Afonso I, King of Kongo, 84, 85, 86, 272 Afonso, King of Loango, 89

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Afonso I, King of Kongo, 84, 85, 86, 272 Luango, 240 Afonso, King of Loango, 89 Mandinga, 228, 236 Africa, 320, 346, 348 Manicongo, 231 East, 130, 132, 139 Mayumba, 232 Africa, idealized and identiﬁed with Zion, Mina, 236, 240, 161, 162, 168 Jerusalem, Ethiopia, the Other World, Mondongo, 238 Heaven, 345, 347 Mumbat/Mumbata, 231 African Americans, 3, 291 Mumboma, 231 African “nations,” in the American Mungundu, 231 Diaspora, 154, 326 Musicongo, 231 Angola, 24, 49, 50, 51, 61, 62, 160, 161, Nago, see Yoruba 162, 166, 168, 171, 235, 239, 240 Popos, 240 Arara,´ 236, 240 Rebolo, 164, 166, 168 Benguelas, 51, 125–26, 128, 136, Soso, 231 138–139 Sozongo, 231 Biafara, 235, 236, 240 Tapa, 126, 137 Bran, 236, 239, 240 Wolof, 234, 240 Cabunda,´ 164, 166, 168 Yoruba, 166 Carabal´ı, 229, 240 Zape, 236 Congo, 40–42, 44, 47, 56, 61, 62, 126, African slaves, 121 130–133, 136, 138–139, 145–146, Africans, 118–119, 121–130, 132–133, 148–149, 151, 154, 168, 170, 181, 136–137, 144, 148, 338 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236, 237, Africans, Central, 342, 346, 348 238, 240 Africans, liberated, 320, 324, 325, 331, Congo/Mondongo, 237 337, 346, Congo/Solongo, 228, 238 Africans, liberated, Central, 341, 349, 350 Dagome, 171 Afro-Brazilians, 9, 97 Gege, 166 Afro-Lusitanians, 98, 99, 102, 111, 113 Goyo, 240 afterlife, 74 Hausa (Usa),´ 133, 137 agregados, 121, 144 Jeje, 126 agriculture, maroon, 232 Ketu, 166 Aguiar, Joao˜ Dias de, n. 15, p. 127

371

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372 Index

Aguirre, Michael Xavier de, 127 Asia Botte, 80 Akan, 23, 293, 345. See also Gold Coast asiento, 235 Alachua, 232 Assumar, Conde de, 161, 162, 169 Alagoas, 159 Atlantic Slave Trade, see Slave Trade albinos, 218 Ayres da Silva, Luiza (Kraho),ˆ 139 All Souls Day, 85 alligators, 311, 314 Bahelele Ndimansa, 72 altars, 79 Bahia, 27, 28, 31, 51, 60, 124–127, Alvares, Pedro Ferreira, 144 160, 224 Amaral, Il´ıdio do, 92. Bahoruco mountains, 234, 236 Amazon River, 124 Ba´ıa das Vacas, see Benguela Ambaca, (Mbaka), 47, 95, 194 Bailundu, see Mbailundu Ambriz, 37, 39, 60 Bakongo, see Kongo “Ambundu” (ethnic designation), 51, 52, Baltasar, King and/or Saint, 164, 168, 53. See also Kimbundu (language), 178, 180 Mbundu Bamadona, 220–23 Ana, (Ana Afonso de Leao),˜ Queen, 283 Bambara, 293 ancestors, 79–80, 82 Bampangu, see Mpangu Angola, Alonzo, 2 Bango a Kitama, 77 Angola Ame, 299, 300 Banguela, Antonio, 143 Angola, Antonio, 144 Banguela, Banguella, Bonguela, 130–133, Angola, Caetano, 141 138 Angola, Ignacio, 2 Banguela, Joao,˜ 143 Angola, Isabel, 144 Banguela, Maria, 143, 146, 148 Angola, Joanna das Neves de Nac¸ao,˜ 143 Banguella, Jose,´ 141 Angola, Joao,˜ n. 25, 134, 139 Banguita, 138 Angola, Jose´ Soares, 141 bankita, see nkita Angola, Manoel, 134, 139, 143 Bantu languages, 38, 186 Angola, Miguel, 141 “Bantu”, in Brazil, 56, 61, 62 Angola (Portuguese colony), 28, 45–48, 83, Baptism, baptismal rite, 123, 127, 130–134, 91, 92, 93, 99, 101, 113, 124–126, 143–147, 350 128, 130–36, 138–142, 144–149, Baptista, Joanna, n. 6, p. 121 151,158, 172, 228, 225, 302; Catholic Barbados, 61, 297, 299 church in, 102, Bishop of, 110 Barra, Goias,´ 144 “Angolas”, see African “nations” in the Barreiras, Bahia, 127 American Diaspora basimbi, see simbi Anta, 142 Basundi, see Nsundi Antonian Movement (Kongo), 196, Battel, Andrew, 77, 79 208, 284 battles, mock, 159, 180 Antonil, AndreJo´ ao,˜ 160 batuques, 100, 164, 177, 178 “Anzicos”, see Mundongues (ethnic Beatriz (or Beatrice) Kimpa Vita, 196, 197, identity), Teke 270, 271, 281, 282, 284 Apalachicola River, 232 Bel-Air, 275 Arakaka, North West District, Guyana, 347 Belem,´ Para,´ 121, 124–126, 128, Araxa,´ 136–138, 140 135, 138 Arevalo,´ Manuel Garc´ıa, 237 Bellgarde-Smith, Patrick, 268 Arraias, 120, 122, 136–138, 140, 142 Bengo River, 79, 86, 296

Index 373

Benguela, 27, 31, 48, 51, 53, 54, 60, of Good Death, 166; of St. Efigenia 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 106, 113, and St. Elesbao,˜ 168. 125–126, 128, 136, 138–139, 157, brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary, in 296, 329 Africa, 158; in Bahia, 160, 161; in Benguela, Maria, 135 Minas Gerais, 161–163, 175–176; in “Benguelas”, see African “nations” in the Europe, 158; in Pernambuco, 160, American Diaspora 168; in Rio de Janeiro, 164 Benin, 23, 126 Buakasa, Tulu kia Mpanzu, 73 Berbice, 321, 329, 330, 337, 342 Buça, 130–132 Bight of Benin, 320 buffalos, 309 Bight of Biafra, 299, 304, 320 Bundu dia Kongo, 72 Bihe (Bie),´ see Viye Bunseki, Fu-Kiau, see Fu-kiau Bunseki bilongo, 281 Bunzi (Funza, Funzi, Funzu, Lusunzi, birds, 309, 311, 314, 317 Mangundazi), 76, 205, 206, 208, Birmingham, David, 240 213, 214 bisimbi, see simbi burials, 135 Bissau, 124–125 Busa, 137 Black Atlantic, 7 Black (preto),ˆ 119, 122–123; blacks of the Cabinda, 28, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, coast, 135 124–126, 128, 130–132, 139, Black regiments, see Henriques 196, 336 blacksmith kings, 235 caboclos, 180–181 Bockie, Simon, 73 Cabore,´ 133 Bois Ca¨ıman, ceremony of, 253–54 cabra, 141, 145 Boma (Mboma), 296, 337 Cabrera, Lydia, 233 Bomfin, 136–138, 140 Cabunda, 138–139 Bonsy, 77. See also Bunzi Cachaça, 143 Botelho da Cunha, Joao,˜ 127 Cacheu, 124–125 Bourdieu, Pierre, 278 cacique, 234 bozales, 233, 238 Caconda, 27, 51, 95, 98 Brandao,˜ Carlos Rodrigues, 149 Cacongo (Kakongo), 77 Bras´ılia, 118, 124 Caetano, Matheus, 108 Brazil, 8, 10, 92, 94, 105, 113, Calabar, 126 118, 149, 353, 361–362, 363, Calmon, Francisco, 169, 170 364, 367–369 Cambambe, 87, 95 Northeast, 126 Cape Lopez, 28 Brazilians, 121–122, 145 Cape Verde, 139, 141 British Caribbean, see Caribbean Capelle, district, 74 British Navy, 337, 340 Capelle, Frans, Dutch factor, 77, 80, 83 British Vice-Admiralty Court, 323 Capitaçao,˜ 119 Brooklyn, 226 capitaes-mores˜ , 98, 99, 104, 109, 110, 112, brotherhood (irmandade), 8, 144, 148, 154, 113 157–158, 179; feast day celebrations Capoeragem (capoiera Angola), 353, 361–362, in, 157–158, 161; in Europe, 157, 364, 367–370 158; of the apostles St. Philip and Capuchins, 101, 107, 284 St. James, 166; of Bom Jesus, 166; of Caribbean, 23, 223. See also Antilles Our Lady of Belem, 168; of Our Lady (French), Spanish West Indies

374 Index

Carmelites, 107 Comunda, 138 Carmichael, Mr. of Seafield, West Coast Conceiçao,˜ 120, 122, 136–138, 140 Berbice, 342 Concordat of 1860, 265 Carmo, 118, 120–121, 135, 139, 142 congado/a, 149–151, 153, 175 Carmo, Maria do, 144 Congo Heart Burn, 329 Carolina (Brazil), 120, 122 Congo man in Guiana, 347 Carolina and Georgia Low Country, 28, Congo River, 74, 78, 186, 200, 331, 333 290–317, passim Congo, King of, 150–151 Carretao,˜ 120, 122 Cordial de Sa´ family, 108 Carrion Crow, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346. See corevelation, 84, 87 also Mr. Carmichael’s narrative, coronations, Castelneau’s description of, deliverance 177; in Bahia, 160, 166; in Minas Carroll, Patrick, 238 Gerais, 161, 162, 163, 177; in Recife, Cartagena, 2, 26 160, 166; in Rio de Janeiro, 164, Casange, Cassange, (market), 48, 133, 138. 170–171, 180; in Santo Amaro, 170; See also Kasanje legal acceptance of, 177; prohibitions Castello da Vide, Rafael, 256–57 of, 161, 163, 178, 180; Rugendas’ Castelneau, Francis de la Porte de, 177 depiction of, 173, 174 Catalao,˜ Goias,´ 148–149, 151 Corpus Christi, 233 Catholic Church, 144, 156, 163 corsairs, 235 Cattle ranches (fazendas), 142 Cortona, Serafina da, OFMCap, 76, 79, 80 Cavalcante, 118, 120–122, 136–138, cosmogram, Kongo, 230 140, 142 cotton, 292, 304 Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio da Courtin, Jacques, 258–59 Montecuccolo, OFMCap, 74, 75, 76, cowrie shells, 351 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88, 359 creole (creolization), 5, 12, 13, 15, 122, Cedras,´ Raoul, 276, 284 185, 321, 322, 348 Cemeteries, see graves crioula, 143, 146 chapel boys, 83–4 Crioula, Joaquina, 134, 141 Charleston, 58, 305 Crioula, Quiteria, 134 charms, 80, 310, 356. See also nkisi crioulo(s), 131–132, 134, 141, 145, 148, Chatelain, Heli, 190–92, 193, 194, 199 n. 38, p. 149, 160, 166, 168 Chavanate, see Xavante cristaos˜ novos, see New Christians Chekoke, see Kyocke Crixas,´ 119–120, 122, 136–138, 140 Chesapeake, 28 crucifix, 110 Christianity, in Africa, 17, 72, 78, 80, Cuanza, see Kwanza 83–90, 94, 102, 109, 157, 254–58 Cuba, 37, 58–59, 226 Christiano Jr., 178, 179 cucumbi, see dances, Afro-Brazilian Christians, 95, 98, 110 Cueva Maldonado, Archbishop Francisco cimarrones, 232 de la, 236 Claver, Pedro, 2 Cuiaba,´ 124, 129 Cofre del Perote, 239 cumbe, 227 Cokwe, 54 Cunha Manuela Carneiro da, 121 Colon,´ Diego, 234 curadeiras, 105, 112 Comarca do Norte (Tocantins), 120, 136–139 Dande River, 86 Comarca do Sul (Goias),´ 120, 136–137, 139 Dahomey, 4, 223, 224, 225

Index 375

dances, African (tango, guaguanco,´ columbia, entambes, 99, 100 macuta), 105, 233; of Congo, 164, 166, escravos ladinos, 95, see slaves 170, 175, Afro-Brazilian, batuques, estates with liberated Africans, 329 164, 177, 178; congado/a 153, 175; Ethiopia, 348 cucumbi, 153, 170n62, 180; maracatu, Europe, 5 153; mozambiques, 153; quicumbi, 170; Europeans, 94, 98 talheiras, 170 Ewbank, Thomas, 178 Danmye, see ladya Dapper, Olfert, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81 Faria Baretto, Dionisio, 88 Davidson, David Michael, 124–125 Ferguson, Leland, 230–1, 237 Day of Kings, 164, 176, 178, 233 Fernandes de Oliveria, Mario´ Antonio,´ 92 Deagan, Kathleen, 230 fiador do quartamento, 146 Debret, Jean Baptiste, 166, 167, 178 filhos da terra,94 degregados, 94, 95 Flores, 120, 122, 136–138, 140 deliverance narratives, see flight foodways, 105 Dembos, 86, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111 forested areas (Central Africa), 38, 40, 47, Demerara River, 321, 324, 329, 340 56, 61, 62 Descourtilz, Etienne, 247, 254 Foundry House, n. 29, 141; n. 31, 143 Descourvieres,` Jean-Joseph, 256–57 Franciscans, 107 Desemboque, 120–121, 136–138, 140 free blacks, 121, 140, 144, 146, 148, 160, Devil, the (Christian), 81 166, 173, 178 Dias de Novais, Paulo, 86 freedom, purchase of, 122, 136, 143–144, Dicomano, Raimondo da, OFMCap, 251, 146 256–57 French (as slavers), 28–31, 49, 54, 55, 56, Dimba (valley), 292 61, 62 Diogo I, King, 86, 89 Fu-kiau Bunseki, 72, 354 diseases (of liberated Africans), 323–234 Funzu (Funzi), 76, 214. See also Bunzi diviners, 214, 218 dogs, 309, 314, 316, 317 Gaeta, Antonio da Napoli, OFMCap, 87 dolphins, (Sotalia brasiliensis and Sotalia Gambia, 302 fluviatilis (tucuxi), 185 ganda, dance ring in Guyana, 344, 345 Dominicans, 158 Ganzambumbo, 76 Dompete,` Dom Pedre` , 247–48 Garcia II, King, 81 DuBois, W.E.B., 3 Garvey, Marcus, 348 Duro, 120, 122, 127–128 Garveyites, 331, 349 fn. 64 Dutch (as slavers), 26, 27, 28, 47–49, 56, 61 Gender, 139–40, 143, 322 dwarfs, 214, 218 Geneve Kongo, 322 Georgetown, 340, 341, 344 Ecovongo, see Viye Gibson, Kean, 346 Elephants, 309, 310, 311 Giraldin Odair, 135 n. 26 Elola, 358 God, 76 empacaceiros, 106 Goiania,ˆ 130 Encoge, 95, 110 Goias´ City of, 133, 148–149 engenhos (sugar plantations), 141–142 Goias,´ 15, 118, 122–124, 126–130, 137, English (as slavers), 27, 28, 31, 49, 56, 57, 148–149; map of, 117 58, 61 Gold, 118–119, 126–129, 136, 141 n. 29 Enriquillo, 234 n. 31, 143 n. 31, 144, 146

376 Index

Gold Coast, 23 (slaves from in Guyana), Hispaniola, 234 320, 321, 345, 346 Holo, 107 gold mining, 118–119, 121, 129–130, hospices, 102 142–143. See also Akan (West Africa), Howard University, 3 Minas Gerais (Brazil) Humbe, 51 Gombea Muqueama, Dembo, 113 hunting, 290, 308, 309, 310, 313–314, 315, Gomez´ de Sandoval,´ Governor Diego, 235 316, 317 Gomez, Michael, 338 Hutim, Jose´ Francisco, 130, 141 graves, 79–80, 109, 231, 307, 313 Great Britain, see English, West Africa identity in Africa, 22, 37–39, 41, 44, Squadron 56–57, 59–60, 62–63, slave, in Brazil, Guadeloupe, 62 185. See also African “nations” Guanabacoa, 233 Igbo, 293 Guanabara Bay, 128, 183, 185, 199, Imbangala, 46, 47, 49, 82–3, 87, 88, 106, 206–207. See also Rio de Janeiro 240. See also Kasanje Guapore´ River, 124 Imbomba, 77 guerra preta, 103, 106, 107, 113 immigrants, liberated Africans, 334–335 Guilloux, Mgr., 275 indentured labor, 320, 327 Guinea, 124–125, 128, 137–138 Indians, 124, 134, 139, 148 Gulf of Guinea, 23 indigo, 292 Gullah Jack, 231, 290, 312 indultos, 231 Gullah Joe, 290 Ingolombe, 109 Gumbiri, 77 irmandade, see brotherhood guns, 309, 313, 316 Isabel, Princess, 149, Guyana, 11, 17, 320, 323, 324, 326, 328, Itapicuru River, 128, 151 n. 42 330, 333, 336, 337, 340, 341, 342, 348, 351 “Jagas”, see Imbangala gypsies, 94 Jamaica, 11, 61, 297, 299, 348, 349 Jansen, John, 73 Haiti, 348 Jerusalem, 348 Haitian Revolution, 11, 112, 265, 270, Jesuits, 101, 103, 118, 160 271, 279 Jesus Christ, 100, 224 Haitian Voudou, 11, 16 Jews, 94 Harvard Data Base, 8, 237, 321 Jinga, see Matamba; also Njinga, Nzinga Hausa, 126, 133 John Forbes & Company, 232 Havana, 35, 226, 233, 316 Johnson, Amandus, 75, 76 Heaven, 85 Jornal, 143 n. 31 Hell, 85 Jordanite sect, 349 Henriques, 148–149 n. 38 julgados, 119, 121, 139 Herskovits, Melville J., 223, 224, 267 Juliao,˜ Carlos, 164–165 Heywood, Linda, 321 Jumbi, 345 Higgins, Kathleen, 121 Jungu, 331, 338–340, 341, 343, 344 Highland plateau (central highlands), western central Africa 26. See also Kaboko, 77 Bihe, Caconda, Mbailundo, Kahenda, 107 Ovimbundu, Umbundu, Wambu Kakongo (also Cacongo), 88 Hilton, Anne, 196 Kakulu ka Kahenda, 74

Index 377

Kakulu ka Oximi, 76 Kisama, 106 kalubungu, 191 kiteke, 76, 78, 88 kalula, 314 kitembela,79 kalunga, 75, 118, 151 n. 42, 200, 295, 311, kitome, 78, 79 323, 348, 352–360, 364–365, 369 Kitouba, 77 kanga, 281, 282, 283, 284 kituta, 190, 192, 194, see simbi Kasai River, 40, 49, 56 kixila, 77, 82 Kasanje, 49, 54, 88, 105, 106 kiximbi, 190, 192, 196. See also simbi Kavuna Simon, 212, 213 knocking and kicking, 362–367, 370 Kayapo,´ 148 komfo ritual, 340 Kenga, 77 Kongo/Congo, Kingdom and people, kianda, 190, 192, 194. See also simbi 23–24, 39–41, 43–44, 48, 49, 54, 72, Kibenga, Pedro Constantinho da Silva, 284 73, 75, 78, 80, 82, 83–5, 86, 87, 89, Kikokoo, 78 92, 105, 111, 155, 156, 157, Kikongo language, 44, 72, 73, 84, 86, 159,188–189, 193, 195, 218, 223, 88, 186, 229, 241, 295, 326, 224, 225, 228, 266, 274, 359. See also 332, 348 Bakongo, Kikongo language kilombo, child precursor of twins, 216 Kongo (Madinga Kongo, Mundele Kongo, kilombo, runaway camp, 240 326, 327, 329, 341, 344, 347, 350 kilundu(s), (nature spirit/s), 76, 77, 88, 307 Kongo dia Nlaza, Emperor of, 86 kimbanda, (ritual experts), 93, 103–105, Kongo musician, 328 355, 366 Kongo religion, 282, 283, 285 Kimbundu language, 44, 73, 78, 79, 80, 86, ‘Kongo tar ass’, see Jungu; tar on slave ships 186, 191, 223. See also Mbundu Kongo wedding, 330 Kimpa Vita, see Beatrice Kongo, Kings of, 155, 156, 157, 159 kimpasi, 82, 196–197, 281 Kongo-Guyanese word list, 332–333 kinda, 192, see simbi Koster, Henry, 172, 173 kindoki, 217. See also witchcraft Koudjay, 284 King Buzzard, see Carrion Crow Kraho,ˆ 139 King George’s War, 300, 303 Kru, 329 King of Congo (in the Americas), 153, Kuba, 48 154, 155, 166, 168, 181–182, 297; as Kubango River, 38 leader of uprising, 176; Koster’s Kumina, 326 description of, 172; in Minas Gerais, Kunene River, 26, 31, 38 173–176; in Recife,171–172; in Rio Kwa River, see Kasai River de Janeiro, 170–171, 180–181; Kwanza (Cuanza) River, 23, 38, 86, 88, 113 Rugendas’ description of, 173; in Kyocke, 77 Santo Amaro, 169–170 King Zambi, 348 ladinos, 95, 104, 136, 185 kingdoms, in Africa, see Political systems ladya, 363–366, 370 kings, black (reis negros), 153, 154, 155, 156; Lafaye, Jacques, 272 as leaders of quilombos, 162; as leaders Lagoa Feia, 127 of rebellions, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, Laman, Karl, 72, 192, 193, 195, 199–201, 168, 178, 181; power of, 168–169; 205, 206, 310 von Martius’ description of, 173, 175 Lampadosa Church, 168, 178 Kingsley, Zephaniah, 231 Languages (African, spoken in Guyana), 326 kinship (African), see Identity in Africa Lecum, R. P., 279

378 Index

Lemba, 214, 223 manieles, 227 Lencastro, Governor, 93, 108 mapasa, 213 Liberated Africans, see Africans, liberated maracatu, 153 Libolo, 130, 147 Maramba, 77 Lima, 26 Maranhao,˜ 124–128, 135 Loango (kingdom), 49, 56, 72, 73, 75, 78, Maranhao˜ River, 118–119, 124 80, 82, 83–5, 86, 87, 89, 218 marasa, 224 Loango Coast, 28, 31, 49, 56, 58, 61, 128, Maria, daughter of Joao˜ Angola, 134 296, 309, 336, 357. See also Cabinda, maroons, 124, 227, 312, 316, 318 Loango (kingdom), Malimbo, maroon leaders (in Hispaniola, Diego Mayumba, Vili Guzman, Diego Ocampo, Juan Loje (river), 296 Vaquero, Lemba, 234); (in Mexico, Londa, 212 Yanga, Francisco de la Matieza), 239; London Missionary Society, 337 (in Colombia, Domingo Bioho/King Lorenzo, Father, 359 Benkos, 239, Domingo de Lozi (Luyana), 54 Padilla/Angola, 240) Luala, 360 marriages, 134, 144–146, 148 Luanda (Sao˜ Paulo d’Assumpçao˜ de – martial arts, 360 Portuguese port), 24, 31, 46–7, 52, Martinique, 62, 348, 353, 363–365, 370 58, 61, 86, 96, 97, 101, 105, 106, 108, Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, 173 112, 113, 128, 139, 153, 191, 296 Massangano, 95, 96, 113 Luanda, island, 24 Matadi, 216, 219 “Luandas” (ethnic designation), 48, 51 Mata Makala ma Mpasi, 73 Luccock, John, 183, 184, 185, 190, 198, Matamba, Kingdom of, 48, 54, 57, 86, 88, 199, 201, 204, 205–207, 175 Lunda, 49. See also mwaant yaav, Ruund Mato Grosso, 118, 124, 129 Luso-African feudalism, 92 matrilineage, 214 Luso-tropicalism, 92 Matudere, 240 Lusunzi, 76. See also Bunzi Mayombe, 41, 42, 56, 77 Luvale, 54 Mayumba, 28 lwa, 211, 219, 223, 224, 225 Mbailundo, 51, 105 Lwena, 54 Mbaka, see Ambaca Mbanza Kongo, 84, 156, 308 Maçanbi, 133 Mbrije River, 35, 296 Macaya, 270–271 Mbumba (rainbow), 248–49 MacGaffey, Wyatt, 73, 186, 187, 193, 196, mbumbas (country people), 90 197, 204, 229, 279, 331 Mbundu (region and ethnicity), 44–47, Macota Cabassa, 113 75, 79, 82, 86, 139, 188, 190, 192, Madeira, 94 193, 194, 223, 330, 333. See also Madeira River, 124 Kimbundu maestro da igreja, 255 Mbwela, 110 Makandal, François, 250–53, 258, 260 Mbwila, 107, 110 Makenda, Andre,´ 73 McAlister, Elizabeth, 296, 284 Malebo Pool, 38, 39, 49, 56 Mearim River, 128 Malimbo, 28, 31 Meia Ponte (Pirenopolis),´ 118–122, Mamazamba, 274 127–128, 136–138, 140 Maniel Jose´ Leta, 236 Mende, 293

Index 379

Mercies, Our Lady of, 148 Muanda Nsemi, 72 Metraux,´ Alfred, 217, 223, 225, 265, 266, Muene Puto, 360 267, 277 mulattoes, 93, 96, 97, 98, 141 mfinda, feenda, finda (forest), 290, 291, 294, Mundele Kongo, see Kongo Mundele 295, 310 Mundongues (ethnic identity), 56 Middle Passage, 305 Munjollo (Tio slaves) Manjolo, 130–132 Military dances, 360 music, 105 music, in feast day celebrations, Miller, Joseph C., 112, 128,187–188, 320, 164, 170, 173, 174 (illus), 178, 179 322, 326, 339, 352, 356, 360, 361 (illus); maracatu, 153 Mina, Joaquina, 143 musical instruments, African (conga, Mina, Miguel, 141 mambisa, tumba, bongos,´ claves), “Mina/Minas”, 36, 126–128, 130–138, 150–151, 233 141, 143–148, 161, 162, 168 Mutecos, 138–139 Minas Gerais, 31–2, 51, 61, 118, 121, Mutemo, 86 124, 128,160–163, 169, 172, Muxima, 87, 95 173–176, 186, 188 mwaant yaav,49 mining towns, 118–119, 124, 135, 148 mwana wa nlongo, 212, 213 minkisi, see nkisi Mintz, Sydney, 187 Nagano, 137 missionaries, 102 Nago-Yoruba, 126, 130–132, 135, mnemonic streamlining, 343 137–138, 141, 143, 145, 166 mocambo, as character in ritual drama, 170 names, Central African personal, lists mocambos, as runaway slave community 95, retained in Guyana, 333–335 154 naming practices, Christian, in Africa, Moeno-Bengo,ˆ 100 102–103, 108–109 Mofumbe, 138, 140 narratives, deliverance, 336, 343; historical, Moleques, 127 337, 338 Mondongo, 344 Natal, 125–126 Montesarchio, Girolamo da, OFMCap, 78, Natividade, 118, 120–122, 126–127, 81 134–138, 140 mooyo, 281 naturaes˜ da terra, 104 moradores, 98, 102, 108 Naviez, 76 Moraes Filho, Alexandre Jose´ de Mello, Ndala a Kabasa, 76 164, 178, 179, 180, 181 Ndembu, 42, 46 Moreau de Saint-Mery,´ Med´ eric´ ndoki, 336, see witch, witchcraft, kindoki, Louis-Elie, 246–48, 258 wanga Morrison, Mavis, 331, 338, 339, 341, 343, Ndongo, Kingdom of, 76, 87, 88, 235 345, 350 ndudu, 213 Mortality (Middle Passage), 26 Negro Fort, 232 Moucumba, 131–132 Netherlands, see Dutch Mozambique, 31, 58, 126, 130–132, 139, New Christians (cristaos˜ novos), 94, 95 148–149 New Orleans, 58, 62 mozambiques, 153 New Spain, 272 Mpangu, 187–188, 191. See also Bampangu Neyba, 238 Mpinda, 40, 47–48 nfinga Kongo, 308 Mpombola, 310 nfinga Ngula, 308 Mputu, 323 Nganga a Muloko, 81

380 Index

nganga ngombo,81 Ortiz, Fernando, 233 nganga nkisi, 222 Ouidah, 28, 36 nganga nkita, 222 Our Lady of Altagracia, 277 ngangas, in general, 224, 233, 312, 336, Our Lady of Conception, 111 342. See also kimbandas Our Lady of Mount Carmel, 276, 277, Ngangela, 47, 55 280, 283 ngangu sense, intelligence, see Guyanese Our Lady of Perpetual Help, 274, 275 “sense man,” 342 Our Lady of Pinda, 274 Ngola a kiluanje,23–4, 28 Our Lady of the Rosary, 148–149, 151, ngolo, 357–359, 361, 368 160, 172, 173 Ngoyo, 88, 213. See also Cabinda Ovando, Governor Nocolas´ de, 234 ngunza, 355 n. 7, 356 Ovimbundu, 49, 51, 58, 330 Niger Delta, 13 Nigeria, 224 paket` Kongo, 281 Njinga/Nzinga/Xinga, Queen, 42, 49, 87, palenque, 227 88, 175 Palma, 122. See also Sao˜ Joao˜ da Palma nkangi kiditu, 254, 257 Palmares, 49, 118, 159, 161, 227 nkisi/minkisi(min’kisi), 77, 80, 82, 85, 212, Palmie, Stephan, 241 222, 223, 224, 231, 237, 241, 249, Palo Monte, 226 252–53, 256, 281, 356 Para,´ 124 nkita, 78, 220, 222, 223, 224, 307. See also Paracatu,´ 128 simbi, territorial deities Parana´ River, 129 Nkondu, 212, 225 Parco, Rosario dal, OFMCap, 255 North America, 344 Parda, Joaquina, 141 nsanga, (dance), 359–360 Pardo/as, 119, 121–122, 127, 144–145, 166, Nsevo, 78 170, 171, 172 Nsi Kwilu, 81 Parna´ıba Piau´ı, 124–126, 128 Nsundi (Basundi), 78, 188, 191 Parna´ıba River, 128–129 Nsuzi, 215 Paulistas, 129 Nzadi Basin, 292, 296 Pawnship, 121 Nzambi a Mpungu, (Nzambe mpungu), 75, Pensacola, 232 76, 269, 279, 336 Pere, Mr. of Seaﬁeld, 342 Nzinga, Queen, see Njinga Pernambuco, 26, 27, 31, 48–9, 51, 61, 62, Nzinga, twin born with umbilicus around 124–127, 160, 168, 171 neck, 215, 218 pessoas de obrigac¸ao˜ , 121 nzunga, 356 Petro, 223 Piau´ı, 127–128 Obatala, 225 Pilar, 119–122, 127, 136–138, 140, 142 Obeah, 324, 343, 347. See also witchcraft pilgrimage, 280 Occupations of slaves and freedpersons, Pinto, Luiza, 112 141–143 Plaine-du-Nord, La, 272 Ogun, 224, 273 Pombal, Marquis de, 163 Olinda, 127, 172 pombeiros, 51, 96 Oliveira, Maria Ines de, 126 Pompo, 77 Omari-Obayemi, Mikelle, 224 Population statistics, 119, 121–123 ordeals, 82, 251 Porpoise, see dolphin orisha, 224 Port-au-Prince, 226, 275, 284

Index 381

Portoˆ da Estrela,ˆ 128 Revolts, slave, 207 Porto Real/Imperial/Nacional, 120, 122, Reyes, D´ıade,see Day of Kings 136–140 Ribas, Oscar, 92 Portugal, Portuguese, 23, 94, 118–119, Ribeiro, Manuel SJ, 74, 76, 88 121, 123, 141, 156 rice, 292, 298, 299–300, 311, 315 pretˆ savanne, 262–63 ring shout, 366–367 pretos calc¸ados,96 Rio das Velhas, 120–121 pretos velhos, 153 Rio de Janeiro, 27, 31, 51, 52, 55, 58, 61, Price, Richard, 187 97, 124, 128–130, 132, 139, 160, 163, Price-Mars, Jean, 267 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 186, 188, Prospect Bluff, 232 206, 207, 329, 351, 361 Puerto Rico, 36 R´ıo de la Plata, 26, 31 Purgatory, 85 roc¸as, 142–143 Rodney, Walter, 329 Queen of Congo, 170, 172, 173, 174, 176 Rodrigues de Meneses, 99 Queen Victoria, 349 Romaine-la-Prophetesse,´ 259, 270, 271 queens, 160, 161, 162, 163, 168, 178; as rosary brotherhoods, see Brotherhoods of leader of quilombo, 162 Our Lady of the Rosary quilambas, 106 rosary, 84 quilombo(s), quilambolas, 9, 118, 122–123, Rugendas, Joao˜ Maur´ıcio, 173, 174 134, 144, 148, 160, 169, 227; in rulers, African, 156–157 Minas Gerais, 162; festivals known as, Rupert’s Valley, 323, 324 153. See also Palmares Ruund, 49, 54, 57, 58 Quilombo dos Palmares, see Palmares quimbares, 96, 103 Sabara,´ 112, 121 quimboiseur, 365 Sabaru,ˆ 137 Quinto, 121, 128, 141 sacraments, 100 Quionzo, 87 Saint Benedict, 151, 160, 170n62, 180 Saint Domingue, 28, 57–58, 62, 235, Rada, 223 243–45, 250–54, 258–64, 266, 269, Rastafarians, 348, 349 272, 276, 277, 279 rats, 292, 308, 315 Saint James the Greater (Sen Jak), 266, 272, Rebolo (Rabello, Robollo.ˆ See also Libolo), 273, 276; feast of, 359 130–132, 147, 164, 166, 168 Salazar dictatorship, 92 recaptives, Africans, see Africans, salt, 349–350 liberated salt and slave trade associations, 351, Recife, 124, 166, 171, 172; Dutch Recife, salt avoidance and vulnerability, 342, 343 159 salt ingestion, subordination, 349–350 Registries, baptismal and death, 130, Salvador, 124, 126–127, 130, 132, 135, 134–135 n. 26; 136, 139, 143–144, 138–139, 161, 166, 172 148 Salve Antonia, 283 Regla, 233 San Basilio, 239 reinado, see coronations San Lorenzo de los Negros de Mina, 236 Reis Congos,16 Santa Anna (St. Ann), church of, 130, 134 Religious brotherhoods, black (Royal n. 25, 144, 146, 150 Congo cabildo, 233; Cabildo Rey Santa Cruz, 118, 120, 122, 136–138, 140, Mago San Melchor, 233; 236) 142

382 Index

Santa Luzia, 118, 120, 122, 136–138, 140, Silva, Bartolomeu Bueno da, 129 142 silver (Spanish, New World), 26 Santer´ıa, 226 simbi,(kisimbi, basimbi, bisimbi), 193, 196, Santo Amaro, 169–170, 175 197, 198, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, Santos, Luis Gonc¸alves dos, 128, n. 17, 149 216, 219, 223, 224, 225–226, 307, n. 38 312, 313, 356. See also territorial Sao˜ Domongos, 127 deities Sao˜ Felix,´ 120–122, 127, 136–140, 142, sizas (sales taxes), 130, 136, 139, 143 143 n. 31 Slave Coast (West Africa), 28. See also Sao˜ Francisco River, 31, 127 Ouidah Sao˜ Joao˜ da Palma, 136–138, 140 Slave trade, 123–124, 126–129, 130, 133, Sao˜ Jose´ de Tocantins, 128 139, 292, 296–297, 311, 336; statistics, Sao˜ Luis, 124, 127 23–41, Appendix, suppression of, see Sao˜ Paulo, 129, 134, 186, 188, 207 West Africa Squadron Sao˜ Tome,´ 23–26, 43, 44–46, 60, slave traders (Portuguese), 337 126, 158 slavery, 158, 158, 160, 161, 297, 317; Saut-d’Eau (Ville-de-Bonheur), 276 Christianity and, 158, 160, 173; Savona, Cherubino da, OFMCap, 255 rebellions, 160, 161, 162, 176; Sebastyen,´ Eva, 10 runaways, 159, 160, 162; slave ports, Selassie, Haile, 348 160, 163 self ethnographers, 72, 73 slaves, 93, 95, 97, 339, 340 Seminole, Black, villages (Bowlegs Town, Songa, 138 Pilaklikaha, Payne’s Town, Mulatto Sonho, see Soyo Girl’s Town, King Heijah’s Town, Souloque, Faustin, 278 Bucker Woman’s Town, Boggy Island, Sousa Coutinho, Francisco de, 96, 99, 107, Big Swamp), 231–2 109 Senegambia, 28, 299, 303 South Atlantic System, 7 “sense man,” (ngangu), 336, 342 South Carolina Lowcountry, 10, 17, 112 Sephardic Jews, 26 Souto, Sebastiao,˜ 86, 89 Serro do Frio, 161, 162 Souza Pereira, Niomar de, 151 Seville, 23 Soyo, 274, 275, 276 Shango, 224 Spain, 44–46. See also Spanish West Indies, shipmates, 320, fn. 26 Seville, Lima, R´ıo de la Plata ships, immigrant, 324, 333 Spaniards (as slavers), 56–58 ships, slave Spanish West Indies, 23. See also Cuba, Arabian IV, 333, 336 Puerto Rico Athletae, 327 spirits, African categories, 75–79, 223 Grac¸a, 333 wicked, 80–81 Malaga, 336 St. Augustine, 228 use of tar on, 339, 341, fn. 44 St. Francis of Assisi, 111 shrines, 76–77 St. Helena, 320, 321, 323, 326, 327, 333, Sierra Leone, 13, 299, 303, 321, 323, 324, 336, 340 326, 327, 348 Stanley Pool, 139 Silva Correa,ˆ Elias Alexandre da, 99, 100, “States”, in Africa, see Political systems 101, 107, 109 Stono, 228 Silva Lundu,ˆ Rita da, 135 Stono Rebellion 303

Index 383

sugar, see producing regions (Bahia, Urban slavery, 44–46, 52–53 Caribbean, Pernambuco, Sao˜ Tome)´ Usa,´ see African Nations, Hausa Suwannee River, 232 Sylva, Jose´ Porto da, 146 Vansina, Jan, 352 syncretic religions (regla de palo-monte, Vasconcelos, Governor, 97, 100 palo mayombe, zarabanda, santer´ıa), Vatican, 277, 278 233 Vazconcelos, Antonio de Melo e, 146 Vera Cruz, 26 Taino Indians, 234 Vermelho River, 118 tambas, 99, see entambes Vessey, Denmark, 312 tar, see ships, use of tar on Vila Bela, 124 tata, 301 Vila Boa, 118–121, 123, 126–134, Tavares, Pero, SJ, 77, 87, 88 136–144, 146 Teke, 39. See also Mundongue, Tio Vila de Sao˜ Joao,˜ 120 territorial deities/spirits, in Africa, 76–79, Vila Rica (Ouro Preto),ˆ 128 194, 196–201, 205, 207, 293, 307, Vila Vilar, Enriqueta, 239 310, 312. See also simbi, nkita, kinda, Vili, 49, 56–57 kiximbi, kituta violence, and slaving, 40, 44, 46–7, 56, Thompson, Robert Farris, 73, 231 57–59, 60 Thornton, John, 48, 156, 197, 186, 228, Virgin Mary, 84, 85, 272, 274, 275, 276, 237, 270, 276, 281, 331, 354, 360 277, 282. See also entries under Our Tieteˆ River, 129 Lady Tio, 139, 222. See also Te ke Viye, 54, 105, 357 Tiriko, 78 Vodou (Vaudoux), 265, 267, 268, 275, 277, Tisserant, R. P., 278 278, 244, 246–54, 259–61 Tocantins (state), 118; map of, 117, 137, 149 Wakenaam Island, 329 Tocantins River, 118, 124, 128, 139 Wambu, 51 “Tomista” (Sao˜ Tome´ traders, planters), see wanga, 269. See also witchcraft Sao˜ Tome´ war (in western Central Africa), see Tortuga, 235 violence Toxosu, 224 water spirits (in Guyana), 346, 347, 348 Tra´ıras, 118–122, 136–138, 140, 142 Weisman, Brent, 232 transmigration of souls, 74 West Africa (West Africans), 2, 8, 9, trapping, 298, 309, 314–315, 317 124–126, 128, 130, 132–139, 141 Trinidad, 11 West Africa Squadron (British), 31–35 Tuckey, J. K. 200–201, 202, 203, 205 West Africans, in Brazil, 51. See also Turner, Victor, 197 “Minas” twins, 211–226 West Central Africa, 8, 17 Windward Coast, 303 umbrellas, 164, 165, 177 witchcraft and enslavement, cannibalism, Umbundu language, 48, 93, 186 and vampirism, 324, 326, 346, 347, undamento, 108 348, 350 Ungaro, Bernardo OFMCap, 89 witchcraft, 81–83. See also ndoki, kindoki, United States, 3 wanga Upper Guinea Coast, 124, 139, 304 witches, 355

384 Index

Withlacoochee River, 232 Yaka, 326 women, 47, 59–60, 94, 98, 100, 123, Yemoja, 225 143, 215, 330, 217, 219, 220, Yoruba, 4, 13, 130, 138, 214, 233 300, 301 Wood, Peter, 228 Zaire River, see Congo River Woodson, Carter G., 3 Zambi, 348 Woodson, Drexel, 268 Zambia, 215, 216 Works Project Administration, 6 zanges, 225 Zary, district, 77 Xavante (also Chavante), 134, 139, Zion, 348, 349 145–146, 148 zizimina,81 Xavier, Francisco, 92 Zombo, 326, 348