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USHMM Finding http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-50.120*090 Lichtenberg, Uziel Tape 1 of 5 1.01 Born in February 1916. Grandfather was a teacher in the village of Zoromin ???, north-central Poland on the border of Eastern Prussia. There were 6,000 inhabitants, half of them Jewish. Main occupation: smuggling, tobacco mainly, through the border. Also, in jobs for the farmers who visited the town. Some Jews were very well-off by exporting wood to England. Grandfather was born in Bendin and brought to the village by the Bloomenzweig famly to marry their daughter. The Bloomenzweigs were Hassidim and the condition of marriage was that the grandfather would never work, but study. His wife had a store and she sustained the family. They were Gur Hassidim and grandfather traveled to the rabbi in Gur several times a year. Grandmother died young and the sons took over the business. 4.54 Grandfather looked for a match for his eldest daughter, a highly intelligent Jew as himself and found him in Lublin – 1,000 km away. 5.23 Uziel’s father did not fulfill his obligation to devote himself to studying Torah only, and soon enough began his commercial undertaking with great success. In addition to his job exporting wood, he rented out houses in Danzig and Warsaw. He was also an active community activist and at age 28 he became the head of his community. He was also active in the Mizrahi religious movement. At the end of the First World War, he was chosen for the municipality of his town. 7.20 In 1926, when Uziel was 10 years old, the situation changed. Father fell ill with kidney and heart problems. He was taken to a hospital in Warsaw. During that long period, the family ate all of the servings. Upon his return home, the village doctor, Dr. Zaborowsky, came to live with the family and he treated Uziel’s father until he recuperated. 10.52 About mother. 12.04 Two older sisters. 12.17 Uziel started helping his father to re-establish the business. He was 10, and given great responsibility when father could not accompany him. 13.13 Father was a Zionist dreamer who also loved nature. Acquired land nearby, planted an orchard and built a house for his family that he designed. Mother opposed moving the family outside of the village to the new place where the “Goyim” lived. Father then transformed the house into apartments and rented them out to the “Goyim.” http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 14.12 In 1928, the family was better off, but a crisis hit Europe in 1929. The Russians “dumped” wood at an artificially low price in Europe and Uziel’s family could not compete. 15.07 In the village, every single Jewish child went to school: Haskda, a private school in Hebrew, and the Talmud/Torah for poor students. 16.03 Uziel began school at the age of 3. At 6, they started Mishnah and at age 8-9, ??? Uziel’s father decided that the child has to have a secular education as well, in a state school with the “Goyim.” Grandfather objected. The solution arrived that Uziel would study with his grandfather every morning from 5 to 7 a.m. on his Jewish subjects. Then, from 1 to 3 p.m., Uziel had to go again to grandfather’s house. They would do their afternoon and evening prayers and the two of them would go to the “Shtibel” (one-room house of prayer) where the hassids of Gur congregated and where the grandfather delivered a daily lesson. Uziel sat at his grandfather’s table and listened as well. 17.57 This period in the “shtibel” ended due to the jealousy of the other students. Uziel, then, studied at his grandfather’s home, again, at 9 p.m.. 19.40 Grandfather as a teacher was completely estranged form the everyday world. 23.00 His life as a student in the Polish school. The Polish nanny. The first radio at Dr. Zabrowsky’s. 26.10 Polish friends of Uziel’s father. 26.53 Anti-Semitism was oral, not physical. Most difficult times were Mondays – market day. At the end, peasants would become drunk and pester the Jews. 29.07 In 1928-29, the youth movements spread through Poland. Hashomer Hatzair was the first one in Uziel’s town. He and his middle sister joined. Uziel left to another movement; Hashomer Halaimi, as he was enticed by the possibility of playing the trumpet in its band. 31.00 In 1929, Uziel finished the public school. Because of the terrible economic situation, father decided to move the family to Lodz, where they already had relatives. 34.15 Move to Lodz was hard on Uziel. First to Plotzk where he saw a movie for the first time. 37.31 The toad from Plotzk to Lodz. 39.21 Sisters went to work. Uziel could not get any schooling. http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection 40.11 Attempt to reestablish business failed. Uziel went to work as a gopher first and made 8 zlote a week, which helped the family. He pined for his old village friends and read books instead of having friends. He read Polish literature. He read his home Hebrew books: Mapo, Peretz, P. Smoleskin. He did not read Yiddish, as the language was not appropriate for a cultured boy. He read Yiddish literature in translation. 44.35 Contact with cousins did not exist as they were Gur hassidim and Uziel was considered secular. 52.00 Studies in the Hebrew high school of Lodz. Difficult to adapt at first. There was no time for him to be involved with a youth movement. 55.00 Uziel went to work in someone else’s wood business. Work left much free time for reading. His weekly pay was 10 zlote per week. A kilogram of meat was 1 zlote. 59.30 One sister was already undergoing training to immigrate to Israel. The other was about to marry. Father closed the failing business in 1933. 2.00.12 Father established a religious-Zionist school in Lodz together with Berl Mark (who had graduated form Tachkimoni school in Warsaw. First years, the plan was to start with the elementary school and then add on more advanced classes. Berl Mark was the principal and Uziel’s father was the vice principal and pedagogic director. 1.23 The school had to raise its own money. As a private school, it did not have support from the government. Father also had a few private students, as the school’s economic situation was precarious. Family’s sustenance came from Uziel’s work, for the most part. 2.40 Older sister immigrated to Israel at the end of 1934. Sister’s life in Israel. Her name is Leah Adini. 3.49 The other sister immigrated to Israel in 1935 to Kibbutz Massarick. She left the kibbutz and the Hashomer Hatzair movement almost immediately. 4.41 Uziel was the only one of the children still at home in Lodz. The family adopted an orphan, Rushka Landan, and then another orphan, a boy named Uzi (who now lives in Kibbutz Lochamei Hagetaot – Ghetto Fighters Kibbutz). 6.19 In 1934, the business Uziel worked for went bankrupt. The owner of the business recommended Uziel to work at the building company of Herman Kalish (his brother-in-law). At first, he worked as a gopher. One of the engineers, Friedlander, took a liking to Uziel and started teaching him about construction. Also advised him to drop his Humanities school for trade school in the evenings, http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection where he learned the principles of building. There were almost no Jews there and anti-Semitism was rampant. Uziel finished with very good grades. 9.58 Uziel became an assistant to an engineer and after two years was the director of building projects in the city, earning 100 zlote per week – a great income then. The money was given in its entirety to his father. Uziel received an allowance from his earnings. 11.10 He worked there until he was conscripted in the Polish army. 11.16 In 1934, Uziel was very active in the youth movement and became a counselor. This was called Hanoar Hatzioni. 11.52 Talks about youth movements in Poland and their influence on the young people. 15.05 1935, death of Pilzritsky (???) in Poland, the liberal dictator who did not allow public expressions of anti-Semitism. His heirs immediately became public anti- Semites, causing consternation in public offices that employed many Jews. The Lodz municipality, for instance, was rid of its Jewish engineers and its laborers. 16.53 The Jewish community in Lodz was well organized; it employed up to the last Jew. 17.48 It was difficult to hire Jews because opposition of the Socialist unions of Polish workers except in the building industry (whose contractors were all Jewish). 22.00 Describes the Zionist youth movement (Hanoar Hatzioni), its history in Israel and Poland, and Uziel’s work for the movement in Poland. 26.15 In 1937, Uziel had two options: “Hachshara” and agricultural preparation toward immigration to Israel or conscription in the Polish army. He chose the second option. Father opposed it and bribed the army so that Uziel would not be conscripted. He was, and was chosen to serve in the tank corps.
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