plan. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page404 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Source: PNA (Angolan National Policy) baseline studies (2014) FIGURE 5.66 - Organization of Angolan land use planning system At the time of writing this EIA (Environmental Impact Report), many of the land management instruments that comprise the Angolan land use planning system are yet to be approved, as they are still at the drafting stage. Therefore, it is not possible to verify whether the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project complies with the objectives/provisions of the same. As such, in the items that follow, we shall only present the plans, programs, strategies, etc. if these are in force. • - MPLA Government Program 2012 - 2 0 1 7 - Water and Energy S e c t o r The general objectives of the Government Program for the five-year period 2012-2017, like the previous program, are to combat hunger and extreme poverty and to improve the quality of life of the Angolan population, taking advantage of the country's natural resources and their potentialities. This Program focuses on 6 fundamental axes, with an emphasis on Axis 2 – Ensure the basic previsions necessary for development. The programs set out under Strategic Axis 2 aim to implement a sustainable territorial, economic and social development model, with an emphasis on energy and water, as follows: Energy The MPLA Government Program for 2012-2017 considers that the following objectives must be achieved in this area: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page405 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT • Sustainably satisfy, as part of a long-term vision, the energy requirements for national development, favoring the universalization of access to electricity by families and the supply of energy needed to expand the country's productive sectors; • Serve, on a regular and continuous basis, the largest possible percentage of the population, with a progressive increase in service quality, at a reasonable price and within a sustainable environmental framework. To this end, the MPLA Government considers that the following measures must be adopted: • Rehabilitate, modernize and expand electricity production capacities; • Adopt economic regulation mechanisms to ensure the sustainability of the public electricity supply service by introducing a suitable tariffs system that simultaneously allows operating costs to be covered and protects the most vulnerable segments of the population; • Increase and diversify the production of electricity by using water, solar, wind and biomass sources; • Foster the development of the national transportation grid network, including the interconnection of the Northern/Center and Southern/Center systems and the creation of the Eastern System; • Develop energy exchanges with neighboring countries; • Proceed with the institutional reorganization of the electricity sector. The following instruments will be used: • Structural projects execution program, which provides for the development of production and transportation capacity, based on the exploitation of domestic water resources; • Domestic Energy Strategy and Policy, which provides for a national energy grid and the contributions of different energy sources, as well as the financing models to be adopted to carry out projects; • The Small Hydroelectric Plant Development Program (PRODEPHA), which establishes the concession and financing models for small hydroelectric plants; • The National Rural Electrification Program, which aims to increase the rural population’s access to the public electricity service, based on three local capacity subprograms (water, solar and thermal). The MPLA Government undertakes to achieve the following targets: • By the end of 2014, to bring into operation 1,500 MW of generation capacity, from a total of up to 5,000 MW to be installed by 2016; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page406 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT • Establishment of public energy supply systems in up to 82 municipal centers (from a total of 166), and in up to 271 community centers (from a total of 531) by the end of 2014; • Bringing into operation up to 30 MW of capacity generated from small hydroelectric plants, from a total of 130 MW to be achieved by the end of the decade; • Rehabilitation and modernization of all distribution networks in provincial capital cities; • Linking the Northern and Center systems and bringing the Eastern (Lundas and Moxico) system into operation. Water The MPLA Government Program 2012-2017 considers the following objectives for this area: • Serve, on a regular and continuous basis, the largest possible percentage of the population, with a progressive increase in service quality, at a reasonable price and within a sustainable environmental framework; • Ensure the integrated management of water resources, with a view to protecting ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as safeguarding the requirements for different uses. To this end, the following policies will be adopted: • Approve the National Water Plan; • Update the water supply and wastewater management plans for provincial capital cities and municipal centers; • Continue to build small community water supply and sanitation systems in suburban and rural areas; • Implement a National Water for Human Consumption Quality Monitoring Program; • Ensure efficient system operation management through the creation of entities for this purpose and through the institutional development of the sector; • Adopt economic regulation mechanisms to ensure the sustainability of the public water supply service by introducing a suitable tariffs system that simultaneously allows operating costs to be covered and protects the most vulnerable segments of the population; • Ensure integrated management of water resources by continuing to establish priority basin management entities and drawing up river basin master plans; • Provide Angola with a hydrometric network, designed to inventory and permanently monitor water resources; • Implement a National Human Resources Development Plan for the Water Sector. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page407 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT The MPLA Government undertakes to achieve the following targets in this area: • Ensure coverage levels of up to 100% in urban areas and 80% in rural areas; • Ensure effective monitoring of the quality of water for human consumption, with high standards, serving 70% of people in urban areas and 40% in rural areas; • Undertake the institutional reform of the sector, ensuring the creation of a water supply management system for each province and of management entities for the priority river basins. • - Angola 2025. Angola a Country with a Future Long-Term Development Strategy for Angola (2025) The Long-Term Development Strategy, Angola 2025, comprises a set of 5 strategic policy options previously defined by the Government of Angola. These policy options are grouped into 6 priority axes: 34 Priority axis 1 - Ensure development, stabilization, reforms, social cohesion, and democracy; 35 Priority axis 2 - Foster the expansion of employment and human, scientific and technical development; 36 Priority axis 3 - Recuperate and enhance the development support infrastructure; 37 Priority axis 4 - Promote the development of the economic and financial sectors and competitiveness; 38 Priority axis 5 - Support entrepreneurship and private sector development; 39 Priority axis 6 - Promote national cohesion and land development. In terms of Water Resources, this document recommends the following: Water Resources/Supply 40 Ensure its existence and maintain the quality of natural resources (natural capital); 41 Implement, by 2015, the integrated water resources management model in at least half of river basins; 42 Guarantee the supply of drinking water to at least 80% of the Angolan population, and ensure that the percentage of the population without access to safe drinking water be halved by 2015; 43 Guarantee a permanent balance between water supply and demand; 44 Promote the rational use of water, combating pollution and the degradation of water courses; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page408 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT 45 To frame and regulate the use of water for agricultural, livestock, industrial and hydroelectric purposes; 46 Participate in water sharing from international river basins, provided the same is in the national interest; 47 Continue to permanently inventory and balance the country‘s water resources; 48 Prepare the Angolan water grid and set out a “Water Resource Use Strategy”; 49 Prepare General Plans for Development and Utilization of Water Resources from the Basins; 50 Implement the institutional framework for the water sector in the coming years. Agricultural Production/Irrigation 51 Sustainable occupation of rural areas, based on an appropriate exploitation of agricultural, forestry, mineral and tourism resources and guarantees for access to land and transhumance; 52 Ensure the useful, efficient, sustainable and effective use of soils; 53 Substantial increase in agricultural, livestock and fisheries production, and their share of GDP; 54 Domestic and sustainable exploitation of natural resources; 55 Increase levels of food security among the population and ensure the development of rural infrastructure. Energy/Hydroelectricity 56 Ensure an efficient and integrated contribution from all the energy sources that constitute Angola's energy matrix; 57 Guarantee the secure and permanent supply of energy; 58 Realize the hydroelectric potential, so that hydroelectricity constitutes the main base of electricity production; 59 Take advantage of the country’s potential in alternative energies (solar, wind, biomass); 60 Promote the expansion and use of hydroelectric energy; 61 By 2025, double the average energy production per inhabitant, and raise the proportion of the population with access to electricity to 2/3 . Strategic reflection on the organization of Angolan territory led to the division of the country's infrastructure into development hubs, development axes and balance hubs, as shown in the following figure. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page409 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Source: Angola 2025 - Not to scale FIGURE 5.67 - Angola 2025 - Land Use Development Strategy The province of North Kwanza is located in one of the country’s territorial development axes, given its favorable spatial location in the Luanda-Malanje-Lundas corridor. A corridor full of agricultural potential - although in some cases more competitive than complementary -opportunities for industrialization based on increased provincial added value, implementation of support services S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page410 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT for agriculture and industry, and maximization of the synergistic effects between different activities that could help create subclusters in different domains where the competitive advantages are clear. Angola 2025 establishes a framework of differentiated policies for each province, identifying in this context as major challenges for the province of South Kwanza the focus on urban development, commercial agriculture and the industrial sector. The province of South Kwanza is considered one of the strategic areas for tourism. The following figure summarizes the territorial development strategy defined by the Angola 2025 vision, highlighting the following aspects in relation to the province of South Kwanza: Source: Angola 2025 - Not to scale FIGURE 5.68 - Land Use Development Strategy - South Kwanza Province The Angola 2025 Long-Term Development Strategy affords South Kwanza province a privileged position in the national context: to the north, Luanda, the capital, organized as a large metropolitan region; and to the south, the country’s second internationalization platform, the Benguela-Lobito axis, which allows it to draw up a provincial development strategy that responds to the national policy of demographic de-concentration from Luanda, to foster one of the defined strategic conurbations and to create development hubs. It will integrate two of the three urban-industrial axes of the country, namely the Porto Amboim-Benguela coastal axis and the Luanda-Malange corridor, with extension into Dondo toward Kibala/Sela. It also includes development hubs: Sumbe/Porto Amboim, which is considered a conurbation and an urban system balance hub, as an alternative to Luanda; and the Waku Kungo development hub, with a view to economic development. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page411 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Consolidating the proposed territorial model, the long-term strategic guidelines for the province of South Kwanza are as follows: 62 Strong focus on the industrial sector: the Waku Kungo agro-industrial hub and Porto Amboim industrial hub; 63 Develop the profile of the corn and cattle industries; 64 Develop processing capacity for marine, river and aquaculture products; 65 Take advantage of its tourism potential; 66 Strengthen the potential of cities along the coastal axis (Sumbe and Porto Amboim) and in Luanda- Huambo (Waku Kungo); 67 Exploit its position on the Luanda-Dondo-Huambo and Luanda-Sumbe-Benguela highways (logistics, industry and tourism). • Angola Energy 2025 This document assesses the main long-term options and sets out the Government's vision for the development of the electricity sector between 2018-2025, following the implementation of the Energy and Water Sector Action Plan 2013-2017, currently under way, identifying investments in production, transportation and interconnection priorities, as well as the distribution and expansion model up to 2025. According to this strategy, energy demand will experience strong growth and is expected to reach 7.2 GW of consumption, five times the current one, by 2025, with an average annual growth of 16.7% by 2017 and 12.6% between 2017 and 2025. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page412 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Source: Angola Energy 2025 FIGURE 5.69 - Evolution of energy consumption until 2025 This growth is due to the electrification of 60% of a population that is expected to exceed 31 million by 2025, the increase in disposable income and the industrialization of the country. As can be seen in the following figure, Angola will see a large increase in consumption, with electricity consumption per inhabitant rising from 375 kWh in 2013 to 1230 kWh in 2025. Source: Angola Energy 2025 FIGURE 5.70 - Evolution of consumption by customer profile until 2025 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page413 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Despite the high growth, the predicted consumption of 1230 kWh per inhabitant by 2025 will continue to be low when compared internationally. In order to securely meet the demand for electricity, even in years of lower water flow, Angola will have 9.9 GW of installed capacity in 2025, with a strong commitment to hydropower and natural gas. Source: Angola Energy 2025 FIGURE 5.71 - Installed power capacity by source in 2025 Hydropower will reach 6.5 GW of installed capacity (66% of the total), with the balance between the economy and regional development being favored in the post-2017 period, with advances from Caculo Cabaça being phased in (1 GW by 2025) and projects on new rivers and basins such as the Queve river with the Balalunga and Cafula power plants, the Catumbela river with the Cacombo and Calengue power plants, the Cunene river with the construction of Jamba-Ya-Mina, Jamba-Ya-Oma, the Baynes international project, and several new projects across the country. Natural gas will reach 1.9 GW (19% of the total) by doubling the Soyo plant and the conversion to gas of several turbines and/or small combined cycle power plants in Cabinda, Luanda, Benguela and Namibe. The electricity sector will thus contribute to the gasification of the country's main industrial centers, increasing efficiency, reducing costs and diminishing diesel subsidies. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page414 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT To these figures can be added 800 MW of installed capacity in renewables, about 8% of the total, and about 700 MW of installed capacity in other thermals, about 7% of the total. The planned investments in production, transportation and distribution require a new investment cycle for the 2018-2025 period, estimated at 22 billion dollars. *Investments up to 2012 calculated based on Gamek, ENE and EDEL tangible assets, assuming that 40% of ENE assets go to produciton and 60% to transport Source: GAMEK, ENE, EDEL balance sheets, Action Plan 2013-2017, Analysis adapted from Angola Energy 2025 FIGURE 5.72 - Planned investments up to 2025 • National Development Plan ( 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 7 ) The National Development Plan (NDP) for 2013-2017 is the first medium-term plan prepared after the approval of the National Planning System Basic Law. Encouraging balanced regional development is one of Angolans’ main objectives that the NDP aims to materialize, promoting this plan to the category of fundamental national policy. The aim is to create a more balanced, dynamic and competitive territory that can aid the integration of the domestic market, and increase the potential of each area, to strengthen the economy and national development. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page415 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Based on the 2013-2017 NDP, the following figures present policies and priorities and structural projects for the sectoral development of energy and water infrastructure. Energy Source: NDP 2013-2017 FIGURE 5.73 - Policies and priorities for the energy sector S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page416 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page417 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Source: NDP 2013-2017 FIGURE 5.74 - Programs for structural projects in the energy sector S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page418 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Water Source: NDP 2013- 2017 FIGURE 5.75 - Policies and priorities for the water sector S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page419 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Source: NDP 2013-2017 FIGURE 5.76 - Programs for structural projects in the water sector Figures 5.77 and 5.78 present the strategic options and structural projects for the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza, respectively. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page420 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Source: NDP 2013-2017 FIGURE 5.77 - Strategic options and structural projects for the province of North Kwanza S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page421 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY - REPORT Source: NDP 2013-2017 FIGURE 5.78 - Strategic options and structural projects for the province of South Kwanza S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.422 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - National Water Plan The strategic objectives reflect the strategic issues and lines of action of the National Water Plan (NWP). Taking into account the problems and potentialities identified and the nature of the NWP, the following strategic objectives are outlined. General Objectives - Level 1 • Promote sustained and regionally balanced economic growth in Angola; • Strengthen the fight against poverty and improve the quality of life for the Angolan population. General Objectives - Level 2 • Prepare a support plan for the country‘s development that incorporates strategic definitions and options for water; • Promote the sustainable and coordinated management of surface and groundwater resources in Angola. Specific Objectives - Level 1 • Improve the population‘s water supply and basic sanitation; • Promote self-sufficiency in food by increasing agricultural production and enhancing irrigation; • Reduce Angola's energy dependence by increasing the production of hydroelectric power; • Encourage fishing and aquaculture in inland waters; • Realize the tourism potential associated with water resources. Specific Objectives - Level 2 • Establishment of promotion and sustainable development programs and joint investment related to the various sectors/areas that comprise the "Inland Water Cluster", as set out in the Angola Millennium Goals (supply of drinking water to people and industry, irrigation, hydroelectricity, tourism/use of environmental heritage, navigability, fishing and aquaculture in inland waters); • Physical and financial scheduling, with priority for investments in the main areas, based on technical, environmental, socio-economic and political considerations. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page423 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - National Irrigation Master Plan for A n g o l a The National Irrigation Master Plan for Angola (PLANIRRIGA) aims to foster sustainable economic and social development through the extension of agriculture using irrigation. It is, therefore, a management tool that defines the main lines of action to be adopted in the context of the sustained development of irrigated agriculture in each of Angola’s watersheds, with the aim of maximizing production without causing the degradation of the physical, biological and human systems that depend upon them. The overall objectives of PLANIRRIGA are based on its contribution to economic and social development, through sustainable agricultural irrigation activities; preparation of a plan to support regional and national development, enabling the extension of agriculture in the country; and the provision of an action and management framework that defines the broad lines of action to be taken in the context of the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in each of the river basin districts in Angola. • N a t ional Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan 2011 The National Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (PANA) is the responsibility of the Angolan executive and is supported by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which has signed and ratified The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and approved the strategy for its implementation. The PANA sets out 15 priorities for adaptation to climate change, highlighting the following: • Promotion of alternative renewable energies to prevent deforestation; • Extend the electricity grid to rural areas; • Review the laws for the sector to stimulate pro-active adaptation. • National Strategy for the Implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol • Carry out inventories and reports on the emission of greenhouse gases in Angola and their impact on the environment and public health; • Produce programs and projects with measures to mitigate the effects of climate change; • Develop technical and professional training in areas related to climate change; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page424 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Encourage international cooperation in the field of climate change, particularly in the transfer of knowledge and experience; • Encourage and develop actions that involve technology transfers and the use of clean technology; • Coordinate actions to implement the commitments in the Convention and the Protocol; • Create an appropriate structure and instruments to manage the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. • National Strategic Water Program (2013 - 2 0 1 7 ) The National Strategic Water Program was approved by Presidential Decree No. 9/13 of January 31. This Plan is principally focused on: identifying and quantifying water uses; characterizing water resources; preparing the water balance sheet for the availability and use of water; identification and spatial and temporal characterization of the main problems; identifying measures and actions and setting out a short-term physical and financial program. Next, the forecast for the year 2017 is presented for the hydroelectric and drinking water supply and irrigation sectors. Hydroelectricity According to the aforementioned Program, electricity production in Angola in the last decade was predominantly from water (70% of electricity production in the country), taking advantage of the high hydropower potential in Angola due to its geographic, orographic and climatic conditions, in which are combined the existence of good falls with abundant streams and low temporal variability. A summary of the hydroelectricity situation predicted for 2017, if all planned works are completed, is presented in Table 5.92. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page425 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.92 - Summary of the hydroelectricity situation predicted for 2017 Total Area Average Annual Hydroelectric Operating Power in Planned Energy Production in Power Hydrographic Unit (km2) Flow (hm3) potential* (MW) 2011 (MW) Power (MW) 2017 (GWh) 2017/Power Cabinda 6 897 474 - - - - 2011 Northwest 54 206 7 319 7 0 7 24 Dande 9 829 1 043 26 0 26 154 Bengo 11 502 975 - - - - Kassai 154 641 47 999 134 20.4 134 523 6.6 Cuango 132 978 33 929 - - - - High Cuanza 88 830 19 620 444 0 6 0 Middle Cuanza 116 540 21 050 6 960 610 5 598 23 841 9.2 Lower Cuanza 151 245 22 337 1 071 - - - Longa 26 616 2 745 1 207 - - - Catumbela 20 860 3 760 1 937 8.9 65 142 7.3 Queve 22 813 5 540 2 630 0 1 298 6 680 Cubal 18 582 2 397 1 086 - - - Zambeze 150 292 31 205 - - - - High Cunene 27 983 5 542 437 11 404 961 14.8 Middle Cunene 84 382 6 403 75 16.7 - - Lower Cunene 94 822 6 403 2 416 249 806 3 298 3.2 Coporolo 16 842 1 079 - - - - Southwest 66 170 385 - - - - Cuvelai 52 566 1 213 - - - - Cubango 151 461 17 782 350 0 10 76 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page426 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Total Area Average Annual Hydroelectric Operating Power in Planned Energy Production in Power Hydrographic Unit (km2) Flow (hm3) potential* (MW) 2011 (MW) Power (MW) 2017 (GWh) 2017/Power Cuando 108 872 4 263 - - - - 2011 Total 1 246 700 190 846 18 879 916 8 353 35 698 9.1 Source: National Strategic Water Program, 2013-2017 * All these data were collected from the National Strategic Water Program; however, the sum of the figures from the hydrographic units does not match the total amount. . S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page427 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report From the analysis of the previous table, installed hydroelectric power of around 8,353 MW is planned for Angola for 2017, corresponding to electricity production of 35,698 GWh. It is also worth noting that the expected power for 2017 is 9.1 times the installed operating power in 2011. The hydrographic unit in which the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project is located, the Middle Cuanza, corresponds to the zone where hydroelectric potential, operating power in 2011, expected power and annual energy production is highest, which reveals the hydro-energetic importance of this area of study. The assessment of the hydroelectric potential points to the possibility of installing in Angola generation capacity of about 19,000 MW, corresponding to electricity production capacity of 80,000GWh/year. It should be noted that the planned projects, to be built by 2017, represent only 45% of the existing potential. Drinking Water Supply and Irrigation The water requirements for the public water supply in 2017 are shown in Table 5.93. TABLE 5.93 - Water requirements for the public water supply in 2017 - Angola Current Situation - 2012 Future Situation - 2017 Hydrographic Unit Populat Water requirements Populat Water requirements ion (hm3/year) ion (hm3/year) Cabinda 407 836 8.1 1 160 812 11.2 Cuango 1 160 565 21.3 1 335 265 28.9 Kassai 889 851 16.2 1 076 020 21.8 Northwest 648 912 11.8 47 310 16.3 Dande 112 389 2.0 3 523 545 2.8 Bengo 2 690 720 55.3 1 356 764 75.8 High Cuanza 1 109 609 19.9 3 029 110 27.0 Middle Cuanza 473 477 8.0 481 155 11.0 Lower Cuanza 3 102 539 62.6 1 217 848 85.8 Longa 469 098 8.6 1 088 126 12.4 Catumbela 1 051 902 19.2 291 903 25.4 Queve 984 771 17.9 97 021 26.1 Midwest 923 715 16.9 679 633 22.7 Zambeze 385 218 7.0 493 288 9.4 High Cunene 952 813 17.2 138 034 24.1 Middle Cunene 1 310 890 23.6 591 112 30.5 Lower Cunene 39 090 0.7 1 154 355 0.9 Coporolo 254 780 4.6 568 990 6.0 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page428 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Current Situation - 2012 Future Situation - 2017 Hydrographic Unit Populat Water requirements Populat Water requirements ion (hm3/year) ion (hm3/year) Southwest 564 785 10.0 774 508 13.2 Cuando 406 887 7.3 1 240 780 9.4 Cubango 557 983 10.2 665 893 14.0 Cuvelai 79 138 1.5 461 846 2.0 Total 18 576 570 349.9 21 833 318 476.7 Source: National Strategic Water Program, 2013-2017 * All these data were collected from the National Strategic Water Program; however, the sum of the figures from the hydrographic units does not match the total amount. In 2017, the water requirements for the public water supply in Angola are estimated to be around 476.7 hm3/year. For the area of study (Middle Cuanza), an increase of 3 hm3/year from current demand is predicted, representing an increase of 37.5%. The water requirements for irrigation in 2017 are presented in Table 5.94. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page429 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.94 - Water requirements for irrigation in 2017 - Angola Current Situation - 2012 Future Situation - 2017 Hydrogra Area Current requirements Annual Area Current requirements Annual phic Unit irrigated (hm3/year) consumption irrigated (hm3/year) consumption Cabinda (ha) 0.0 (hm3/year)0.0 (ha)492 2.2 (hm3/year)1.8 Cuango 1 373 8.9 7.1 4 408 28.7 22.9 Kassai 720 5.8 4.6 720 5.8 4.6 Northwest 214 1.7 1.4 16 066 128.5 102.8 Dande 1 068 11.8 9.4 1 667 18.3 14.7 Bengo 2 161 23.8 19.0 3 000 33.0 26.4 High Cuanza 3 932 25.6 20.4 9 562 62.1 49.7 Middle Cuanza 3 373 21.9 17.5 19 113 124.2 99.4 Lower Cuanza 8 927 67.0 53.6 31 461 236.0 188.8 Longa 506 3.8 3.0 14 822 111.2 88.9 Catumbela 7 337 47.7 38.2 11 247 73.1 58.5 Queve 19 885 139.2 111.4 19 885 139.2 111.4 Midwest 3 150 23.6 18.9 7 144 53.6 42.9 Zambeze 249 2.1 1.7 1 217 10.3 8.3 High Cunene 1 740 15.7 12.5 15 771 141.9 113.5 Middle Cunene 18 786 216.0 172.8 92 836 1 067.6 854.1 Lower Cunene 1 070 10.7 8.6 3 500 35.0 28.0 Coporolo 1 527 15.3 12.2 1 886 18.9 15.1 Southwest 2 390 23.9 19.1 3 412 34.1 27.3 Cuvelai 0.0 0.0 21 217 127.3 101.8 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page430 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Current Situation - 2012 Future Situation - 2017 Hydrogra Area Current requirements Annual Area Current requirements Annual phic Unit irrigated (hm3/year) consumption irrigated (hm3/year) consumption Cubango 1(ha) 589 11.9 (hm3/year)9.5 15(ha) 048 112.9 (hm3/year)90.3 Cuando 0.0 0.0 16 845 109.5 87.6 Total 80 000 676 541 311 318 2 673 2 139 Source: National Strategic Water Program, 2013-2017 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page431 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report In 2017, we estimate that Angola‘s water requirements for irrigation will be around 2,673 hm3/year, of which 1,068 hm3 is concentrated in the Middle Cunene hydrographic unit. For the area of study (Medium Cuanza), an increase of 102.3 hm3/year to current demand is expected, corresponding to growth of 470%, and thus meeting one of the main strategic objectives for Angola during the coming years, namely the development of the agricultural sector. • National Energy Security Policy and Strategy The National Energy Security Policy and Strategy was approved by Presidential Decree No. 256/11 of September 29. A profound transformation of the Angolan energy sector is proposed through strengthening its capacities and infrastructure, establishing the main strategic guidelines for the sector (in particular in the energy and oil and gas subsectors), and redefining the institutional model. The main objective is to quadruple the existing energy supply by making greater use of endogenous resources and using the most efficient technologies. Over the long term, the need to transform the sector to meet the enormous challenges associated with the growth in demand is framed in 6 strategic axes: Growth of energy production parks; Enhancement of the role of renewable energies; Expansion of electrification; Reviewing tariffs and economic and financial stability; Restructuring and strengthening of operators; Promoting the entry of private capital and know-how. In the electricity subsector, the decree recommends an increase in its production so that, by the year 2025, the supply increases from the current 3% to around 10 to 15%. • Energy and Water Sect or Action Plan (2013 - 2 0 1 7 ) The Energy and Water Sector Action Plan provides a characterization of the sector, in its infrastructure and institutional aspects. It presents the prospects for its progression and identifies the priority and structuring projects in each sector, as well as assessing its budget and scheduling. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page432 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report A set of projects and actions has been identified for the development of the electricity and water sectors that is presented as follows. Energy The Energy and Water Sector Action Plan (EWSAP) considers as priority projects “all projects and actions that, in the short term, can contribute to increasing the capacity and quality of electricity supply to the public...”. The following priority projects are highlighted in respect of the electricity generation segment: 68 Emergency and replacement of leased capacity plan; 69 Rehabilitation of the 141 MW Cazenga thermal power plant; 70 New thermal power production capacity to be brought into operation between 2013 to 2015. According to the aforementioned Plan, a group of structural projects is defined comprising projects that contribute to “the addition of significant generation capacity to the grid and transmission and distribution infrastructure, capable of meeting the medium-term energy demand challenges...” The following projects are highlighted for the energy production sector: 71 Soyo 1 Combined Cycle Power Plant; 72 Soyo 2 Combined Cycle Power Plant; 73 Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Plant; 74 Laúca Hydroelectric Power Plant; 75 Caculo Cabaça Hydroelectric Power Plant; 76 Jamba-Ya-Oma Hydroelectric Power Plant; 77 Jamba-Ya-Mina Hydroelectric Power Plant; 78 Luachimo Hydroelectric Power Plant. Water According to the EWSAP, during the period from 2013 to 2017, the main activities in the area of water supply to the provinces (except Luanda) will be developed with the following measures and actions having priority: 79 Continued efforts to strengthen urban water supply systems; 80 Start of rehabilitating and expanding wastewater sanitation systems; 81 Intensifying the construction and rehabilitation of water supply systems in rural areas; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page433 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 82 Planning, public discussion and formal approval of standards and regulations concerning the quality of water for human consumption; 83 Formal approval of the water quality monitoring plan; 84 Construction and equipping of water quality control laboratories; 85 Progressive enhancements to the quality of water for human consumption monitoring system; 86 Concluding the development of the water quality database. The undertaking of the above-mentioned actions or measures will require investments in implementing structural projects, in particular: 87 Strengthening the water supply system in 17 provincial capitals; 88 Rehabilitation and expansion of wastewater sanitation systems in 17 provincial capitals; 89 Construction of new water supply systems in 130 municipal centers throughout Angola; 90 Project to improve water supply in rural areas - Water for All Program; 91 Quality of Water for Human Consumption Monitoring Plan. • - Cuanza Norte Provincial Development Plan (2013 - 2017) According to this Plan, the importance of the water and energy sectors is beyond question from both an economic and social point of view. On the one hand, infrastructure works are required to guarantee the conditions to develop the commercial sector that in this context contribute to economic growth and employment. On the other other hand, improving the social conditions of the population is impossible without development in these sectors. Therefore, the context and logic correspond to a triad of interventions at different levels, that is, sectoral/central, provincial and municipal, under the NDP 2013-17, Provincial Plan and Integrated Municipal Programs for Rural Development and Combating Poverty. Among the programs and projects planned for Cuanza Norte province, we highlight: Construction of the electricity distribution network for the municipality of Dondo; Construction of a water catchment grid; Water treatment and distribution in diverse municipalities; Infrastructure programs in diverse municipalities; Construction of an electricity supply line in Kikulungo; Construction of electricity supply lines in Banga and Bolongongo. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page434 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Cuanza Sul Provincial Development Plan (2013 - 2017) Of the various measures contained in the Cuanza Sul Provincial Development plan, we highlight the following, within the scope of Program 6 - Major Infrastructure Networks: Provide the province of Cuanza Sul with a modern, high-speed road, rail and airport network that ensures equitable access to and mobility of people, goods and services and promotes intermodality and interoperability; Increase and enhance the quality of electricity supply to people and economic activities, promoting energy efficiency and reducing the use of ineffective and unsustainable domestic solutions; Ensure the supply of drinking water, waste water treatment and waste collection and treatment through dedicated systems in urban and suburban areas, as well as in concentration areas of productive activities; Guarantee the population and economic actors access to modern telecommunication methods. To achieve these objectives, the Plan proposes to carry out four specific measures which will, in turn, include a set of actions to respond to this challenge, namely: Upgrading the road, rail and air transport infrastructure networks; Upgrading and constructing electricity distribution grids, strengthening productive capacity and fostering the diversification of energy sources; Construction and rehabilitation of drinking water supply, waste water treatment and waste collection and treatment facilities; Expansion of mobile and fixed communication and information supply services. • - Investment Program for the Electricity and Water Sectors, u p t o 2 0 1 6 The Investment Program sets out targets for each sector, as follows: Energy Sector • The increase in per capita consumption, the main target to be achieved by the end of 2016, will be to install a production capacity of 7,000 MW of power or 95,000 GWh, primarily based on renewable resources that allow per capita consumption of 4,000 kWh , i.e. 8 times higher than at present; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page435 APROVEITAMENTO HIDROELÉCTRICO DO ZENZO Estudo de Impacte Ambiental - Relatório • Increase the number of domestic connections; • Link isolated systems and create a national transport network; • Increase of the contribution of renewable energy sources (wind + solar) throughout the energy matrix, which will be set at 1.5%. Water Sector • Rehabilitation and expansion of national water supply systems, with the aim of achieving coverage of 100% in urban areas and 80% in peri-urban areas and in rural areas; • Increase the supply of water in the peri-urban and rural areas, in order to provide a minimum per capita consumption of around 40 L/ day in supply via fountains and 70 L/day in supply through households lacking connections to internal networks; • Increase in the supply of water in rural areas in order to provide a minimum per capita consumption of around 30 L/day in supply via fountains and 70 L/day in supply through households lacking connections to internal networks; • Completion of the "Water for All" Program that aims to significantly increase water distribution coverage in peri-urban and rural environments; • Provide the main 21 river basins with their respective General Integrated Management of Water Resources Plans; • Proceed with the progressive rehabilitation of the national hydrometric network. • “Water for All” Program The need for access to drinking water by the rural populations of Angola gave rise to the Water Supply for Rural Areas Program - "Water for All" Program guidelines, which were approved by the Government of Angola in 2006, with the aim of improving the living conditions of thousands of Angolans who live in small communities and remote areas of the country. This program, with a planned investment of USD 650 million, is based on four major strategic objectives: • Giving at least 80% of the rural population access to drinking water by 2012; • Giving at least 60% of the rural population access to appropriate basic sanitation; • Poverty reduction; • Improving health and quality of life in rural areas. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.436 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 18.1.3 - Historical, Cultural and Ethnological Heritage • - General Considerations The present description aims to identify and characterize the historical, cultural and ethnological heritage that potentially exists in the area of study for the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant and its surroundings. The characterization of such heritage was essentially based on bibliographical and internet (government sites) research, but also on field recognition work undertaken at the site in March 2016. • - Legal Framework The preservation of the Angolan cultural heritage is governed by Law no. 14/05 of October 7 that establishes the various types of heritage to be protected and recognized as assets of relevant cultural interest: national languages, historical, paleontological, archaeological, architectural, artistic, ethnographic, biological, industrial, technical and all graphic, photographic, recording, film, phonographic and bibliographical documents reflecting values of memory, antiquity, authenticity, originality, rarity, exemplarity, singularity and other cultural goods, which, by their nature, deserve the protection of the Angolan State. This Law also establishes the forms of protection envisaged, those responsible for the same, the promotional measures and the applicable sanctions regime, in case of violations of the law. Presidential Decree no. 53/13, of June 6, aims to regulate the standards and procedures for the protection, preservation and valuing of Cultural Property, provided for by Law no. 14/05, of October 7. It applies to all goods classified or in the process of classification such as monuments, architectural groups or sites, public or private, located in Angolan territory, whose interest and cultural relevance determines their legal protection. • - Historical Framework • North Kwanza Province North Kwanza is linked to the history of the Ngola kingdom, because it was in this territory, more precisely in the region currently known as Matamba, in the municipality of Samba Cajú, that Queen Ginga Mbandi lived, in the distant year of 1650. In 1914 the then colonial governor of Angola, the Portuguese Norton de Matos, created the district of Kwanza. Through the ordinance of September 15, 1917, the district was divided into North and South (Norte and Sul), and due to its location on the north bank of the Kwanza River, this territory was named North Kwanza. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page437 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The present North Kwanza, mainly the areas of Cambambe and Golungo Alto, were the first interior lands occupied by the Portuguese at the end of 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The River Kwanza was the main route that allowed the Portuguese to penetrate the interior. There are reports that in 1604 goods passed through Cazengo, a municipality in the province of North Kwanza, coming from Luanda, along the said river, to the outskirts of Cambambe, and were then transported into the interior. Further proof of this is the foundation of the Ambaca Prison, a few kilometers from Ndalatando, in 1614. The province of North Kwanza, which was named Salazar during the colonial period and was also referred to as the “garden city”, was marked by war, especially after the 1992 elections, and suffered the destruction of public buildings and property of the local population. • South Kwanza Province This province was founded at the mouth of the river Ngunza, in 1769, by the Governor-General of Angola, Francisco Inocêncio de Sousa Coutinho. The Ngunza River received its name in honor of the then chief, Ngunza Kabolo. The city of Sumbe (capital of the province of South Kwanza), formerly known as Novo Redondo, was founded on January 7, 1769, by Captain Mor de Muxima, José Rodrigues, and became the district headquarters of South Kwanza on November 3, 1919. The current place name comes from the Kimbundu word "Kusumba", which means to negotiate (buy and sell), a practice that was common among the natives and the Portuguese and English traders on the coast of South Kwanza, after the arrival of the latter. • - Inventory of Existing Heritage Sites • - Protected Heritage In Angola there are 214 Monuments or Sites protected by law, 11 of which are included in UNESCO's Tentative List for classification as World Heritage Sites; these include monuments that are part of the categories of Religious Architectural Heritage, Military Architectural Heritage and Architectural, Building, Archaeological and Historical Heritage. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page438 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.95 - UNESCO Tentative List Category Province Heritage sites Luanda Nossa Senhora da Muxima Church Nossa Senhora da Vitória de Religious Architectural Heritage Massanganu Church North Kwanza Ruins of Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Kambambe Church Massanganu Fort North Kwanza Ruins of Kambambe Fort South Kwanza Kikombe Blockhouse Military Architectural Heritage São Pedro da Barra Fort São Miguel Fort Luanda São Francisco do Penedo Fort Muxima Fort Architectural, Building, Zaire Mbanza Congo Historic Area Archaeological and Historical Source: NationalHeritage Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 Among the sites mentioned we highlight those located in the provinces that comprise the area of study, namely the Nossa Senhora da Vitória de Massanganu Church, the ruins of Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Kambambe Church, Massanganu Fort, and the ruins of Kambambe Fort in North Kwanza province, and the Kikombe Blockhouse in South Kwanza province. Also in preparation for submission to UNESCO is the dossier regarding the Cuazna Corridor, for inclusion in the Angolan State‘s Tentative List for World Heritage Sites. The Kwanza Corridor is of particular relevance insofar as the rationale for its inclusion in the World Heritage List is based on the historical importance of the Kwanza River as a route of cultural, commercial and military penetration; in its relationship to the various political and cultural realities present throughout the historical occupation of the territory; and its role in shaping the Angolan nation and its identity. (National Water Plan - 2014) The distribution of the heritage sites classified by province and category is shown in Table 5.96. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page439 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.96 - Heritage classified by province and category MOMUMENTS SITES PROVINCE TOTAL Rock Historic Areas Civil Religious Funerary Military History Archeological Art and Landscapes Bengo 3 2 1 1 7 Benguela 9 1 2 14 3 2 31 Bié 0 Cabinda 1 2 3 Cunene 1 3 3 7 Cuando Cubango 1 1 Huambo 1 1 Huíla 4 1 1 1 1 8 North Kwanza 1 4 2 3 10 South Kwanza 1 2 1 1 5 Luanda 71 9 1 4 10 4 99 Lunda Norte 3 1 4 Lunda Sul 7 1 8 Malange 1 1 1 1 4 Moxico 1 1 Namibe 2 1 2 1 2 1 9 Uíge 8 3 1 12 Zaire 1 1 2 4 Total 111 22 3 20 17 17 5 19 214 Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 All the protected sites have a heritage and/or scientific and historical value, and in some cases also possess potential for tourism. According to the National Water Plan, each of the protected heritage sites must be considered as a major constraint to any projects to be considered under this Plan. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page440 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report As per the previous data, it can be seen that in the province of North Kwanza there are 10 protected heritage sites, among which are: TABLE 5.97 - Heritage sites in North Kwanza province (source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1) North Kwanza Province Legal Photograph Designation Municipalit Location y Decree Ordinance no. Located in the Massangan 81 - Official Cambambe community of u Fort Bulletin no. 20 Massangano of April 28, 1923 Nossa Ordinance no. Senhora da Located in 81 - Official Vitória de Cambambe the Bulletin no. 20 Massanganu community of Church of April 28, 1923 Massangano Ordinance no. Ruins of Old Located in 81 - Official Buildings Cambambe Massangano Bulletin no. 20 of April 28, 1923 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page441 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report North Kwanza Province Legal Photograph Designation Municipalit Location y Decree Located in Ordinance no. Ruins of Cambambe on 67 - Official Kambambe Cambambe the right bank of Bulletin no. 20, Fort the River Kwanza of May 30, 1925 Ruins of Nossa Located in Ordinance no. Senhora do Cambambe on 67 - Official Cambambe Rosário de the right bank of Bulletin no. 20, Kambambe the River Kwanza of Church May 30, 1925 Located in Ordinance no. Ruins of Old Cambambe on 67 - Official Buildings Cambambe the right bank of Bulletin no. 20, the River Kwanza of May 30, 1925 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page442 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Legal Photograph Designation Municipalit Location y Decree Ruins of the Ordinance no. Located in Nova Oeiras 67 - Official Cazengo Kahangu Royal Bulletin no. 20, (formerly Nova Ironworks Oeiras) of May 30, 1925 Executive Historic Center of old Decree no. Area in the Cambambe village 314/13 of City of September 25, Dondo 2013. Dispatch no. 37 Official Gazette S. João- Located in the city Cazengo no. 28, of July Baptista of Ndalatando 17, 1992 Church Ruins of the Located about 5 Dispatch no. 18, S. António Samba- kilometers from September 6, de Kahenda Caju the city of 1996 Mission Samba-Caju S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page443 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The following figures show the locations of the heritage sites within the municipal limits of Cambambe. From the analysis of these figures it is clear that none of these sites is affected by the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project or located near to the same. Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 - Not to scale FIGURE 5.79 - Location of the Massanganu Fort, Nossa Senhora da Vitória de Massanganu Church, and Ruins of Old Buildings heritage sites Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 - Not to scale FIGURE 5.80 - Location of the Ruins of Kambambe Fort, Ruins of Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Kambambe Church and Ruins of Old Buildings heritage sites S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page444 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 - Not to scale FIGURE 5.81 - Location of the Historic Areas of the City of Dondo heritage site For its part, South Kwanza boasts 5 protected heritage sites, namely: TABLE 5.98 - Heritage sites in South Kwanza province South Kwanza Province Legal Photograph Designation Municipalit Location y Decree Located in Ordinance no. Kikombo 2 - Official Kikombo Sumbe around 13 km Bulletin no. 1 Blockhou south of the of January 12, se city of Sumbe 1924 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page445 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report South Kwanza Province Legal Photograph Designation Municipalit Location y Decree Primitive Center of the city that comprises the Dispatch no. Sumbe Historic Sumbe buildings and 15, of Area areas along the April 18, 1997 axis of Sumbe Fort Dispatch no. 94/00 - Located in the Araújo Challet Official Sumbe old town in the (19th Gazette no. city of Sumbe Century) 21, May 26, 2000 Sumbe Dispatch no. Located in the Fort 63, of Sumbe old town in the (18th Century) November city of Sumbe 11, 1995 Rock Art in Located on top Decree no. Ndalambiri; of a hill in the 110 - Official Cumbira; Éuè ia ancient village Gazette no. 256, Sinueia; Ebo of Ndalambiri. of November Located 4, 1974 Matato Rock somewhat to the Rock Art in Nalambiri northwest of S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page446 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report South Kwanza Province Legal Photograph Designation Municipalit Location y Decree Ebo, some Quinhengo Rock kilometers beyond the village of Cumbira. Quissange Rock, Quissange Rock or Quissange Rock or Danda Zumba Quingumba shelter 1 and Quinhengo Rock Quingumba shelterSource: 2 National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 None of the above-mentioned protected heritage sites is located in the municipality of Libolo. Therefore, they are not affected by the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project. • - Heritage Inventory In addition to the heritage sites subject to legal protection, about a thousand heritage sites are listed in Angola, grouped in the categories of Monuments (architectural and civil, military and religious buildings) and Sites (archaeological, historical and landscape), distributed as per Table 5.99. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page447 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 5.99 - Heritage inventory in Angola MOMUMENTS SITES PROVINCE TOTAL Rock Historical Areas Civil Religious Funerary Military History Archeological Art and Landscapes Bengo 21 8 2 2 2 5 40 Benguela 48 1 6 8 1 2 2 8 76 Bié 11 4 17 2 2 9 45 Cabinda 26 1 3 1 4 4 39 Cunene 2 6 3 11 Cuando Cubango 2 3 1 3 1 1 9 20 Huambo 12 13 13 9 19 1 5 32 104 Huíla 23 14 10 21 9 27 1 30 135 North Kwanza 8 1 3 9 5 7 33 South Kwanza 112 15 22 12 28 16 31 236 Luanda 46 2 5 13 1 3 10 80 Lunda Norte 1 1 3 7 3 15 Lunda Sul 3 1 4 1 1 1 9 20 Malange 21 14 11 1 9 4 27 97 Moxico 18 8 8 4 6 5 11 60 Namibe 27 5 7 5 6 7 4 7 68 Uíge 2 1 1 1 2 6 8 21 Zaire 3 4 2 2 10 5 1 11 38 Source: Information provided by the Ministry of Culture, adapted from the National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 According to Table 5.99, there are 33 heritage sites in the province of North Kwanza, while the province of South Kwanza is the Angolan province with the largest number of sites, with around 236 heritage sites. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.448 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Archeological Heritage The great majority of the archaeological sites identified in Angolan territory correspond to movable remains or non-perennial structures, materialized on the ground by concentrations of materials, lithics, ceramics, sometimes associated with imported materials, objects of adornment or trade (iron and copper wear or shackles), metallurgical debris, which may include the smelting furnaces themselves, among others. The heritage sites referred to mainly correspond to identified surface findings, found by chance or in the context of archaeological, geological and/or geographic research projects. Rock Art The most relevant or sensitive sites in the province of South Kwanza are identified below and, as previously shown, these have protected status and are not affected by the project: • Quissanje Rock located 12 km from Quitaba in the direction of Dondo, about 400 m from the highway. It is an isolated granite rock hill (inselberg); • Quinhengo Stone, a shelter with painted rock art, located 17 km from Quibala, on the highway to Calussinga - situated at the base of an inselberg, in the area of the Quibala stone tumuli; • Quingumba shelters 1 and 2, in the vicinity of the village of the same name, located 3 km south of Ebo; shelter #1, farther from the village, located almost on top of a granite hill - Cavundi Quizólo; shelter #2 is located a few kilometers from the first, closer to the village, at the bottom of a small valley; • Cumbira shelter with paintings, west of Ebo, on the hill above the village of Cumbira; • Delambira shelter with paintings, classified by Decree No. 110 - Official Bulletin no. 256 of November 4, 1974, is located roughly northwest of Ebo, a few kilometers from the village of Cumbira; • Caiombo shelter with paintings, near the village of Caiombo, beyond Bimbe; • Éuè ia Sinueia shelter, between the settlements of Waku-Cungo and Alto Hama. Archeological Sites with Structures The archaeological sites marked by structures are spread throughout Angolan territory, being mainly concentrated in the provinces of Huíla, Huambo, Bengo, North Kwanza and South Kwanza. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page44 9 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report In the province of South Kwanza there are the Cungo Fort, located in Morro do Cungo, municipality of Wako Kungo (Cela), and the Tomb of Chingango, located in the municipality of Cassongue Kassai. There are also necropolises with stone tombs in the regions of Libolo, Cassongue and Qibala. None of these archeological sites is affected by the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant project. Source: National Water Plan (2014) - Volume 1 PHOTO 5.44 - Tomb of Chingango • - Natural Heritage The province of North Kwanza contains the following important natural heritage sites: • River Kwanza; • River Lucala; • River Muembeje Falls; • Santa Isabel and Sobranceiro Springs; • Mazalala Cascades; • Kiamafulo Beach; • Quilombo Botanical Gardens; • Golungo Alto Forest Reserve; • Caculama Forest Reserve; • Binda Hill; • Golome Lake; • Bolongongo Forest Reserve. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page45 0 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The province of South Kwanza contains the following important natural heritage sites: • River Kwanza; • Sassa Forest; • Tokota Hot Springs; • Waku Kungo – Pedra d'Água Healing Waters; • Binga Waterfalls on the River Queve (candidate in 2013 to become one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Angola); • River Queve. • - Ethnological Framework According to Ervedosa (1980) and other authors, the Angolan population mostly speaks the Bantu language (a branch of the Bengo-Congolese group of the Niger-Congolese linguistic family). The Bantu have been defined, in a simplified form “(...) as a group of peoples that uses any form of the ntu root, to classify the people (...). This root with the plural ba prefix forms ba-ntu, and thence Bantu or Banto that designate them.” (Redinha, 2009). The Bantu were originally extensive farmers and there were also several hunting tribes. The Bantu‘s constant search for new lands led to a wide geographic distribution. These movements ceased at the end of the 19th century, after the European occupation (Redinha, 2009), giving rise to the geographical distribution of the nine large ethnolinguistic groups identified by several authors, shown in the following figure. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page 451 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report FIGURE 5.82 - Ethnic map of Angola, according to Redinha (1975) As can be seen in the previous figure, the Kimbundu language dominates North Kwanza province and the north of South Kwanza province. Mbundu (or Umbundu or Ovimbundo) is the most spoken Bantu language in Angola (about a third of the population), and is concentrated in the province of South Kwanza. The main festivities in the province of North Kwanza are the Ndalatando city festivals that take place on July 18 and are celebrated throughout the province. In the province of North Kwanza , we highlight the City Festivals held on September 15 in all the municipalities of South Kwanza, the Sea Festivals held in the cities of Sumbe and Porto Amboim, during the month of March, and the Sumbe Festival held on December 17. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page452 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Characterization of Heritage in the Area of Study During the field visits, surveys were carried out in the area of study to identify heritage sites, especially the Filomeno Câmara Bridge and the plaque that commemorates its inauguration, which connects the two banks of the River Kwanza and where the main dam wall is to be located. PHOTO 5.45 - Filomeno Câmara Bridge over the River Kwanza PHOTO 5.46 - Commemorative plaque for the inauguration of the Filomeno Câmara Bridge Information collected during the field work revealed that the Filomeno Câmara Bridge Guard’s House is a site valued by the people of the area, not so much for the value of the structure itself, but rather for the marks of war left thereupon; it is a constant reminder of the armed conflict in Angola, thus having a sentimental value for the inhabitants of the area. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page453 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report PHOTO 5.47 - Filomeno Câmara Bridge Guard’s House 88.2.8 Landscapes • General Considerations Landscapes are living and dynamic entities subject to processes of constant evolution. The resulting landscape of a site is a reflection of the interaction of several factors, whether biophysical (which include the relief, the geology/geomorphology, the characteristics of the hydrographic network and the vegetation cover) or sociocultural in nature (the latter being related to anthropogenic actions that are reflected in the occupation of the soil) that have diverse manifestations in the construction of the territory. • Legal Framework With regard to the protection of the Angolan landscape, we highlight only Law no. 09/04, of November 9 (Land Law), which sets forth (see article 16): • “The occupation, use and enjoyment of land are subject to the rules on environmental protection, in particular those pertaining to the protection of landscapes and species of flora and fauna, the preservation of ecological balance, and the right of citizens to a healthy and unpolluted environment.” • “The occupation, use and enjoyment of land must be undertaken so as not to impair the ability of arable land to regenerate and maintain its productive capacity”. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page454 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report We were unable to identify any other decrees that specifically cover the landscape, although there are several dedicated to the conservation of nature that may be applicable, such as those relating to the creation of Parks and Nature Reserves. As previously stated, no protected area or classified landscape was identified in the area of study and its surroundings. • - Methodology Landscapes are characterized based principally on analysis of the topographic map and bibliographic references. This first approach enabled a general survey of the landscape situation and revealed its dominant characteristics and habitual visual patterns. In a second phase, a more detailed analysis of the topography, hydrography and satellite imagery (Google Earth software) of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plan area of study and its surroundings was carried out, taking into account the data collected on the field visit (March 2016). Based on this analysis, Homogeneous Landscape Units (HLU) (Abreu, 1989 and 2004), usually used in this area, were identified, described and studied. The HLUs are deemed to be homogeneous in respect of their visual characteristics and hence the type of response to changes, in this case, the actions planned in the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant project. It should be noted, however, that this homogeneity is always relative, being established according to the desired definition and the scale of work used. After defining the Homogeneous Landscape Units (HLUs) the respective Visual Quality, Visual Absorption, Landscape Sensitivity and Visual Accessibility are evaluated. These concepts are described as follows: 31 Visual Quality (VQ) is intended as a quantification of the landscape‘s aesthetic aspects, such as grandeur, order, diversity, rarity and representativeness. It results from the sum of “classifying” different attributes such as relief, vegetation cover, land use, harmony, singularity, diversity and dominant visual structure; 32 Visual Absorption (VA), represents the ability of a particular landscape to absorb human alteration. The HLUs with the lowest VAs will be those that show signs of external actions/alterations to their visual characteristics. On the other hand, those with high VAs do not show the presence of external actions; nor do they suffer significant visual or structural modifications. It is a function of the relief and the existence of arboreal vegetation; 22 Visual Accessibility (Va), relates to the human element, more specifically the number of observers and their relative positions to the analyzed sites. The most accessible points are identified based on altimery and orientation analysis of the observation locations S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page455 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report in the area of intervention. Urban areas have high visual accessibility, since they are associated with places where human presence is a constant feature; 22.5 Landscape Sensitivity (LS), arises from a combination of the previous criteria and reveals the sensitivity that a certain type of landscape has to support the integration of foreign elements without changing its scenic value. In general, a particular landscape will be more sensitive if it has greater visual quality and a lower visual absorption capacity. • - Landscape Units In terms of biophysical characteristics, in general or in terms of framing, the area of study is characterized by undulating reliefs, with altitudes varying between 200 and 500 meters, thus conditioning the hydrographic network. According to Castanheira Diniz (2006), the area of study is located on a surface that “descends smoothly and noticeably into the sea. Within the general flattening of the surface, however, different types of relief may be observed, according to the lithological material that occurs there (...)”. “(...) The peneplain serves as a passageway for the important rivers, due to their large flows throughout the year and from the interior plateaux directly to the sea, the typical case of Kwanza, Longa, Cuvo [= Queve] , N'Gunza, Cubal do Quicombo, Eval and Balombo (...)”. These waterways begin to meander significantly in their final stretches. “The water courses excavate all geological formations, cutting out narrow canyons in the hardest, and wide and wet valleys in the softest(...)” ( Ultramar Research Group, 1968). S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page456 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report FIGURE 5.83 - Hypsometry Based on the biophysical and sociocultural analysis carried out, five Homogeneous Landscape Units were identified in the area of study, namely: 30 HLU1 - Forest The arboreal coverage is dense, forming a thick forest with almost tropical characteristics. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page457 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report PHOTO 5.48 - HLU1 - Forest PHOTO 5.49 - HLU1 - Forest 31 HLU2 - Savannah It is characterized by herbaceous, bushy or arboreal savannah areas. The density of herbaceous vegetation, trees or bushes varies from place to place; in some areas they are more or less dispersed while in others they form denser communities. PHOTO 5.50 HLU2 - Savannah PHOTO 5.51 HLU2 - Savannah 32 HLU3 - Artificialized areas The artificialized areas correspond to the villages of Quilemba, and the neighborhoods of Candengue and Calambala. They also include isolated and abandoned dwellings and old and abandoned colonials farms. They are peculiarly rural, and most dwellings have earthen and adobe floors. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page458 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report PHOTO 5.52 - HLU3 - Artificialized area PHOTO 5.53 - HLU3 - Artificialized area 33 HLU4 - River Kwanza The River Kwanza is a major waterway that is classified as a HLU due to its size and importance. This unit also includes the gallery forest along the River Kwanza. The secondary waterways (tributaries of the River Kwanza) are not covered in this landscape study. PHOTO 5.54 - HLU4 - River Kwanza PHOTO 5.55 - HLU4 - River Kwanza 34 HLU5 - Agricultural Areas The agricultural areas comprise areas occupied by food crops destined for consumption, located in the flat areas near the River Kwanza, in which native tree species are important features. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page459 475000 480000 485000 490000 HLU3.1 HLU3.2 HLU1.1 HLU1.2 ´ 8930000 8930000 7 8 HLU3.1 Reservoir Study Area Homogeneous Landscape Units - HLU HLU1 - Forest HLU2 HLU1.2 - Savannah 10 HLU3.2 8925000 HLU3 - Artificialized areas HLU2.1 8925000 HLU4 - River Kwanza 15 HLU1.1 9 3 14 11 HLU5 - Agricultural Areas HLU4.2 5 HLU2.2 Dams and Supporting Structures HLU4.1 1 6 1 - Main Dam 2 - Auxiliary Dam 3 - 13 2 Hydraulic 4 Circuit/Hydroelectric Power Plant 8 12 10 30 Flood spillway 10 Construction Support Infrastructures 31 - Upstream Cofferdam 6 - Downstream Cofferdam 8920000 23 - Social area HLU2.1 HLU2.2 HLU4.1 HLU4.2 8920000 24 - Plant support area 25 - Stock area for cofferdam 26 - Waste and material storage area 27 - Concrete plant 28 - Crushing plant 13 - Quarry 14 - 1st Provisional Diversion Tunnel 15 - 2nd Provisional Diversion Tunnel 475000 480000 485000 490000 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection System 00/desenho/Figura5_84_v2.mxd - 426 - SIGREF/2015 (UTM),Datum Camacupa, Zone 33 S. Units in meters. 0 1 km Universal Transverse Mercator Projection System (UTM),Datum Camacupa, Zone 33 S. Units in meters. 0 1 km Figure 5.84 - Map of Homogeneous Landscape Units The following table presents an overview of the most relevant structural and visual components of each of the identified HLUs. TABLE 5.100 - Most relevant structural and visual components in each HLU Homogeneous Land Dominant Relief and Dominant Soil Visual Units (HLU) Hydrography Occupation Structu re HLU1 Sharp relief areas Dense forest Closed Forest canopy HLU2 Slightly accentuated to Sparse to very dense Semi- Savanna moderate relief areas vegetation open HLU3 Rural roads and buildings Flat areas Open Artificialized areas with earthen floors Flat areas upstream of HLU4 future dams and wide Waterway (River Kwanza) Semi- River Kwanza valleys with accentuated and gallery forest open relief downstream from future dams HLU5 Flat areas close to the Crops Open Agricultural areas River Kwanza • Landscape Sensitivity Landscape Sensitivity (LS), as stated previously, indicates a degree of susceptibility to change or degradation of the landscape‘s scene value. By combining the classifications attributed to the Visual Quality and Visual Absorption indicators (see matrix below), it is possible to determine the degree of landscape sensitivity for each LU. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page462 TABLE 5.101 - Landscape Sensitivity (LS) assessment matrix Visual Quality Visual Absorption High Medium Low Low Very High LS Moderate LS Low LS Medium High LS Moderate LS Low LS High Moderate LS Moderate LS Low LS By applying all the previously mentioned concepts to the identified homogeneous landscape units and using the landscape sensitivity matrix for the sensitivity we obtain TABLE 5.102 - Landscape Sensitivity (LS) Homogeneous Visual Visual Visual Landscape Landscape Units Absorpti Accessibili Quality Sensitivity (HLU) on ty HLU1 Moderate to High Low Medium Forest High HLU2 Low to Low to Low to Low Savanna Moderate Moderate Moderate HLU3 Low Low Low Low Artificialized areas HLU4 Low to High to Very River Kwanza Low High Moderate High HLU5 Low Low High Very High Agricultural areas S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page463 The analysis made it possible us to conclude that UHP4 - Rio Kwanza and UHP5 - Agricultural areas are the ones with the greatest landscape sensitivity (high to very high), reacting in a more negative and more evident way to external actions that affect their visual character. This situation is closely related to the open visual structure of these HLUs, as a result of their low to moderate visual absorption and being mainly of high visual quality. In summary, we can affirm that the landscape sensitivity in the area of study is moderate overall, presenting some capacity to absorb new elements in its interior. This capacity will however be smaller if these elements are greater (in size and extent) or more contrasting (in respect of use or materials). The visual quality of the area of study is classified as moderate, ranging from values with high scenic value (agricultural areas and Quanza river), to elements with moderate to high scenic value (forest) and elements of low scenic value (savanna and artificialized areas). It is important to mention the presence of the Cambambe dam, which has marked the landscape of this region since 1962, the year in which it began to operate. At present some heightening work is taking place to raise the dam by about 22 m, with completion scheduled for 2017. For this reason, the structural magnitude of this dam will contribute even more to the region’s landscape characterization. 18.3.1 - Waste • - Legal Framework The Strategic Plan for Urban Waste Management (PESGRU), approved by Presidential Decree No. 196/12 of August 30, is the national reference tool for urban waste management. It defines a set of proposals that provide support and guidance to decisions makers about strategic options. PESGRU also aims to strengthen farmers' ability to improve their waste management, contributing to the minimization of environmental impacts and to the improvement of public health and, as a consequence, to creating economic opportunities. Presidential Decree No. 190/12, of August 24, approves the Waste Management Regulations and aims to establish the general rules for the production, collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of all waste except radioactive or that subject to specific regulations in order to prevent or minimize their negative impacts on health and the environment, without prejudice to rules aimed at reducing, recycling, recovering and disposing of waste. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page464 APROVEITAMENTO HIDROELÉCTRICO DO ZENZO Estudo de Impacte Ambiental - Relatório Executive Decree No. 17/13, of 22 January, is also taken into consideration. It establishes the management of waste resulting from buildings works or demolitions or from landslides, commonly known as construction and demolition wastes (or CDW), including their prevention and reuse and operations for their collection, transport, storage, sorting, treatment, recovery and disposal. • - North Kwanza /South Kwanza Provinces According to the Strategic Plan for the Management of Urban Waste (PESGRU), estimated waste production in the two provinces is as follows: TABLE 5.103 - Waste production estimates Quantity of Waste (thousands of tons) Province 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 North 55 62 71 79 89 94 100 106 113 120 127 135 143 151 Kwan Southza 162 183 205 230 256 271 286 302 319 336 355 373 393 414 Kwanza Source: PESGRU Considering the above-mentioned Plan, daily waste production in the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza in 2012 was 0.40 kg/person and 0.33 kg/person respectively. A significant portion of this waste continues to be disposed of in a disorderly way and in inappropriate places in the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza, being commonly disposed of by burning. This process releases ash and gases that are harmful not only to the environment, but also to public health, in addition to increasing the risk of fire. The waste collection infrastructure and equipment for collection, transport, treatment, recovery and disposal of waste are very few and rudimentary. It should be noted that in the rainy season the collection process becomes more complicated or even impossible in certain areas. • Area of Study The area of study is characterized by small, dispersed waste dumps. In general, the waste currently produced in the area of study is construction and demolition waste (CDW) and undifferentiated waste that is disposed of in a dispersed manner. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.465 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 19 - ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION IN PROJECT AREA IF PROJECT IS NOT IMPLEMENTED This section aims to describe various environmental changes that may occur if the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant is not built. 19.1 Climate No macro-level changes were identified. However, evapotranspiration will increase once a large-scale water plan has been implemented that will change the local microclimate. 19.2 Geology If this project is not implemented, no significant changes to the geological environment will occur. 19.3 Soil and Occupation of the Land If the project is not implemented, the land will continue to be occupied as it is now, with housing areas and agricultural areas. 19.4 Water Resources If the Zenzo HP is not built, the energy industry will continue to develop with various hydroelectric projects planned for the middle section of the River Kwanza that aim to alleviate the severe shortage of electricity and enable industrial and economic development in Angola. More people will have access to safe drinking water when wastewater is properly removed, and the quality of water sources improve due to plans in water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure development. 19.5 Air Quality The main source of pollution in the study area and its surroundings is road traffic (motorcycles and light and heavy vehicles) that circulates on the existing, mostly dirt roads. Most notable is the road from Upper Dondo to Cacuso. Another source of pollution is burning ligneous material for producing charcoal and clearing agricultural land and solid waste, which is practiced in all provinces of Angola, by the general population and small and large companies. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.466 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Using generators to supply electricity also constitutes as a source of pollution. In terms of industry, industrial zones / industries in the study area have not been confirmed. Failure to implement this project is not expected to bring significant changes to this area. Angola's accession to the Kyoto Protocol (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) should also be recognized for promoting reduced emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. 19.6 Sound/Noise Environment If the project is not implemented, current noise levels would remain the same. 19.7 Ecology Failure to implement the project is not expected to cause significant changes to the level of flora and fauna in the study area. However, human influence may cause the plants to naturally grow and spread to climax, and maintaining the great majority of fauna present would therefore be vital. Without human influence, the environmental population would remain stable. If the project is not implemented, aquatic habitats for numerous species would be protected, including rapids and backwaters and migratory routes for some species of fish in this section of the river. Furthermore, the development of many other species of high commercial value, such as cichlids, would not increase in density and biomass, since the current environment in the Zenzo region is not the most suitable for species of this group. 19.8 Social and Economic Elements Hydroelectricity of the middle section of the River Kwanza and development in Angola's energy industry would be affected if the project is not implemented, due to the expected power (950 MW) and annual power production (4,392 GWh/year) of the Zenzo HP. The provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza suffer from a high unemployment rate, which would continue or worsen if the project is not implemented. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.467 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 19.9 Regional Planning Failure to implement the project would not cause any changes to this descriptor. Production and approval of instruments for producing and defining new plans for land management will improve ordering and planning throughout Angolan territory, as the economic, social, urban and environmental policies will be applied in the territory for location, organization and proper management of business and industrial activities. 19.10 Heritage If this project is not implemented, there will be no significant changes to this heritage. 19.11 Landscape Even if the project is not implemented, significant changes will be made to the landscape in the middle section of the River Kwanza due to construction of dams included in various planned hydroelectric projects. 19.12 Waste Non-implementation of the project would nevertheless cause an increase in the quantity of waste in the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza, as other infrastructure and projects are planned for these provinces. In general, the environmental factors that may evolve most rapidly are essentially land occupation and landscape, with the major agents for change being Provincial Ministries and Government, followed by all entities that define the type of land occupation for development using land management instruments. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.468 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report (page intentionally left blank) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.469 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 20 - ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 91.7 - Assessment Methodology and Criteria 91.7.1 - Assumptions The impacts analysis to be carried out within the scope of an Environmental Impact Study (EIS) is a complex process, given the intrinsic diversity of the affected environment, reflected in the high degree of diversity in nature and typology. The breadth of a project's potential impact, from physical and ecological to socioeconomic and cultural factors, as well as environmental quality, requires a specialized and interdisciplinary approach with its own specifications, specifically in terms of the methodologies and techniques used for assessing impacts. Specific environmental analysis is therefore an indispensable part of the assessment. However, as an EIA is one of the central elements of a decision-making process, the environmental analysis must be supplemented by a strong attempt at integration, which seeks to provide the basis for an overall analysis. Thus, in addition to sector-specific methodologies, it is necessary to establish a common basis for analyzing each environmental factor to produce a coherent overall assessment. To that end, it is necessary to clarify in advance the following aspects: • The definition of environmental impact; • General aspects of identification, forecast and assessment of impact. Environmental impact means that a given environmental factor will undergo change caused directly or indirectly by a project activity, and its future situation would have been different if the project had not taken place. This idea of impact involves the analysis of each environmental factor, taking into account a comparative analysis against the foreseeable evolution of the existing situation, if the project had not been implemented, as described in Chapter 6. Impact analysis involves the following phases: • Impact identification - specify the impact associated with each phase of the project and the activities to be carried out; • Predict the impact characteristics (e.g., magnitude, probability of occurrence, and reversibility); S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.470 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Assessment of the significance of residual affects, i.e. after considering the appropriate measures and the degree to which they may mitigate the expected impact. The general aspects of identification, prediction and assessment of project impact are referred to below, constituting interconnected and interactive steps of the same process. 91.7.2 - Impact Identification Identification of impacts is the starting point of the analysis, and consists of a preliminary survey of impacts resulting from the intersection of the project's activities during the construction and operating phases, with the variables considered within the scope of each environmental factor/aspect. This procedure involves the existence of a list of project activities and a systematization of the variables to be considered in each environmental factor. A definition of the scope and of the geographical scales of the analysis is required. 91.7.3 - Impact Predictions The prediction begins with identifying the impact to gain an in-depth understanding of the cause and effect connected to project activities and their potential environmental results, drawing up possible future conclusions using the methods and techniques most suitable and feasible for the requirements and limitations of an EIA. Most EIA impact projections are based on the following steps: 89 Analysis of the project's construction and operation, using the information provided by the bidder, and the professional experience of the technicians involved; 90 Collection and analysis of confirmed impact information from similar projects, using the bibliography and, again, the information provided by the bidder, and the professional experience of the technicians involved; 91 Discussion of the predictions made, with other EIA team members, and other experts with practical experience in environmental assessment of projects. 91.7.4 - Impact Assessment The impact assessment, resulting from the above analyses, aims to create and provide an idea of the importance of the impact analyzed, using a set of parameters (impact classifying criteria) to that end. The impact assessment is done after considering integration of the measures that enable avoidance, reduction or elimination of the negative impacts identified, as well as enhancement of the positive impacts. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.471 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The overall assessment is carried out with sectoral analyses, seeking to translate the most relevant aspects and the most important effects in an assessment summary. In the overall assessment the following aspects are considered: • The most relevant project activities, depending on the importance of the sectoral impacts assessed; • The most relevant environmental factors, likewise related to the importance of the sectoral impacts assessed; • Explanation of the criteria used for selecting the environmental activities and descriptors, and impact significance; • Use of this impact classification categories. Here is a presentation of the methodology used for identifying and assessing the environmental impact induced by a given Project, taking into account: • The Project's characteristics, as well as activities that are potentially harmful to the environment, resulting from construction and operation of the Project; • Description of this situation and its prediction for non-implementation. Classification of the potential environmental impact directly or indirectly caused by the Project during construction and operating phases is based on the intrinsic and inherent characteristics of the respective installation site, using prior knowledge on the environmental impact typically caused by such projects, prior experience of the technical team in carrying out environmental impact studies, and finally, the information and elements collected from the official bodies consulted in this work. A qualitative scale is used for defining the impact, based on the sensitivity thresholds identified for the different environmental factors. The qualitative value attributed to each impact takes into account different parameters, which are broken down below. As regards their nature, each impact is classified as positive or negative. The impact is classified by type, as direct or indirect impact. The Project's indirect impact, i.e. that which is caused by the occurrence of multiple after-effects, must be identified and described whenever they are expected to occur. For the magnitude of the environmental impacts determined for the Project, prediction techniques are used to show the intensity of these effects, taking into account the potential damage caused by each of the proposed activities and the sensitivity of each of the environmental factors affected. Therefore, S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.472 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report the magnitude (absolute significance) of potential environmental impact is expressed quantitatively or, where this is not possible, qualitatively, but done as objectively and in the most detailed and justifiable way possible. The magnitude of each impact is thus classified as high, medium or low. In addition, the impact identified is classified according to area of influence, probability of occurrence, duration, reversibility and time lag. Also to be determined is the possibility of minimizing identified negative impact. According to their area of influence, each impact is classified as local, regional, national or international, taking into account the size of the area in which their effects are felt. The probability of occurrence or the degree of certainty of the after-effects is determined based on knowledge of the characteristics of each of the activities and of each environmental factor, making it possible to classify each impact as certain, probable or improbable. As regards the duration, impact is deemed temporary if it occurs only for a given period, otherwise being permanent, and cyclical if it occurs again after a certain period. With regard to reversibility, impact is deemed irreversible or reversible depending on whether the corresponding effects remain in time or disappear, in the medium or long term, specifically when the respective cause ends. Regarding the time lag, impact is deemed immediate if it occurs during or immediately after the Project's preparation phase. If they only manifest in the long term, they are classified as medium-term (felt within five years) or long-term. The main criteria to be used in describing the effects are presented in TABLE 7.1. TABLE 7.1 - Environmental Impact Assessment - General Criteria IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS ASSESSMENT Positive Nature Negative Direct Type Indirect High Magnitude Medium Low Local Area of influence (extent) Regional S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.473 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS ASSESSMENT National International Certain Probability of occurrence Probable Improbable Reversible Reversibility Irreversible Temporary Duration Permanent Cyclical Immediate Time lag Medium term (+/- 5 years) Long term 91.7.5 - Assessment of Significance of Impacts As an important stage in the overall impact assessment process, consideration must be given to an impact's mitigation potential, i.e. whether mitigation measures are applicable/feasible (mitigable impacts) or whether their effects will be felt at the same intensity regardless of any precautions that may be taken (non-mitigable impacts). TABLE 7.2 - Environmental impact assessment - Minimization possibility criterion Mitigable Possibility of mitigation Not mitigable Lastly, a significance (overall assessment) of the environmental impact caused by the Project will be assigned using a qualitative assessment methodology to clearly communicate the overall significance of the environmental impact in the biophysical and socioeconomic context in which it is relevant, i.e. the significance of the impacts induced in each of the analyzed environmental aspects. The purpose of assessing the significance of a given impact is to determine the relative importance and acceptability of the residual impacts (impacts that are not mitigated or that remain, albeit to a lesser extent, following implementation of appropriate mitigation measures). S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.474 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Attribution of the degree of significance of each impact will take into account the result of the classification given in the various criteria presented, but also the sensitivity of the EIA team to the consequences of this impact in a global context. In this way, impacts with similar classifications can be verified in the different description parameters, but with different overall results in terms of the respective levels of significance. Thus, with regard to significance, the environmental impacts resulting from the Project under analysis are classified as not significant, slightly significant, significant or very significant. TABLE 7.3 - Environmental impact assessment - Significance criterion Not significant Slightly significant Significance Significant Very significant The impact description will include a summary of impacts for each environmental factor assessed, thus allowing quick consultation, focusing on the nature and significance of the impact, using symbols and color, and in the background the remaining criteria, in accordance with the following table. TABLE 7.4 - Summary table of impacts by environmental factor Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance (Construction (Ml/Mm/Mh, D/I, T/P/C, L/R/N/I, (Impact 1) (+/++/+++) (-/--/---) / Operation) Ce/Pr/Imp, Im/MT/LT, Irrev/Rev, M/NM) (Construction (Ml/Mm/Mh, D/I, T/P/C, L/R/N/I, (Impact 2) (+/++/+++) (-/--/---) / Operation) Ce/Pr/Imp, Im/MT/LT, Irrev/Rev, M/NM) (Construction (Ml/Mm/Mh, D/I, T/P/C, L/R/N/I, (Impact no.) (+/++/+++) (-/--/---) / Operation) Ce/Pr/Imp, Im/MT/LT, Irrev/Rev, M/NM) Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.475 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 32.4 - Activities Likely to Create Environmental Impacts The main activities deemed to have the potential to create an impact are grouped into the Project's two phases under assessment, namely: 32.4.1 Construction of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant; 32.4.2 Operation of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant and supplementary support activities. During the construction phase, the following are deemed to be the main activities likely to generate impacts on the affected environment: 32.4.3 Installation, presence, operation and dismantling of building support infrastructures (concrete plant, crushing plant, social area, borrow pits, etc.); 32.4.4 Construction of new access ways and upgrade of the existing ones, including new bridges; 32.4.5 Movement of machinery and heavy vehicles assigned to the project; 32.4.6 Land preparation activities, such as deforestation and soil stripping; 32.4.7 Excavation and landfill activities; 32.4.8 Construction of dams and attached facilities. During the operating phase, the following shall be deemed to be activities likely to have an impact on the environment: 32.4.9 Filling and presence of the reservoir; 32.4.10 Presence, exploitation and maintenance of the hydroelectric power plant; 32.4.11 Presence of new access ways, including bridges. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.476 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 32.5 - Physical Environment 22.5.1 - Climate • - Construction Phase During the construction phase it is not anticipated that Project activities will induce perceptible changes to the local climate. • - Operating Phase Installing the dam and, more specifically, creating a permanent water plane may lead to an increase in air humidity and a slight decrease in temperature, but this is unlikely to cause impacts in the surrounding region. Climate change has always happened, over thousands of years. The problem, however, is that in the last century the pace of these climatic variations has risen sharply. Irrespective of current attempts to reduce GHG emissions and to slow the increase in global average temperature, climate change is inevitable. A rise of 1.5°C over 10 years in Angola may appear to be minor, but it is sufficient enough to affect the hydrological cycle, with several other effects associated with natural ecosystems and human activities. In a country where 60% of the population is located in rural areas, surviving on forest and agricultural resources, variations of this nature make Angola among the countries most vulnerable to climate change. The impact of climate change on a given region will differ according to vulnerability to such changes. • - Impact Summary As no impact has been identified for this environmental factor, a synthesis summary table of after-effects will not be presented. 22.5.2 - Geology and Geomorphology • - Construction Phase During the construction phase, the activities most likely to have an impact on the geology and geomorphology are as follows: • Excavation and landfill activities; • Construction of dams and attached facilities; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.477 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Creation of borrow pits (quarry); • Installation, presence, operation and dismantling of building support infrastructures (concrete plant, crushing plant, social area, etc.); • Construction of new access ways and upgrade of the existing ones, including new bridges. The following figures show the geological profiles of the different facilities making up the Zenzo HP project. The main dam will be located on an embedded section of the river, standing on the slopes and on the river bed, which are granitic massifs of good quality (little touched and fractured, of low permeability, resistant to uniaxial compression greater than 100MPa) covered by surface deposits of low thickness. Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Bid, January 2015) Not to scale - PR1 - Quibala Granites (Υ) - Porphyroid Biotitic Granitic Rocks FIGURE 7.1 - Geological profile – Main dam The auxiliary dam will also be located in an area of altered granite masses of a thickness of the order of 2 to 4 m, and moderately altered to a thickness of 10 to 15 m. It is assumed that in the altered levels the granitic massif presents moderate to high permeability. The granitic massif is covered by surface deposits whose thickness is estimated to be in the order of 10 to 25 m. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.478 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Bid, January 2015) Not to scale - PR1 - Quibala Granites (Υ) - Porphyroid Biotitic Granitic Rocks FIGURE 7.2 - Geological profile – Auxiliary dam The hydraulic circuit is planned to be installed on the right bank, in an area of good quality granitic massifs. The Zenzo power plant will also be installed in an area of good quality granitic massifs on the right bank of the River Kwanza, in order to reduce the length of the tunnels necessary for the water supply. The plant's sill will be installed at 283 m, and the top elevation at 343 m, involving excavations with heights that can reach 60 m. Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Bid, January 2015) Not to scale PR1 - Quibala Granites (Υ) - Porphyroid Biotitic Granitic Rocks S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.479 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report FIGURE 7.3 - Geological profile – Hydraulic circuit / hydroelectric plant The flood spillway will be located in an area of good quality granitic massif, however, with locally occurring surface deposits (moderately gravelly soils) of medium thickness, and areas of the most altered granitic massif. For installation of the flood spillway, excavations (left slope) of greater than 85 m and less than 100 m height are required. Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Bid, January 2015) Not to scale - PR1 - Quibala Granites (Υ) - Porphyroid Biotitic Granitic Rocks FIGURE 7.4 - Geological profile - Geological profile - Flood spillway The temporary diversion tunnels will run predominantly through granitic massifs that are, as a rule, of good quality. Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Bid, January 2015) Not to scale - PR1 - Quibala Granites (Υ) - Porphyroid Biotitic Granitic Rocks FIGURE 7.5 - Geological profile – 1st temporary diversion tunnel S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.480 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report According to the existing geological units in the study area, installing the Zenzo HP facilities will involve the excavation volumes shown in the following table. TABLE 7.5 - Excavation volumes – Zenzo HP Excavation (1000 m3) Designation Soil Rock Tunnels Total Main dam 811.3 719.4 - 1530.7 Auxiliary dam 1004.2 84.6 - 1088.8 Flood spillway - 5576.4 - 5576.4 Hydraulic circuit / hydroelectric plant - 2517.1 114.5 2631.6 Control of infiltration - - 0.8 0.8 River diversion 100 808 272.6 1180.6 Total 1915.5 9705.5 387.9 12008.9 For constructing the Zenzo HP dams and their associated facilities, excavations will be carried out that can reach considerable heights, with a total volume of 12,008,900 m3, subdivided into 1,915,500 m3 in soils, 9,705,500 m3 in rocks, and 387,900 m3 in tunnels. The high volume of excavations planned for the Zenzo HP facilities will cause important changes to the morphology of the terrain, generating a negative, certain, local, permanent, irreversible, immediate, high magnitude impact, which is very significant and not mitigable. Depending on the geometry of the slopes to create in excavation work, their inclination, and the possibility of occurrence of upwellings, localized instability may occur in the areas worked on and on the excavation slopes, which are likely to cause falling stones, blocks or disintegrated rock masses. In accordance that which was determined at the Project level (CWE), systematic stabilization works are planned for the slopes of the Zenzo HP facilities (using projected concrete, metallic mesh and nailing, among others). Even so, very localized, negative, insignificant, improbable, temporary, immediate, medium-term, irreversible impacts of low to high magnitude may occur, depending on the size of the instability, and will be mitigable if the stabilization measures required at the site are applied. In addition, the excavation activities, including deforestation, will create conditions conducive to increased soil erosion by surface runoff from rainwater, which is deemed to be a negative impact, of high magnitude (given the elevated area of uncovered soil) temporary, immediate, irreversible, slightly significant and mitigable, if the deforestation and excavation work, if possible, occurs in the S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.481 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report periods of the least rainfall, thus reducing the probability of uncovered soils being washed away by rainwater. The sedimentation routines existing downstream of the excavation areas will be particularly affected by increased sedimentation, causing a negative, local, probable, temporary, immediate, irreversible impact, of low magnitude, that is slightly significant, and mitigable. Installing the structures associated with Zenzo HP will involve interfering with a geological substrate that is inevitably affected and will no longer be available for exploitation if it has potential. In this case, granitic massif material of good quality will be affected, and the impact will be negative, significant (given the granite's potential for exploitation), direct, permanent, irreversible, immediate, of high magnitude, and partially mitigable, insofar as the granitic nature of the substrate formations determines their suitability for use as building materials, namely rockfill. The excess materials associated with construction of the Zenzo hydroelectric power station about 10,109,800 m3 of rock/earth will be deposited in two waste and material storage areas, located near the work fronts. The area on the right bank will receive 5,967,200 m3, and the area on the left bank will receive 4,142,600 m3. Creating these areas will have impacts on the land's morphology, classified as negative, significant, local, certain, direct, temporary, immediate, irreversible, non-mitigable, and of high magnitude. Also note that the angle of the slope to be created by depositing surplus materials in the two waste and materials storage areas, that must meet the stability limits of the material in order to avoid the occurrence of slope instabilities, will generate an impact that is negative, slightly significant, local, temporary, immediate, irreversible, improbably, mitigable and, depending on the size of the earthmoving, of low to high magnitude. Installing the other building support infrastructures, such as the social area, the cofferdams, the concrete and crushing plants and their support areas, as well as the access ways to be installed, involving earthworks for creating platforms, will cause a change to the land's morphology, and the impact will be very localized, negative, probable, temporary and permanent (access ways that will figure in the operating phase), immediate, irreversible, of medium magnitude, slightly significant, and not mitigable. Regarding resources from borrow pits, these will total 6,944,200 m3, comprising borrow pits (5,715,600 m3) which are to be obtained from the vicinity of the study area, and aggregates (1,228,600 m3) to be obtained from the quarry to be made. Collecting the loan earth S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.482 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report and operating the quarry for producing the aggregates will change the soil morphology, causing an impact that is negative, significant, local, certain, direct, permanent, immediate, irreversible, non-mitigable, and of high magnitude. The movement of machinery and heavy duty vehicles at the site increases the production of dust, and erosion, increasing the transportation of solids in the waterways, with a consequent increase in sedimentation. The impact of this is negative, slightly significant, local, of low magnitude, probable, temporary, irreversible, immediate and mitigable, if there is permanent dampening of the access ways to be used. In summary, the geological conditions do not allow anticipation of problems of a geotechnical nature that could constrain the construction of high dams, and tunnels of large diameter and extension, as applies to the Zenzo HP. • - Operating Phase By creating the reservoir, the equilibrium profiles of the watercourses connected to it will be changed; their base level will increase, leading to a new equilibrium profile and reducing overall erosive capacity (vertical and lateral), with this being associated with a moderation of the flow velocity that will reduce the sedimentary load to be carried downstream. This long-term change will have an impact that is negative, local, certain, permanent, irreversible, of medium magnitude, slightly significant, and non-mitigable. Sedimentation processes will be increased in the reservoir area, this change being processed in the medium to long term. From an environmental point of view, an impact that is negative, local, certain, permanent, irreversible, not mitigable, is of a low to high magnitude, depends on the quantity of sediment contained, and is of slight significance. The greatest erosion will occur in the area downstream of the dam, due to the fact that the dam/reservoir configuration holds the greater part of the solid flow transported by the river, thus creating a sediment deficit downstream. This will therefore create an imbalance in the river sections downstream, encouraging recurrence of the erosion, to the detriment of sedimentation, until achieving a state of balanced sediments. These activities will have an impact that is negative, of local to regional influence, certain, permanent, irreversible, medium to long-term, of low to medium magnitude, non-mitigable, slightly significant to significant, depending on whether the downstream stretch runs through embedded areas of granitic massif or through flat clayey areas. There will also be a lowering of the riverbed, downstream of the main dam, since it will retain the incoming water, releasing it according to the needs of energy production. Such a situation S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.483 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report will have an impact that is negative, of local to regional influence, certain, permanent, irreversible, of medium magnitude, significant, and non-mitigable. Occurrence of slope instability at the reservoirs, caused by variations in the water level (filling versus discharge) mostly in situations of sudden emptying, and the probable removal of vegetation cover associated with a greater presence of interstitial water has been one of the most studied effects in works of this type due to the fact that they shows very unfavorable predictions for slope stability. The Zenzo reservoir installation will mainly be based on wide valleys with marked relief, and will therefore flood areas confined by slopes of marked relief. Discharges are most likely to increase erosive processes in the flat zone downstream of the dam where the discharge will occur, notably due to the direct impact of the discharges and the high energy of the discharged water. Taking into account the low susceptibility to erosion of the granitic massifs that characterize this area, the impact is expected to be negative, slightly significant, non-mitigable, of reduced magnitude, local, certain, immediate, permanent and irreversible. • - Impact Summary Table 7.6 shows a summary of the main impacts for the geology and geomorphology environmental factor. TABLE 7.6 - Impact summary table – Geology and geomorphology Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Excavations for installing dams and attached facilities - Construction - - - Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM changes to morphology of the land Installation of structures attached to the Zenzo HP - Construction - - Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, M interference with granitic massifs Disposal of surplus materials in the 2 waste and material collection areas Construction - - Mh, D, T, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM - changes to the morphology of the land Implementation of the social Construction - Mm, D, T/P, L, Pr, Im, Irre, NM area, S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.484 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance cofferdams, concrete and crushing plants, and their respective support areas and access ways - changes to the morphology of the Creation of borrow pits - land changes to land morphology Construction - - Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM Lowering of the riverbed Operation - - Mm, P, L/R, Ce, Im, Irre, NM downstream of the main dam Greater erosion downstream of the dam until achieving Operation - / - - Ml/Mm, P, L/R, Ce, MP/LP, Irre, NM balance of sediments Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable 22.5.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land • - Prior Considerations Soil is a natural resource that is non-renewable and improper use leads to its irreparable loss. Its economic and environmental value is difficult to calculate, and it is often necessary to use the classification of the soil and its capacity for use. Based on these parameters, it must be used in the the most appropriate way, from a sustainable development perspective. The intensity and nature of the impact generated by improperly using soil depends on its intrinsic characteristics. The greater use a particular soil may be in agricultural or forestry, the wider the alternatives for its use. Thus, a profound change to its use, particularly when this use is agricultural, can generate a significant impact, especially when soils with these characteristics are rare or when the typology of their occupation assumes a particular interest or value. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.485 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Construction Phase During the construction phase, the activities most likely to impact soil and land occupation are as follows: • Installation, presence, operation and dismantling of construction support infrastructures (concrete plant, crushing plant, social area, borrow pits, etc.); • Construction of new access ways and upgrades to existing ones, including new bridges; • Transporting machinery and heavy vehicles assigned to the project; • Land preparation activities, such as deforestation and soil stripping; • Excavation and landfill activities; • Constructing dams and attached facilities. 92 Soils Impact to soil caused by necessary work interventions. The presence of working teams, the movement of machinery and the existence of infrastructure to support the construction (yards, concrete and crushing plants, among others) can contribute to soil compaction, contamination and erosion. In the specific case of hydraulic works, the relationship between the soil and the watercourse is particularly important, due to water erosion that might occur in the intervention areas. Installing the dams and attached facilities will lead to irremediable effects on the soil. Considering that the soils of the study area are Tropical Fersialitic, of moderate to high agricultural potential, the impact for these soils is negative, certain, direct, permanent, immediate, of high magnitude (given the high degree of occupation of all infrastructures), significant (due to the destruction of soils with agricultural potential), and non-mitigable. The presence of construction support infrastructure will increase compaction or eventual removal of the Tropical Fersialitic soils if platforms are required. The impact of soil compaction is deemed negative, certain, temporary (ends with the dismantling of infrastructures), direct, local, of high magnitude, slightly significant (because only compaction occurs) and mitigable. When soils are removed for installing platforms, permanent destruction of Tropical Fersialitic soils occurs, which generates an impact that is negative, local, irreversible, direct, S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page486 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report certain, permanent, immediate, of low magnitude, and significant (due to destruction of soils with agricultural potential). Operating the quarry to produce aggregates will involve removal and allocation of tropical Fersialitic soils, so that the impacts will be negative, direct, permanent, immediate, of medium magnitude (due to the quarry's area of occupation), significant (due to destruction of soils with agricultural potential) and non-mitigable. Due to the construction support infrastructure, there may be accidental spills of oils, fuels and/or lubricants, among other products, as well as run-off of domestic or industrial effluents, which, infiltrating the soil, may pollute it, creating impacts that are negative, direct, improbable, local, temporary, reversible for the soil's filtration capability, immediate, of low to high magnitude, and from slightly significant to very significant, depending on the quantity and typology of the product spilled, though mitigable. Moving machinery and heavy vehicles assigned to the work will cause soil compaction and will affect its permeability, generating an impact that is negative, certain, temporary (until the end of the construction phase), direct, local, of low magnitude, slightly significant, and mitigable. Soils from excavation that will not be used in landfills and/or landscape recovery must be sent to suitable facilities for treatment, as indiscriminate abandonment facilitates contamination which then creates an impact that is negative, direct, improbable, local, of low to high magnitude, and vary from slightly significant to very significant, depending on the volume and type of contaminant. 93 Soil occupation During the construction phase, the impact on land use begin at the phase of deforestation and land preparation activities, as well as earthmoving, which is necessary for subsequent installation of the Zenzo HP, causing total loss of the existing land cover areas. In the reservoir, it is expected that the soil cover of the areas to be flooded will be removed during the construction phase. The following tables show the areas of land occupation affected by implementation of the various elements of the Project during the construction phase. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page487 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 7.7 - Areas of soil occupation affected by the Zenzo HP Cover class of the Affected Soil (m2) Project Elements Dense Agric Riparia Water Plane Man- Savanna Total Forest ultural n (Kwanza made Area Main Dam 76,091 3,586 Area- Gallery14,784 River)15, 517 1,447 111,425 Auxiliary Dam 89,904 16,905 - Forest- - - 106,809 Hydraulic Circuit / 6,825 66,157 - - 22,648 580 96,210 Hydroelectric Plant Flood spillway 154,834 - - - - 791 155,625 Upstream cofferdam 13,948 289 - 38,708 7,444 242 60,631 Downstream cofferdam 5,040 - - 4,304 3,924 - 13,268 Social Area 3 - 105,779 - - 41 105,823 Plant Support Area 147,662 - - - - 1,930 149,592 Cofferdam Stock Area 9,338 - - 72,335 6,438 - 88,111 Storage Area for Waste and 2,466 311,311 455,661 - - 41,401 810,839 Materials Concrete Plant 29,865 - - - - 1,029 30,894 Crushing Plant 81,086 - - - - - 81,086 Quarry 181,348 240,205 - - - - 421,553 1st Temporary Bypass Tunnel 4,169 3,657 - 6 632 194 8,658 2nd Temporary Bypass Tunnel 2,612 6,948 - 90 144 - 9,794 Total 805,190 649,058 561,440 130,227 56,747 47,655 2,250,317 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.488 TABLE 7.8 - Cover classes of soil affected by the access ways and roads Access way / Road Cover class of the Affected Soil Road no. 1 Dense forest, agricultural area, savanna Road no. 2 Dense forest, savanna Road no. 3 Savanna Access way no. 4 Dense forest, savanna Access way no. 5 Dense forest, savanna, riparian gallery forest Access way no. 6 Savanna Access way no. 7 Savanna, riparian gallery forest Access way no. 8 Savanna Access way no. 9 Dense forest Kwanza river road Riparian gallery forest, water plane (Kwanza river) Bridge 1 Water plane (Kwanza river) Bridge 2 Water plane (Kwanza river), riparian gallery forest, savanna Bridge 3 Savanna TABLE 7.9 - Areas of soil occupation affected by the reservoir Cover Class of the Affected Soil (m2) Project Water Manmad Element Dense Agricu Riparia Savanna Plane e Area Total Forest ltural n (Kwanza River) Area Gallery Reservoir* 11,377,296 1,604,057 205,163 4,427,132Forest 1,771,128 32,216 19,416,992 (FSL = 415 m) * Taking into consideration that the soil cover will be removed from the areas to flood during the construction phase According to the data presented in the above tables, the greatest share of soil occupation in the construction phase will be savanna, representing about 56% of the total affected. Also noteworthy is the share for agricultural areas affected, with about 3.5% of the total area. The riparian gallery forest areas and the water plane (Kwanza river), with approximately 21% and 8.5%, respectively, are categorized by the type of project to be implemented, with the project elements that most contribute to these effects being those located at the water line or its near vicinity, such as the main dam, the hydraulic circuit/hydroelectric power station, the temporary bypass tunnels, and the cofferdams. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.489 The share of areas covered by dense forest will be about 10% of the total area affected, while occupation of man-made areas will be 1%. The impacts on these occupations will be more significant in agricultural areas, due to the importance they present to the populations that use them. The impact will be negative, significant, of low magnitude (given the area affected), local, immediate, permanent, irreversible, certain, direct and mitigable. Since the occupation will be mainly by elements that cannot be relocated (dams, hydraulic circuit / hydroelectric plant, and quarry), the share of areas covered by dense forest will also experience a negative and significant impact, due to their ecological importance and to the fact that they do not currently present obvious signs of degradation, and are in a natural balance, so the impact will be of low magnitude (given the area of occupation), local, immediate, permanent, irreversible, certain, direct and non-mitigable. Occupation of riparian gallery forest areas that have evident signs of human degradation but are still in an acceptable state, will result in an impact that is negative, slightly significant, of medium magnitude (given the area of occupation), local, immediate, permanent, irreversible, certain, direct and non-mitigable. The share of savanna areas will experience an impact that is negative, slightly significant, of high magnitude, local, immediate, permanent, irreversible, certain, direct, and non-mitigable due to signs of human intervention in these areas and their low ecological importance. Assessment of the share of man-made areas must be separated into two types: the first, for roads; and second, for buildings, the assessment of which will be carried out later in the section on social and economic components. The impact of roads will be negative, slightly significant, of low magnitude, local, immediate, temporary, reversible, certain, direct, and non-mitigable. The water plane (Kwanza river) share will not constitute as having experienced an impact as the Kwanza river will continue to exist with construction of the Zenzo HP's elements, only being subject to changes in route and flow control, the impact of which will be assessed in the section on water resources. • - Operating Phase 92 Soils With regard to the reservoir filling and due to its presence and operation, a submersion of soil upstream will be encouraged, preventing the compact rocky massifs composed of granites and gneisses from decomposing and thus forming soils. This impediment to soil formation is deemed to be an impact that is S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.490 negative, certain, permanent, immediate, significant (given the agricultural potential of the soils in the study area), of medium magnitude (this impediment occurs mainly upstream of the dams, with the area being moderate in comparison to the flooded area). Filling the reservoir, as well as preventing formation of new soils, will also contribute to the unavailability of existing soils, as they will no longer be available to be used to their full potential. Considering that the flooded soils are Tropical Fersialitic with medium to high agricultural potential, the impact of the unavailability of these soils is negative, certain, direct, permanent, immediate, of high magnitude (given the area flooded), significant (due to flooding of soils with agricultural potential), and non-mitigable. The presence of the access ways, and as a consequence of their use during the operating phase, may impact the soils through infiltration of the surface run-off waters that may be contaminated with oils, heavy metals and hydrocarbons. The impact will be negative, direct, local, probable to improbable, reversible due to the water and soil purification capacity, temporary, of low to high magnitude, and from slightly to very significant, depending on the type and the volume infiltrated, but mitigable. 93 Occupation of the Soil Once the filling phase is completed, there will be no need to intervene in any new areas inside or outside of the Zenzo HP, nor to make any other changes to soil occupation. Therefore, in the operating phase (already after the filling and the fully operational start-up of the Zenzo HP) the new impact is related to the creation of a new class of soil occupation: the reservoir's permanent water plane. This impact may be deemed to be positive, certain, permanent, local, immediate, direct of high magnitude, and irreversible. It is deemed significant, given the area in question. A number of indirect impacts on soil occupation will also be very probable. Consequently, accelerated abandonment of farmland downstream of the dam can be expected, given the lower availability of water. These impacts can be classified as negative, permanent, irreversible, indirect, local, probable, of low to high magnitude, depending on the area affected, significant due to the importance it has for the populations that depend on these areas. Regarding direct impact to the classes of soil occupation, the effects identified during the construction phase are maintained during the operating phase, and the indirect effects caused by loss of or change to the current soil occupation only constitute as an impact to the biophysical and social environment in general, as duly identified in the specific areas. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page491 • - Impact Summary Table 7.10 shows a summary of the main after-effects caused to the soils and soil coverage. TABLE 7.10 - Summary table of impact - Soils and occupation of soils Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Installation of dams and attached facilities - Construction - - Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM irremediable effect of soil use Installation of construction support infrastructure - Construction - - Mm, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM irremediable effects on soils Installation of construction support infrastructure - Construction - Mh, D, T, L, Ce, Im, M soil compaction Contamination of soil not Construction - / -- Ml/Mh, D, L, Imp, M used Movement of machinery and heavy vehicles - Construction - Ml, D, T, L, Ce, M soil compaction Construction work - occupation share of Construction - - Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, M agricultural soil Construction work - occupation share of soil Construction - - Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM covered with dense forest Construction work - occupation share of soil Construction - Mm/Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM covered by savanna and riparian gallery forest Filling reservoir - destruction of soils and impossibility of Operation - - Mh/Mm, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM forming new soil upstream S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page492 Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Filling reservoir - creation of a new soil Operation ++ Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre occupation - water plane Less availability of water downstream - abandonment Operation - Ml/Mh, I, P, L, Pr, Irre of agricultural land Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable 32.5.1 - Water Resources • - Surface Water Resources • - Construction Phase QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS During the construction phase, it is not expected that the liquid flows affluent to the study area will change significantly in comparison to the original situation and that the diversion of the river will be properly executed through two temporary diversion tunnels, so that the flow rate will remain constant, and will not affect water availability downstream. However, in this phase, much higher downstream flows of solids are predicted to occur from the layers of soil that are exposed after excavations, and possible rainwater runoff and/or transport by wind action to the water line. Even after taking into account suitable minimization measures, such as choosing periods of lower rainfall if possible, the amount of disintegrated sediment in deforestation and excavation work should see a substantial increase due to these activities, at the work fronts located on the river itself, on the banks and surrounding areas. On the other hand, the sediments discharged from areas not worked on may also be washed away by rainwater to the watercourse, due to the movement of machinery, equipment and people, from where they will be transported in suspension and by entrainment which will also contribute to the flow of solids. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page493 The excess earth storage areas are those equally susceptible to this impact. The flow of solids will tend to settle in areas with lower flow velocity, particularly the river's bends, contributing to a changed morphology of the water line, and consequently in its hydrological regime. The impact is characterized as negative, direct, certain, local, of high magnitude, in view of the significant amount of earthmoving associated with the project, immediate, permanent, slightly significant, due to the sediment deposition that already occurs in the Kwanza river downstream of the dam, and mitigable. With regard to pressure on surface water resources, the intention is to capture water from the Kwanza river for use at the site, both for human consumption and for industrial consumption. This situation will lead to an increase in pressure on water resources, with an impact that is negative, significant (due to consumption of a scarce resource), direct, certain, temporary, of medium to high magnitude, depending on the volume of water captured, possible to mitigate in view of the application of measures aiming to use the least water necessary. QUALITATIVE ASPECTS Impact to water quality during the construction phase are essentially related to effects on its physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, which are generally the result of pollution. The activities related to land preparation, deforestation, soil stripping, and earthmoving (excavation or landfill) involved in installing the dams and their facilities, infrastructure to support construction and the access ways, will contribute, as mentioned above, to the entrainment of solid material to the water line, inducing impacts on water quality, namely by changing the physical-chemical parameters such as total suspended solids, as well as organic matter, which will lead to a decrease in the oxygen dissolved. Thus, the impact of water quality degradation during the construction phase is characterized as negative, direct, certain, local, of high magnitude, in view of the significant earthmoving associated with the project, immediate, temporary and reversible, significant, due to the influence it may have on the level of water consumed by the population, and it may be mitigated by applying good work practice as stated in the Mitigation Measures section. Regarding movement and maintenance of machinery and heavy vehicles assigned to the work, this may generate impacts related to contamination of the water lines, due to accidental spillage of oils, fuels S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page494 or lubricants, on the site's roadways, in the machinery and vehicle parking areas, or at the maintenance sites. Although accidental in nature, there will be an increase in the presence of chemical pollutants in the water lines (mainly hydrocarbons and some heavy metals), which may lead to water contamination, with harmful effects on the potential uses of the water lines and on the species that depend on the affected water resources, as well as on the population that depends on the river water for human consumption. The impacts can be classed as negative, direct, improbable, of low to high magnitude, from slightly to very significant, depending on the amounts and hazardousness of spills, that is, whether appropriate pollution control and containment measures are implemented, with a response time that is low and suitable for the magnitude, local, temporary, reversible and mitigable, assuming that planned preventive measures will be taken, such as draining the paved areas of the maintenance facilities for machines assigned to the work, containing the storage areas, and collecting waste oils and their transport to a final destination, as well as other measures relating to correct waste management. The liquid effluents produced during the construction phase mainly relate to wastewater generated at the site and in the active work areas - such as domestic wastewater from sanitary and social areas, oil and lubricant runoff in the machinery parks and maintenance areas, among others - and from other sources, such as water for washing machines and for on-site concreting operations. Among the main pollutants is significant production of organic matter and suspended solids associated with production of domestic wastewater, as well as hydrocarbons and other hazardous substances resulting from machine run-off and accidental discharges. Wastewater generated at the site's toilets must be directed to sealed tanks, followed by transportation to a suitable final destination by septic tank cleaning trucks. For wastewater resulting from construction operations, such as concreting operations, installing a retention basin must be considered where the water resulting from the concrete mixtures will be discharged, and subsequently removed by septic tank cleaning trucks and sent to an appropriate final destination. Assuming that the measures proposed above will be implemented, being environmental management measures normally applied on site, it is not expected that there will be impacts from liquid effluents produced during the construction phase. The presence and operation of the construction support infrastructure may have significant effects on water quality, such as degradation of the physical, chemical and microbiological quality S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page495 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report of the bodies of water affected due to increased concentration of solid matter, organic matter, fats, microorganisms of fecal origin, and nutrients, potentially resulting from accidental spills of household effluents, wastewater or waste. Therefore, after-effects are predicted as negative, direct, local, temporary, reversible, improbable, of low to high magnitude, that are from slightly significant to very significant, depending on the amount and hazardousness associated with spills, and these are likely to be minimized if the recommended measures are taken. Out of all the construction support infrastructure, the concrete plant and the support area located on the right bank are considered important, as are the cofferdams, due to potential pollution that could be caused by activities on these sites, and integration into the bed of the Kwanza river or in its vicinity. If accidental spills occur, even if there are response procedures in place, implementation is hampered by the integration and proximity of these infrastructures to the Kwanza river. • - Operating Phase QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS As previously mentioned, the Zenzo HP produces electricity for the population using reservoir water. Although this energy supply solution is more environmentally friendly than other energy sources, it still has a negative impact on some natural water resources. Implementation of the Zenzo HP and its associated components will have a negative impact due to the barrier effect on the natural flow of the water line, both upstream and downstream. The change to the flow upstream of the facility from lotic to lentic, in the reservoir area, will be marked by a decrease in the flow velocity and transport capacity, and an increase in deposition of solid material. Additionally, retention and sediment deposition may change the morphology of the water-bed, depending on the deposited amounts of sediment. However, the meandering processes that characterize some sections of the Kwanza river upstream of the Zenzo HP already present the morphological changes that have occurred in this water line over the years, so this impact is negative, direct, local, probable, permanent, slightly significant, of high magnitude (given the area of the reservoir), and non-mitigable. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.496 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Downstream, the run-off changes imposed by the presence of the power station create a modified regimen, that has significant influences on aquatic habitats, and sedimentation, as reduced flow rate downstream will cause riverbed silting. This change will also cause reduced water availability downstream, and it may affect the population's water supply, for industrial consumption or irrigation. The COBA's analysis document and opinion (December 2014) on the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Proposal, January 2015), fails to mention the need for ecological flow at the Zenzo HP. According to information on the Zenzo Hydroelectric Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Proposal, January 2015), when the water level is reduced, it is only necessary to assure operation of the hydraulic structures. In the downstream section, the availability of water will be dependent on the Zenzo HP's operating regime, since the normal flow of the river is contained in the dam area and the turbine flow is discharged only at the restitution site near the main dam, depending on production needs. Taking into account the number of annual hours of operation of the Zenzo HP, as shown in Table 7.11, it can be seen that by distributing this number for 365 days a year, there is an average operation of 12.6 hours/day. TABLE 7.11 - General project data Annual Operating Hours (h/year) Daily Operating Hours (h/day) 4,623 4,623 / 365 = 12.6 Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Bid, January 2015) Thus, the turbine flow at the Zenzo HP hydroelectric plant will only be discharged through the tailrace channel in the tailrace environment (Kwanza river), on average, for 12.6 hours per day. This situation results in an impact that is negative, very significantly, due to unavailability of water that may occur downstream, for fauna and flora, as well as for the population and irrigation. It is certain, local to regional, permanent, irreversible, immediate, of low to medium magnitude, depending on whether it is possible to refill the Kwanza river through the tributary water lines, thereby redressing the water shortage, and it is mitigable, by applying measures at the design level aimed at tailoring flows to ecological, social and energy production needs. In view of the above, it is assumed important to carry out studies on Zenzo HP's operating mode and regime, and that there is a need to ensure an ecological flow at S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.497 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Zenzo HP, so as to ensure continuous availability of downstream flows that existing human, natural and ecological populations rely on. QUALITATIVE ASPECTS One of the major problems associated with the existence of lentic media is the change to water quality, specifically at the dissolved oxygen level, since this in turn leads to the reduction of numerous compounds, with ecological consequences of high magnitude. These problems occur largely as a result of summer heating, leading to thermal stratification of stored waters. This process separates the water mass of the reservoir into three vertical strata: the upper layer, called epilimnion, which has higher temperatures and is well-mixed due to the influence of atmospheric turbulence. This overlaps with a cooler layer of water which is of greater density and practically static (unless the water intake is in this zone), called the hypolimnion. These layers are separated by a (relatively) thin intermediate layer, called the thermocline or metalimnion. If the reservoir has eutrophic characteristics, the lower stratum is characterized by intense bacterial decomposition which can contribute to complete removal of oxygen. The decrease in this gas is not compensated by atmospheric diffusion mechanisms (responsible for self-purification) or by photosynthesis as this layer is completely isolated from the surface by the metalimnion barrier and by the fact that this zone is generally below the trophogenic level. In addition, high biogenic turbidity (due to high algal production in the epilimnion) further decreases water transparency, limiting the depth of light penetration. Sometimes this turbidity can even be maximum in the metalimnion, corresponding to the peak in the density gradient, and less turbulence, which leads to sedimentation of the materials coming from the upper layer. During the layering phase these different layers have different chemical characteristics and, in particular and more intensely, contaminated media. Thus, a marked reduction of pH in the lower strata is expected, due to formation of CO2 (at the same time as it decreases dissolved O2 to anoxic levels), resulting from the decomposition of organic matter, which, in turn, is not absorbed by the photosynthetic organisms, due to absence of light penetration. Likewise, conductivity tends to increase by depth due to the high concentration of various compounds and their dissociation. In eutrophic situations, phosphorus ceases to be precipitated in the sediments (the phosphorus trap is broken, a phenomenon in which this element is unavailable because it is bound to limestone and iron, forming precipitates) and solubilizes in the form of orthophosphates, once again becoming available to increase primary production. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.498 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The consequences for the downstream water flow, after replacing the turbinated water, are not difficult to predict: if the water is released from lower levels, it is characterized by low oxygen values, abnormally low temperatures (and may even produce an immediate thermal shock) and a chemical composition with high concentrations of toxic reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide or sulphates, resulting from the decomposition of sulfur, ammonia or nitrite compounds, derived from the reduction of nitrates, and also high levels of phosphorus. The oxygen's clinograde curve in media with high nutrient load (supersaturation at the upper level and low permanent values at the bottom of the reservoir) indicates that the O2 deficit may persist even after the end of the stratification, since the metalimnion reduces in depth through the year until reaching the sediments. At the same time, there may be a synergism of impacts based on a multiplicity of phenomena, such as the decrease in pH, which alone amplifies the toxicity of other pollutants, especially heavy metals, whose mobility (resulting from passage to ionic form) may increase in situations of low potential redox and pH. In the particular case of the Zenzo reservoir, it is predicted that due to their high average depth (26.9 m) the nutrients released in the hypolimnion will find it more difficult to reach the surface or the photic zone. It is therefore expected that the concentrations of phosphorus, ammonia and biomass will be substantially lower at the surface. However, due to the retention time of the water in the reservoir (8 days), without any movement or renewal, the Zenzo reservoir is expected to be eutrophic, resulting in an impact that is negative, direct, probable, local, of high magnitude (given the elevated area of the reservoir), and significant. It should be noted that no studies have been carried out to look at this problem in greater detail, namely the modeling of the reservoir itself and how its hydrodynamics will influence water quality, and it is recommended, following a prevention principle, that in the later stages, studies should be carried out in order to provide for the need for measures, if this is the case. On the other hand, assuming that the soil cover of the areas to be flooded is not removed during the construction phase, the dammed water may be subject to changes in quality. Due to the density and type of vegetation cover of the area to be flooded, a significant increase of the organic load in the body of water resulting from decomposition of the vegetation in the submerged area may occur, resulting in a significant reduction in the dissolved oxygen, significantly influencing the aquatic ecosystems. This impact is characterized as negative, direct, probable, of high magnitude, given the area of the reservoir, significant, due to the presence of dense vegetation in the area to be flooded, and mitigable through suitable application of a Deforestation Plan for the area. The deterioration of the reservoir water is expected to be reflected downstream, where the water quality will experience an increase in biomass and organic matter and decreasing levels of dissolved oxygen. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.499 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The impact will be negative, direct, probable, of medium magnitude, reversible, and significant. Discharge of the turbinated water into the river Kwanza will be sent mainly downstream. However, part of the discharge will occupy the area between the tailrace channel and the main dam wall, meaning that it will continue to upstream of the tailrace channel. This volume of water will be retained for some time, without any movement or filtering, making it easily eutrophic as a negative, direct, probable, local, of low magnitude, and significant impact. Regarding operation of the access ways to the facility, significant impact to water quality due to pollutants released by road traffic are not expected, as the circulation effect on the Zenzo HP will be reduced. Thus, these after-effects are classed as negative, direct, local, temporary, reversible, due to the capacity to purify the water line, of low to high magnitude, and slightly significant to very significant, depending on the quantity and typology of the spilled product, and mitigable. The wastewater in the operating phase will come from the sanitary facilities that will exist in the hydroelectric power station building. These waters must be sent to leak-tight tanks, to be later removed by septic tank cleaning lorries. Assuming that the measures proposed above will be implemented, no impact is expected from the flow of liquid effluents produced during the operating phase. • - Impact Summary Table 7.12 shows a summary of the main impacts for the surface water resources environmental factor. TABLE 7.12 - Summary of impacts – Surface water resources Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Construction work - deposition of sediments in Construction - Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, M the water line Construction work - Construction - - Mm/Mh, D, T, Ce, M water consumption Construction work - degrades Construction - - Mh, D, T, L, Ce, Im, Rev, M quality of the S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.500 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance water Accidental spills - degrading Constructio - / - - - Ml/Mh, D, T, L, Imp, Rev, M of the water quality n / Filling of the reservoir - Op e r a t i o retention and depositing of Operationn - Mh, D, P, L, Pr, NM sediments Unavailability of water Operation - - - Ml/Mh, D, P, L/R, Ce, Im, Irre, M downstream Water retention time in the reservoir, without Operation - - Mh, D, L, Pr movement - Eutrophication Decomposition of the soil coverage of the area to be Operation - - Mh, D, L, Pr, M flooded - Degradation of the quality of water in the reservoir Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Underground Water Resources • - Construction Phase Deforestation and stripping activities do not impact groundwater resources, as the granitic nature of the formations that characterize the study area generally present reduced permeability and is therefore not conducive to increased infiltration of runoff waters. Dismantling with explosives, at the quarry and elsewhere, may lead to an increase in groundwater infiltration and refill rate by runoff water due to increased fracturing. Such an impact will be deemed as positive, direct, local, probable, irreversible, permanent, immediate, of medium magnitude, and slightly significant. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.501 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Excavations for the dams and attached facilities may intersect due to their considerable heights and change the preferred avenues of flow by altering the distribution of the groundwater. Should this occur, it will generate an impact that is negative, direct, local, probable, irreversible, permanent, immediate, of medium magnitude, significant, and non-mitigable. Regarding activities that create waste and material storage areas, concrete and crushing plants and support areas, and landfill sites, these will not generate impacts on groundwater resources, since they are on the surface and do not interfere with the water circulating at depth. Domestic and industrial effluents will be produced during activities completed in infrastructure operation to support the construction (social area, concrete and crushing plants and their respective support areas). Effluents from washing wheels, changing oil, among other operations, will also be produced. Accidental spills may also occur if these effluents are not properly contained, and accidental and uncontrolled discharge of wastewater from both industrial and social areas can lead to groundwater contamination. If this happens, it will have been facilitated by the high degree of vulnerability (V3) that characterizes alluvial systems in the study area, as well as possible fractures that may come to exist through the use of explosives. The impacts will be negative, direct, reversible, temporary, improbable, immediate, local, and depending on the typology and quantity of the spilled material and the proximity of the spill site to preferential infiltration zones, will be of low to high magnitude, and from slightly significant to very significant, improbable, considering that the facilities are adequately sized, and mitigable. It is not expected that the compaction resulting from movement of machinery and heavy vehicles used for the work, as well as the waterproofing due to the presence of the infrastructures to support the construction and accesses, will have an impact on reduction of underground water refill, since this occurs preferentially in geological structures (faults, joints and geological contacts). However, after using the mentioned spaces, and when the construction phase is completed, the decomposition and removal of the soils shall be carried out in such a way as to restore the original conditions of underground water refill. The movement of machinery and heavy vehicles may have an impact on underground water quality, which may be degraded by accidental spills of fuels and/or lubricants, or other hazardous materials. If it occurs, the impact is deemed negative, direct, local, improbable, reversible, temporary, immediate, of low to high magnitude, and from slightly to very significant, depending on the type and quantity of the spilled material and the proximity of the spill site to areas of preferential infiltration. It is a mitigable impact. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.502 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Regarding construction of the access ways, it is not expected to impact underground water resources, since the excavations to be carried out are of small depth and are therefore unlikely to intersect with the water table. • - Operating Phase As far as the filling of the reservoir and its presence and operation are concerned, since it is mainly located on rocky massifs consisting of granite, it is not thought that refill of the water from the reservoir to underground water can occur, and it thus will not have a negative impact at this level. The presence of the access ways, that shall be maintained during the operating phase, may impact the underground water resources resulting from infiltration of the surface run-off waters, which may be contaminated with oils, heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Should infiltration of the aforementioned pollutants occur, and if said pollutants reach the underlying underground waters, the impact shall be negative, direct, local, improbable, reversible, temporary, of low to high magnitude, slight to very significant, depending on the typology and the infiltrated volume, and mitigable. • - Impact Summary Table 7.13 shows a summary of the main impact to the underground water resources environmental factor. TABLE 7.13 - Summary of impacts – Underground water resources Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Dismantling that uses explosives - increased Construction + Mm, D, P, L, Pr, Im, Irre infiltration rate and refilling of underground water Excavations for the dams and attached facilities - change to Construction - - Mm, D, P, L, Pr, Im, Irre, NM distribution of the underground Accidental spillswater - degrading Construction - / - - - Ml/Mh, D, T, L, Imp, Rev, M of the water quality S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.503 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable 93.1.1 - Air Quality • - Construction Phase During the construction phase there will be several activities that will have adverse effects on air quality, common to works of this nature and which have a magnitude that can be significant, depending on the presence of sensitive receptors. During the construction period, there will be emissions of pollutants directly related to the various activities inherent in the process, including the necessary deforestation, earthmoving involving the presence of machinery, and other heavy and light vehicles and construction of support infrastructure. At this stage, there will be an increase in the concentrations of various air pollutants, with a particular incidence of dust and particulate matter, caused by earthmoving and traffic of vehicles on existing dirt roads and dirt areas. Vehicles assigned to the construction phase will also be responsible for emissions characteristic of light and heavy road traffic, namely carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide. It is not, however, expected that these impacts will be directly felt in a very extensive area, since they will have a reach located within the work zone and in the near surroundings. It is also possible that the impact will be of limited duration, occurring only in a phased manner at each site, and triggered by the construction operations. The Zenzo HP project will be implemented near the following housing areas (sensitive receivers): • Zone 1 - Abandoned dwellings and old colonial farm to the South/Southeast of Zenzo HP, in the commune of Kabuta, municipality of Libolo, Kwanza Sul; • Zone 2 - Bairro Candengue and isolated dwellings to the North/Northeast of Zenzo HP, commune of São Pedro da Quilemba, Cambambe municipality, Kwanza Norte; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.504 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Zone 3 - Bairro de Calambala to the North/Northeast of Zenzo HP, commune of São Pedro da Quilemba, Cambambe municipality, Kwanza Norte; Based on the prevailing winds in the study area, it is confirmed that the main tendency is from the West- Southwest/Southwest direction, so that the receptors (buildings) located in the North-East/East-North-East will be those potentially most affected by the dispersion of air pollutants. However, it should be noted that the project work schedule provides relocation of people who inhabit the buildings to be flooded prior to the start of the construction phase. Therefore, the areas likely to be affected by their location to the Northeast of Zenzo HP, namely Bairro de Candengue (Zone 2) and Bairro de Calambala (Zone 3), will not be affected by the activities to be carried out during the construction phase, as the air quality in these areas are not expected to be effected. In general, it is confirmed that, during the construction phase will have an impact that is negative, slightly significant (small changes to the average concentration of particulates and other pollutants), direct, certain, temporary, local to regional, reversible, immediate, of low magnitude due to the low number of sensitive receptors affected. Applying some simple implementation minimization measures, proposed later, will reduce the inconveniences caused and may further reduce the magnitude of the impact. • - Operating Phase Regarding gaseous emissions, it is important to mention the production of the following emissions in the operating phase: 33 Operation of the emergency generator - given that the fuel is diesel, release of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) will occur; 34 Circulation of vehicles assigned to Zenzo HP - which will be responsible for typical road traffic emissions such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PM10 and sulfur dioxide, as well as particulates and dust from dirt roads in the study area. Movement of vehicles assigned to Zenzo HP will be done on roads that currently exist and by roads to be built under the project, mostly paved. With start-up of Zenzo HP, it is expected that the volume of traffic will continue to be reduced. Therefore, the slight increase in traffic due to use of Zenzo HP will not result in the emission of atmospheric pollutants that will cause significant changes in air quality. Therefore, the impact will be negative, slightly significant, direct, local to regional, temporary, certain, reversible, immediate and of low magnitude. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.505 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Regarding generator emissions, the impact will be negative, slightly significant, direct, local, temporary, probable, reversible, immediate and of low magnitude. If eutrophication occurs in the Zenzo reservoir, greenhouse gases (GHG) may be released to the atmosphere, with emphasis on methane. The impact will be negative, significant, since they will contribute to increased GHG concentration in the atmosphere, medium to long term, of national influence, probable, direct, of low to high magnitude, depending on the concentrations of gases released. • - Impact Summary Table 7.14 shows a summary of the main impact to the air quality environmental factor. TABLE 7.14 - Summary table of impacts - Air quality Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Emissions characteristic of road traffic at Zenzo HP - Constructio changes to the average - Ml, D, T, L/R, Ce, Im, Rev, M n / concentration of particulates Op e r a t i o and other pollutants n Emissions from the generator - changes to the average Operation - Ml, D, T, L, Pr, Im, Rev concentration of particulates and other Eutrophicationpollutants - freeing of greenhouse gases (GHG) Operation - - Ml/Mh, D, N, Pr, MT/LT Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable 93.1.2 - Sound/Noise Environment • - Construction Phase S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.506 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Within the scope of this study there is no precise information on the duration of each activity and what mechanical means to use, which prevents a determination of the sound level generated. Thus, the assessment presented is of a qualitative nature. The various activities that make up the construction phase will generate different impacts on the sound environment, depending on the nature of the work in progress, and can be differentiated as follows: • Vehicle Traffic Movement of vehicles used for transporting materials is an important source of noise, affecting the population of the areas traversed. In this context, the movement of vehicles to the Zenzo HP, in particular heavy vehicles, will increase noise and vibration levels in the settlements driven through. Movement of heavy machinery and truck traffic for transporting materials and equipment is responsible for an increase in continuous sound levels, which can reach values of the order of 80 dB(A) to 90 dB(A), in terms of LAeq, at a distance varying between 10 and 15 m from the sound sources. As such, the access ways to be built during the construction phase have taken into account the sensitive receptors in the study area and have been defined so that access to the building infrastructure would prevent passage in the vicinity of the sensitive receivers of Bairro de Quilemba, since, as previously mentioned, the housing areas located near Zenzo HP (Barrio de Candengue, Barrio de Calambala and isolated dwellings) will be relocated before the start of the construction phase, since they are included in the flooding area of the future reservoir, so they will not be affected at the level of the sound environment. However, movement of vehicles assigned to Zenzo HP will take place in the vicinity of some of the villages in the area surrounding the study area, such as Dondo, Alto Dondo, Lucapa Village, Bungo and Kamôngua Village. This situation cannot be avoided as long as the region's road network is not extensive, and there are no alternatives. The impact will be negative, slightly significant, since the expected traffic to Zenzo HP is reduced, local to regional, certain, temporary, direct, immediate, reversible, of low magnitude, due to the reduced number of affected dwellings, and mitigable. • Works S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.507 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Execution of the work is dependant upon the means employed for it. This phase always involves the presence of heavy machinery on the ground and movement of vehicles, which will be significant sources of noise, since they will increase the noise levels in the surroundings. As mentioned, the Zenzo HP project will be implemented in an area of isolated settlements and dwellings that will be flooded in the operating phase. Based on the project work schedule, it is confirmed that the people residing in the dwellings to be flooded will be relocated before the start of the construction work, so that there will be no impact to the sound environment at these buildings. • - Operating Phase The main sources of noise resulting from start-up of the Zenzo HP will be from road traffic associated with Zenzo HP, the operation of Zenzo HP equipment (alternators, transformers, compressed air system, emergency generators, etc.) and from discharge of water from the tailrace channels (hydraulic circuit and flood spillway) into the Kwanza river. Effects of operating the equipment are not expected, as they will be located inside the structures of the Zenzo HP, and the noise produced will be contained inside. The impact caused by movement of vehicles inherent to operating the Zenzo HP is expected to be negative, slightly significant, as the expected traffic is small, local to regional, certain, temporary, direct, immediate, reversible and of low magnitude (low number of affected dwellings), and mitigable. Potentially affected sensitive receptors are villages driven through, such as Dondo, Alto Dondo, Lucapa Village, Bungo and Kamôngua Village. Discharge of water from the tailrace channels (hydraulic circuit and flood spillway) into the Kwanza river, associated with the water head, will be responsible for noise emission. However, the noise will be located in the two discharge zones and, given the absence of sensitive receivers in these zones, no impact is expected. • - Impact Summary Table 7.15 shows a summary of the main impacts for the noise/sound environmental factor. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.508 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 7.15 - Summary table of impacts - Noise/Sound Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Emissions characteristic of road traffic at Zenzo HP - Constructio - Ml, D, T, L/R, Ce, Im, Rev, M changes to the sound n / environment Op e r a t i o n Activities in the social area, area for depositing waste and materials, and concrete plan Construction - - Ml, D, T, L, Ce, Im, Rev, M located on the right bank – changes to the sound environment Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable 22.6 - Biological Environment 22.6.1 - Prior Considerations Ecologically, it is deemed that the impact significance and magnitude of implementing the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant is directly related to the size of this project and the environment of the area to be worked in and nearby. 22.6.2 - Construction P h a s e In the construction phase, the Project's impact will be felt mainly in the riparian gallery forest area in the installation area of the dam, the hydraulic circuit, and the support areas (particularly the quarry) due to deforestation, excavation, landfill, and infrastructure construction. Land preparation activities, such as deforestation and land clearing are predicted to have an impact upstream of the dam, in the area where the reservoir is to be located. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.509 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report In addition, human presence and activity in the study area will be more intense, causing direct and indirect impact on the ecology the study area, due to the presence and functioning of the yards, movement of machinery and heavy vehicles used for construction, and construction of new access ways. • - Plant Community and Habitats The activities of plant cover removal and stripping of the soil's surface layer will take place in the construction area of the hydroelectric power station and the flooded area of the reservoir, which shall lead to the elimination of habitat areas, especially of riparian forest and agricultural areas and flora species that live in those areas. Riparian Forest habitats are deemed to be important due to the species living there and the role they play in the river ecology. In the section between the dam, the constitution of the plant communities will undergo an alteration due to the reduction of flow. Predictably, in this part of the river, the area occupied by Riparian Forest will be reduced due to a decrease in water availability. It should be noted that this impact will persist during the filling and operating phase. Many species identified during the survey presented in the reference situation are in the list of threatened plants in Angola, and also in the IUCN (World Conservation Union) red list. Contained on this list are Adansonia digitata, Diplorhinchus condilocarpon, Combretum zeyheri, Diospyros mespiliformis, Albizia versicolor, Acacia sieberiana, Albizia gummifera, Piliostigma thoningii, Ficus thoningii, Swartzia madagascariensis, Erythrina abyssinica, Afzelia quanzensis, Terminalia sericea, Cochlospermum angolense, Strychnos cocculoides and Sterculia quinqueloba. It is thus deemed that part of the distribution area of these species may be affected by the change to the Riparian Forest habitat and to the Body of Water, of lotic characteristics. It should also be noted that with the deforestation and stripping activity, a temporary increase in the turbidity of the river water is expected, since this increases the possibility of thin materials, which are exposed, being entrained to the water line. Deforestation operations for installing the dam and clearing the surface area may aggravate the environment for hydrophilic species. Based on the analysed data, it is deemed that the overall impact of the construction activities on the flora and the plant community shall be negative, direct, permanent, of medium magnitude, and significant. It should be noted that the impact of increased human activity and presence in the study area is reflected in the damage caused to vegetation due to movement of machinery necessary for working and flattening S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.510 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report caused by construction personnel. This will have an effect on the intervention area and access routes to the works, and it will be direct, probable, reversible, temporary, slightly significant and of low magnitude. • - Aquatic Biodiversity • - Phytoplankton Watercourses provide habitats that are subject to constant change, and in these environments, maintenance and development of a phytoplankton community may occur. However, large populations are rarely maintained for a long period of time as organisms are transported continuously downstream. During the dam's construction phase, qualitative and quantitative changes are expected for the phytoplankton community. These changes are due to the fact that there is a greater presence of solid material (sediments) in the river diversion due to implementation of the cofferdams, which may increase turbidity present in the waters. This phenomenon may interfere with the nutrient content and especially reduce the dissolved oxygen content due to a reduction to the photic layer in the water, thereby impacting the phytoplankton community. Thus, the loss of biodiversity and changes to the dynamics of local populations will have a negative, low magnitude, temporary, regional, reversible and minimizable impact. • - Zooplankton Like phytoplankton, zooplankton depends on abiotic conditions in the water medium, and this will be altered with implementation of the dam. Thus, the loss of biodiversity and changes to the dynamics of local populations will lead to an impact that is negative, slightly significant, of low magnitude, temporary, regional, reversible and minimizable. • - Benthic Macroinvertebrates Loss of biodiversity and changes to the dynamics of local populations during the construction phase will have a negative, slightly significant, of low magnitude, temporary, regional, reversible and minimizable impact. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.511 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 7.4.2.2.4 - Ichthyofauna Migratory species on the middle Kwanza river have already been strongly affected by Capanda HP and Cambambe HP located upstream and downstream of the Measurement A sites. Migration, therefore, cannot overcome these barriers. Migratory species include at least some representatives of the Alestidae, Cyprinidae and Clariidae families. Potential endemism of fish species in the middle Kwanza river should also be taken into consideration as it is still not well understood. Fish populations are highly dependent on the stability of the aquatic habitat that supports their biological functions. Migratory fish require different environments for each of main stages of their life cycle, which are reproduction, juvenile production, growth, and sexual maturation. These are expected to be the most affected by the construction and operation of the dam. To construct the dam it will be necessary to divert the river, via construction of cofferdams. This will change the flow of the river water. The flow regime downstream of the dam during this phase must be normalized as quickly as possible. When the river is emptied, pond forming points with reduced levels of dissolved oxygen may appear in the water downstream, which may lead to mortality of retained fish. The instability that will be caused by river diversion may result in radical changes to the relative abundance of fish at different trophic levels. Thus, this change to the ecological structure during the construction phase will have an impact that is significant, negative, of low magnitude, temporary, local, reversible and mitigable. The increase in fish mortality will have an impact that is negative, significant, of medium magnitude, temporary, local, reversible and mitigable. • - Terrestrial Biodiversity • - Amphibians It is hoped that the dam's construction phase will have a huge impact on amphibian populations, as it will mean a major transformation in riparian habitats and seasonal flooding patterns. As a consequence of flow regulation, their distribution may change in response to changes in vegetation distribution. Amphibians are predators of invertebrates, and they may be affected by changes in the abundance and distribution of invertebrates. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.512 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Most of today's breeding sites are likely to be destroyed, especially for frog species. In any case, it is expected that most species will colonize new areas, taking advantage of the expansion of the reservoir area. However, for some species of toads (Amietophrynus) the impact will only be moderate; they will easily adapt to the new conditions as they are already better adapted to terrestrial habitats. In general, it is to be expected that there will be a reorganization of the composition of amphibians in the region. Thus, the main negative impact in the construction phase will be the expulsion of species, with the impact being slightly significant, of low magnitude, temporary, of local incidence, reversible and non-mitigable. • - Reptiles The main negative impact in the construction phase will likewise be the expulsion of species, with the impact being slightly significant, of low magnitude, temporary, of local incidence, reversible and non-mitigable. • - Birdlife Compared to other faunal groups, birds are more obviously more mobile, which allows them to more easily colonize new areas and adapt to considerable changes in the habitat from which it has relocated. This planned project will have an unavoidable impact due to the destruction of forest patches and flooding of low areas. The most negative impact that must be mitigated is that which affects the reproduction of birds. In this context, the destruction of active colonies must be avoided, which may be minimized depending on the timings for filling the dam, preferably avoiding the peak of reproduction between December and March. Also, potentially active nests of birds of prey must be identified due to their importance as apex predators in the ecosystem, and measures must be established to prevent the destruction of these active nests with small offspring. If nests are identified in these conditions during the dam’s pre-filling period, a waiting period must be implemented, until the young are fully developed or the nests can be relocated to outside of the risk zone. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.513 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Thus, the disturbance and removal of species and the destruction of active colonies will have an impact that is, respectively, deemed slightly significant and significant. However, this impact is temporary, local, and reversible. • - Mammals It is expected that the mammals observed and those thought to exist in the study area will adapt to the new conditions. Otters may even benefit from an increase in the fish population, as they are known for easily adapting to reservoir ecosystems. Regarding bats, there may be destruction of their nesting and feeding areas (fruit trees), leading to their expulsion from the area. However, they may recolonize other nearby areas. Regarding rodents, some populations may benefit from a natural flow regime regulating the river, while others may suffer. However, it is expected that the rodents present in the area will be able to recolonize the riverside areas after the flooding. Thus, the disturbance and removal of species is deemed a significant negative impact. However, the impact is temporary, of local incidence, reversible and mitigable. 93.6.2 - Operating Phase In the operating phase, the Project's impact is mainly due to the presence of the dam and the reservoir. In the first phase, it would be best to begin filling the reservoir in the operating phase in a relatively short period of time, in order to lessen the impact caused by the presence and operation of the Hydroelectric Plant. • - Plant Community and Habitats Construction of the dam will result in the destruction of vegetation, especially in the riparian or gallery forest on the riverside, which is well-adapted for survival in soaked soil and seasonal flood periods. The root systems of the vegetation there form an authentic network, which retains small debris from suspended organic matter, constituting a food reserve for insects and fish and a shelter for many other species. This network also serves as a home for microscopic organisms, which contribute greatly to the natural, biological purification of water. Its existence thus has a large impact on the quality of the water. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.514 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The trees of the riverside forest are usually large, offering good nesting conditions for several animals. They thus provide support for numerous species, playing an important role in the whole ecosystem. After construction and filling of the dam, the entire upstream riparian zone will undergo sudden and irreversible changes, and the vegetation downstream may be affected due to the regularization of flow rates. It must be noted that the dam's reservoirs do not support any riverside vegetation. Irrespective of its area, a sudden variation in the water level, not following any natural or seasonal cycle, does not allow the plant species to adapt and they will eventually disappear. This scenario is observable at any dam. The process of decomposition of organic matter, which can take several years, will release greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, affecting the water quality and proliferation of microorganisms and algae, thus creating conditions for the proliferation of undesirable aquatic plants such as Eichchornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and others, as well as various algae that cause problems such depletion of dissolved oxygen. In addition, remnants of tree trunks and branches can damage the operation of the dam. The flooding of vegetation will cause some animals to drown and many will be displaced from their natural habitat, which may cause an habitat imbalance where they take refuge. In summary, the presence of the dam and the reservoir will lead to localized habitat loss for vegetation colonization and directly disrupt the ecosystem of the riverside environment. These changes may give less common or more unusual species an opportunity to colonize the areas associated with the reservoir or downstream of the dam, where the flow regime will be constrained. It is expected that the flora species and habitats on the bank of the reservoir will change due to alteration of environmental and microclimatic factors, especially water availability. Therefore, depending on fluctuation of the water storage level in the reservoir over time, hygrophyle or hygrophyte vegetation communities will appear and allochthonous species of an opportunistic and/or exotic nature may occur, which may form communities and habitats that are different from those that existed before the project's implementation. Thus, it is deemed that the impact of the hydroelectric plant's operating phase on plant communities and habitats will be negative, direct, permanent, probable, slightly significant, and of low magnitude. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.515 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Aquatic Biodiversity • - Phytoplankton During the operating phase, changes to the following factors in the water column is expected: temperature, sedimentation patterns, water bodies circulation, gas dynamics, nutrient cycling and the structure of aquatic communities. These changes will mainly result from the water residence time (lentic system) compared to the previous system (lotic system). As a result of these changes, qualitative and quantitative changes in the phytoplankton community may occur. This community may have a reduced density of organisms due to the abiotic conditions and stabilization of the reservoir. The change from a lotic to a lentic environment results in low flow conditions, and microalgae may develop, including cyanobacteria. If high loads of organic matter and inorganic nutrients enter into the aquatic system due to domestic, sanitary and fertilizer effluent, phytoplankton, mainly of cyanobacteria, may form into blooms that cause a drastic reduction in oxygen levels, causing the death of many aquatic organisms and a change in the water color and odor. Thus, the impact is deemed to be negative, significant, of low to medium magnitude, with the loss of and/or changes to phytoplankton biodiversity, changes to local population dynamics, introduction of invasive species, and the growth of cyanobacteria being deemed to be reversible. • - Zooplankton Like phytoplankton, zooplankton depends on abiotic conditions in the water medium, and this will be altered with operation of the dam. Thus, loss of biodiversity and changes to the dynamics of local populations will have an impact that is negative, slightly significant to significant, of low to medium magnitude, temporary, regional, reversible and minimizable. • - Benthic Macroinvertebrates Loss of biodiversity and changes to the dynamics of local populations during the operating phase will have an impact that is negative, significant, of low magnitude, permanent, regional, reversible and non-mitigable. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.516 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Ichthyofauna Construction of the dam may block or delay migration of fish upstream and thus contribute to the decline and even extinction of species that depend on longitudinal movements along the continuous flow, during certain phases of their life cycle. Mortality resulting from the passage of fish through hydraulic turbines or over spillways during their downstream migration may be significant. Problems associated with downstream migration may also be an important factor affecting fish populations. The fish population may be affected by changes to habitat, discharge, water quality and temperature, as well as increased predation pressure and migration delays caused by dams. Suppression of the flood regime downstream of the dam, by regulating the flow of water, may deprive many fish species of spawning and food. This may lead to changes in the composition of species, with loss in the concentration of reproducers. The dam may also have an effect on migration time, doubling the time required for the migration of juveniles to developmental areas. Such delays may have a drastic effect, and expose fish to intensive predation, nitrogen breakdown and various other hazards, such as exposure to disease-causing organisms and parasites. Fish passing through hydraulic turbines are subject to various forms of stress likely to cause high mortality: probability of hitting turbine parts (guide vanes, vanes or blades on the wheel), sudden acceleration or deceleration, and very sudden pressure variations. Experiments have shown that significant damage occurs (with lesions of gills, eyes and internal organs) when the rate of impact of the fish onto the surface of the water downstream exceeds 16 m/s, regardless of their size (Bell & Delacy, 1972). The water column reaches critical velocity for the fish after a head of 13 m. Passing through a spillway under conditions of free-fall (i.e. free from the water column) is always less dangerous for small fish, as the terminal velocity is less than the critical velocity. On the other hand, water temperature changes have often been identified as a cause of reduction in native species (Petts, 1988). In summary, the main negative impact identified relates to changes in community structure, population dynamics, fish behavior, and disruption to migratory fish routes. This impact is medium magnitude, significant to very significant, permanent, and mostly irreversible. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.517 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Terrestrial Biodiversity • - Amphibians There is hope that the composition of amphibians in the region will be able to reorganize, given their ability to adapt to new conditions. Thus, the impact is deemed to be positive, significant, of medium magnitude, and permanent. Changes in biodiversity, although small and of limited magnitude, have a negative impact on amphibians during the operating phase. • - Reptiles It is expected that most reptiles will be able to adapt to the new conditions formed by the project. An exception may be some species specialized in very restricted habitats, such as rocky outcrops along the banks of the Kwanza river, which will be submerged. For example, the endemic species Trachylepis bocagei, may be affected but it is also expected that some nuclei will re-establish themselves along the new riverbanks. Like amphibians, reptiles are able to easily adapt to new conditions, and a reorganization of reptile populations in the region (population increase) is expected to occur. Thus, the impact is deemed to be positive, significant, of medium magnitude, and permanent. Changes in biodiversity, although small and of limited magnitude, will have a negative impact on amphibians during the operating phase. • - Birdlife Compared to other faunal groups, birds are obviously more mobile, which allows them to more easily colonize new areas and adapt to considerable changes in the habitat from which it has relocated. The planned project will have an unavoidable impact due to the destruction of forest patches and flooding of low areas. The most negative impact that must be mitigated is that which affects the reproduction of birds. The destruction of active bird colonies must be avoided, and the threat may be minimized by the timings for S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.518 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report filling the dam, preferably avoiding the peak of reproduction between December and March. Potential active nests of birds of prey must be identified, as they are important apex predators in the ecosystem, and measures must be established to prevent the destruction of active nests with small offspring. If nests are identified in these conditions during the dam’s pre-filling period, a waiting period must be implemented until the young are fully developed or the nests can be relocated outside of the risk zone. • - Mammals It is expected that the mammals observed and those thought to exist in the study area will adapt to the new conditions. Otters may even benefit from an increase in the fish population, as they are known for easily adapting to reservoir ecosystems. Regarding bats, their nesting and feeding areas (fruit trees) may be destroyed, leading to their expulsion from the area. However, they may recolonize other nearby areas. Regarding rodents, some populations may benefit from a natural flow regime regulating the river, while others may suffer. However, it is expected that the rodents present in the area will be able to recolonize the riverside areas after the flooding. In any case, it is recommended that the filling of the reservoir be carried out gradually to allow these species to escape and adapt elsewhere. A contingency plan for the evacuation of some mammals must be provided for, if necessary. 34.4.1 - Impact Summary • - Plant Community and Habitats Table 7.16 shows a summary of the main impacts on plant community and habitats TABLE 7.16 - Summary table of impacts - Plant community and habitats Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Loss of vegetation Construction - - Ml, D, P, L, Im, Irre, NM Reduction of habitat based on Construction - - Ml, D, P, L, Im, Irre, NM vegetal suppression Fragmentation of habitats and Construction - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, M S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.519 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance edge effect Pollution of Habitats Construction - Ml, I, T, L, Im, Rev, M Loss of vegetation Operation - - Mh, D, P, L, Im, Irre, NM Reduced habitat due to filling Operation - - Mh, D, P, L, Im, Irre, NM of the reservoir Fragmentation of habitats Operation - Mm, D, P, L, Im, Irre, NM and edge effect Pollution of Habitats Operation - Ml, I, T, L, Im, Rev, M Reduction of carbon Operation - - Mm, D, T, L, Im, Rev, M sequestration by Proliferationvegetation of free flowing Operation - - Mm, I, T, L, MT, Rev, M macrophytes Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Phytoplankton Table 7.17 shows a summary of the main impacts on phytoplankton TABLE 7.17 - Summary table of impacts - Phytoplankton Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Loss of Biodiversity Construction - Ml, I, T, R, Im, Rev, M Change to the dynamic of Construction - Ml, D, T, R, Im, Rev, M local populations Loss of or change to Operation - - Mm, D, T, R, Im, Irre, NM phytoplankton biodiversity Change to the dynamic of Operation - - Ml, D, T, R, Im, Irre, NM local populations S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.520 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Introduction of invasive Operation - - Ml, D, T, L, MLT, Rev, NM species Blooming of Operation - - Mm, D, T, LR, MLT, Rev, M cyanobacteria Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Zooplankton Table 7.18 shows a summary of the main impacts on zooplankton. TABLE 7.18 - Summary table of impacts - zooplankton Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Loss of biodiversity Construction - - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, M Change to the dynamic of Construction - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, M local populations Loss of biodiversity Operation - Ml, D, T, R, Im, Rev, M Change to the dynamic of Operation - - Ml, D, T, R, Im, Rev, M local populations Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Benthic Macroinvertebrates Table 7.19 shows a summary of the main impacts on benthic macroinvertebrates. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.521 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 7.19 - Summary table of impacts – Benthic macroinvertebrates Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Change to the dynamic of Construction - Ml, I, T, L, Im, Irre, NM local populations Change to the composition Operation - - Ml, D, P, R, I, Irre, NM and dynamic of local populationsKey: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Ichthyofauna Table 7.20 shows a summary of the main impacts on ichthyofauna. TABLE 7.20 - Summary table of impacts - Ichthyofauna Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Change to the structure of Construction - - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, M communities Increased mortality of fish Construction - - Mm, D, T, L, Im, Rev, NM Change to the structure of Operation - - Mm, D, P, R, Im, Irre, NM communities Change to the dynamic of Operation - - - Mm, D, P, R, Im, Irre, NM populations Changes to biodiversity (reduction of species in the Operation - - - Mm, D, P, L, Im, Irre, NM lotic environment and increase of speciesBehavioral in the changes lentic environment) Operation - - Mm, I, P, L, MT, Rev, M Interruption to fish migratory Operation - - - Mm, D, P, R, MT, Irre, NM routes Increased biomass of Operation - - Mm, D, P, L, MT, Rev, M S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.522 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance fish Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Amphibians Table 7.21 shows a summary of the main impacts on amphibians TABLE 7.21 - Summary table of impacts - Amphibians Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Species expulsion Construction - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, NM Changes in biodiversity Operation - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, NM Reorganization of composition of amphibians (increase of Operation - - Mm, D, P, L, MT, Rev, NM population) Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Reptiles Table 7.22 shows a summary of the main impacts on reptiles S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.523 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 7.22 - Summary table of impacts - Reptiles Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Species expulsion Construction - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, NM Changes in biodiversity Operation - - Mm, D, P, L, Im, Irre, NM Reorganization of composition of reptiles (increase of Operation - - Ml, D, P, L, MT, Rev, NM population) Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Birdlife Table 7.23 shows a summary of the main impacts on birdlife TABLE 7.23 - Summary table of impacts - Birdlife Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Disturbance and expulsion of Construction - Ml, D, T, L, Im, Rev, NM species Destruction of active colonies Construction - - Mm, D, P, L, Im, Rev, M Disturbance and expulsion of Operation - - Mm, D, T, L, Im, Rev, NM species Destruction of active colonies Operation - - Mm, D, P, L, Im, Rev, M Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable • - Mammals Table 7.24 shows a summary of the main impacts on mammals S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.524 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 7.24 - Summary table of impacts - Mammals Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Disturbance and expulsion of Construction - - Ml/Mm, D, T, R, Im, Rev, NM species Disturbance and expulsion of Operation - - Ml, D, T, R, Im, Rev, M species Recolonization of areas Operation - - Mm, D, P, L, MT, Irre, M Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable 22.7 - Socioeconomic Environment 22.7.1 - Social and Economic Elements • - Construction Phase Activities in the construction phase required to implement the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant will be responsible for affecting the following subject areas: • Demographic changes A demographic change is expected due to an increase in the resident and floating population from the start of constructing the Zenzo HP. The impact is deemed to be positive, direct, of high magnitude (it is estimated there will be an average presence of 1,600 workers, and at the peak of work, the number of workers may reach 2,900), local to regional, certain, temporary, reversible, immediate and very significant. • Commercial activities and small businesses The presence of the project itself, the demographic change, and improvement of the existing access ways, even in the construction phase, will enable greater mobility of the population in the whole study area and its surroundings, which will enable stimulated commerce, increased business opportunities, and empowerment of existing service businesses. Particularly noteworthy are commercial activities to support the work, such as the establishment of merchants and the opening of small markets (stands) alongside S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.525 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report future access roads to the Zenzo HP, which will have a significant impact. The impact is deemed to be positive, direct in encouraging commerce and services directly related to the project, and indirect in boosting business growth with demographic change that will occur in the area, of low to moderate magnitude, local to regional, probable, temporary, reversible, immediate, significant to very significant, for the province of Kwanza Norte (poverty index of 10.2%) and the province of Kwanza Sul (poverty index 43.7%). • Accessibility Construction of the Zenzo HP will involve building several access ways and roads in the study area, so that there will be an improvement in accessibility in this area. However, most of the existing access ways will not change, but the Filomeno Câmara bridge that will be demolished at the beginning of construction work will affect crossing between the two banks of the Kwanza river. To overcome this, 3 bridges were proposed to be built as access ways and roads at the beginning of the construction work, to ensure passage between the two banks. In general, the new crossing between the two banks will mean a reduction of the distance covered, about 6,300 m, in relation to the current situation (15,800 m currently and 9,500 m in the future), and therefore the impact will be positive, immediate, direct, local, permanent, irreversible, certain, of medium magnitude, and significant, due to reducing the time and cost of travel for motor vehicles, and a reduction in the associated pollution. The inhabitants of the Bairro de Candengue and Bairro de Calambala settlements will be relocated before the construction phase and will not be affected by the new Kwanza river crossing. However, anyone who is in these areas and intends to move to the left bank will be affected by the new crossing proposal, since the distance traveled will be greater, by about 17 km, so that the impact will be negative, immediate, direct, local, permanent, irreversible, certain, of high magnitude, and significant. The inhabitants of Quilemba will also be affected by the new crossing proposal, since the distance traveled will increase by about 8 km, so that the impact will be negative, immediate, direct, local, permanent, irreversible, certain, of medium magnitude, and significant. The Filomeno Câmara Bridge that was inaugurated in 1932 and remains bad state of conservation will be replaced with 3 new bridges, will have an impact that is positive, immediate, direct, local, permanent, irreversible, certain, S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.526 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report of low magnitude, and significant due to the increased safety in crossing between the banks of the Kwanza river. It is also worth noting that a positive development will be that the crossing of the Kwanza river will change from dirt to paved roads. The impact will be positive, immediate, direct, local, permanent, irreversible, certain, of low magnitude, and significant, due to the enhanced safety of crossing between the banks of the Kwanza river, and the reduced emission of particulates and dust. • Employment opportunities Construction of the hydroelectric plant will contribute to job creation during the construction phase, with an average presence of 1,600 workers, and a peak of 2,900 workers at peak work levels. The main technicians and skilled workers will be from China, while the unskilled work will be done by Angolan workers, mostly from the Zenzo HP area. The volume of employment created during the construction phase will have an impact that is positive, direct, immediate, medium-term, certain, temporary, local to regional, and significant to very significant, depending on whether part of the workforce is recruited in Angola (where estimated unemployment rate is between 25% and 35%) or in the province of Kwanza Sul (unemployment rate in 2010 - 19%) or in the province of Kwanza Norte (unemployment rate in 2011 35 - 28.5%), of high magnitude, given the high number of jobs expected. 35.7 Changes to the social structure Local people will form connections outside of the community which may lead to changes in the social structure, and habits and traditions, and may also encourage cultural enrichment through the exchange of information and experiences. The impact is deemed to be negative or positive, respectively, indirect, of low magnitude due to the reduced population living in the study area, local, probable, permanent, irreversible, from immediate to long-term, slightly significant, with there being a possibility of mitigation regarding negative impacts related to changes in social structure or habits and traditions. 35.8 Changes to the quality of health The arrival of workers, and the nature of the conditions associated with the work, lead to an increase in the rates of prostitution that will be reflected in an increase in sexually transmitted diseases, with greater incidence of emergence of HIV cases, and favorable conditions for the proliferation of pathogenic vectors and agents. There will also be, during the construction phase, a possibility of accidents at work. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.527 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The impact is deemed to be negative, indirect, of medium to high magnitude, depending on the number of cases and their spatial distribution, local to regional, probable, temporary and permanent, reversible and irreversible, immediate to long-term, significant to very significant, and mitigable. 35.9 Environmental disturbance There is expected to be an increase in the movement of heavy vehicles and miscellaneous machinery, overloading the existing roads, and also in noise pollution and air pollution, for which reason the impact is characterized as negative, direct, of low magnitude, local, certain, temporary, reversible, immediate, slightly significant, and mitigable. The increase in traffic to the Zenzo HP and in the surrounding areas will have an impact that is negative, direct, of low magnitude, local, certain, temporary, reversible, immediate, slightly significant, and mitigable. It may lead to an increase in road traffic accidents, resulting in an impact that is negative, direct, of low to medium magnitude (depending on the number of accidents), local to regional, probable, permanent, irreversible, immediate to long-term, slightly significant to very significant, depending on severity, and mitigable. Noise and atmospheric pollution will also be increased due to the use of generators and construction activities, as well as the burning of fossil fuels. • - Operating Phase Operating the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant will allow increased electricity production, at national level, from renewable energy sources. The installed capacity will be 950 MW, representing about 13% of the total hydroelectric capacity estimated for the medium section of the Kwanza river (6,983 MW). Electricity production is estimated at around 4,392 GW/year and will contribute to Angola's energy network being more sustainable, reducing the use of more polluting energy sources that have more harmful ecological effects (use of hydrocarbons and wood, resulting in deforestation). Implementation of this Hydroelectric Plant meets the objectives and policies defined in the Provincial Development Plans of Kwanza Norte and Kwanza Sul, which gives the energy cluster added importance in the context of the economic and territorial development model adopted for the coming years. Economic development in the provinces of Kwanza Norte and Kwanza Sul and business investments depend heavily on guaranteed infrastructure conditions and services that help S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.528 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report companies set up and boost their productivity, and available electricity and infrastructure for transporting and distribution are essential. For these reasons, the impact is deemed to be positive, direct, of high magnitude, regional to national, permanent, medium-term to long-term, and very significant. During the operating phase, employment to be created associated with the management, operation and maintenance of the different components of the Hydroelectric Plant will be much lower, although staff will be there to ensure smooth operation of the Zenzo HP. Even so, the impact is deemed to be positive, direct, immediate, certain, irreversible, of low magnitude (relative to the reduced number of positions created), local to regional, permanent, and significant, given the high unemployment rate in the nation and throughout the provinces of Kwanza Norte and Kwanza Sul. Creating the reservoir will provide a strategic reserve of water, which, in addition to energy production, can be used to fight fires, for irrigation, industrial consumption and water supply to the population. The impact is positive, direct, of high magnitude (given the area of the reservoir), permanent, local, reversible, probable, medium-term to long-term, and very significant. As mentioned in the impact analysis on surface water resources, downstream water may become unavailable due to the number of operating hours of the Zenzo HP. Thus, the water supply to populations located downstream either for domestic use or irrigation may be compromised, so the impact will be negative, very significant, certain, local to regional, permanent, irreversible, immediate, of low to medium magnitude, depending on the possibility of refilling the Kwanza river through the tributary water lines, thereby redressing the water shortage, and mitigating it by applying measures at the design level, aiming at suitable flows for ecological, social and energy production needs. Once again, it is necessary to study the operating modes and routines of the Zenzo HP, and the need to ensure ecological flow for Zenzo HP in order to ensure a continuous availability of flow that guarantees use for the existing human, natural and ecological populations. Implementation of the Hydroelectric Power Station will cause permanent appropriation of an area of approximately 1,900 ha. The flooded area will intersect agricultural areas, arable land, savannah areas, dense forest areas and areas occupied by riparian gallery forest, as well as water lines. Out of these, the share of agricultural areas and arable land is of particular importance, due to the destruction of its economic potential that has provided subsistence for the settlements in the Calambala and Candengue districts. The impact will be negative, significant, local, immediate, certain, permanent, S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.529 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report irreversible, direct, of low magnitude (given the small area affected) and mitigable, applying the appropriate compensatory measures to the people who will be affected by the sudden unavailability of existing and potential agricultural area. The filling of the reservoir will also be responsible for flooding 88 buildings, home to about 310 residents. However, it is important to note that it was not possible to access the entire study area, so there may be more buildings, even if uninhabited. This situation must be properly investigated at a later stage of the project. Regarding the data on the resident population, these are not consistent with the data of the Censuses (392 inhabitants resident in 2014, this information having been given spontaneously by the Soba tribe, without consultation of any registry). This impact will be negative, direct, certain, local, permanent, immediate, irreversible, of medium magnitude, and very significant, being mitigable via application of proper relocation measures. Consequently, it is concluded that the settlements in Bairro d Calambala and Bairro de Candengue will be affected in two ways by the flooding of the Zenzo reservoir. Firstly, the dwellings will be submerged, and their inhabitants will have to be properly rehoused. Secondly, one of the main livelihoods of these settlements, agriculture, will also be affected by the flooding of agricultural land. In this way, a proper Resettlement and Compensation Plan must be defined for the villages of the Calambala and Candengue districts. Flooding the land will also lead to submersion of some roadways (dirt roads). However, the access ways to be flooded do not guarantee a connection between settlements and/or banks, as their interruption is to be done during the construction phase which will have an impact that has already been assessed in the section. As with the construction phase, the inhabitants of Quilemba will continue to be affected by the new crossing proposal, since the distance traveled will be increase by about 8 km, creating an impact that will be negative, immediate, direct, local, permanent, irreversible, certain, of medium magnitude, and significant. In the province of Kwanza Norte and in particular in the municipality of Cambambe (municipality of the project), artisanal fishing in the rivers and lakes of the province, including the Kwanza river, has significant economic and social importance. Installing the dam/reservoir complex may prevent fish migration, and disturb habitats that may change from a lotic to a lentic environment, with consequental changes to species in the water, affecting spawning conditions for certain species and flow rates. All of these situations may result in a reduction in the fish stock, thus the impact will be negative, immediate to medium-term, of low to high magnitude, depending on the number of fish affected, direct, local to regional, permanent, irreversible, probable and S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.530 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report significant, due its affect on important economic activity, particularly in the municipality of Cambambe. Installing a dam, and presence of the respective reservoir, with a water plain at "rest", is, in most cases, an imposing element in the landscape, and is therefore recognized as a tourist attraction. People are also expected to visit Zenzo HP, as this hydroelectric power plant will be one of the largest in Angola, so there may be economic benefits to the Zenzo HP region and location. The impact will be positive, immediate to long- term, of low to high magnitude, depending on the number of visitors, direct, local to regional, irreversible, permanent, probable, and significant to very significant, vis-à-vis the sharp poverty index of the provinces of Kwanza North and Kwanza Sul. Concerning public health, the presence of the reservoir will create a favorable breeding ground for cholera and transmission vectors of malaria. The impact is characterized as negative, indirect, of high magnitude, local, probable, temporary to permanent, reversible, immediate to long-term, slightly significant to very significant, depending on the severity of the disease, but mitigable. The Hydroelectric Power Plant may improver overall quality of health quality, as hospitals may perform better when they are not limited to using generators for storing blood or performing delicate operations. The impact associated with this situation is characterized as positive, indirect, of high magnitude, regional, probable, permanent, reversible, medium to long-term, and significant. • - Impact Summary Table 7.25 shows a summary of the main impacts for the social and economic elements environmental factor. TABLE 7.25 - Summary table of impacts - Social and economic elements Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Demographic changes - increased Construction + / ++ Ml/Mm, D/I, T, L/R, Pr, Im, Rev commercial activity Construction of access ways - Construction + + Mm, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre improved access Construction of access ways - Constructio - - Mm/Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre worsened access n / Op e r a t i o n S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.531 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Replacement of Filomeno Bridge with 3 new bridges - improved accessibility Construction + Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre Crossing of the Kwanza river by paved road - improved accessibility Construction ++ Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre Employment opportunities - labor Construction ++/+++ Mh, D, T, L/R, Ce, Im, MT recruited in Angola Motor vehicle movement effects of Construction -/-- Ml/Mm, D, P, L/R, Pr, Im/LT, Irre, M Zenzo HP - increased accident Electricityrate production - development of provinces and attraction of investment Operation +++ Mh, D, P, R/N, Ce, MT/LT Employment opportunities - labor Operation ++ Ml, D, P, L/R, Ce, Im, Irre recruited in Angola Water reserves in reservoir - ability to fight fires, irrigation, industrial activity, Operation +++ Mh, D, P, L, Pr, MT/LT and servicing of the population Unavailability of water downstream Operation - - - Ml/Mh, D, P, L/R, Ce, Im, Irre, M Filling of reservoir - effects on Operation - - Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, M agricultural areas Filling of reservoir - effects on buildings Operation - - - Mm, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, M Installation of dam/reservoir complex - reduction of Operation - - Ml/Mh, D, P, L/R, Pr, Im/MT, Irre fisheries Installation of dam/reservoir complex - Operation ++/+++ Ml/Mh, D, P, L/R, Pr, Im/MT, Irre tourist attraction Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.532 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 7.5.2 - Regional Planning At the time of producing this EIA, many of the land management instruments that are part of the Angolan planning system have not been approved and are currently being drafted. Therefore, it is not possible to check that the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant project complies with the management's objectives/provisions but the project's compatibility with the strategies, plans and programs will be considered in the following points. TABLE 7.26 - Analysis of compliance of the Zenzo HP with strategies, plans and programs Designation Compliance Zenzo HP will help to achieve some of the objectives of the Government Program Government Program, including increasing and diversifying the MPLA 2012-2017 production of electricity from water sources. The impact will be positive and slightly significant. The project will meet the objectives of this Strategy in making hydroelectric power the main source of electricity production. Angola 2025 The impact will be positive and slightly significant. The Zenzo HP will contribute to implementing the provisions of Angola Energy 2025 this Strategy. The impact will be positive and significant. By implementing the project, the priority objective contained in National Development this Plan for the energy sector to increase and improve the Plan (2013 - quality of the electricity supply will be ensured, having a 2017) positive and slightly significant impact. Strategies, Plans and Programs and Plans Strategies, One of the specific level 1 objectives, "to reduce Angola's energy dependence, and contribute to the production of National Water Plan hydroelectric power", will be ensured by the Zenzo HP, for which reason the impact will be positive and significant. Zenzo HP will not interfere with the objectives of this Plan, and National Steering Plan may contribute to its realization if, in addition to the production for Irrigation in Angola of electricity, use of the reservoir for irrigation is considered. Impact is not expected. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.533 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Designation Compliance The hydroelectric power plant will enable electricity production National Action without direct emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), and it will Program for Adapting assist in fulfilling the objectives of this Program. The impact will to Climate Change 2011 be positive and significant. National Strategy for Implementing the Production of electricity without GHG emissions will help United Nations implement this Strategy, and the impact will be positive and Framework Convention significant. on Climate and the Kyoto Protocol Zenzo HP will take advantage of the hydropower potential in National Strategic Angola, specifically in the middle section of the River Kwanza, Program for Water and the impact will be positive and significant. (2013-2017) The project will help achieve the main objective of "quadrupling National Energy the existing energy supply, by making greater use of Security Strategy and endogenous resources and using more efficient technologies", Policy which means that the impact will be positive and significant. Zenzo HP is considered a priority project as priority projects are "all projects and actions which, in the short term, can be used to Energy and Water increase the capacity and quality of supply of electricity to the Sector Action Plan population " , which has an impact (2013-2017) that will be positive and significant. According to this Plan, the importance of the energy sector is Provincial Development unquestionable from both the economic and social points of Plan for North Kwanza view, an through integration into this province, Zenzo HP will (2013-2017) have a positive and significant impact. Operating the Zenzo HP will help achieve one of the objectives Provincial Development of this Plan, which is based on increasing and improving the Plan for South Kwanza quality of electricity supply to the population, which will have an (2013-2017) impact that is positive and significant. According to this program for the energy sector, the main target Electric and Water to be achieved by the end of 2016 will be to install production Sectors Investment capacity for 7,000 MW of power, or 95,000 GWh. Thus, the Program, up to 2016 Zenzo HP will contribute to achieving this goal, with a positive and significant impact. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.534 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Designation Compliance The Zenzo HP will not interfere with the objectives of this Plan, “Water for All” and may contribute to its realization if, in addition to the program production of electricity, its reservoir is used for public water supply. Impacts are not expected. 7.5.2.1 - Impact Summary Table 7.27 shows a summary of the main impact on the regional planning environmental factor. TABLE 7.27 - Summary table of impacts - Regional planning Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance The Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant will be important for achieving some objectives of the strategies, plans and programs Operation ++ - considered by Angolan public bodies. 7.5.3 - Historical, Cultural and Ethnological Heritage Based on the information presented in this situation, one can confirm that the Zenzo HP will not interfere with the protected and documented heritage and archaeology. During field work, the Filomeno Câmara Bridge and its guardhouse were identified in the study area. Under the Zenzo HP project, these structures will be demolished as the main dam's wall will be installed at this location. The impact will be negative, direct, permanent, irreversible, local, certain, non-mitigable, immediate, of low magnitude due to the area of these elements, and significant, not due to the asset value of these elements, but because of the sentimental value attributed to them by the area's inhabitants. The operating phase is not expected to have an impact. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.535 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 7.5.3.1 - Impact Summary Table 7.28 shows a summary of the main impact on the heritage environmental factor. TABLE 7.28 - Impact summary table - Heritage Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Installing the main dam - demolition of the Filomeno Câmara Bridge and Construction - - Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM its guardhouse 20.1.2 - Landscape • - Prior Considerations Assessment of the potential impacts on the landscape caused by implementing the Zenzo HP was carried out based on: a) the project elements available, b) characterization of the present environmental situation, c) records made during site visits, and d) various studies on this subject matter. Installing a dam and its reservoir may have different negative impacts, by virtue of: • Results in the disappearance of biophysical and landscape components; • Changing the appearance of the landscape, due to introducing elements that are jarring and that contrast with the character of the area's landscape. However, it is important to note that a permanent water plain may also be a valuable element of the landscape, due to the existence of a large volume of water at rest. In general terms, the impacts on the landscape will result from introduction of the planned infrastructures for the Zenzo HP: main dam, auxiliary dam, flood spillway, hydraulic circuit / hydroelectric power station, and reservoir. • - Construction Phase During the construction phase it is expected that the impact will be negative, certain direct, temporary, local, immediate, of high magnitude (in view of the large number of observers in the area, mostly workers), and significant due to the changed visual quality that characterizes the study area, this being affected and changed in a negative way. The impact will arise from the following activities: S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.536 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • The impact of spatial and functional disruption to the work space, such as infrastructure that supports construction and access, will be felt in site directly affected and the surrounding area; • Introducing foreign elements to the traditional environment, such as heavy machinery and construction materials; • Decreased visibility at the places under construction, as a result of increased concentration of dust in the air, with consequent deposition in the surrounding space; In addition, it is expected that there will also be an impact that is negative, certain direct, temporary, local, immediate, of high magnitude (in view of the large number of observers in the area, mostly workers), permanent, and significant due to the changed visual quality that characterizes the study area, this being affected and changed in a negative way. This impact will arise from the following activities: • Modification of terrain morphology due to large-scale earthmoving, sometimes involving excavations of considerable height, with consequent change of the valley's natural form, particularly in the areas where the dams and associated facilities are implemented; • Transformation of the visual character of the area directly affected by the reservoir, which is about 1900 ha, due to removal of the existing vegetation cover, in accordance with the Deforestation Plan for the area to be flooded, which will result in the disappearance of characteristic features and enhancers of the landscape, such as riparian gallery forest, and agricultural areas; • Introduction of large-scale built elements that are difficult to visually integrate, such as the flood spillway and the hydraulic circuit / hydroelectric power plant. The main impact during the construction phase relates to installing the main and auxiliary dam. However, it is predicted that the significance will be different due to the particular characteristics of each of these elements,. The main dam will have a maximum height of 115 m and width of 1000 m that will be installed into a wide valley area, where visual "disguise" is difficult, as can be seen in Figure 7.7. Therefore, the main dam will be a clear visual intrusion in the study area, contributing to a change to the scenic value that characterizes the present landscape. The impact will be negative, very significant, local, certain, immediate, direct, irreversible, permanent, and of high magnitude (in view of the large number of local observers). S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.537 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report In turn, the auxiliary dam is planned to have width of 645 m and a maximum height of 78 m, and will be installed in a valley surrounded by two plateaus, which enables it to be "hidden", as can be seen in Figure 7.7. Therefore, constructing the auxiliary dam, despite constituting a visual intrusion in the study area, will not alter the scenic value in the same way as the main dam. The impact will be negative, significant, local, certain, immediate, direct, irreversible, permanent, and of high magnitude (in view of the large number of local observers). Source: Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant Project, CWE (Volume I - Technical Bid, January 2015) FIGURE 7.6 - Implementation of the Zenzo HP project in 3D • - Operating Phase Some of the effects from the construction phase may, however, take a definitive form in the operating phase, becoming the main causes of the more or less significant changes to the landscape's original structure, particularly implementation of the dams and their attached facilities. In fact, these elements will remain visible from several points in the visual basin, changing the view of the landscape long after the work has been completed. During the operating phase, assessment of the impact of installing the dams and attached facilities will only change the assessment magnitude such as was given for the construction phase. The magnitude will change from high to low, as the number of observers predicted in the operating phase for the Zenzo HP site is reduced, involving only the workers responsible for operating activities at the hydroelectric plant, and the tourists visiting the S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.538 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Zenzo HP. The fact that the region's accessibility network is poor will further discourage visits to the Zenzo HP. Filling the reservoir, with consequent flooding of the land, will contribute to color changes in the flooded area. Where there used to be areas of agricultural land, savannah, dense forest, riparian gallery forest, a defined stretch of watercourse, and manmade areas, there will be a huge body of water at rest. There will also be a significant reduction in the vertical depth of the valley throughout the area occupied by the reservoir, raising the background's visual plain. Assessment of the significance of this situation will be based on three aspects: • Introduction of a strong contrast between the flooded area and the surrounding landscape, in terms of color and landscape tones, texture, cropping, and type of land occupation. The impact will be negative, local, of low magnitude due to the small number of observers, immediate, direct, irreversible, certain, permanent, significant, given the strong contrast, and non-mitigable; • With significant reduction in the vertical depth of the valley, and raising the visual background level, the impact will be negative, local, of low magnitude due to the low number of observers, immediate, direct, irreversible, certain, permanent, very significant, due to the expected average depth (26.9 m) for the reservoir, and non-mitigable; • Favorable evolution of the existing land occupation, since it will pass from land without any coverage, due to applying the Deforestation Plan to the area to be flooded during the construction phase, to land occupation consisting of a huge body of water at "rest". The water mirror associated with the presence of the main and auxiliary dams will be a valuable element in the landscape, known as a tourist attraction. The impact will be positive, local, certain, direct, immediate, permanent, irreversible, of low magnitude due to the low number of observers, and significant due to appreciation of the landscape. Reducing the availability of water downstream may result in changed land use, contributing to disappearance of characteristic features and enhancers of the landscape, such as the riparian gallery forest, and agricultural areas located downstream. The impact will be negative, significant due to the profound changes that may occur in the landscape, probable, indirect, immediate to medium-term, reversible, permanent, local to regional, of low magnitude due to the small number of observers, and mitigable. There may also be an impact that is negative, indirect, local, permanent, and of low magnitude, resulting from the microclimatic changes produced by the water surface, fog becoming more frequent, decreased local visibility, and an increase in the available radiation, which will interfere with the light characteristics of the landscape. The indirect impact will, however, be only slightly significant. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.539 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The phenomenon of eutrophication that may affect the Zenzo reservoir will result in unpleasant color changes to the water plain, thus negatively changing the visual quality of the study area. The impact will be negative, medium to long-term, probable, direct, of low magnitude due to the small number of observers, and from slightly significant to very significant, depending on the area of the reservoir that is subject to eutrophication. Applying landscape integration and recovery measures may contribute significantly to the occurrence of residual impacts of lower magnitude and significance. However, no information on this is available. • - Impact Summary Table 7.29 shows an impact summary for the landscape environmental factor. TABLE 7.29 - Impact summary table - Landscape Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Presence of construction machinery and materials, access ways, infrastructure to support construction, Construction - - Mh, D, T, L, Ce, Im and increased airborne dust - change in visual Change of the valley'squality natural forms, access ways, removal of soil cover from the area to be flooded by the reservoir, and introduction of large built elements Construction - - Mh, D, P, L, Ce, Im and difficult visual integration - change in visual quality Installation of the main dam - imposing Constructio - - - Mh/Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre visual intrusion n / Installation of the auxiliary dam - less Op e r a t i o Constructio imposing visual intrusion in n - - Mh/Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre n / comparison to the Op e r a t i o Filling of the reservoirmain dam - strong contrast n between the flooded area and the Operation - - Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM surrounding landscape S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.540 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Filling of the reservoir - significant reduction in the valley's vertical depth Operation - - - Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, NM Filling of the reservoir - favorable evolution of the existing land use, with Operation ++ Ml, D, P, L, Ce, Im, Irre appreciation of the landscape Reduction of downstream water availability - disappearance of Operation - - Ml, I, P, L, Pr, Im/LT, Rev, M characteristic and enhancing elements of the landscape Eutrophication - unpleasant color changes to Operation -/- - - Ml/Mh, D, Pr, MT/LT the water plane Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable 20.1.3 - Waste • - Construction Phase The waste predicted for the construction phase is that of non-homogeneous constitution, with fractions of varying dimensions, so that their quantification proves to be a very difficult task. Waste production depends on the construction processes adopted by each contractor of the materials selected for the work, and is also closely related to the way in which the workers perform the tasks involved in the construction activities. Thus, any estimate of waste quantification for the construction phase at Zenzo HP may be incorrect, for which reason it was decided not to quantify the waste expected for this phase. Table 7.30 shows the waste expected for the construction phase of the project being studies. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.541 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 7.30 - Waste expected for the construction phase Waste LAR Code LAR Designation Hazardousnes Packing Final Destination s Waste consisting of paints and Paints with solvent 08 01 11 varnishes containing organic Yes Can D09 (physical-chemical treatment) solvents orWaste other consisting hazardous of substances paints Paints with water 08 01 12 No Can D09 (physical-chemical and varnishes not covered by treatment) Waste08 01 consisting 11 of adhesives Waste consisting of adhesives or 08 04 09 D01 (dumping in landfill) or sealants containing organic Yes Can sealants containing D09 (physical-chemical solvents hazardous substances treatment) Waste consisting of adhesives or orWaste other consisting hazardous of substances adhesives D01 (dumping in landfill) D09 08 04 10 No Can sealants free of hazardous or sealants not covered by 08 (physical-chemical treatment) substances 04Non 09-chlorinated mineral oils Lubricating mineral oils 13 02 05 from motors, transmissions and Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) lubrication Synthetic oils from motors, Synthetic lubrication oils 13 02 06 Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) transmissions and Easilylubrication biodegradable oils from Biodegradable lubrication oils 13 02 07 motors, transmissions and Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) lubrication Diesel 13 07 01 Fuel-oil and gasolene Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) Gasoline 13 07 02 Gasoline Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) Paper and cardboard packaging 15 01 01 Paper and cardboard packaging No Container R03 (recycling) gathered separately S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.542 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Waste LAR Code LAR Designation Hazardousnes Packing Final Destination s Plastic packaging collected 15 01 02 Plastic packaging No Container R03 (recycling) separately Wood packaging collected 15 01 03 Wood packaging No Container R03 (recycling) separately Metal packaging collected 15 01 04 Metal packaging No Container R03 (recycling) separately Composite packaging collected D01 (dumping in landfill) 15 01 05 Composite packaging No Container separately R03 (recycling) D01 (dumping in landfill) Mixtures of packaging 15 01 06 Mixtures of packaging No Container R03 (recycling) Glass packaging collected 15 01 07 Glass packaging No Container R05 (recycling) separately Packaging containing, or R03/04/05 (recycling) D01 Packaging contaminated with 15 01 10 contaminated with, hazardous Yes Container (dumping in landfill for hazardous substances substances hazardous waste) Absorbents, filtering materials (including oil filters not Cleaning cloths and protective R03 (recycling) previously specified), cloths for clothing contaminated with 15 02 02 Yes Container D01 (dumping in landfill for cleaning, and protective hazardous substances hazardous waste) clothing, contaminated with hazardous substances Absorbents, filtering materials, Cleaning cloths and protective cloths for cleaning and protective R03 (recycling) clothing free of hazardous 15 02 03 No Container clothing not included under D01 (dumping in landfill) substances 15 02 02 S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.543 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Waste LAR Code LAR Designation Hazardousnes Packing Final Destination s Used tires 16 01 03 Used tires No Container R04 (recycling) R01 (energy valuation) R09 Oil filters 16 01 07 Oil filters Yes Container (re-use of oils) R05 (recycling or re-use) D01 Concrete 17 01 01 Concrete No Container (dumping in landfill) R05 (recycling or re-use) D01 Bricks 17 01 02 Bricks No Container (dumping in landfill) Tiles, roof tiles and ceramic R05 (recycling or re-use) D01 Tiles, roof tiles and ceramics 17 01 03 No Container materials (dumping in landfill) Separate mixtures or fractions of Separate mixtures or fractions of R05 (recycling) concrete, bricks, tiles, roof tiles, concrete, bricks, tiles, roof tiles, and 17 01 06 Yes Container D01 (dumping in landfill for and ceramic materials containing contaminated materials hazardous waste) hazardous substances Mixtures of concrete, bricks, Separate mixtures or fractions of tiles, roof tiles and ceramics not R05 (recycling) uncontaminated concrete, bricks, 17 01 07 No Container covered by 17 01 D01 (dumping in landfill) tiles, and roof tiles 06 R01 (energy valuation) R03 Wood 17 02 01 Wood No Container (recycling) R05 (recycling or re-use) D01 Glass 17 02 02 Glass No Container (dumping in landfill) R05 (recycling or re-use) D01 Plastic 17 02 03 Plastic No Container (dumping in landfill) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.544 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Waste LAR Code LAR Designation Hazardousnes Packing Final Destination s Glass, plastic and wood R05 (recycling) Contaminated glass, plastic and 17 02 04 containing contaminants with Yes Container D01 (dumping in landfill for wood hazardous substances hazardous waste) R02 (Recovery/regeneration of Bituminous mixtures free of Bituminous mixtures not solvents) 17 03 02 No Container hazardous substances covered by 17 03 01 R04 (Recycling/recovery of metals and alloys) Scrap of aluminum 17 04 02 Aluminum No Container R04 (recycling) Scrap of iron and steel 17 04 05 Iron and steel No Container R04 (recycling) Scrap of various metals 17 04 07 Mixture of metals. No Container R04 (recycling) Metal waste containing hazardous Metal waste contaminated with R04 (recycling) 17 04 09 Yes Container substances hazardous substances. D09 (physical-chemical treatment) Soils and rocks not covered by D01 (dumping in landfill) Uncontaminated soils and rocks 17 05 04 No Container 17 05 03 R05 (re-use) Other construction and Mixture of construction and demolition waste (including D01 (dumping in landfill for demolition wastes contaminated with 17 09 03 Yes Container mixtures of waste) containing hazardous waste) hazardous substances hazardous substances Mixture of construction and Mixture of uncontaminated demolition waste not covered by R05 (recycling) 17 09 04 No Container construction and demolition 17 09 01, 17 09 02 and 17 09 D01 (dumping in landfill) waste 03 Paper and cardboard gathered 20 01 01 Paper and cardboard No Container R03 (recycling) selectively Glass 20 01 02 Glass No Container R05 (recycling) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.545 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Waste LAR Code LAR Designation Hazardousnes Packing Final Destination s Fluorescent bulbs and other Fluorescent bulbs 20 01 21 Yes Container R05 (recycling) waste containing mercury Plastics 20 01 39 Plastics No Container R03 (recycling) Metals 20 01 40 Metals No Container R04 (recycling) Vegetation waste 20 02 01 Biodegradable waste No Container R03 (composting) Earth and stones 20 02 02 Earth and stones No Container R05 (re-use) Other non-biodegradable Other vegetation waste 20 02 03 No Container R03 (composting) waste R03 (recycling) Composting bins 20 03 07 Composting bins No Container D01 (dumping in landfill) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.546 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Throughout the construction work, good environmental management practices must be adopted on site, and the predicted waste generated in the construction phase at Zenzo HP, as shown in Table 7.8, must be sent to a suitable final destination. There are no situations that prevent normal execution of the construction contract, thus the impact will be negative, slightly significant, certain, direct, local, temporary and permanent, of high magnitude, immediate, irreversible and mitigable. Construction activities involving the use of materials necessary for proper functioning of the machinery, such as oils, lubricants and fuels, may result in situations of possible impacts. If there is an accident, some of these materials may be discharged into the soil and may then be transported to watercourses through surface runoff, or contaminate underground water via filtration. The impact will be negative, direct, improbable, local, temporary, reversible due to capacity for purification of the soils and water, immediate, of low to high magnitude, slightly significant to very significant, depending on the quantity and typology of the spilled product, but mitigable. Thus, strict control of the use and disposal of building materials is essential, with every effort being made to avoid accidental discharges. Another consequence of the construction work is temporary storage of waste at the site, which contributes to degradation of the landscape, resulting in an impact that is negative, slightly significant, direct, certain, temporary, reversible, local, of high magnitude, immediate and mitigable. • - Operating Phase Table 7.31 shows the waste expected for the operating phase of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.547 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report TABLE 7.31 - Waste expected for the operating phase Waste LAR Code LAR Designation Hazardousnes Packing Final Destination s Non-chlorinated mineral oils Lubricating mineral oils 13 02 05 from motors, transmissions and Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) lubrication Synthetic oils from motors, Synthetic lubrication oils 13 02 06 Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) transmissions and Easilylubrication biodegradable oils from Biodegradable lubrication oils 13 02 07 motors, transmissions and Yes Jerrycan R09 (re-use of oils) lubrication Paper and cardboard packaging 15 01 01 Paper and cardboard packaging No Container R03 (recycling) gathered separately Plastic packaging collected 15 01 02 Plastic packaging No Container R03 (recycling) separately Metal packaging collected 15 01 04 Metal packaging No Container R04 (recycling) separately Glass packaging collected 15 01 07 Glass packaging No Container R03 (recycling) separately R05 (recycling or re-use) Concrete 17 01 01 Concrete No Container D01 (dumping in landfill) Scrap of aluminum 17 04 02 Aluminum No Container R04 (recycling) Scrap of iron and steel 17 04 05 Iron and steel No Container R04 (recycling) Scrap of various metals 17 04 07 Mixture of metals. No Container R04 (recycling) S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.548 The waste produced must be sent to an appropriate final destination. The impact will then be negative, local, immediate, certain, direct, of low magnitude, irreversible, temporary and permanent, and mitigable. During operation of the hydroelectric plant, procedures must be adopted to reduce the amount of waste produced. • - Impact Summary Table 7.32 shows an impact summary for the waste environmental factor. TABLE 7.32 - Impact summary table - Waste Nature / Impact Phase Other Assessment Criteria Significance Waste production - transportation to Construction - Mh, D, T/P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, M suitable final destination Accidental spills Construction - / - - - Ml/Mh, D, T, L, Imp, Rev, M Waste production - transportation to Operation - Mh, D, T/P, L, Ce, Im, Irre, M suitable final destination Key: Positive + (slightly significant) ++ (significant) +++ (very significant) Negative - (slightly significant) -- (significant) --- (very significant) Ml/Mm/Mh - Low/medium/high magnitude; D/I - Direct/Indirect; T/P/C - Temporary/Permanent/Cyclic; L/R/N/I - Local/Regional/National/International; Ce/Pr/Imp - Certain/Probable/Improbable; Im/MT/LT - Immediate/Medium-term/Long-term; Irrev/Rev - Irreversible/Reversible; M/NM - Mitigable/Non-Mitigable S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.549 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 21 - ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT'S CUMULATIVE IMPACT 21.1 - General Considerations This section will analyze the Zenzo Hydroelectric project's predicted cumulative impact on the region. Cumulative impact, as the name implies, is the overall effect that Zenzo HP may have on location or region, along with existing and/or planned projects. The impact assessment will be based on the same methodology and assessment criteria as those used in section 7 – Analysis of the project's environmental impact. Existing or planned projects in the study region of the middle stretch of the River Kwanza will be included in assessment of the Zenzo HP's cumulative environmental impact. This includes hydroelectric projects in study/design phase (Luíme, Caculo-Cabaça and Caçador) as well as those currently in operation, (Cambambe and Capanda) and in the final phase of construction (Lauca). 21.2 - Physical Environment 21.2.1 - Climate A cumulative impact with other projects in the area was not identified. 21.2.2 - Geology and Geomorphology If construction of the Zenzo HP coincides with the construction phase of other projects, cumulative impact on geology may result from effects on geological units. However, since these projects are not yet defined or their geological content is unknown (Caculo Cabaça, Luíme and Caçador hydroelectric projects), it is not possible to assess the effects on geological units. The Zenzo HP's location on the middle stretch of the River Kwanza, coincides with that of the hydroelectric projects in their study/design phase (Luíme, Caculo-Cabaça and Caçador), currently in operation (Cambambe and Capanda), and the final phase of construction (Lauca), with all being responsible for profound changes to the S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.550 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report geomorphology. Large-scale earthmoving sometimes involves excavations of considerable depth, specifically in the areas where dams and associated facilities are implemented, thereby modifying terrain morphology. Filling the reservoirs will also cause changes to the geomorphology, since a significant reduction in the valley's vertical will occur, raising the visual background. The impact will be negative, regional, of low to high magnitude in relation to the affected area, of medium to long term, direct, irreversible, probable, permanent, very significant due to the marked changes that will be made to the geomorphology of the region. 21.2.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land If construction of the Zenzo HP coincides with the construction phase of other projects, a cumulative impact on soils may occur. However, since these projects are not yet defined or their pedological content is unknown (Caculo Cabaça, Luíme and Caçador hydroelectric projects), it is not possible to assess the effects on the types of soils affected. In relation to land occupation, the impact resulting from implementing the Zenzo HP and other projects will have effects on soils with vegetation cover. The impact will be negative, regional, permanent, irreversible, medium to long-term, direct, probable, of low to high magnitude depending on the area affected, and from slightly to very significant depending on the ecological importance and the economic potential of the soil cover affected. 21.2.4 - Water Resources • - Surface Water Resources During the construction phase, work activity impacts on water resources may be exacerbated if the construction period for the Zenzo HP is simultaneous with the construction phase of other projects. Thus, the impact on water quality is characterized as negative, direct, probable, regional, of low to high magnitude, due to the size of the planned activities, immediate, temporary, reversible, significant, due to the influence it may have on water consumed by the population, and mitigable by applying good practices at the site. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.551 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Relative to pressure on surface water resources, the water used during the project construction phase will have an impact that is negative, significant (due to consumption of a scarce resource), direct, probable, temporary, of low to high magnitude, depending on the volume of water captured, and possible to mitigate in view of the application of measures aiming to use the least water necessary. In the operation phase, the HP and the other hydroelectric plants in the middle section of the River Kwanza will produce electricity using water from the respective reservoirs, in order to boost electricity supply to the population. This energy supply solution, while being environmentally more friendly than other energy sources, will have a negative barrier effect on the natural circulation of the water line and flow regime, both upstream and downstream. Generally, there will be reduced water availability downstream, and this may affect the population's water supply, for industrial consumption or irrigation. The impact will be negative, regional, direct, probable, medium to long term, permanent, irreversible, of low to high magnitude, depending on the affected area, and from slightly to very significant in terms of downstream uses affected. Eutrophication that occurs in the Zenzo reservoir and in the reservoirs of the other hydroelectric projects that are planned for the middle section of the Kwanza river, may have an impact that is negative, direct, probable, regional, of low to high magnitude (in view of the eutrophic area) and significant, due to the high retention time of the water in the reservoir, without any movement or renewal,. • - Underground Water Resources If construction of the Zenzo HP coincides with the construction phase of other projects, a cumulative impact on underground water resources may occur. However, since these projects are not yet defined or their hydrogeological content is unknown (Caculo Cabaça, Luíme and Caçador hydroelectric projects), it is not possible to assess the effects on hydrogeological units. 21.2.5 - Air Quality During the construction phase, the impact on air quality that results from deforestation, earthmoving, movement of machinery and equipment required for the work, circulation of vehicles to transport material needed at Zenzo HP, among others, may be exacerbated if the construction period of the Zenzo HP occurs simultaneously with the construction phase of other projects. The impact will be negative, slightly significant (small changes to the average concentration of particulates S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.552 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report and other pollutants), direct, temporary, regional, reversible, probable, medium to long term, and of low to medium magnitude due to the number of sensitive receptors affected. During the operating phase, the cumulative impact on air quality is caused by in increase in vehicle traffic to and from the Zenzo HP and unrelated traffic that circulates on the existing roads, operation of the Zenzo HP equipment and other hydroelectric projects planned for the middle section of the River Kwanza, and other projects that may be installed in that region. Overall, the cumulative increase in concentrations will be slightly significant in comparison to current levels, with no changes to the level of local/regional air quality. Therefore, the impact will be negative, slightly significant, direct, regional, temporary, certain, reversible, immediate to long term, and of low to medium magnitude due to the number of sensitive receptors affected. Eutrophication that takes place in the Zenzo reservoir and in those of other hydroelectric projects planned for the middle section of the River Kwanza, will release greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere, specifically methane. The impact will be negative, significant, since they will contribute to increased GHG concentration in the atmosphere, medium to long term, of national influence, probable, direct, of low to high magnitude, depending on the concentrations of gases released. 21.2.6 - Sound/Noise Environment During the construction phase, machinery and equipment traffic that is required for transporting material needed at Zenzo HP, may increase noise pollution if the construction period of the Zenzo HP occurs simultaneously with the construction phase of other projects. The impact will be negative, slightly significant (with small changes to the sound situation), direct, temporary, regional, reversible, probable, from medium to long term, and of low to medium magnitude, due to the number of sensitive receptors affected. During the operating phase, the cumulative impact of noise pollution will be caused by vehicle traffic to and from Zenzo HP, unrelated road traffic circulating on the existing roads, and that which may result from other projects that may be installed in that region. The cumulative increase in sound levels will be slightly significant compared to current levels, and there will be no changes to the current sound environment. The impact will be negative, slightly significant, direct, local to S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.553 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report regional, temporary, certain, reversible, immediate to long term, of low to medium magnitude due to the number of sensitive receptors affected. 93.7 - Biological Environment Plant Community and Habitats A general overview of the cumulative impact associated with this descriptor can be seen for a set of planned and constructed dams along the Kwanza River, which to a certain extent will contribute to a decline in the diversity of similar habitats, due to reduced vegetation cover. At the local level, the plant population within project and its reservoir area will remain intact unless other activities are carried out that will significantly impact its current condition, adding to a cumulative effect. However, rare plants may be destroyed due to an increased number of dams and reduction in rapids along the Kwanza River (for example, Angolea fluitans - a Critically Endangered aquatic plant that is restricted to rapids and has previously been recorded in the Cambambe Rapids). Aquatic biodiversity - Phytoplankton Cumulative impact for this is not assessed, as these organisms are known for having a short lifespan. The variation in the ecosystem in different sections of the river from dam to dam, may allow unusual conditions supporting algae growth, and, while this may not have a great impact overall, a high concentration of algae may release a large amount of toxins. Aquatic biodiversity - Zooplankton A cumulative impact on zooplankton has not been identified, as this resilient group is capable of establishing ecosystemic climax as soon as conditions stabilize after impact. This is not specific to the location, but the downstream riverside area. Aquatic biodiversity - Benthic macroinvertebrates The cumulative impact to this stratum of biodiversity is caused by specific and cumulative changes to habitats along the course of the river and reservoir. This reduction of certain habitats is thought to play a role in reducing the potential growth of benthic organisms in relation to a natural ancestral condition. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.554 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Aquatic Biodiversity - Ichthyofauna Building the dam in the Mid-Kwanza will flood large areas of the river that currently have rapids. When the reservoirs of the Zenzo Dam and others are flooded, some of the rapids in the Mid-Kwanza will be submerged. The structures of the different dams will also create a barrier effect. During the first phase, loss of rapids is expected to result in significant loss of ichthyofauna habitat for the Labeobarbus and Varicorhinus groups, as well as a reduction in ichthyofauna reproduction and community fishing. However, the reservoirs may increase fish reproduction, specifically species adapted to lentic environments. Terrestrial biodiversity - Amphibians Building the dams in the Mid-Kwanza will flood large areas of the river, and the reservoirs of the Zenzo Dam will impact the amphibians in the region. The loss of different habitats and change to flow rate may also affect the biodiversity downstream of the dam. Terrestrial biodiversity - Reptiles As with amphibians, there may be a reduction of certain species populations while others may increase. Terrestrial biodiversity - Birds The loss of certain habitats and potential breeding sites may have an impact on birds in the Mid-Kwanza ecosystem. Terrestrial biodiversity - Mammals Building the dam and reservoir will contribute to the destruction and loss of habitats. Also, a reduction in peak flood flows may restrict access to flood areas and affect water supply to wildlife, such as elephants and other large mammals in the Quiçama National Park that depend on flooded areas around the river in that part of the territory. 93.8 - Socioeconomic Environment 93.8.1 - Social and Economic Elements During the construction phase, notable cumulative effects of Zenzo HP and other large projects are as follows: S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.555 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Due to the increase in the resident and transient population, demographic change will positively influence the region with the emergence of commercial and small business activities, thus improving the economy of the region. The impact is characterized as positive, direct, of low to high magnitude (in terms of number of people), regional, probable, temporary, medium to long term and very significant due to the region's high poverty index; • Improvements to existing access ways and construction of new access ways will improve accessibility in the region, even if most improvements are done to provide work access. The impact will be positive, medium to long term, probable, regional, permanent, irreversible, of low to high magnitude, and significant, due to improved traffic conditions; • Job creation during the construction work. The impact will be positive, direct, regional, medium to long term, probable, temporary, significant to very significant, depending on whether part of the labor force is recruited in the region with a high unemployment rate, and of low to high magnitude based on the number of jobs expected. During the operating phase, the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant and all existing and planned hydroelectric facilities in the middle section of the River Kwanza will increase renewable electricity production at the national level. The estimated power to be installed, taking into account all hydroelectric plants, will be 7,455 MW, representing more than the total estimated hydroelectric capacity for the middle section of the River Kwanza (6,983 MW). Electricity produced by all of the hydroelectric power plants and made available through transport and distribution infrastructure is essential for economic development in Angola. Therefore, the impact will be positive, direct, of high magnitude, regional to national, probable, permanent, medium term to long term, and very significant due to the importance given to hydroelectric energy production. Job creation during the operating phase, associated with the management, operation and maintenance of the different components of hydroelectric plants will have an impact that is positive, direct, medium to long term, probable, irreversible, of low to high magnitude (in view of the number of jobs generated), regional, permanent, and significant, given the high unemployment rate in the region. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.556 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Implementation of the dam/reservoir, as a general rule, may involve effects on buildings, areas with economic potential, particularly agricultural areas, as well as reduction of fish stocks. Therefore, the impact resulting from operating all of the hydroelectric projects in the middle section of the River Kwanza is negative, direct, regional, probable, medium to long term, permanent, irreversible, significant to very significant, depending on whether areas of economic potential or with buildings are affected, and of low to medium magnitude, depending on the quantities affected. Implementation of dams and the presence of the respective reservoirs of the hydroelectric plants along the Kwanza, with water planes at "rest", constitute, in most cases, imposing elements in the landscape, and are therefore recognized as tourist attractions. The impact will be positive, medium to long-term, of low to high magnitude (depending on the number of visitors), direct, regional, irreversible, permanent, probable, and significant to very significant, due to the sharp poverty of the region. 93.8.2 - Regional Planning As stated previously, the Zenzo HP and other projects are only verified as complying with the provisions of these management instruments after the land management instruments of the Angolan plan are approved and drafted. Regarding the plans, programs and strategies considered in this EIA, it is expected that the hydroelectric projects planned for the middle section of the River Kwanza (Luíme, Caçador and Caculo-Cabaça), as projects of the same nature with the same objectives as the Zenzo HP, also contribute to achieving the objectives stated in these plans, programs and strategies. The impact will be positive and significant. 93.8.3 - Historical, Cultural and Ethnological Heritage If construction of the Zenzo HP coincides with the construction phase of other projects, cumulative impact on heritage may result due to effects on heritage elements. However, since these projects are not yet defined or their archaeological content is unknown (Caculo Cabaça, Luíme and Caçador hydroelectric projects), it is not possible to assess the effects on potential heritage elements. Cumulative impact is expected during the operating phase. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.557 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 93.8.4 - Landscape At the time of producing this EIA, the hydroelectric facilities of Luíme, Caçador and Caculo-Cabaça are included in study/design phases for the Zenzo HP project planned for the middle section of the River Kwanza. Thus, simultaneous occurrence of the construction phases of these projects may negatively influence the landscape, contributing to its degradation and consequently to the reduction of its scenic value. The activities that may contribute to degradation of the visual quality of the landscape are the following: • Change to the morphology of the terrain due to earthmoving, sometimes involving excavations of considerable height; • Transformations of the visual character of the area directly affected by the dam resulting from the removal of existing vegetation cover, • Introduction of large-scale built elements that are difficult to visually integrate, such as the dams, the flood spillway and the hydraulic circuit / hydroelectric power plant, among others. The impact will be negative, probable, direct, regional, medium to long term, of low to high magnitude (relative to the number of observers in the region), permanent, and significant due to the change in the region's visual quality. During the operating phase, the simultaneous presence of the Zenzo HP, on the middle section of the River Kwanza, along with the hydroelectric projects in their study/design phase (Luíme, Caculo-Cabaça and Caçador), the hydroelectric projects currently in operation (Cambambe and Capanda), and the hydroelectric project currently in its final phase of construction (Lauca) may be responsible for the following after-effects: • Profound changes to the geomorphology, raising the visual background, with the impact being negative, regional, of low to high magnitude (relative to the number of observers in the region), medium to long term, direct, irreversible, probable, permanent, significant to very significant, depending on the expected mean depth of the reservoirs, and non-mitigable; • The reservoirs' water mirror associated with presence of the dams will be a valuable element in the landscape, being recognized as a tourist attraction. The impact will be positive, regional, probable, direct, medium to long-term, permanent, irreversible, of low to high magnitude (in relation to the number of observers), non-mitigable, and significant due to the appreciation of the landscape that will occur. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.558 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 93.8.5 - Waste If the construction phase of the Zenzo HP coincides with that of other projects of a reasonable size in the municipalities/provinces of the project, there will be an increase in the amount of construction waste, and the impact will be negative, slightly significant, assuming good waste management practices will be carried out and that the waste will be sent to its final destination, regional, medium to long term, temporary and permanent, probable, direct, irreversible and mitigable, and of low to high magnitude depending on the amount and hazardousness of the waste produced. During the operating phase, the simultaneous operation of Zenzo HP with other projects/units will also result in an increase in the quantity of waste produced, with the consequent need for proper collection and disposal by the managing entities, so the impacts will be negative, medium to long term, temporary and permanent, probable, direct, irreversible and mitigable, of low to high magnitude, depending on the quantity and the hazardousness of the waste produced. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.559 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 94 - ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES In the previous sections, the environment affected by the project was characterized, along with identification and assessment of the impacts expected to result from implementation of the Zenzo Hydroelectric Plant. Moving on from this context, in this section the intention is to define the necessary environmental mitigation measures in order to avoid, minimize, or compensate for, the negative impacts identified, and to enhance the positive impacts. Definition of these measures follows a logic of proportionality in relation to the importance of the impact detected. Thus, while the response to minor impact may only be based on measures of good environmental practice, more specific measures may be required for more significant impact. The types of possible measures to apply may include; mitigation measures to reduce the significance of a negative impact; compensation measures in order to offset a non-minimizable negative impact; and potential measures to increase the significance of a positive impact. In this order, a set of measures of a general nature is proposed first. Secondly, specific measures are proposed for each environmental factor, taking into account the impacts identified in each thematic area. The measures referred to below for the construction phase, whether of a general or specific nature, must be integrated into the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) of the construction contract for the Zenzo HP, to be produced before beginning the construction work. 94.1 - General Measures 94.1.1 - Pre-Construction Phase • The project bidder must, at the appropriate stage of the project, define the flood propagation conditions for the three accident scenarios. The flood maps for each accident scenario must indicate the arrival times of the front and peak of the flood wave, the maximum levels reached in terms of elevation and the height of the wave, the maximum velocity, the maximum flow rate, and the duration time of the critical phase of the flood for each population or material or environmental asset to be preserved,; • Emergency plans for the Zenzo HP must be produced; • Drafting of a Deforestation Plan for the area to be flooded, which must deal with removal of the soil cover of the areas that will be flooded during the construction phase; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.560 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • A Landscape Integration Plan, that deals with removal of the construction support infrastructure, must be produced; • Production of studies on the mode and operating regime of the Zenzo HP, and the need to ensure ecological flow for Zenzo HP in order to ensure a continuous availability of flow, such that guarantees the existing human, natural and ecological uses; • Drafting of studies for modeling the reservoir and how its hydrodynamics will influence the water quality. 94.1.2 - Construction Phase By subject, the following are the general scope minimization measures proposed for the construction phase: CONSTRUCTION SUPPORT ACCESS WAYS AND INFRASTRUCTURE: • Recovery of all the roads affected by passage of the machinery and vehicles and of areas attached to the construction works support infrastructure; • Removal of all construction support infrastructure, waste and other materials at the end of the construction period; • In the locations where soil compaction is carried out, due to the opening of temporary access ways (for project use) and movement of the machinery, it must be properly decompacted, encouraging soil and vegetation regeneration; • Locate, if possible, the construction support infrastructure within the intervention area in areas with no restrictions or constraints regarding soil use; • The plant must have an air particulate suspension control system, for the crushing process; • The borrow pits must be located as close to the work area as possible; • The installation sites for the generators must be covered and waterproofed; • To assist fuel consumption, there must be fuel tanks (diesel and gasoline). The areas intended for the fuel tanks shall be waterproofed and covered and contain retention basins of suitable volume (about 110% of the tank volume). S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.561 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report DEFORESTATION AND STRIPPING ACTIVITIES: • Lessening the risks of erosion and water pollution requires reducing deforestation to the absolute minimum for the project's implementation and interference to the absolute minimum of the local water tables. • In order to prevent the soil and water degradation, the plant debris should be removed and properly sent to a suitable final destination; • The areas to be cleared should be clearly identified (using visible marks, such as colored tape), allowing the area of intervention to be checked at any time. The works cannot be performed beyond those limits without express authorization; • Trees and shrubs located on the periphery of the areas to be cleared shall not be damaged, avoiding collision of the machines operating in the working areas with the trees and shrubs, by delimiting a protection range of not less than 1 m; • The surface layer of soil existing in the areas to deforest and strip should be placed in a deposit for later use in the areas degraded by the project works, and this soil should be protected with waterproof covers, thus avoiding movement by wind, and erosion and, washing away with rainfall. EARTHMOVING WORK: • The earth resulting from the excavations must be used, whenever possible and so long as the materials have adequate characteristics, in the landfill construction works, avoiding the need for loan materials for the work planned; • In the event of a need to temporarily store earth, it must be protected with impermeable coverings, thus reducing the possibility of its runoff by rainwater and wind; • Should any elements of geological interest be detected during the excavation works, these works should be suspended in the area of the discovery and the proper authorities should be contacted; • In order to minimize the impact of sending excess earthworks material to the dump, these should be sent to an appropriate place licensed for this purpose; • Regarding use of the borrow pits that will provide the materials necessary for constructing the landfills, if possible, existing and operating loan areas must be used, in the vicinity of the work sites, avoiding the opening of new loan areas; • Open beds of vehicles used in soil transport must be covered with tarpaulins; • Reconstitution of the vegetation cover of each intervention area as soon as the earthmoving has ceased, in particular at the excavation and landfills slopes; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.562 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Deposition of materials resulting from excavations at carefully defined sites, in the present project, for the two areas for depositing waste and materials; • The volume of surface soils must be used to recover the landscape of the area to be intervened in, or be used in the recovery of other degraded areas. In the event that their use is not possible, they must be spread in the areas adjacent to the interventions, particularly the best quality soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE WORK: • Environmental monitoring of the work must be carried out by specialized technicians; • During the construction phase, all activities involving re-excavation and excavation of the soil and subsoil (deforestation, stripping and excavation) require full and continuous monitoring of the work by an archaeologist, for preventive ends in relation to the effects on any unknown archaeological remains; • Adoption of an active policy of accident prevention for the construction activities; • The solid waste produced during the construction phase must be removed and sent to a duly licensed suitable final destination; • Adoption of correct practices regarding containment and storage of the chemical products to be used, especially for protection against spills of the most dangerous products; • Provision of structures that assure prevention against storms, fires and intrusion into the storage sites; • Implementation of strict stock control of stored products and waste; • Planning and implementation of an adequate system of peripheral drainage and collection, and proper disposal of the wastewater produced; • Wastewater generated at the site's toilets must be directed to sealed tanks, followed by transportation to a suitable final destination by septic tank cleaning trucks; • Consideration must be given to installing a retention basin,wastewater resulting from construction operations, where the water resulting from the concrete mixtures will be discharged, and subsequently removed by septic tank cleaning trucks and sent to an appropriate final destination. • The wastewater in the operating phase will come from the sanitary facilities that will exist in the hydroelectric power station building. These waters must be sent to leaktight tanks, to be later removed by septic tank cleaning lorries; • Implementation of an effective system of deposition and removal of the produced solid waste; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.563 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report AWARENESS RAISING OF THE WORKERS ASSIGNED TO THE PROJECT: • The workers attached to the project must be trained to adopt correct health and safety work procedures, as well as environmentally proper procedures. WORK SITE: • Forbidding access of any third parties to the works site in order to reduce the risk of accidents; • Correct signage on the access ways to the work sites that list speed reduction and forbid sound signals; • Signage on the intervention areas with banners or colored ribbons attached to stakes, limiting traffic and the deposition of materials outside the demarcated areas. • Minimize disturbance to the area surrounding the works, whether these are used to store materials, park machinery, or during the construction phase. MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT: • Ensure periodic maintenance of the machinery and vehicles attached to the project in adequate operation conditions, minimizing gaseous emissions to the atmosphere and the contamination risk to the soil and water, due to the loss of oils and other hydrocarbons; • Carry out maintenance of machinery and vehicles in properly waterproofed locations, using an oil separator; • Ensure careful handling of oils during the construction phase and during machinery maintenance operations, taking into account the content of the specifications, in order to limit any spills that may cause contamination of soils and surface water and underground water. To that end, it is recommended that these operations take place in defined and prepared areas (waterproofed and delimited). In addition, it is recommended that the waste oils be stored in suitable and leak-tight containers, with a retention basin of adequate volume, and then be sent to the appropriate final destination, preferably for recycling; • In the event of an accidental spill of oils, fuels or other substances, the affected soil layer must be immediately removed and sent to a suitable final destination. This prevents contamination of the underlying soil layers and the deep infiltration of the substances in question; • Ensure that parking vehicles and machines is also done in a paved area with a peripheral drainage system. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.564 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 21.2.7 - Operating Phase The following mitigation measures with a general scope are proposed for the operating phase: • Maintain the equipment, machines and hydraulic facilities at the Zenzo HP using inspection and maintenance rules; • Maintenance and repair activities for the plant's structures and equipment must be adequately carried out by the managing body, thus avoiding degradation; • Wastewater in the operating phase will come from the sanitary facilities that will exist in the hydroelectric power station building. These waters must be sent to leaktight tanks, to be later removed by septic tank cleaning lorries. 93.9 - Specific Measures 93.9.1 - Climate Taking into account that no significant negative impacts have been identified, no mitigation measures are envisaged for climate. 93.9.2 - Geology and Geomorphology Construction Phase The main mitigation measures for the Geology and Geomorphology component related to the construction phase are as follows: • Finding reliable solutions that are safer and more economical for the actual geological and geotechnical conditions at the excavation site is accomplished through constant monitoring of work activity and an in-depth understanding of the premises. • Excavation using explosives requires correct dimensions of the fire diagram, and control and recording of vibration monitors in order to avoid constraints and reduce risks to construction; • To avoid settling or deforming excavations that cross geological structures with a high degree of tectonization, they may be reinforced and monitored with control instruments, in addition to current containment measures in place during excavation. • The angle of the slope to be created by depositing surplus materials in the two waste and materials storage areas must meet the stability limits of the material in order to avoid the occurrence of slope instabilities; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.565 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Restricting the use of explosives in heavily tectonized areas, or where there is percolation in the aquifer, is needed to avoid increased cracking and any hydrodynamic changes due to increase in fissural permeability; • Whenever possible, use the rocky material from the excavation, granite blocks, as a seating bed at the foundations, and in the rockfill of the dams, in order to reduce the amount of materials coming from the outside and inherent transports; • The deforestation and excavation work must, if possible, take place during periods of the least amount of rainfall, thus reducing the probability of uncovered soils being washed away by rainwater. Operating Phase Measures set for the operating phase that directly related to this environmental factor are not applicable. 93.9.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land Construction Phase During this phase, the following measures are proposed: • Ensure that construction and work sites are confined to the project area and immediately adjacent areas, avoiding unnecessary destruction of other areas by installing adequate physical barriers. • Keep the machinery and vehicles in good condition; • Carry out maintenance of the machinery and vehicles in a waterproof location; • Properly store the waste produced, according to its type, in the waste space that must be created inside the areas for waste and material deposition; • Install warning devices in the septic tanks receiving the wastewater in order to avoid overflow, and thus send an alert for the need to collect the effluent with a cleaning tanker to ensure that it is properly transported away; • In the event of an accidental spill of oil, fuels or other substances, the affected soil layer must be immediately removed and sent to a suitable final destination. This prevents contamination of the underlying soil layers and the deep infiltration of the substances in question; • Carry out periodic inspections and maintenance of the water tanks such as may be installed, and other equipment (oil separators, grease traps, retention basins, etc.), thus ensuring smooth operation and environmental protection; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.566 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Define a contingency plan for spillage and/or overflow from the septic tanks, with clear indications of the procedures to be followed to contain the spill and/or drain the tank by pumping to a suitable septic tank cleaning truck; • Define the final destination of soils coming from the excavations, such as cannot be used in the Zenzo HP works, assessing their use for other works, and in recovery of degraded areas or quarries; • Provide for a Deactivation Plan for the Construction Support Infrastructure, to cover the total removal, turning and aerating of the soil, so as to help decomposition and the restoring of the soil's balance, its structure, and its natural permeability; • Guarantee re-use of the soil's surface layer (previously stripped away and stored in suitable areas), taking into account recovery of the landscape of the area to be worked in, use in the recovery of other degraded areas or, if this is not possible, its spreading in the areas adjacent to the work sites, particularly for the best quality soils. • The functionality of all roadways not affected by the project's elements must be ensured during construction; • Impoverished agricultural areas, and the need for their users to leave the location, must be communicated to the respective users in advance, in sufficient time to allow for the gathering of products, and to avoid the development of new works (land preparation, sowing, others). Operating Phase During the operating phase the following measure is proposed: • Carry out, on a regular (seasonal) basis, recovery of the slopes/banks of the reservoir. 93.9.4 - Water Resources Pre-Construction Phase • Drafting specific studies pertaining to the sediment in the River Kwanza's basin area, using the study area as a reference; Construction Phase Minimization measures implemented for resources, during the construction phase of the Zenzo HP are as follows: • Implement a peripheral drainage system with proper entrainment to the final destination. For example, leak-tight pits, in the infrastructure supporting the construction; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.567 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • If areas of preferential circulation and percolation waters intersect, the water there must be collected at the place upwelling, and returned immediately to the environment without further contamination; • When excavating foundations of the dams and their attached facilities, ensure that all flows affluent to the excavations are checked; • Continuing water lines crossing the study area must be guaranteed; • Discharging pollutants into the water lines must be completely prohibited; • Contain and immediately clean the water lines in situations of accidental spillage of polluting substances; • Immediately clean the water lines in situations of partial or total obstruction; • Carry out earthwork and drainage work to ensure good runoff conditions, avoiding situations that may contribute to exacerbation of floods; • The water circuit intended for the social installations and for human consumption, must be subject to proper treatment; • The chemical and biological contamination caused by the wastewater produced during the construction phase must be controlled by installing temporary leak-tight pits, their contents subsequently being collected by septic tank cleaning trucks, which will then route them to an appropriate final destination; • Guarantee good practice of Waste Management; • The Water Resources Monitoring Plan included in this study must be applied in order to assess the construction of the Zenzo HP, and the possible impacts it may encourage with regard to surface waters. Operating Phase The Water Resources Monitoring Plan included in this study must be applied in order to assess the operation of the Zenzo HP, and the possible impact it may encourage with regard to surface water. 95 Ensure protection of the surface water by avoiding spills of pollutants during maintenance activities, and ensure immediate cleaning in the event of an accident; 96 Inspection and implementation of regular cleaning of the peripheral drainage system, if such exists, at least twice a year, in September and February; 97 Maintenance of the runoff conditions of the existing drainage structures. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.568 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 93.9.5 - Air Quality The Project's impact on air quality occurs during the construction phase, resulting essentially from movement of vehicles and machines, yard activities, deforestation, excavation and landfill activities that emit dust. This impact may be significant and of high magnitude, if appropriate measures are not taken, such as: • Controlled irrigation of the access ways used by vehicles and construction equipment, when strictly necessary and on very dry and windy days, to avoid stirring up dust; • Special care must be taken in loading, unloading, depositing and transporting construction and waste materials, especially if they are dusty or of a particulate nature, sepcifically packaging during loading, traversing less height when unloading, as well as covering and humidification during transport and deposition in the affected area; • Condition, cover and humidify the works' construction and waste materials, when strictly necessary and on very dry and windy days, especially if they are dusty or of a particulate nature, in order to avoid dropping and spreading them on public roads during transportation to the work area or the assigned storage area; • Do not carry out open burning of any type of waste from the worksite; • Plan for the movement of vehicles and machinery used to support the work; • Ensure that maintenance and periodic checking of all vehicles and all construction machinery is done; • Adopt personal protection regulations for the workers most exposed to air pollution during the construction activities, in accordance with the legal regulations in force and the technical specifications established. 93.9.6 - Sound/Noise Environment During the construction phase, it is recommended that the following measures be applied to minimize the impact associated with the movement of vehicles and the civil construction activities: • Movement of vehicles through inhabited areas, when unavoidable, must be done using moderate speed; • Adopt construction methods and equipment that emit as little noise as possible; • Proceed with the maintenance and periodic checking of all machinery and vehicles assigned to the works, so as to maintain their normal operating conditions and thus ensure compliance with noise emission standards; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.569 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • To guarantee that work equipment is legally ratified in terms of noise emissions and in a good state of conservation/maintenance. • The construction support infrastructure must be located, if possible, as far away from residential areas as possible, thus protecting the population from the noisiest activities caused by the work carried out on this infrastructure; • Ensure that the noisiest activities carried out near residential areas are done only during the daytime and on weekdays; • Audible signals, other than those for security measures, must be avoided in the immediate vicinity of settlements and scattered dwellings; • The correct size of the fleet required for the works must be carried out; • Select those that minimize vibrations from the technically feasible digging methods appropriate for the geological conditions of the work sites; • Schedule and coordinate the construction activities, especially those that generate high vibrations, taking into account occupation of the land in areas next to the work site, especially if there are buildings; • All of the machinery present at the site must have technical information regarding the sound level produced, with all maintenance and inspections completed, to ensure that the equipment present is in optimum operating condition and does not produce sound levels above those stipulated. The work machinery (mobile and immobile) must have certification for the level of sound it emits. 93.9.7 - Biological Environment Construction Phase For ecology, the following measures have been set: • Selection of deforestation periods and intervention in the River Kwanza's bed (e.g., excavation operations) that coincide preferably with periods of less rainfall (Cacimbo season); • Implementation of effective regimens of ecological flow rates, upstream of the dam; • Given that removal of the vegetation cover includes activities harmful to both habitats and fauna, efforts must be made to minimize the impact generated by this activity. Thus, clearing activity must ensure that there are routes for dispersing individuals to more favorable areas not impacted by the project and, consequently, a greater probability that birds will remain in these areas. Therefore, the main minimization measures for clearing activities are as follows: S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.570 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Scheduling and planning clearing and deforestation activities must take into account the most sensitive areas for the different faunal groups, constraining/avoiding in these areas the most damaging activities (destroying vegetation) during the periods of greatest vulnerability for the species, such as the breeding period; • Clearing activity must be restricted to the areas that are absolutely necessary for correct execution of construction activities for the dams, attached facilities, and the reservoir (up to the required FSL); • Clearing must be done from lower to higher elevations, and from downstream to upstream, in order to direct animal life to areas with suitable habitats (in adjacent areas) and to serve as an eventual source of recolonization; • Clearing activity must be done in the shortest possible time in order to reduce the period of anthropogenic disturbance in the area as much as possible; • Avoid an extensive time lag between the clearing activity and the construction activity for the dams and their attached facilities, in order to avoid recolonization of species and thus reduce the adaptive ability of the populations; • It is advisable to monitor the whole process, from the planning to the implementation phase, through a specialized technician or team, with an aim to improve clearing activity; • The areas for installing the construction support infrastructure must be adjusted as much as possible to avoid affecting important habitats, preferentially using areas where the vegetation is more degraded, and avoiding natural habitats such as Riparian Gallery Forest and Dense Forest. • During the construction phase, wildlife species should be protected and any situation in which they are affected should be handled accordingly. If necessary, through cooperation with wildlife recovery centers. Operating Phase Measures for the operating phase directly related to this environmental factor are not applicable. 93.9.8 - Social and Economic Elements Pre-Construction Phase • Produce a study that integrates the rigorous survey of agricultural areas and the families affected by flooding the reservoir; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.571 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 35 Raise public awareness in the population to the presence of the works and the objectives of installing the Plant (consultation and follow-up), in order to minimize possible attempts to sabotage both the works and their subsequent operation; 36 The workers and residents should be made aware of the difficulties and conflicts that can occur during communication between people of different cultures and habits; 37 Place signage containing information on the completion period of the project, and the entry and exit of vehicles; 38 Place safety signage applicable to construction work on sidings, such as access prohibited to non- personnel, requirement of using PPE, and periodically checking if the signage is visible and in good condition. It is recommended that the contractor appoint a person responsible for this matter; 39 A traffic plan for vehicles assigned to the works must be produced and complied with the aim to minimize interference with unnecessary areas and favoring reduced journey distances; 40 Produce and implement a social responsibility plan that includes measures to value local culture, respect customs, and prevent and mitigate conflicts between residents and workers; 41 Produce and implement a code of conduct for workers, covering various topics, including sexual protection, respect for different ethnicities and cultures, existing diseases and their prevention measures (prophylaxis, use of insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets), use of water for human consumption, among others; 42 Introduce health and safety measures in the workplace plan that include universal measures for the construction phase and construction of hydroelectric facilities (e.g.: signage for access ways and hazardous locations, use of helmets and protection, training staff, etc.); 43 Construction of a health station for the workers and residents; 44 A proper Resettlement and Compensation Plan must be defined for the inhabitants of the areas affected by the project, specifically for the settlements in the Calambala and Candengue districts, taking into account the effects on residences and agricultural areas. As it was not possible to access the whole area to be flooded by the reservoir, a check must be done at a later state in the project for the existence of other buildings that may be flooded by the reservoir, beyond those as identified in Annex V; 45 The unavailability of water downstream may lead to the disappearance of existing and potential agricultural areas, and therefore respective compensatory measures must be included. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.572 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Construction Phase 45.4 Keep the area adjoining the sidings clean and free of obstacles, as the latter may contribute to reduced pedestrian safety; 45.5 Avoid use of sound signals, and reduce the speed of heavy vehicles when driving through populated areas, so as to reduce noise and vibration from these vehicles as well as emission of dust and particulate, given that there are many dirt roads; 45.6 Take care to keep roads and customary routes free, maintaining access necessary for the local population's normal course of activities; 45.7 Repair damage caused as a consequence of activities associated with the work in a timely manner,; 45.8 Use the local and regional labor force whenever possible to construct the Hydroelectric Power Plant, in order to reduce the local/regional unemployment rate; 45.9 At the end of the work, repair any damage done to roads used, to restore them to their original state; 45.10 An emergency action plan for accidents that spill hazardous substances must be established with competent authorities; 45.11 There must be suitable means for rapid transport of injured or life-threatened persons to hospitals in the region. Operating Phase 45.12 Use the local and regional labor force to manage, operate and maintain the Hydroelectric Power Plant, whenever possible, in order to reduce the local/regional unemployment rate. 93.9.9 - Regional Planning Taking into account that no significant negative impact has been identified, no mitigation measures are envisaged for regional planning. 93.9.10 - Historical, Cultural and Ethnological Heritage The inhabitants give sentimental value to the Filomeno Câmara Bridge, and the Bridge should be placed on display at the municipal headquarters or the provincial headquarters. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.573 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 93.9.11 - Landscape Pre-Construction Phase • A plan must be drawn up for integrating all of the construction support infrastructure with the access ways, in order to minimize possible use of the site in question; • Ensure, where possible, that the infrastructure supports construction • Define the loan area sites beforehand, indicating that they have not been worked on already and that there will be a landscape recovery plan for these areas; • If possible, ensure that the construction support infrastructure is located in the least sensitive landscape areas and in locations with minimal visual impact, preferably away from water lines and the main localities. Construction Phase In order to mitigate landscape impacts at the location and during the construction phase, the following measures must be taken into account: • Ensure that the earth produced by stripping is collected in suitable areas (with these being low, long, and properly protected from erosive effects), for later use in the work areas. This point is particularly important given that this earth contains the seeds of indigenous species indispensable for natural regeneration of said work areas; • Avoid using exotic or invasive vegetation in landscape integration for the various areas worked in, and instead use species that are native to the region; • Ensure that the areas to be selectively cleared/deforested are those delimited in the designs approved for construction, corresponding to the areas for the dams and their attached facilities, the construction support infrastructure, and the reservoir (FSL = 415 M). Operating Phase Filling • Minimize the period for clearing and filling the reservoir area, postponing clearing until the end of the dam construction and attached facilities; • Conduct phased clearing, along with filling of the reservoir, with clearing done first next to the dams and with S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.574 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report progress of the construction, small amounts of clearing will be done at the sill (monitoring the progress of the rising water level). Operation • Maintain banks and collect debris on the water that may reduce the visual quality of the reservoir; • Check for potential invasive vegetation or infestations, ensuring eradication as soon as it appears; • Ensure that nearby land (especially downstream of the dam) maintains its agricultural use, or is converted into areas of added natural and scenic value (e.g. rainforest or riparian gallery forest); • Check onsite that restoration measures are effective when applied in landscape integration, carrying out correction/assessment. 93.9.12 - Wastes Pre-Construction Phase 23 Explain how waste management must be carried out during the construction phase to all workers; 24 Produce a Waste Management Plan that integrates with the Environmental Management Plan. Construction Phase The following are some waste measures that must be taken into account during the construction work: 25 Prohibit open burning of any waste; 26 Properly store the wastes produced, according to its type, in the waste space that must be created inside the areas for waste and material deposition; The waste storage area must be waterproofed and sealed; 27 Protect surface and underground water by avoiding spills of oil and fuels, and ensure immediate cleaning in the event of an accident; 28 Construct a temporary storage area for waste oils, in a covered and waterproofed area, with suitable retention basin to prevent accidental spills; 29 After completing the works, debris and all waste from the work (plastic and metal packaging, frames, formwork, among others) must be removed. All of these materials, as well as earth from the excavations must be transported to a suitable final destination; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.575 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 30 Whenever possible, re-using materials and recycling waste back into the works must be encouraged; 31 Waste produced during the construction phase that cannot be re-used in the works must be sent for assessment and/or to an appropriate final destination, licensed for this purpose; 32 An appropriate packaging system for selective waste management must be properly identified with an appropriate label. This must indicate the LAR code, the LAR designation, existence of hazardousness, waste characteristics, etc.; 33 Hazardous waste may only be collected outside of the Zenzo HP's premises with operators certified for this purpose by the Ministry of the Environment; 34 In collecting hazardous waste, a waste transport manifest must be completed, in accordance with the form in Annex VII of Presidential Decree no. 190/12, of 24 August. Those responsible for this shall forward a copy to the Ministry of the Environment and shall keep one for themselves, with the others respectively going to the carrier and the consignee of the waste. These copies must be kept in an archive for a period of 5 years. Operating Phase Explain how waste management must be carried out to all workers; Procedures must be adopted to reduce the amount of waste produced. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.576 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report (page intentionally left blank) S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.577 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 22 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT Environmental monitoring is a concept defined within the current legislative framework on matters of Environmental Impact Assessment. Pursuant to Decree-Law no. 51/2004, of July 23, an EIS must include the “Drafting of a Follow-up Schedule and Monitoring of Positive and Negative Impacts, indicating the factors and parameters to be considered”. Monitoring the environmental parameters, following a process of environmental impact assessment, is necessary in two situations: when a relevant degree of uncertainty persists concerning the significance of any given impact, requiring the evolution of the impact to be monitored throughout the Project's implementation and/or exploration; then the applied environmental mitigation measures have to be gauged and/or reassessed, throughout the duration of the Project. Considering the nature of the project, stated below are monitoring guidelines for Surface Water Resources and the Biotic Environment, which are deemed to be the most affected by this Project. Nevertheless, checking procedures must be implemented in the scope of environmental management during the works, and must be extended, when such is deemed applicable, to the operating phase. These procedures must serve to assess the need for specific monitoring procedures for some environmental aspects not included in the EIS. 22.1 - Monitoring of Surface Water Resources 22.1.1 - Quantitative Aspects – Hydrological Parameters and Sedimentary Transport • - Hydrological Parameters In analyzing hydrological parameters, the reservoir's tributaries and effluents must be monitored monthly, by means of the reservoir's water balance, based on entering the reservoir's water levels, the flows discharged, and the evaporation data obtained at the weather station. The monthly balance must be based on daily average data, and the residence time of water in the reservoir must be determined monthly. The flows discharged must always be measured. • - Sedimentary Transport The methodology to be adopted relating to the parameters to be measured, the measuring methods, and the sampling frequency must be the same as those used for the monitoring of river basins. However, the following must be monitored: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.578 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Variations in the width and depth of the water line section, and of the floodplain; • The channel bottom substrate; • The riparian structure. 93.9.13 - Qualitative Aspects – Quality of the Surface Water • - Construction Phase PARAMETERS TO MONITOR In the project's construction phase, the main pollutants are suspended dust caused by moving earth that will be deposited in the water, the effluents and residues produced in the work yard areas, and the fuels, oils and lubricants used in vehicles assigned to the work. It is also necessary to determine some parameters that define the general characteristics of the water masses. With assumptions in mind, the parameters to be monitored are presented in the following table: TABLE 10.1 – Parameters to monitor during the construction phase PARAMETER SURFACE WATERS pH Temperature Electrical conductivity Total hardness Alkalinity Total suspended solids Cadmium (total and dissolved fractions) Chromium (total and dissolved fractions) Copper (total and dissolved fractions) Total Phosphorous Zinc (total and dissolved fractions) Nitrates Nitrites CBO5 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.579 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report PARAMETER SURFACE WATERS CQO Ammoniacal Nitrogen Total Nitrogen Phosphates (Orthophosphates) Total Hydrocarbons Salinity Mineral Oils X Oils and Fats X The monitoring of surface waters must be carried out upstream and downstream of the dam construction site. Sampling of surface water must be accompanied by determining the associated flow rate. SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND FREQUENCY Considering the project type, three sampling points must be defined for the dam construction site, as shown below: • In the River Kwanza, upstream of the area to be flooded (1); • In the River Kwanza, downstream of the dam (2); • In the River Kwanza, in the area of the future reservoir (3); S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.580 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report FIGURE 10.1 – Suggestion of monitoring places for surface water quality Annual sampling at the monitoring points must be done within the construction period, preceded by a reference sampling of the surface water, to serve as a preliminary description before the construction activities commence. ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND METHODS Sampling must use the following criteria: • The volume of water collected must be sufficient to analyze the parameters mentioned above; • When collecting the samples, field records must be made, contain the following data: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.581 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Exact location of the collection point (coordinates and photographic record); • Date and time when the collection was made; • Indication of the parameters analyzed in situ; • Type and method of sampling; • Description of the area around the collection point. The data obtained must be properly recorded, archived and entered into a newly created database. The equipment used must be properly calibrated and compatible with the methods to be used for each parameter, and the samples and analyses must be carried out by a body accredited for such. • - Operating Phase PARAMETERS TO MONITOR For points located in areas that will not be affected by the reservoir, the parameters indicated for the construction phase will be maintained. For sites submerged by the reservoir, monitoring adapted to lentic water bodies must be initiated, taking into account the parameters indicated in the following table: TABLE 10.2 – Parameters to monitor in the reservoir during the operating phase PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS Temperature profile Dissolved oxygen profile (concentration and % saturation) Secchi Depth Colour Turbidity Conductibility Salinity pH S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.582 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS Alkalinity Oxidability Total hardness Total suspended solids Nitrates Nitrites Total Phosphorous Phosphates (Orthophosphates) CQO CBO5 Ammoniacal Nitrogen Total Nitrogen In the interior of the reservoir, the water quality, discharge and ecological flow must be monitored with vertical profiles, especially in summer stratification. Sampling in the reservoir must be carried out about 500 m upstream of the dam and in a place other than the reservoir. Some of the parameters must be sampled along the entire vertical profile (meter by meter) due to summer stratification, or separately in the epilimnetic, metalimnetic, and hypolimnetic zones, with this discrimination only being necessary in the summer. Monitoring must include measuring nutrients and phytoplankton (qualitative and quantitative). In the reservoir, the monitoring point must be close to the dam and must include measurements in the epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion. SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND FREQUENCY During this phase, the sites previously defined for the construction phase are maintained. The frequency of sampling will inevitably change over time, due to the equilibrium of the mass of water in the reservoir, which will be gradually established. Thus, during the filling stage, the frequency of sampling must be monthly, and collection may be carried out at the surface. After the start-up phase, the frequency must be six times a month, to ensure water quality. At this stage, and for the Temperature and OD parameters, the samples must be taken along the vertical profile for the summer period. However, due to the reduced size of the Quilengue reservoir, the first sampling will be carried out in compliance with these requirements, unless S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.583 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report stratification is not confirmed, at which point it will not be necessary to take profile samples during the remaining sample runs. For the parameters of nitrates, ammonia, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, the samples must be taken from the surface layer. It is important to note that the sampling must always be carried out at the same time, preferably in the same month as the previous year, in order to make the appropriate correlations for the sampling period concerned. DATA TREATMENT METHODS After the first sampling campaign, reference values, namely the annual average values, as well as the annual maximum and minimum values, must be calculated for each parameter. Once the first year of sampling has been completed, the maximum and minimum values must be referenced throughout the sampling period. At the end of the first year of sampling, a Final Report must be drafted and submitted to the competent official body. To this end, a specific database must be created. The criteria for reviewing the monitoring program are derived from the results obtained during the monitoring campaigns, and the program may be adapted according to the needs confirmed. DATA ASSESSMENT CRITERIA The monitoring results, and the respective reference values for each parameter must be subjected to two types of treatment: • Comparison to values from previous campaigns (after the first campaign); • Comparison to legally relevant limits, depending on the uses in question (arising from national legislation or, in the absence thereof, international law). The aim of a comparison to values from previous campaigns is to assess the evolution of the values of each parameter monitored (in order to identify possible trends in which the situation is worsening, and see what needs strengthening in the recommended minimization measures), and analyze the influence of seasonal conditions on the values obtained, always taking into account the activities characteristic of the construction phase, which must always be mentioned. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.584 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report The aim of comparing values to legal limits, is to assess potentially excessive values for the parameters monitored, always taking into account that the mentioned legal limits usually refer to annual averages. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES TO ADOPT FOLLOWING THE RESULTS OF THE MONITORING PROGRAMS After performing the measurements and obtaining results, if any situations deemed abnormal are observed, actions should be taken and implemented to minimize impact, and new surveys should be carried out until it returns to normal. The measures will depend on the results obtained in the monitoring, and on the factors responsible for those results, only after the results of the monitoring are made obtained. In the event of unexpected, significant negative environmental impact to water quality, the situation must be assessed to identify the cause and the best solution. The frequency of sampling may be reduced once results have been stabilized and effectiveness of the measures taken has been validated. FREQUENCY OF MONITORING REPORTS, DELIVERY DATES, AND CRITERIA FOR REVIEWING THE MONITORING PROGRAM The monitoring reports should be submitted annually within a maximum period of two months after the end of the year to which they pertain. Summary reports must also be submitted pertaining to each monitoring survey within a maximum period of a week after their respective results are made available. Both the monitoring sites and frequency, as well as the parameters to be monitored, must be maintained as much as is possible, to allow comparison of results over time. The monitoring plan must be reassessed and, if necessary, adjusted at the end of the first monitoring year, taking into account the results obtained. This review may meet the following criteria, or another that may be relevant during the monitoring: S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.585 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Detection of significant negative impact on the water quality that falls under the Project's direct responsibility: sampling must be intensified, with possible additional measures to be taken to minimize the impact; • Stabilization of the results obtained, justifying the measures implemented: the sampling frequency, or the number of sites sampled may be reduced; • Obtaining results that are not conclusive or do not prove the absence of negative impact: the number of parameters to be determined may be reduced, or the list of parameters to be monitored may be readdressed. 97.1 - Monitoring of the Biotic Environment 97.1.1 - Flora Conservation Program • - Framing Initial studies show a large diversity of plant species in the region, and conservation efforts should be made to protect them from flooding. It is important to emphasize that genotypes of these species populations may not be found in those that remain after flooding, either in the vicinity of the lake or elsewhere in their distribution areas. Thus, the agent of impact (suppression of vegetation) will absolutely cause genetic erosion. These facts can be partially minimized, and in certain cases reversed, with rescue activity and subsequent ex situ conservation. In addition to establishing effective measures, the program will help generate data of fundamental importance, both for the country's scientific knowledge and sustainable development of the Mid-Kwanza region. Increased knowledge of the most important species for conservation, their capacities for reproduction, distribution and restructuring, and for protecting marginal areas, are also highlighted in the program. • - Objectives The general objective of the monitoring Program is to mitigate the impact of suppressing vegetation in the area of civil works and work yards; suppression of native vegetation, with consequent loss of genetic variability of plant species; and changes to communities in areas near the reservoirs. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.586 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report This program aims to minimize the impact that implementation of the enterprise will have on vegetation and flora, through identification of plant species, and rescue and germplasm conservation of priority species. Rescuing may guarantee the genetic integrity of the endangered species in the area. Another specific objective of this program is to train specialized human resources in Angola for academic and scientific research. • - Methodological Procedures Based on the results obtained from the field surveys, the Program was divided into four stages: Stage 1: Supplementation and enrichment of the floristic composition survey in the area of influence The floristic composition survey aims to supplement and consolidate the knowledge and identification of the plant species in the region to determine priority rescues with a check list that is to be completed as soon as possible. The process of conserving impacted flora will be based on this study as little is known about the local vegetation. Preliminary studies indicate that the region contains rich flora, both in terms of species and phytophysiognomies. The results of this stage will guide the entire process of rescuing and relocating the germplasm obtained. The following criteria must be adopted for the flora survey: • Collection of fertile botanical material (flower and/or fruit), carried out by means of random walks in representative areas of each phytophysiognomy found (at least 12 major vegetation types), of the greatest possible number of each, in all sections of the future reservoir; • In each section (to be defined), collections of all vascular species observed having reproductive material, at least during periods of drought (cacimbo) and rain; • Collection of specimens of the arboreal, shrub and herbaceous strata, including epiphytes, rupicolous, algae, and aquatic macrophytes; S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.587 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Field teams subdivided, during the expedition, according to type of stratum, each one being responsible for collections either in the arboreal stratum, or focusing on shrub and herbaceous strata. Alternatively, the division may be made according to phytophysiognomies (one in forest environments and the other in savannah or pasture environments). In the field, the material must be packed in plastic bags or subjected to preliminary herborization, that is, placed directly on field sample presses. The material must be inserted between sheets of newspaper, and given specific numbering for each botanical specimen collected. In the laboratory, the specimens collected for herborization will be transferred to field greenhouses. After drying (one or two days of drying in the greenhouse), the specimens must be prepared for shipment to the final destination (herbarium). Detailed data on each species collected, including preliminary identification (botanical family, scientific name and/or common name), type of material collected (cuttings, germplasm), growth practice (whether tree, shrub, grass), morphological aspects of the flower or reproductive parts (colors, size, etc.), general and local collection environment, type of substrate, location, relative frequency of population, and other relevant information, must be noted in a field book (Walter & Cavalcanti, 2005b). The herborized and dried materials must be deposited as a priority in the Herbarium of Luanda, where identifications can be made either by consulting specialized literature or comparing them with other specimens deposited there. Copies of these specimens may be sent to specialists in the different taxonomic groups (mainly in Brazil), which must ensure accurate identification. If possible, efforts must be made to carry out phytosociological surveys, along with the floristic survey, which aim to generate quantitative data on the species and are very useful in drafting the list of priority species to be rescued. In this case, the surveys must compare to an identical phytophysiognomy inside and outside of the area of the future reservoir, with this generating data on the concentration, presence/absence of populations of certain species in the areas of the reservoir. There are different survey methods for the different formations (forest, savannah, pasture), most of which are for arboreal stratum plants. Stage 2: Rescue of germplasm of priority species Rescue of germplasm, or rescue of flora, means intensive and selective collection along the entire length of a future reservoir of plant material defined among conservation priorities. This includes collection of seeds, seedlings, cuttings, tubers, fruits, etc., and as many individuals as possible S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.588 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report from each population, following a previously defined strategy, to be carefully preserved. Due to the high number of plant species expected in the region, it would not be possible or even feasible to recover germplasm from all the taxa occurring there, mainly due to problems related to their conservation. These problems include lack of technique and scientific knowledge of the species, on potential uses and unavailability of suitable areas or sites for the effective ex situ conservation of the materials recovered. Unlike the rescue of fauna, which is done basically from the beginning of filling the reservoir (lakes), the rescue of flora must be initiated well in advance. A plant rescue program must focus on the flora of an area (in this case, the area where the reservoir will be created) and not see vegetation as a potential supplier of wood and firewood. However, the flora of an impacted area is a supplier of potentially useful genes that would be lost forever in the absence of the work. Although rescuing the flora may not be economically beneficial in the short-term, the clear ecological benefit may be economically beneficial in the long-run (in agricultural breeding programs, for example). The germplasm rescue activity must involve the Angolan National Center for Phytogenetic Resources (CNRF). This institute aims to conserve genetic plant resources to be used for food, agriculture, industry, health, construction and ornamentation. Parameters for listing species in the rescue priorities list As mentioned, it is necessary to prioritize the species targeted for rescue, from the larger list of plants in the floristic survey. Therefore, it is necessary to establish parameters that serve as criteria for species selection. Below are the parameters on which plant rescue must be based, with subsequent indication of the priority levels into which each species (or taxon) must be sorted. A brief comment is made at the end of each parameter. • Species of economic interest and/or for research: this group includes forest, medicinal, fruit, ornamental, forage etc. species, as well as those that are of interest to humans. They include plants framed as "phytogenetic resources" (i.e. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.589 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report plants of current or potential socioeconomic interest, that are, or may be, used in food and agro- forestry); • Species already organized in the Germplasm Banks system with conservation guaranteed: these banks must belong to a system led by Angola's CNRF. Preferably included here are species with seeds that have orthodox behavior and, optionally, those with recalcitrant behavior, conserved at the CNRF itself; • Species that are concentrated in the future reservoir area will be determined by the flotation surveys, which will observe and record the species of interest that are concentrated in the flooded area and prioritize them over those with concentrated distribution outside of the reservoir or in both areas (in and out of the lake); • Species of riparian vegetation (forests, savannahs, etc.) are the phytophysiognomies most affected by hydroelectric dam reservoirs. The species rescued in these communities may be quite widely used for repopulating degraded areas, and may still be in certain stretches of the margins; • Species for recovering degraded areas are botanical material that must be rescued and sent to the seedling nursery in the region. This includes collection of grasses and forage legumes, for use in practices relating to the conservation measures; • Endemic and/or endangered species are those prioritized to ensure preservation, if any endemism is detected in in the area of the future reservoir by the floristic survey. The same applies for species threatened by predatory exploitation (removal of wood for firewood etc.) or even threatened with extinction; and • Species with more than one fit: numerous species may be framed in more than one interest group, for example, being both forest and medicinal, fruit and ornamental etc. Such species will be given special attention in the rescue activity. In addition, the target species for rescue will be given different priority levels, to support actions and decisions in the field. If two or more species are on the priority list for rescue and there is not enough time or skilled personnel to collect of all of them, the following must be done in the expedition. Greater or lesser effort given to collection, between options, 46 must be based on the following levels: 46.4 Level 1: The species must fit into one or more of the first three parameters; 46.5 Level 2: The species must fit into at least two parameters; and S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.590 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 46.6 Level 3: The species fits into a single parameter. Once the rescued species have been defined, the collection sites to be explored (where to collect them) and sampling strategies for collecting them (when collecting) must be established. The central problem in this matter is defining the strategies with which the persons responsible for collecting can obtain the maximum amount of genetic variation, with the lowest number of samples (Walter & Cavalcanti, 2005a). Considering there will be little or no information available on the genetic structure of the populations of target species for rescue, the following criteria must guide the work: 46.7 Randomly collect individuals at each site, with separate samples for distinct microenvironments (phytophysiognomic changes, different soils, etc.), provided that the site is heterogeneous; 46.8 Sufficient amount of sample seeds or plant materials per plant to accurately represent each original plant in possible duplicates; 46.9 To preserve the genetic variability of allogamous species, collect seeds extensively and casually from each population with small samples of each matrix, that are of equal or approximately equal number per matrix of the largest possible number of populations; 46.10 In order to preserve the genetic variability of autogamous species, collect seeds extensively and casually from each population, with large samples of each matrix of the greater number of populations; and 46.11 To save time in the conservation/breeding programs, collect abundant material from matrices deemed to be elite, in effort to represent them within the sample by collecting plant material. Considering the difficulties in putting the above criteria into practice, Walter and Cavalcanti (2005a) recommend it is more important to sample the maximum number of sites (sites/populations) than to sample the theoretically ideal number of plants per site, with sampling that too large. Seeds and other propagating materials (cuttings, seedlings, etc.) must be collected before and during the filling of the reservoir for ex situ conservation programs, including efforts to restore the marginal areas of the future reservoir. In order for the rescue really to attain its safeguarding objectives, there must be direct involvement of Angola's CNRF, with it taking responsibility for conservation of the materials obtained. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.591 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report For species that reproduce by seed, the majority of the list of priorities must be drafted based on the floristics, in the course of the service, and at the time of maturation of fruit the species must be harvested immediately. The fruiting season varies greatly from one species to another and, within the species itself, between populations, and between different years, so this must also be included in the strategies. In carrying out the field activities, a form containing individual information for each access collected on (passport data) must be completed, with access meaning a sample of the population, or a sample of living material, representing one individual or several individuals from a population. According to Valois et al. (1996), this is typically any single individual record of a germplasm collection (e.g. seedling, plantlet, etc.). It is thus recommended that more than one access be collected per species. Preferably, the more accesses per species, the more effective the rescue. The seeds collected must therefore be sent to the receiving unit as the nursery for seedlings, and be located at the construction site, or sent to the CNRF, properly identified. When handling the material, after post-harvest treatment, the seeds must be packed in appropriate containers, properly labeled, and shipped to the final destination. Species that reproduce via subterranean structures or cuttings must be rescued and immediately replanted in previously defined areas (outside of the reservoir area or in the nursery). Transporting them to places with conditions that are worse than their original location should be avoided. Rescuing cuttings must be done for wood species that indicate success from this method. In addition, biological characteristics of the individuals/populations at the time of rescue, such as phenological status and age, are factors that may also interfere in the success of propagating materials taking hold. Stage 3: Implementation of the seedlings nursery A seedlings nursery is the convergence point of the various activities making up the Flora Conservation Program, in particular for landscape restoration projects. It will be necessary to produce a quantity of seedlings of good quality and vigor, in accordance with the best technical standards, guaranteed by means of a careful strategy of collection, processing, conservation and reproduction of the seeds. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.592 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 34.5.1 - Ichthyofauna Inventory and Monitoring Program • - Framing Implementation of an artificial lacustrine environment formed from damming the River Kwanza will cause changes to its ichthyofauna composition, from lotic to lentic, thereby changing its environmental conditions. The fish diversity of the River Kwanza will experience change to its original composition changed, due to the Cambambe and Capanda dam projects located in the River Kwanza, downstream and upstream from the site proposed for the Zenzo HP. Cambambe and Capanda thus represent irreversible artificial obstacles to the flow of the River Kwanza's migratory species in the area of the Mid-Kwanza. The middle section of the River Kwanza has an embedded geographic profile, cutting a valley without large tributaries in its middle and high parts, with a high number of lotic environments, such as rapids. This profile is suggestive of some degree of endemism that is not necessarily threatened by the implementation of another dam but deserves scientific attention. As a way to establish protection measures for the fish community in the River Kwanza basin before construction of this project, it is necessary to develop a series of actions, initiated by an inventory of the middle section of River Kwanza, with a program for collecting and monitoring its ichthyofauna. • - General Objectives The Program's main objective is to characterize its ichthyofauna, especially that occurring in the direct areas of influence, including the organisms present in its main tributaries. This characterization must accurately compare the composition of the ichthyofauna before and after the Zenzo HP. The program also includes ichthyofauna monitoring studies, from the filling phase and in the facility's operating phase. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.593 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Specific Objectives: 23 Supplement the existing data and produce a diagnosis, as complete as possible, on the diversity of the ichthyofauna in the middle section of River Kwanza, and describe its current state of conservation before implementation of the project; 24 Identify reproductive (reproduction periods and migratory species) and feeding lifecycle (diet) of the ichthyofauna in middle section of River Kwanza; 25 Understand fishing activity in the project area; 26 Identify the project's potential impact on the ichthyofauna, during both the construction and operating phases; 27 Rescue the fish contained in puddles during construction of the dam and the filling of the reservoir, 28 Suggest mitigating measures that may minimize possible project impact on the ichthyofauna and propose programs for conserving, monitoring and managing the local ichthyofauna; 29 Train specialized human resources in Angola, to continue academic and scientific research in collection and monitoring programs, and continue the programs relating to ichthyofauna in the long term. • - Methodological Procedures The Ichthyofauna Inventory and Monitoring Program must be constituted in different work phases and include the following activities: • Network implementation for collecting data about the fish community in the project's direct area of influence to understand the population dynamics of the communities and the biological cycles of the species potentially most affected by the dam; • Monitoring the main tributaries of the River Kwanza's drainage system; • Assessment and implementation of the measures necessary for rescuing fish during the dam construction and the filling of the reservoir, monitoring changes in the fish community for environmental impact. • Monitoring the dynamics of the fish populations during the three years after the reservoirs are filled, seeking support for implementing the ichthyofauna management program. It is recommended that fieldwork in the middle section of River Kwanza be done over four campaigns per year; before, during and after formation of the reservoir, in different flow conditions and during the dry and rainy season, to include possible temporal variations. Fieldwork S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.594 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report shall include sample points previously studied, and other points may be included if different micro- environments of the middle section of River Kwanza are identified in the project's area of direct influence, both upstream and downstream of the dam location area. As far as possible, all micro-environments typical of the region will be sampled, such as stream beds, rapids, waterholes, backwaters, foliage, sand, larger flow channels, etc., in order to identify the habitat preferences of the different species, and to collect as many different species as possible. It is also possible to add other points where access to the river will be opened before the campaigns. The exact location of the points may be changed during the field campaigns, in line with assessment by the technical team. The different types of environment must be photographed for recording to identify correlation to the type of ichthyofauna sampled. There must also be quick characterization of the collection sites, of vegetation cover, submerged vegetation, bed structure, characteristics of the bank, etc. Overall, collection will be carried out during daytime, but may also be done at night, with the specific aim of catching nocturnal ichthyofauna such as Siluriformes (catfish and hard-skinned species) and Mormyridae (electric fish), two very diverse groups that are well represented in the middle section of River Kwanza. The specimens collected shall be immediately preserved, in situ, in 10% formaldehyde, and transferred to 70% ethanol, if possible, after a period of at least 48 hours. Small samples of muscle tissue may be taken from certain individuals for future molecular analyses. These will be placed directly in alcohol, without passing through formalin, in containers of the Eppendorf type. Prior to the preserving process, the material may be field-screened to be identified based on natural coloring (e.g. for fish in the Cichlidae family). Fish of intense or striking coloring and of relatively small size will be photographed while alive, in an aquarium at the collection site. More precise identification of species must be done at a laboratory, based on relevant literature, and comparison with material deposited in the scientific collections of institutions in other countries. 97.1.2 - Terrestrial Fauna Conservation Program • - Framing Human activity in natural environments, including construction and operation of hydroelectric power plants, inevitably leads to a break in the physical continuity of green areas. This fragmentation may S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.595 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report reduce biodiversity at the local and regional levels, because it removes habitats and breaks the gene flow of populations, increasing the deleterious effects of competition and other types of negative interactions within the fragments. In addition, constructing hydroelectric plants is always severely criticized as to the effectiveness of wildlife rescue operations, especially since such activities are expensive and do not compensate for the losses caused by filling the reservoir. Organisms saved from the flooding arrive at the release locations in a stressed state, and are often unable to survive predators, competitors and parasites in their new habitat. Despite the questionable results, it is possible to establish an appropriate rescue methodology, apply it, and monitor the results in a judicious way. Thus, it is very important to maintain a base team of researchers at all stages of the program. This, in addition to guaranteeing optimization of the work, and using this data in scientific publications, encourages greater involvement of teaching/research institutions in the long term. In order to adopt any strategy of intervention in the communities, including the rescue and release of creatures, it is necessary to keep in mind that there is no ideal methodology for solving the problems caused by filling the reservoir. It is necessary to have the primary data to hand, and to test methodologies, checking their consequences on a small scale, before choosing any intervention strategy. Accurate knowledge of the region's fauna is the starting point for carrying out all of the conservation work. Only by means of this knowledge will it be possible to verify the structure and dynamics of the populations, and to estimate the potential risks, to the fauna, of filling the reservoir. These studies enable rescue operations and any other type of management. Therefore, implementation of a well-structured fauna conservation program will not only mitigate impact, but contribute to knowledge of Angola's fauna. This program must be shared with the National Institute of Biodiversity and Conservation Areas (INBAC) of the Ministry of the Environment. • - Objectives The program aims to mitigate the impact of reducing habitat diversity and size, changing the stability of ecosystems; dislocation of terrestrial fauna to adjacent areas; increased risk of accidents with venomous animals; changed hunting activity. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.596 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report As will be addressed in due course, the Program has been divided into three distinct stages, with their general objectives presented below. For the faunistic inventory supplementation stage: • Carry out intensive sampling, aiming to supplement the inventory in order to support the rescue and monitoring activities. The fauna rescue stage: • Carry out an operation that has, as its principle, scientific use of the collected material, supplying data for a better knowledge of the fauna; • Generate additional data for basic research in the area of systems, biogeography and ecology of communities, by creating specialized collections for museums, including collection of frozen tissues, chromosome slides, stomach contents of some groups, and visual database; • Generate quantitative data on fauna in habitats lost to make decisions about the areas affected by flooded and other regions; • Set up zoological collections with all entities identified, with a high amount of data on the ecology and locality of all selected groups. The fauna monitoring stage: • Conduct fieldwork to monitor species or groups of indicator species already studied in the previous diagnosis phase, specifically highlighting herpetofauna, avifauna and mammals; • Conduct fieldwork to monitor areas of densification of wild fauna, that is natural, due to displacement, and/or induced by release; • Encourage and introduce studies for monitoring biodiversity, using two approaches: in potential areas of fauna densification, and in relevant topics with detailed focus on one of the indicators being studied, particularly in herpetofauna, avifauna and mammals; • Species officially declared endangered, and those identified as being of special interest to the diagnostic study, will have priority for rescue, marking and release, for monitoring; and • training specialized human resources in Angola, for continuity academic and scientific research in the collection and monitoring programs. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.597 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • - Methodological Procedures Based on previous experience and the field survey results for producing the environmental studies, the Program was divided into three distinct stages: Stage 1: Supplementing the Faunistic Inventory For this activity, intense sampling must be carried out, aiming to supplement the inventory, so as to support rescue and monitoring activities, for animal populations, with qualitative and quantitative data. The studies will be done at carefully selected sample sites, seeking to cover the diverse plant formations present in the region. The survey will use capture techniques (following a specific methodology for each species), as well as the usual methods for detecting species in the field, such as simple observation of animals using binoculars, identification of vocalizations, and other indirect evidence (feces and footprints). All specimens collected will be removed from the transect/collection areas, and a record will be made of their basic data on habitat use, biometrics, location and feeding habits (to facilitate comparisons), and they will be kept as museum specimens. This collection will constitute the primary database for the entire inventory study (consequent from activities related to rescuing the fauna). For this stage, collections of specimens from the following taxonomic groups will be included: Arthropods Special attention must be given to the following groups: • Diptera (flies and mosquitoes): creating artificial water reservoirs provides ideal environments for the development of insects, including potential transmitters of diseases such as malaria and sleeping sickness. In addition, the workforce that works on or with the project, may become a host for diseases. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to identify the presence of vectors in the region, study their composition, and act to combat them; • Hymenoptera (ants): this is the dominant group of social insects in this region. Their wide distribution, relatively high local abundance, species richness, and the fact that they are attracted easily with bait or trapped, make this group a good ecological indicator for studies of biological diversity in little known areas; and • Arachnida: special attention must be given to the Aranea and Scorpionida orders (animals of medical interest). S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.598 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report In order to capture Arthropods, there will be general use of pit-falls, lights, "Maraise" and "Moerike" traps, with a death chamber and hunting bags, as well as sweeping of slabs, and random collections. The animals captured will be preserved in 70% alcohol. In the case of the Glossinas, 200-by-200-m traps will be distributed in areas with dense vegetation, at military posts, or in areas inhabited by the civilian population, remaining in shrubs and trees at a distance of 50 cm from the ground. The Glossinas captured will be preserved by desiccation, put in 70% alcohol, and sent to the Institute for Combat and Control of Trypanosomiasis. Aquatic Macroinvertebrates The community living in the water-sediment interface consists of a wide range of taxonomic groups. This community is the element that best reflects the environmental conditions, due to its limited capacity of locomotion and direct contact with the substrate. In addition, it plays an important role in the food chain, contributing to the processing of allochthonous and autochthonous organic carbon, thus influencing food availability for fish and birds. For the inventory, collections will be carried out in the River Kwanza and its main tributaries, using a boat and an Eckman type bottom sampler, or nets and traps. Herpetofauna Little is known about the amphibians and reptiles in the area. Gaps in knowledge of the species' diversity and distribution can be explained by their nocturnal and fossorial habits, which make them difficult to collect. Only with intensive collections carried out in different habitats, and at different times of the year, using specific collection methods, will this herpetofauna be properly sampled. For taking the inventory of herpetofauna, "pit- fall" type traps with "drift-fenses" (50 collection stations, each with four buckets, arranged in a "Y") will be used as methodologies, along with active searching in the soil, under leaves and in trunks of fallen trees. Avifauna The diversity of phytophysiognomies in the region results in avifauna of great species richness. Sampling must be done using mist-nets, identification through direct observation, vocalization, and photographic records. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.599 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Mammals The reasoning behind collecting inventory of this group is the same as for the herpetofauna and avifauna, where large collections of species include ecological data, tissues, ecto- and endo-parasites, etc., that will greatly contribute to knowledge of the biodiversity of Angola. Use of different methods for the mastofauna inventory is required due to the great morphological, behavioral and ecological diversity of the species belonging to this group: • Small non-flying mammals: two different methodologies will be employed for catching - pitfall traps and live-trap type traps; • Flying mammals: bats must also be assessed using direct methods. In this case, mist-nets will be used, set in possible bat displacement corridors (trails inside the forest and stream beds); and • Medium and large mammals: the inventory of this group does not require capture. These animals will be inventoried mainly through indirect methods, such as: recording observations of footprints, feces, sheltering places, and sign, as well as interviews with residents of the region. Direct methods, such as surveys and use of hides, as well as trail cameras, will be employed at predetermined sites where indirect evidence has already been found. Stage 2: Fauna Rescue Operation • Database In order to make better use of biological material and rescue data, building the following databases must be encouraged: 47 Visual: photographic documentation of the rescue activities; 48 Tissue: tissue (blood, heart, liver, stomach, intestine, kidneys and skeletal musculature) will be extracted from several specimens per species to ensure material for several research projects in the areas of cytogenetics, genetics, biochemistry and immunogenetics carried out at Universities; and 49 General database: on all aspects of the collection, identification, management and destination of animals collected. • Principles for the rescue 50 Coordination by a trained team, directing and optimizing the work; 51 Collection of animals restricted to the reservoir area during its filling; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.600 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 52 Screening, taxonomic identification, sex identification, registration, biometrics and appropriate destination of rescued animals; 53 Marking, release and monitoring throughout the rescuing of species that are endangered, or of special interest, in predetermined areas; 54 Collection of biological material for analyzed and approved research projects and/or for banks for tissue, parasites, poisons, etc.; and 55 Packaging and sending to institutions requesting it, such that are qualified to receive and to curate the biological material. The rescue must be selective in qualitative and quantitative terms, aiming at the conservation of rare and endangered species (susceptible to capture), maintenance of genetic variability, and the scientific use of fauna. Stages of Implementation • Pre-rescue Includes the period prior to filling the reservoir. The general lines of activities must be carried out through the monitoring of the deforestation teams and the structuring and training of the collection teams that will work in the rescue. In this stage, the collection methods will follow the same, as detailed, for the inventory, with the important objective of assisting in assembling the necessary infrastructure for the rescue, and for ensuring proper functioning before starting to fill the reservoir. • Rescue The rescue rationale is based on examples of previous endeavors, trying to avoid mistakes, and to improve the positive points. There is a need for special care to be taken with social groups (primates) in accommodating animals that are very stressed (rodents and cervids). The region's fauna suggests a large number of medium and small mammals, and there must be differentiated treatment of such groups, to avoid unnecessary losses. Six boats will be used, divided among 4 teams (two boats will serve as emergency support, for transportation of meals and for connection between the bases). The crews will consist of 1 biologist, 1 pilot and 2 rescuers. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.601 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report • Monitoring Downstream There are plans to monitor the conditions downstream of the River Kwanza within the fauna rescue stage, to locate and rescue animals that are weak or confined in places that compromise their survival on the stretch of river where the flows are reduced. The fauna groups directly affected by the negative impacts on this part of the river, besides the ichthyofauna, merit attention: benthic invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles (especially turtles and crocodiles) and aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals. For monitoring fauna downstream, the following coverages are set out: • Fluvial (in the sections where conditions of access or navigability permit); • Terrestrial, with the use of a 4x4 vehicle, or on foot. Monitoring sessions will occur every 2 days, and may be adequate according to downstream conditions, aiming at better estimation of the presence of animals in conditions adverse to their survival. For the activity there must be a team composed of one biologist and three assistants. • Rescue Support Base In fauna rescue operations, the presence of a well-structured support base is one of the main elements for the success of activities, and to ensure sending the biological material to its final destination (release or sending for scientific research). The internal areas (internal quarantine) will accommodate reptiles, amphibians and arthropods, birds, small mammals and offspring in general. There will be wooden shelves and industrialized steel shelves to contain animal shelter boxes. These boxes are of the industrialized type, in three sizes (small for animal types up to the size of a mouse, medium for rat size, and large for guinea pig or rabbit size). Some of these cages will have light points for warming cold-blooded animals and offspring. The strategy for the support base is to keep the animal for the minimum amount of time, sending it to the appropriate destination as quickly as possible. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.602 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 35 Animal Screening and Management After rescue, the boxes containing the animals will be brought to the quarantine screening room. During the screening, each rescued animal will receive a numbered label identifying the scientific name of the species, the common name, date of entry, and origin. In addition, such data shall be recorded in the sequential register. Thereafter, the label will accompany the animal to its destination: release, consignment to an institution, or taxidermy. This procedure will avoid duplication of registration, as each previously numbered tag will be for a single animal. After screening, the animals will be subject to different treatment depending on their taxonomic group. Reptiles, amphibians, arthropods and birds will be quarantined until shipment to the institutions interested. Birds not on the request lists will be ringed and released. With mammals, the procedure used must be as follows: the animal will be anesthetized with Kelatar (ketamine hydrochloride) or Kelatar + Rompum (Ketamine hydrochloride + Xylazine) and taken to the processing room where it will be weighed, and the following biometric measurements taken: head-to-body length, tail length, front and rear paw length, and length of the inner and outer ear parts. After these measurements the animal will be marked for individual identification, for the monitoring process after release. In addition to the biometric measures, at times the animal will undergo a thorough examination for research, according to the demand and routines to be established by the specific interests of the research institutions accredited to participate in the research. After processing, the mammals will be released or quarantined until they are sent to institutions. Mammals will be clinically examined and kept in quarantine for a period ranging from 1 to 7 days in most cases, and weeks for offspring or animals with minor abrasions. For animals that have difficulty accepting food, the quarantine period will be as short as possible. For reptiles, amphibians and arthropods, the average quarantine stay will be one to two weeks. 36 Release For groups of animals selected for release, the following marking systems are used: 56 Hair/fur dye: mammals may be marked on the back with color dye that contrasts greatly with their coat; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.603 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 57 Numbered earrings and rings; and 58 Radio-telemetry receiving and transmitting apparatus, with transmitters of various sizes and specificity for different types of animals. 37 Feeding of Animals Feeding of quarantined animals generally follows the recommendations for confined animals, specifically: 59 Primates: fruits such as bananas, pineapples, oranges, mangoes and guava. Possibly a mixture of dog food, milk, honey, milk flour and banana will be given; a mixture that is very well accepted by both adults and young; 60 Small mammals: pineapple, carrot, beet and dog food. Wild rodents are well-maintained when fed with pelleted rat food; 61 Carnivores: raw meat. For canids, the diet will be supplemented with fruits and other items; 62 Artiodactyla: very short stay in quarantine, due to the high stress to which they are subject, mainly deer. For this reason, these animals must be quickly released or other destination; 63 Birds: rarely rescued during the filling of the reservoir. In the event of sporadic capture, each case will be treated specifically. 38 Management of offspring Offspring rejected by mothers or rescued alone, will be placed in boxes fitted with lamps that produce an average temperature of 36-38° C. Food will be offered at intervals of 4 to 6 hours, and consist of diluted condensed milk, soy milk, milky flour and/or mashed banana. For destination of same, since there are no conditions to release them, several institutions will be contacted to receive them. 39 Veterinary care In general, the incidence of animals requiring special care in quarantine is relatively low. The main events are bruises and some fractures resulting from the rescue or S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.604 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report fights between the animals. Small sutures and dressings will be done in order to correct injuries sustained during the rescue. In these cases, animals are kept under treatment and observation and, after they have recovered they will be released or sent to institutions. 40 Taxidermy Animals found dead, but in a good condition, and those killed during rescue or quarantine are recorded and sent for taxidermy. For animals destined for scientific collections, the skins (filled or stretched), the skull and, in some cases, the skeleton shall be prepared. 41 Health matters in treatment and handling Handling of wild animals must also focus on potential spread of diseases and parasites. Wild animals are potentially dangerous to people when in direct contact, due to possible bites or scratches that can transmit viruses or infections. This risk must be carefully considered To avoidin bites or stings, the worker dealing with the animals must be protected against fluids such as saliva, urine and feces, especially direct contact with animal blood of animals. Parasites and pathogenesis are potentially present in these vehicles of transmission. A protocol of procedures already enshrined by good use and technique in renowned institutions must be employed, in order to safely and competently carry out the work. 42 Sending of Biological Material Teaching/research institutions will be contacted in order to be offered biological material from the activities. Each institution must be requested to fill out a form in order to present the taxa in which they are interested, quantities, special remarks, and how said taxa will be used at the institution. Each request must be signed by a responsible person, with whom all subsequent contacts will be made. The requests will be assessed and met as far as is possible, depending on the quantity rescued and the predetermined criteria for sending biological material. Each institution invited will be requested for its mode of participation, whether this be receiving material and/or directly participating in the rescue. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.605 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Stage 3: Monitoring of Fauna The duration of the wildlife monitoring project will be 30 months. This period is sufficient for monitoring population density, to test the hypothesis that there is a tendency to return to normal densities, and support technical and scientific means for conservation of habitats and fauna around the reservoir. Monitoring work will start six months before the reservoir is filled (indicating areas for release and bioindicators) and will be intensified with the rescue activities. Therefore, in principle, any rescued animal to be released must be marked and monitored within the scope of this project. Thus the activities are subdivided into three stages: 36 pre-filling stage: there will be 3 campaigns of 15 days, seeking to identify the critical points, of habitats similar to those to be flooded, where there must be natural densification of fauna by displacement, by filling the reservoir, or by release; 37 filling stage: monthly campaigns, of 10 days, seeking to monitor the effects of the filling on animal populations, and to monitor the release activities of the rescued animals; and 38 post-filling stage: monitoring of densified populations and monitoring of processes. 43 Concept of Bioindicators Use of bioindicator species to assess and monitor biological processes in ecosystems dates back to the beginning of the century. This concept was later extensively developed for use in controlling pollution in rivers and lakes. The concept of indicator species is based on using species that are present in the community and subject to some kind of anthropogenic impact, in the present, or in the past. The indicative value of the species may be due to the fact they are intolerant to degraded conditions and therefore are the first to disappear after the anthropogenic impact, or because they are tolerant to impact conditions. When knowing the nature of the interaction between the presence and/or abundance of the species in relation to the type of impact, its response can be used as an indicator. The impact caused by human action induce changes in the nature of the relationships between species in the community. It may be expected, depending on the above deductions, that groups or a set of indicator species can define the status of the system in terms of the current impact. In this context it is extremely important to know beforehand the effects of the impacting factors, at the level of species, population and community. In this regard, the criteria that will be used to objectively choose bioindicator species are: S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.606 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 39 Species must be stenotopic or sensitive, with little variability in response to impacting factors, so that a change in relative abundance of the species indicates habitat conditions; 40 Be resident throughout the year; 41 Be easy to monitor; 42 Have a short generation time, so that the population changes rapidly when exposed to environmental factors; and 43 Be abundant so that variations in population size are of sufficient magnitude to respond to environmental impacts. The first criterion refers to the concepts of key species and guild, referring to the species the presence of which a series of other species depends on, directly or indirectly. The key species may not be the most abundant, but its effect is greater than would be expected from its abundance. The guild concept is linked to the idea of indicator species, except for the fact that the indicators have been transformed into indicator guilds. Indicator guilds respond similarly to the impacting factors. In the monitoring and assessment of anthropogenic impacts, there must be independent use of indicator species, key species and indicator guilds. 44 Activities Proposed 44.5 Monitoring of Herpetofauna (Community Structure) This study intends to investigate the hypothesis that local communities of anurans and lizards must undergo changes in composition and structure, due to the filling of the reservoir, particularly due to the loss of forested habitats with little or no representativeness outside the reservoir areas. Changes to structure are also expected for population densities (both in open and forested areas peripheral to the reservoirs), due to selective effects on reproduction and due to the greater or lesser capacity of the species to colonize and adapt to the new environmental scenario established after the flooding. Monitoring herpetofauna will enable information to be obtained on the effects of reservoir formation on the composition, abundance and structure of local communities. The fieldwork will also enable S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.607 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report a more in-depth assessment of the methods and activities to be routinely used for monitoring these organisms, as well as suggestions for adjustment. Objectives: 32 Determine the composition of anuran and lizard communities in areas around the reservoirs, comparing them with the data obtained during the diagnostic phase, in areas to be permanently flooded; 33 Determine relative abundances of the species detected in the environment, comparing them to the data obtained during the diagnosis; 34 Identify possible changes in population densities, patterns of reproduction, and movement of selected species of anurans and reptiles, in adjacent areas to the reservoirs; 35 Assess the degree of readaptation, of selected species of reptiles, to the habitats in which they will be reintroduced, after the fauna rescue. Methodology The method traditionally used for herpetofauna inventories is based on an "all occurrences" record. The use of pitfalls, combined with tag-recapture techniques, may also provide estimates of population densities, demographic parameters, and patterns of space use. In tag-recapture studies, both for lizards and anurans, the digit-cutting technique must be used, according to the diagrams and recommendations presented in Donnely et. al (1994). Larger individuals (e.g. Varanus spp.) that are captured during the rescue must be released after taking biometric data and individual tagging for monitoring their movements, their tendency to stay near the release sites, and their condition once relocated. 35.8 Monitoring of Relocated Mammals The flooding impact on fauna ranges from loss of habitat to death by drowning, to death due to population densification caused by expulsion of individuals previously living in the flooded area. There is little scientific data quantifying these impacts on terrestrial fauna. Several translocation projects have already been carried out, many successful, others not. Much of this work was aimed at reintroducing endangered species, such as the white rhinoceros (Player, 1967) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.608 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report and the gray wolf (Fritts et al., 1984). In a similar way, this project aims to monitor the readaptation of wild animals to their new domiciliary areas. As the relocated fauna will be released and relocated in the same area, readaptation will only involve creating a new habitat at the release sites or nearby. The activities for monitoring the relocated fauna will be divided into two stages: Monitoring of Primates Objectives 29 Check the degree of primate readaptation in new habitats and gather other ecological data. Assessment of the readaptive process must be carried out through observation of how they are searching for and securing food, shelter and territorial expansion; 30 Assess survival of the relocated animals by studying existence and maintenance of the social structure, readaptation to the release sites, and the distribution of the food resources in them; and 31 Generate data for conservation research on species biology and the inherent difficulties of studying it in the wild. Methodology During rescue operations and dam flooding, groups of each primate species found in the area must be monitored by radiotelemetry, over 24 months. Monitoring of these groups must be carried out for a period of 10 days/month. At the time of each encounter with the groups released, the following records shall be made: 32 Time and location found; 33 The number of animals, and check that they all belong to the original group. In the event of a death, determine its probable causes; 34 Check the nutritional health of each individual. To conclude anything on this aspect without recapturing animals, it will be necessary to observe the following: condition of coat; security in the new location, and whether it appears to have lost weight and S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.609 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 19 Take ecological data: location (vegetation stratum) where the group is found; use of food resources, and record the plant species and items used as food. Pre-release measures: 20 The groups to be released should maintain the same social structure and composition as those prior to the rescue, giving preference to groups with offspring. In previous reintroduction work, groups with a more cohesive family structure were shown to be more successful after release (Passamani et al., 1997); 21 At least one individual from each group must carry the radio telemetry device. Preference must be given to the adult male. 22 In order to be given the collar, each animal must be sedated intramuscularly, weighed, and be given a suitable Telonics transmitter. Weighing and other biometric measurements must be carried out with all animals in the groups to be relocated; 23 Both the animal receiving the device, and the remaining members of each group, must have their tail dyed with Nyenzol. These markings will distinguish between males and females (proximal and distal part of the tail to be dyed, respectively), and between members of different groups of the same species (thighs and costal area). This procedure will make it possible to check the dispersion of members of the translocated groups to resident groups or vice versa; and 24 After all the procedures the animals must be observed for four to ten days, or the time needed to check they have adaptated to the transmitters. This stage is necessary to prevent the animal from having to be recaptured, due to discomfort. Post-release measures: 25 After release, food must be offered at intervals, especially for frugivores. To the extent that adaptation to the release site is observed, the feed will be gradually withdrawn. This procedure is necessary because results obtained in previous studies have shown that more than 20% of post-release mortality is caused by malnutrition (Passamani et al., 1997); 26 It is necessary to systematically observe, over time, that no lesions are occurring, and that the radio transmitters are in good working order. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.610 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Monitoring of Medium and Large Mammals Objectives: 26.3 Estimate the population density of medium and large mammal species, with special emphasis on carnivores, and monitor the changes in these densities due to the translocations and movements of animals expelled by the reservoir; 26.4 Monitor the daily movements of some focal species of carnivores, and describe the variation in the patterns found, due to the filling of the reservoir; 26.5 Monitor the focal species of medium and large mammals relocated by the rescue operation, and assess the success of these translocations, by means of the survival and fixation criteria for these individuals in the areas moved to. Methodology Tomahawk-type traps will be distributed in the study area, and baited with boiled chicken chunks (to enhance the scent), in order to catch carnivores. The traps will be checked daily, in the morning. The animals captured will be sedated, measured, ear-marked, and given a collar with a radio transmitter, then released after recovering from the sedation. The radio-telemetry monitoring must be done daily, and the locations obtained using triangulation of the lines of sight. Individuals will be chosen from among the rescued animals relocated, for monitoring with radio-telemetry, following the same procedure above. Visual censuses will be carried out four to six times a week (half at night and half during the day). Pre- established routes will be driven along, in a car, carrying two observers (each checking one side of the transect). With each mammal sighting the following will be recorded: species, group size (when applicable), and perpendicular distance of the animal(s) from the transect. Density estimates will be made using the DISTANCE program (Buckland et al., 1993). Areas will also be selected for censuses made based on animal sign. The sign will be identified and counted for assessment of possible changes in mammalian density. 26.5.1 Monitoring of Birds Formation of reservoirs from water gathering due to damming of rivers changes the natural environment and can create "archipelagos" with dynamics very similar to those in Island Biogeography theory, MacArthur and Wilson (1967). S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.611 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report However, most biogeography studies involve species composition (richness) and not the processes leading to such specific compositions, and such results are applied in the conservation of island environments, in fragmented landscapes, and in the design of natural reserves (Diamond, 1975, Wilson and Willis, 1975). Responses of bird species may vary according to the fragmentation of the environment; populations may increase, remain unchanged, diminish, or disappear (Hass and Cavalcanti, 1998). The different responses of bird communities to the fragmentation process may be associated with the ecological requirements of the species, such as natural rarity (Karr, 1990), body size (Karr, 1990), fertility rates (Sieving and Karr, 1997) and survival (Karr, 1982a, b). Objective Describe the responses of the bird community to the process of loss and reduction of habitat resulting from formation of the reservoir, addressing the following questions: 17 What happens with displacements of populations dependent on forest formations? 18 How are resident populations affected by the reduction in their living areas? 19 How do species reorganize when faced with isolation, fragmentation, and habitat reduction? Methodology Experimental planning must be characterized by four specific methodologies: 20 Ornithological networks: capture of birds (Karr, 1981a) at different elevations. Three points will be chosen for placing nets, the first at water level, and two at higher elevations. At each sampling point, twenty mist nets will be placed, arranged in sequence, for five days. For each bird captured, the biometric data shall be recorded, and a metallic or colored ring will be attached to the bird's tarsus; 21 Point census: (Karr 1981b; Bibby et al., 1993) with three different level curves. Each census will consist of the visual or vocal record of the birds, noting the species, the number of individuals, the distance from the researcher, and the stratum used by the bird. Each point is sampled for 20 min. In the early hours of the day. The birds' vocalizations will be recorded using a professional recorder; 22 Sampling: opportunistic of avifauna, aiming to characterize the region's bird community; S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.612 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 27 Monitoring ringed birds: with binoculars, to determine their living areas at the study site. For each record, the species, the stratum used, and the behavior (feeding, vocalization, etc.) will be recorded. The species' living areas will be determined using the Minimum Convex Polygon method. S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pág.613 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 30 - INSUFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE The main gaps identified were caused by insufficient background information on the different points and unreliable data. These gaps apply mainly to underground water resources for which there is no inventory of water points, and data on the chemical and biological quality of the underground and surface water. In the study area, land management instruments at the municipal level were not identified, which would have assessed the compatibility of the Project with possible uses predicted for regional planning. The Zenzo HP project and its drawings have some technical gaps, so it was not possible to reflect in the EIA the descriptive depth intended. On the other hand, the Portuguese versions were not made available in a timely manner by the client, making it difficult to understand the project. Some elements were also not made available, of which the following are worth mentioning: 30.1 Detailed Economic Feasibility Study; 30.2 Geotechnical study of the project area; 30.3 Powerline project (must be deemed a supplementary project in this EIA). However, in the absence of this, this project must be the subject of an independent Environmental Impact Assessment. However, it is held that the present Environmental Impact Assessment presents a rigorous and objective analysis of the main impacts identified with the construction and operation of the project with regard to the environmental components studied. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.614 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report (page intentionally left blank) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.615 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 31 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Project analyzed in this Environmental Impact Assessment will improve electricity production to address the serious energy shortage in Angola, thus fulfilling the goals established in the various plans, programs and strategies that have been defined in recent years for the energy sector by Angolan bodies. It will also aim to take advantage of the vast hydroelectric potential of the middle section of the River Kwanza, the importance of which was determined in the 1950s, when the first energy studies were initiated. Environmental assessment was based on the set of environmental aspects typically analyzed in these types of surveys, completed to fully cover subject areas in which positive or negative situations are expected to occur, if only in the construction phase of the project. Concerning significant negative impact, it is important to note the availability of water that may occur downstream, taking into account expected operating regime for the Zenzo HP, the landscape changes that will occur at the site due to installation of large-scale infrastructure and a water reservoir of approximately 1,900 ha, and buildings to support construction and flooding. As mentioned in the EIA, certain after-effects can be easily avoided as the operating regime envisaged for the Zenzo HP could be revised for adapting existing water use downstream. Also noteworthy is the following negative impact of minor significance which may result from building the Zenzo HP: 31.1 Changes to the sediment regimen and changes to the water quality in the River Kwanza caused by potential entrainment of solids resulting from the earthmoving operations; 31.2 Loss of land and aquatic habitats due to the deforestation activities necessary for creating new access roads and implementation of the project's components; 31.3 Habitat fragmentation due to the presence of a barrier in the river; 31.4 Destruction of soils with agricultural potential; 31.5 Interference with geological granitic units, among others. Notwithstanding the fact that the expected impact resulting from implementation of this hydroelectric power station, as illustrated throughout this EIS, have a negative character for the majority of the environmental aspects, their S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.616 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report significance can, however, be mitigated through the adoption of a wide set of proposed measures, including compensation. On the other hand, the main positive environmental impact is: 31.6 Development of Angola's energy sector; 31.7 Production of renewable energy electricity; 31.8 Stimulus to regional and local commerce; 31.9 Development of the provinces of North Kwanza and South Kwanza, and attraction of business investment; 31.10 Job creation; 31.11 Improved access to the Zenzo HP area, among others. The efficacy of the measures adopted to prevent, minimize or compensate for the significant environmental impact must be assessed through monitoring programs specifically designed for that purpose. This EIA deems that the Surface Water Resources and the Fauna and Flora factors must be monitored. S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.617 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 32 - BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES General: Abreu, A. C. et al (2004). Contributos para a Identificação e Caracterização da Paisagem em Portugal Conti- nental. Coleção Estudos 10. Edição da DGOTDU. AfDB (2012). “Angola Private Sector Country Profile”, Tunis: African Development Bank. International Energy Agency (2006). Angola – Desenvolvimento de uma Estratégia para a Energia.http://www.info - angola.ao/images/documentos/pdf/angola_portugais.pdf Araújo, A.G. (coord.), Guimarães, F. et al (1992). Notícia Explicativa da Carta Geológica de Angola, à escala, 1/1 000 000. 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In: WALTER, B.M.T.; Studies Consulted 94.6 Estudo de Avaliação da Sedimentação da Albufeira da Barragem de Cambambe, no Rio Kwanza, PM Consultoría & Obras Hidráulicas, Fevereiro de 2002 94.7 Estudo de Impacte Ambiental para a Reabilitação e Ampliação do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico de Cambambe, Holísticos, Dezembro de 2013 94.8 Estudo de Impacte Ambiental do Projecto de Construção da Barragem de Laúca, Holísticos & Inter- techne Consultores, S.A, Maio de 2013 94.9 Relatório de Impacto Ambiental da Barragem do rio Ipojuca, ABF Engenharia, Serviços e Comércio Ltda. 94.10 Estudo de Impacto Ambiental para a Implantação da Barragem do rio Guapi-Açu com vistas à ampli- ação da Oferta de Água para a região do Conleste Fluminense, Ambiental Engenharia e Consultoria Ltda, Outubro de 2013 94.11 Flaming Gorge Dam Effects on Amphibian, Reptile, and Mammal Populations, Lacy Smith, June 2006 SEE ONLINE: 94.12 ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/angola_CEP-2006 94.13 www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/angola 94.14 www.angola.or.jp 94.15 www.birdlife.org 94.16 www.cites.org 94.17 www.consuladodeangola.org 94.18 www.fao.org 94.19 www.governo.gov.ao S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.628 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 98 www.iea.org 99 www.info-angola.ao 100 www.iucn.org 101 www.Cuanzasul.gov.ao 102 www.minader.org 103 www.mpla.ao 104 www.portalangop.co.ao 105 www.redeimpactos.org 106 www.seismo.ethz.ch 107 www.worldenergy.org 108 www.worldwildlife.org 109 http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y2785e/y2785e03.htm (13th April 2016) S3248-Q15.465-EIS.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Pag.629 Headquarters Luanda (marginal) tel.: + 244 222 330 248 CP 3866 Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 82 - 1º fax: + 244 222 393 943 [email protected] www.soapro.co.ao delegações Benguela phone: + 244 272 235 CP 769 Rua de Angola, 32 - 1ºesq. 932 [email protected] fax: + 244 272 234 067 Cabinda Largo do Ambiente phone: + 244 231 224 [email protected] 449 Huambo fax: + 244 231 222 766 Rua Dr. Egas Moniz, 847 [email protected] phone: + 244 241 223 Huíla 508 Rua Padre Antunes, 10, Lubango fax: + 244 241 223 508 [email protected] Lunda-Sul phone: + 244 261 224 Rua da Sassamba, 25, Saurimo 825 [email protected] fax: + 244 261 224 826 Uige Rua A, casa n. 41 phone.: + 244 253 250 [email protected] 623 fax: + 244 253 250 623 Base vida Ondjiva phone: + 244 222 331 Soyo 478 Menongue fax: + 244 222 393 943