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Affect and Cultural Change: the Rise of Popular Zionism in the British Jewish Community After the Six Day War (1967)

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Affect and Cultural Change: the Rise of Popular Zionism in the British Jewish Community After the Six Day War (1967) AFFECT AND CULTURAL CHANGE: THE RISE OF POPULAR ZIONISM IN THE BRITISH JEWISH COMMUNITY AFTER THE SIX DAY WAR (1967) JAMIE HAKIM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the University of East London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 Abstract In current Jewish Studies scholarship there is a broad consensus that the Arab-Israeli war of June 1967 caused both an intense emotional response in Britain’s Jewish community and a change in the relationship this community had with the State of Israel. What this scholarship has yet to provide is either a detailed account of the ways that the June 1967 war impacted on this community or a sustained theorisation of how the intensity generated by a world-historical event might bring about change. This thesis attempts to address these gaps by interviewing twelve British Jews who lived through their community’s response to the war and supplement this data with original archival research, adding detail that is currently missing from the historical record. It then interprets this data using a cultural studies approach grounded, primarily, in the thought of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. In using this approach this thesis reveals that it was the intense affectivity generated by the Zionist representation of the war as the ‘Six Day War’ that caused the community to change in the post-1967 conjuncture. It then identifies these changes as cultural – occurring on the planes of identity, representation, everyday life, cultural practice and, most crucially, affectivity. In revealing the centrality of affect in the impact of the war on the British Jewish community, this thesis argues that the hegemonic form of Zionism that emerges within that community after 1967 is ‘Popular Zionism’, defined as an intensely charged affective disposition towards the State of Israel that is lived out in the cultural identities, everyday lives and cultural practices of British Jews. i Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………. i Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….. vii Chapter 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………1 1. The origins of this thesis……………………………………………………….1 2. Chapter outlines…………………………………………………………………3 3. The originality of this thesis…………………………………………………....6 4. The politics of this thesis……………………………………………………….8 Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework: Cultural Studies, Deleuze and Guattari and the Impact of the Six Day War on the British Jewish Community ………………………………………………………………………..10 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………10 2. Literature review……………………………………………………………….13 2.1. Psychoanalysis and Zionism: Jacqueline Rose ……………………….15 2.2. The affective turn and cultural change…………………………………..19 3. A cultural studies approach..…………………………………………………23 4. Gramsci.………………………………………………………………………..24 4.1. Gramsci’s ontology………………………………………………………..25 4.2. Gramsci and cultural change…………………………………………….28 4.3. A Gramscian reading of the rise of Popular Zionism after the Six Day War…………………….…………………………………………………………30 5. Laclau…………………………………………………………………………..33 5.1. Laclau’s ontology ………………………………………………………....34 5.2. Laclau and cultural change ………………………………………………36 5.3. A Laclauian reading of the rise of Popular Zionism after The Six Day War .……………………………………………………………………………...40 6. Deleuze and Guattari …………………………………………………………43 ii 6.1. Deleuze and Guattari’s ontology…………………………………………44 6.1.1. Affect in Deleuze and Guattari’s ontology ………………………….46 6.1.2. Desire, affect and power relations in Deleuze and Guattari’s ontology……….………………………………………………………………..49 6.2. Deleuze and Guattari, affect and cultural change ……..……………...50 6.3. Outline of a Deleuzo-Guattarian reading of the rise of Popular Zionism after the Six Day War..…………………………………………………………52 Chapter 3. Methodology……………………………………………………….. 54 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...54 2. Self-reflexivity: positioning myself within the research……………………...54 2.1. My relationship to Israel and Zionism……………………………………..55 3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………..61 3.1. The sample…………………………………………………………………..65 3.2. Recruiting participants ……………………………………………………..67 3.3. Conducting the interviews………………………………………………….68 3.4. Problems encountered doing the interviews …………………………….70 3.5. Archival research …………………………………………………………...73 3.6. British Jewish sociology ……………………………………………………75 4. Ethics……………………………………………………………………………..76 Chapter 4. Affect and Zionism in the British Jewish Assemblage 1880–1967 …………………………………………………………………………79 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...79 2. DeLanda’s assemblage theory..……………………………………………….80 2.1. Lawrence Grossberg: affect, assemblage, cultural change…………....86 3. An assemblage analysis of the British Jewish community in 1960s Britain 3.1. Territorialisations: population and immigration…………………………..90 3.2. Territorialisations: areas of settlement…………...……………………….91 4. Relations of exteriority: the British Jewish assemblage’s shifting location in British society………………………………………………………………………93 4.1 Upward social mobility: class and employment…………………………..93 iii 4.2. Relations of exteriority: the shifting location of Jews in Britain’s racial hierarchies………………………………………………………………………...97 4.2.1. Relations of Exteriority: Intermarriage……………………………….103 5. Flows of affectivity …………………………………………………………….103 6. Coding: coding Jewishness in 1960s popular culture …………………….107 7. The History of Zionism in Britain and the British Jewish relationship to Israel 1890–1967………………………………………………………………………...111 7.1. Zionism in Britain: 1880–1914 …………………………………………...112 7.2. Zionism in Britain: 1917–1929 …………………………………………...114 7.3. Zionism in Britain: 1929–1939 .…………………………………………..116 7.4. Zionism in Britain: 1939–1967 …………………………………………...119 8. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………..122 Chapter 5. The Arab-Israeli War of June 1967: An Historical Account .124 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..124 2. The wider context: 1948–1966 ………………………………………………126 2.1. Inter-Arab relations………………………………………………………...126 2.1.1. Divisions within the ‘Arab nation’ .…………………………...…..…..127 2.1.2. Arab cooperation in the 1960s ……………………………………….129 2.2. Arab-Israeli tensions in the 1960s ………………………………………130 3. “The Catalysts” ………………………………………………………………..132 4. The May/June Crisis: Brinkmanship and Miscalculations…………………135 5. The War …………………………………………….………………………….143 5.1. Israel’s victory/the Arabs’ loss …………………………………………...152 6. After the ceasefire …………………………………………………………….154 6.1. The Palestinian refugees …………………………………………………155 7. Postscript: the effect of the war on Great Britain ………………………….156 Chapter 6. May–June 1967: A History of Intensities ……………………..158 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………….158 2. DeLanda, Deleuze and intensive processes of ontological change……..160 3. Thesis…………………………………………………………………………...168 iv 4. Analysis…………………………………………………………………………169 4.1. The Trigger: The Six Day War..………………………………………….169 4.1.1. The British Jewish perception of the Middle East Crisis………..…170 4.2. Intensive process: terror ………………………………………………….183 4.3. The becoming Body-without-Organs of the British Jewish assemblage……………………………………………………………………...186 4.4. Intensive processes: exultation..…………………………………………194 4.5. The cancerous Body-without-Organs of the fascist …………………...203 5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...205 Chapter 7. The Production of Hegemonic British Jewish Cultural Identity after the Six Day War ..………………..……………………………………….207 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………….207 2. Existing approaches to the place of Israel and Zionism in British Jewish cultural identity …………………………………………………………………...209 2.1. Jewish cultural studies ……………………………………………………210 3. Deleuze and Guattari against cultural identity ……………………………..211 4. A Guattarian approach to cultural identity ………………………………….213 5. A Guattarian analysis of the shifting position of Israel in hegemonic British Jewish identity…………………………………………………………………….217 5.1. The heterogeneous elements that constitute British Jewish identity…219 5.2. The place of Israel in pre-1967 hegemonic British Jewish identity .....220 5.2.1. Representations of Israel in hegemonic pre-1967 British Jewish identity………………………………………………………………...………..221 5.2.2. The affectivity catalysed by the pre-1967 representation of Israel.221 5.2.3. Pre-1967 Zionist activity………………………………………………222 5.2.4. The place of Israel in pre-1967 hegemonic British Jewish identity.224 5.2.5. Conclusion: Israel in pre-1967 hegemonic British Jewish identity..225 5.3. The effect of the Six Day War on hegemonic British Jewish identity...225 5.3.1. Post-1967 representation of Israel and Israelis…………………….226 5.3.2. The place of Israel in post-1967 hegemonic British Jewish identity…………………………………………………………………………..230 5.3.3. The affects catalysed by the post-1967 representation of Israel…234 v 5.3.3.1. The affectivity of being a Jew in Britain………………………….238 6. The ethical implications of the position of Israel within hegemonic post-67 British Jewish identity …………………………………………………………...242 Chapter 8. The Rise of Popular Zionism in the British Jewish Community after 1967 ………………………………………………………………………...247 1. Introduction ……………………………………………….……………………247 2. Ideology, the Popular and affect: Gramsci, CCCS and Grossberg ……...248 2.1. Gramsci and ideology……………………………………………………..249 2.2. Grossberg: affect and the Popular……………………………………....253 3. Thesis…………………………………………………………………………...257 4. Classical Zionism………………………………………………………………258 4.1. Negation of the diaspora and Zionism as Colonialism………………...261 5. Popular Zionism………………………………………………………………..265 5.1. Pre-cursors to Popular
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