CWE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY China International Water & Electric Corp. ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Luanda Angola Report April, 2016 Mod.149.02 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Report Overview Index 1 - 1.1 - Identification and Development Phase of the Project 23 1.2 - Identification of the Company and of the Licensing Body 23 1.3 - Company and Technical Team Identification 24 1.4 - EIS Background Information 30 1.5 - Methodological Approach 30 1.5.1 - General Methodology 30 1.5.2 - EIS Framework 31 1.5.3 - Contacted Entities/Individuals 32 1.6 - Definition of the EIS Scope 39 1.6.1 - Project's Scope - Project Components under Assessment 39 1.6.2 - Geographical Scope - EIS Study Area 39 1.6.3 -Thematic Scope - Aspects under Analysis 42 2 - LEGAL FRAMEWORK 44 2.1 - EIS (Environmental Impact Study) Framework EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regime 44 2.2 - National Legislation Reference Table 45 2.3 - International Legislation Reference Table 63 3 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION 66 3.1 - Project Aims and Justification 66 3.1.1 - National energy grid 66 3.1.2 - Project's Purpose 85 3.1.3 - Project Justification 86 3.2 - Project Background Information 87 3.3 - Geographic Location and Location Alternatives 90 3.3.1 - Geographical Location 90 3.3.2 - Considered Alternatives 90 3.4 - Project Specifications 93 3.4.1 - General Project Characteristics 93 3.4.2 -Construction Support Infrastructures 117 3.4.3 - Construction Phase Characteristics 121 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page1 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 3.4.4 - Exploration Phase Characteristics 123 3.4.5 - Consumptions and Resources 123 3.4.6 - Labour, Machinery and Equipment 128 3.4.7 - Accesses 129 3.4.8 - Pollutant Loads 135 3.5 - Complementary or Subsidiary Projects 140 3.5.1 - Initial Considerations 140 3.5.2 - Temporary diversion of the river 141 3.5.3 - Accesses 141 3.5.4 - Quarry 142 3.5.5 - Waste and Material Storage Area 143 3.6 - Provisional Schedule of the Various Phases of the Project 143 3.6.1 - Preparatory Works 143 3.6.2 - Construction Works 143 3.6.3 - Decomissioning Works 145 3.6.4 - Energy Production 145 3.7 - Financial Viability and Investment Value 145 3.7.1 - Investment Value 145 3.7.2 - Basic Terms 145 3.7.3 - Funding 146 3.7.4 - Cost Analysis 146 3.7.5 - Price of Electricity and Financial Analysis 147 3.8 - Technological Alternatives and Project Conception 149 3.9 - Risk Assessment 152 3.9.1 - General Considerations 152 3.9.2 - Assessment Methodology and Criteria 153 3.9.3 - Relevant Environmental Issues 153 3.9.4 - Area of Influence 155 3.9.5 - Emergency Plan 155 4 - DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT´S AREA OF INFLUENCE 157 4.1 - Limits and Framework 157 4.1.1 - Directly Affected Area (DAA) 157 4.1.2 - Direct Influence Area (DIA) 157 4.1.3 - Indirect Influence Area (IIA) 157 4.2 - Government Plans and Programs in the Project Influence Area (PIA) 158 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION 163 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page2 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 5.1 - General Considerations 163 5.2 - Physical Environment 164 5.2.1 -Climate 164 5.2.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 183 5.2.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 194 5.2.4 - Water Resources 207 5.2.5 - Quality of the Air 252 5.2.6 - Sound Environment 258 5.3 - Biotic medium 263 5.3.1 - General Considerations 263 5.3.2 - Regional Geological Framework 263 5.3.3 - Phytocenosis and habitat 265 5.3.4 - Aquatic Biodiversity 276 5.3.5 - Terrestrial Biodiversity 298 5.4 - Social and Economical Environment 316 5.4.1 - Social and Economic Elements 316 5.4.2 - Regional Planning 404 5.4.3 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 437 5.4.4 - Landscape 454 5.4.5 - Waste 464 6 - ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION IN PROJECT AREA IF PROJECT IS NOT IMPLEMENTED 466 7 - ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 470 7.1 - Assessment Methodology and Criteria 470 7.1.1 - Assumptions 470 7.1.2 - Impact Identification 471 7.1.3 - Impact Forecast 471 7.1.4 - Impact Assessment 471 7.1.5 - Assessment of Significance of Impacts 474 7.2 - Activities Likely to Create Environmental Impacts 476 7.3 - Physical Environment 477 7.3.1 –Climate 477 7.3.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 477 7.3.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 485 7.3.4 - Water Resources 493 7.3.5 - Quality of the Air 504 7.3.6 - Sound Environment 506 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page3 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 7.4 - Biotic Environment 509 7.4.1 - Prior Considerations 509 7.4.2 - Construction Phase 509 7.4.3 - Exploration Phase 514 7.4.4 - Impact Summary 519 7.5 - Social and Economical Environment 525 7.5.1 - Social and Economic Elements 525 7.5.2 - Regional Planning 533 7.5.3 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 535 7.5.4 - Landscape 536 7.5.5 - Waste 541 8 - ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 550 8.1 - General Considerations 550 8.2 - Physical Environment 550 8.2.1 –Climate 550 8.2.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 550 8.2.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 551 8.2.4 - Water Resources 551 8.2.5 - Quality of the Air 552 8.2.6 - Sound Environment 553 8.3 - Biotic Environment 554 8.4 - Social and Economical Environment 555 8.4.1 - Social and Economic Elements 555 8.4.2 - Regional Planning 557 8.4.3 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 557 8.4.4 - Landscape 558 8.4.5 - Waste 559 9 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES 560 9.1 - General Measures 560 9.1.1 - Pre-Construction Phase 560 9.1.2 - Construction Phase 561 9.1.3 - Exploration Phase 565 9.2 - Specific Measures 565 9.2.1 –Climate 565 9.2.2 - Geology and Geomorphology 565 9.2.3 - Soil and Occupation of the Land 566 S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page4 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report 9.2.4 - Water Resources 567 9.2.5 - Quality of the Air 569 9.2.6 - Sound Environment 569 9.2.7 - Biotic Environment 570 9.2.8 - Social and Economic Elements 571 9.2.9 - Regional Planning 573 9.2.10 - Historical, Cultural, and Ethnological Heritage 573 9.2.11 - Landscape 574 9.2.12 - Waste 575 10 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT 578 10.1 - Monitoring of the Surface Water Resources 578 10.1.1 - Quantitative Aspects - Hydrological Parameters and Sedimentary Transport 578 10.1.2 - Qualitative Aspects - Quality of the Surface Water 579 10.2 - Monitoring of the Biotic Environment 586 10.2.1 - Flora Conservation Program 586 10.2.2 - Inventory Program and Ictiofauna Monitoring 593 10.2.3 - Terrestrial Fauna Preservation Program 595 11 - TECHNICAL SHORTCOMINGS OR LACK OF KNOWLEDGE 614 12 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 616 13 - BIBLIOGRAPHY 618 ANNEXES: ANNEX - Documents from the Contacted Entities ANNEX II - Project Elements ANNEX III - Project Implementation Schedule ANNEX IV - Results of the Field Works ANNEX V - Social Component S3248-Q15.465-EIA.R0-2016-06 Mod.149.02 Page5 ZENZO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Environmental Impact Study - Report Report Overview LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1 - Administrative and geographical environments of Zenzo Hydroelectric Power Plant .............. 40 FIGURE 2.1 - Environmental Impact Study (EIS) Process and Obtaining of the Environmental License ...... 44 FIGURE 3.1 - Main Angolan Power Grids ....................................................................................................... 68 FIGURE 3.2 - Distribution of Consumption referring to 2013 by type of client and by region ......................... 72 FIGURE 3.3 - Foreseen Distribution per grid until 2025 ................................................................................ 72 FIGURE 3.4 - Projection of installed capacity ................................................................................................. 78 FIGURE 3.5 - Projection of current transport network .................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3.6 - Production and transport networks in Angola .......................................................................... 79 FIGURE 3.7 - Location of hydroelectric power plants under study/project and under construction/operation ......................................................................................................................................................................... 84 FIGURE 3.8 - Schematic profile of the different hydroelectric power plants ................................................... 85 FIGURE 3.9 - Hydroelectric power plants foreseen for the section ................................................................. 88 FIGURE 3.10 - Longitudinal profile for the section .......................................................................................... 88 FIGURE 3.11 - Alternative 1: Zenzo I and Zenzo II ........................................................................................ 91 FIGURE 3.12 - Alternative 2: Low Zenzo ........................................................................................................ 91 FIGURE 3.13 - Alternative 3: High Zenzo ....................................................................................................... 92 FIGURE 3.14 - Longitudinal profile of Zenzo hydro power plant and reservoir .............................................. 94 FIGURE 3.15 - Zenzo Hydro Power Plant general project presentation ......................................................... 96 FIGURE 3.16 - Main dam of Zenzo HPP - Plan view .....................................................................................