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CONTENTS Ethnic Inequality in University Education in Israel Lnter VOLUME XLI : NUMBERS 1 and 2 1999 CONTENTS Ethnic Inequality in University Education in Israel Y. SHAVIT, Y. COHEN, H. STIER and S. BOLOTIN lnter-generational Relations Among Upper Middle-Class Families in Israel DAPHNA BIRENBAUM-CARMELI The Motivations and Assimilation of British Women Who Migrated to Israel, I 965- I 97 5 SHARON ANN MUSHER The Names Which 'Modern-Day Zionist Idealists' Give to Their Children LISA R. KAUL-SEIDMAN The Rise of the Jewish Englishmen HAROLD POLLINS Criminaljustice in Israel ISRAEL FINESTEIN PERCY SAUL COHEN, I928-I999 Book Reviews Chronicle Editor:Judith Freedman OBJECTS AND SPONSORSHIP OF THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY The Jewish Journal rif Sociology was sponsored by the Cultural Department of the World Jewish Congress from its inception in I959 until the end of I98o. Thereafter, from the first issue of I98 I (volume 23, no. I), the Journal has been sponsored by Maurice Freedman Research Trust Limited, which is registered as an educational charity by the Charity Commission of England and Wales (no. 326077). It has as its main purposes the encouragement of research in the sociology of the Jews and the publication of The Jewish Journal of Sociology. The objects of the Journal remain as stated in the Editorial of the first issue in I959: 'This Journal has been brought into being in order to provide an international vehicle for serious writing on Jewish social affairs . .. Academically we address ourselves not only to sociologists, but to social scientists in general, to historians, to philosophers, and to students of comparative religion .... We should like to stress both that the Journal is editorially independent and that the opinions expressed by authors are their own responsibility.' The founding Editor of the JJS was Morris Ginsberg, and the founding Managing Editor was Maurice Freedman. Morris Ginsberg, who had been Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics, died in I 970. Maurice Freedman, who had been Professor of Social Anthropology at the London School of Economics and later at the University of Oxford, succeeded to the title of Editor in I 97 I, when Dr Judith Freedman (who had been Assistant Editor since I963) became Managing Editor. Maurice Freedman died in I975; since then the Journal has been edited by Dr Judith Freedman. Applications for subscriptions and enqumes regarding back numbers should be addressed to: THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 187 GLOUCESTER PLACE LONDON NW I 6BU ENGLAND TELEPHONE: 0207 262 8939 ., THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY VolwneXLI Nwnbers 1 and 2 1999 CONTENTS Ethnic Inequality in University Education in Israel Y. SHAVIT, Y. COHEN, H. STIER ands. BOLOTIN 5 lnter-generational Relations Among Upper Middle-Class Families in Israel DAPHNA BIRENBAUM-CARMELI 24 'T'he Motivations and Assimilation of British Women Who Migrated to Israel, I 965- I 97 5 SHARON ANN M USHER 50 The Names Which 'Modern-Day Zionist Idealists' Give to 1beir Children LISA R. KAUL-SEIDMAN The Rise of the Jewish Englishmen HAROLD POLL INS 102 \. Criminal justice in Israel ISRAEL FINESTEIN !09 PERCY SAUL CO HEN, 1928-1999 "3 Book Reviews "7 Chronicle 126 Books Received 129 Notes on Contributors I31 Published by Maurice Freedman Research Trust Ltd ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION INSTITUTIONs: [2o.oo(u.s. S3s.oo) INDIVIDUALs: £15.00 (u .s. S26.oo} SINGLE COPIES: £IO.OO(U.S. $18.00) Applications for subscriptions should be sent to TheJewish journal ofSociology, 1S, Gloucester Place, London NW1 6BU, England. Telephone: 020']-262 8g39 EDITOR Judith Freedman ADVISORY BOARD S. N. EISENSTADT (lsrae0 MARLENA ScHMOOL (Britain) LLOYD P. GARTNER (Israe0 WILLIAM SHAFFIR (Canada) jACQUES GuTWIRTH (France) NOR MAN SoLOMON (Britain) HAROLD POLLINS (Britain) B. WASSERSTEIN (Britain) S.J. PRAIS (Britain) © MAURICE FREEDMAN RESEARCH TRUST LTD 1999 PRODUCED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY MANE V PUBLISHING, LEEDS BOOKS REVIEWED Authors Titws Reviewers Page F. E. Cohen 1he Jews in the Channel Islands Harold Pollins 117 During the German Occupation 1940-1945 L Finestein Anglo-]ewry in Changing Times: Harold Pollins 102 Studies in Diversity I840-19I 4 S. Forman Blacks in the Jewish Mind Harold Pollins 119 R. R. Friedmann, ed. Crime and Crimina! Justice in Israel Israel Finestein 109 V. Poiricr Ashkinazes et Sifarades Judith Freedman 123 3 NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Papers submitted to 7he Jewish Journal rif Sociology should be addressed to the Editor at 187 Gloucester Place, London .NWI 6BU, England. The papers must be original. They should not have been published previously, or be committed to publication elsewhere, in any language. When a paper has been a~~epted fur publication, the author may not publish it elsewhere in any language, without the written consent of the Editor oftheJJS. Articles (please send at least two copies) should be typewritten on one side only and double-spaced with ample margins. Pages (including those containing illustrations, diagrams, or tables) should be numbered consecutively. All quotations should be within single inverted commas; quotation marks within quotations should be double inverted commas. Notes should follow the style of this Journal and should be given at the end of the article in numerical sequence according to the order of their citation in the text. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS A. Books Give author, title, place of publication, year, and page reference. Underline all titles of books. B. Articles Place titles of articles within single inverted commas. Underline the title of the book or journal in which the article appears. In the case of a journal, cite numbers of volume and part, and year of publication. PROOFS. An author making major revisions in proof will be required to bear the cost. Unless proofs are returned to the Editor promptly, authors' corrections will not be incorporated. 4 ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN ISRAEL Yossi Shavit, Yinon Cohen, Haya Stier, and Svetlana Bolotin Ethnic Stratification in Israel HIS is a study of the changes in the patterns and the scope of ethnic inequality of university graduates in Israel which have T occurred since the I g6os. Ethnic stratification is the single most common research subject in Israeli sociology. Several studies have examined the trends and changes in educational inequality among different ethnic groups'; they have all assumed a linear trend of change in ethnic differentiation in education. The most common hypothesis is that, in time, the educational attainment of Mizrahim (Israelis of Afro-Asian origin) will rise, as they overcome the cultural and economic barriers which, it was assumed, had impeded their progress. The undisputed conclusion of these studies was that whereas ethnic inequality in the rates of primary and secondary education had declined, the ethnic gap at the post-secondary level remained quite stable throughout the I 970s. The present paper contributes to this literature in several important respects. First, we employed the most recent data available and extended the study of changes in ethnic inequality in university education to the cohorts who attended university during the late I g8os and early I ggos. Second, we found that these changes were not linear and that the size of the ethnic gap oscillated during the period under consideration. Third, we show that much of the change, especially among men, was due to the rates of Ashkenazi (Jews of European or American origin) students who obtained university degrees. Fourth, we demonstrate that among Mizrahim, there are interesting differ­ ences between those of Asian and those of North African origin. The proportion of university graduates among the former has recently increased twofold, while it has remained rather stable among the latter. Thus, we can sec the emergence of an ethnic gap in university The]ewish]ournal of Sociology, vol. 41, nos. I and '2, rggg. 5 SHAVIT, CO HEN, STIER, and BOLOTIN education within the Mizrahi groups, a gap which has been overlooked by previous published research. Finally, we tried to explain some of these changes by relating them to changes in the economic returns of higher education, the financial crisis of Israeli universities, and the waves of emigration from Israel during the period under study. Israel is an ethnically-stratified society consisting of several Jewish ethnic groups and of three major non-Jewish religious groups (Muslims, Christians, and Druse).Jews constitute about 8o per cent of the population and virtually all the rest are Arabs. The Jewish population is divided about equally between the Mizrahim, who came mainly from Muslim countries in North Africa and the Middle East, and Ashkenazim, who are mainly of European origin. 2 The Israeli Arabs suffer from severe discrimination in employment, and in the allocation of social services and they occupy the lower social strata. 3 Among the Jews, Ashkenazim are more privileged than the Mizrahim. They have fewer children (except for those who are religiously orthodox), a higher socio-economic status, and their mean levels of attainment are also higher.• We excluded the non:Jewish minorities from the analysis in this study because the Labour Force Survey data, which we used, includes too few of them5 Scholars agree that the social disadvantages ofMizrahim have their roots in the way they were received by the Ashkenazi establishment during the early years of the State, when they arrived in waves of mass migration; it is now commonly believed that the veteran Ashkenazim treated them with less consideration than they treated Ashkenazi immigrants. Discrimination was especially noticeable in housing and education, which were both centrally administered in the new State. Immigrants were often assigned to towns, villages, and neighbour­ hoods with little regard for their own preferences. Typically, Mizrahim were more often than not dispatched to the new development towns and to villages in the periphery. Some of these localities had very poor infrastructures and soon became pockets of poverty and despair.
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