Rozwój Przestrzenny Lipnicy Murowanej W Czasach Zaborów W Świetle Austriackich Map Wojskowych

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Rozwój Przestrzenny Lipnicy Murowanej W Czasach Zaborów W Świetle Austriackich Map Wojskowych NAUKA SCIENCE Mateusz Budziakowski* orcid.org/0000-0002-6258-7244 Rozwój przestrzenny Lipnicy Murowanej w czasach zaborów w świetle austriackich map wojskowych Spatial development of Lipnica Murowana during the partitions in light of Austrian military maps Słowa kluczowe: Lipnica Murowana, mapa Miega, Key words: Lipnica Murowana, Mieg’s map, kartografi a, historia urbanistyki cartography, history of urban design Materiały źródłowe dotyczące Lipnicy Murowanej The source materials concerning Lipnica Murowana wskazują rok 1326 jako datę lokacji miasta na prawie indicate the year 1326 as the date when the town was średzkim. Sama miejscowość jako wieś istniała dużo chartered according to the Środa Śląska law. Formerly wcześniej, z niej też wyłączono centralny obszar i prze- a village, it had existed much earlier; and its central kształcono w miasto o wyraźnym, do dziś zachowanym part was transformed into a town with clear medieval średniowiecznym układzie szachownicowym. Poza opi- chequerboard layout that has been preserved until today. sami z epoki nowożytnej, określającymi w sposób ogólny Besides descriptions from modern times, fairly gener- charakter rozplanowania miasta, nie są znane źródła mó- ally outlining the town planning concept, there are no wiące o kształcie Lipnicy w sensie przestrzennym (w za- known sources that would describe the spatial form of kresie dotychczasowych analiz układu urbanistycznego Lipnica (however, with regard to previous analyses of Lipnicy Murowanej należy jednak z pewnością wymienić the urban layout of Lipnica Murowana one must men- m.in. badania murów miejskich, przeprowadzone przez tion e.g. the study of the town walls carried out by W. W. Niewaldę1, rozpatrzenie rozwoju przestrzennego Niewalda1, the spatial development in Lesser Poland Małopolski wykonane przez F. Kiryka2, a także opraco- examined by F. Kiryk2, as well as the research on urban wanie układów urbanistycznych w Małopolsce, autorstwa layouts in Lesser Poland conducted by B. Krasnowol- B. Krasnowolskiego3). Konkretne, weryfi kowalne infor- ski3). Concrete, verifi able information has only been macje przynosi dopiero zbadanie zasobów kartografi cz- obtained by examining the cartographic resources made nych, powstałych w czasach zaborów. and collected during the partition period. Badania z zakresu historii urbanistyki w kontekście The issue of research on the history of urban design analizy archiwalnych zasobów kartografi cznych nie były in the context of analysing archive cartographic resources tematem podjętym do tej pory na szeroką skalę. Warto has not been addressed on a large scale so far. It is worth wskazać tutaj m.in. publikacje D. Kuśnierz-Krupy, któ- mentioning here e.g. works published by D. Kuśnierz- ra analizowała rozwój przestrzenny Jaślisk4, Brzostka5 Krupa, who analysed the spatial development of Jaśliska4, i Kołaczyc6 w oparciu o mapę Miega. Brzostek5 and Kołaczyce6 on the basis of Mieg’s map. Do zasadniczej analizy przestrzennej i głównego The so called “Josephinian Land Survey” that is “Jo- porównania przyjęto przede wszystkim tzw. „zdjęcie jó- sefi nische Landesaufname” or “Erste Landesaufname”, zefi ńskie”, czyli „Josefi nische Landesaufname” vel „Erste known in Poland as “Mieg’s map” from the 2nd half of Landesaufname” znane w Polsce jako „mapa Miega”, the 18th century, has been used as the main source for * mgr inż. arch., Wydział Architektury, Politechnika Kra- * mgr inż. arch., Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of kowska, student studiów doktoranckich Technology, Post-graduate student Cytowanie / Citation: Budziakowski M. Spatial development of Lipnica Murowana during the partitions in light of Austrian military maps. Wiadomosci Konserwa- torskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation 2019;57:134-141 Otrzymano / Received: 20.08.2018 • Zaakceptowano / Accepted: 23.11.2018 doi:10.17425/WK57LIPNICA Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews 134 Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 57/2019 z II połowy XVIII wieku, a także mapę późniejszą, kon- the spatial analysis and comparative studies, as well as the tynuację – tzw. „zdjęcie franciszkowskie” („Franziszeische later map, a continuation – the so called “Second Land Landesaufnahme” vel „Zweite Landesaufnahme) wyko- Survey” (“Franziszeische Landesaufnahme” or “Zweite naną niecały wiek później – z uwagi jednak na zbieżność Landesaufnahme”) carried out almost a century later; prezentowanego przez nią układu przestrzennego ze sta- however, because the spatial layout it presents coincides nem obecnym nie stanowi ona tak atrakcyjnego materiału with its current state, it does not constitute such an kartografi cznego jak mapa józefi ńska. attractive cartographic material as the Josephine map. Pomocniczo skorzystano z mapy Liesganinga Additionally other maps were used, such as Lies- z 1824 r., mapy Kummersberga z 1855 r., „zdjęcia fran- ganing’s map from 1824, Kummersberg’s map from ciszkowsko-józefi ńskiego” czyli mapy Kuhna z II poło- 1855, the “Franciscan-Josephinian Land Survey” or wy XIX wieku oraz map „Spezialkarte der österreichisch- Kuhn’s map from the 2nd half of the 19th century, as -ungarischen Monarchie” z 1905 r. i „Generalkarte well as the “Spezialkarte der österreichisch-ungarischen von Mitteleuropa” z 1914 r. (a także – kontrolnie – nie Monarchie” from 1905 and the “Generalkarte von Mit- austriackiej, a niemieckiej mapy Reymanna z 1797), teleuropa” from 1914 (and to check – not an Austrian but głównie w celu potwierdzenia bądź doprecyzowania a German map drawn by Reymann from 1797), mainly informacji, szczególnie czasu powstania zmian w to- in order to confi rm or clarify information, particularly pografi i miejscowości (zestawienie materiałów karto- the time when the topography of a place changed (a list grafi cznych poniżej). Uzyskane dane zweryfi kowano of cartographic materials below). The acquired data were ponadto w terenie. verifi ed on the site. MAPA JÓZEFIŃSKA JOSEPHINIAN MAP „Zdjęcie józefi ńskie” (Josefi nische Landesaufname albo “Josephinian Land Survey” (Josefi nische Landesaufname Erste Landesuafname), tzw. Mapa Miega. Odwzorowanie or Erste Landesuafname) is also known as the Mieg’s omawianego obszaru wykonano w latach 1779–1782. Map. The map reproducing the confi guration of the Jakkolwiek zlecenie na wykonanie map Cesarstwa discussed area was drawn in the years 1779–1782. Al- zostało wydane jeszcze za panowania cesarzowej Marii though drawing the maps of the Empire was commis- Teresy w 1763 roku, kartografowie austriaccy dotarli sioned during the reign of the Empress Maria Theresa na zajęte ziemie Rzeczypospolitej 7 lat po pierwszym in 1763, Austrian cartographers arrived in the occupied rozbiorze, aby nanieść na mapy obszary „królestwa Ga- lands of the former Polish Republic 7 years after its fi rst licji i Lodomerii”. Dzięki temu w dzisiejszych czasach partition, to draw the maps of “the Kingdom of Galicia dysponujemy bezcennym materiałem, pozwalającym na and Lodomeria”. Thanks to them, nowadays we have at analizę rozwoju przestrzennego również tych niewiel- our disposal invaluable materials that allow for analysing kich miasteczek i wsi. spatial development in those small towns and villages. Lipnica Murowana została wytyczona na niewielkim Lipnica Murowana was laid out on a small rise lo- wzniesieniu, zlokalizowanym w dolinie Uszwicy (Po- cated in the Uszwica River valley (Wiśnicz Foothills), górze Wiśnickie), otoczonym z dwóch stron ciekami on two sides surrounded by rivulets. The market square wodnymi. Rynek wytyczono w oparciu o miarę 1/10 was laid out using the measure of 1/10 rod (app. 45 cm), pręta (ok. 45 cm), w układzie 72 × 72 jednostki7. Dzie- in the arrangement of 72 × 72 units7. The nine-square więciopolowy układ urbanistyczny otoczono murami urban layout was already surrounded with defensive obronnymi już w fazie polokacyjnej, zachowanymi do walls in the post-foundation stage, and their relics have czasów obecnych w szczątkowej formie. been preserved until the present. O ile na mapie kształt miasta w obrysie murów miej- Although the shape of the town within its town walls skich jest tożsamy z dzisiejszym, wyraźnie zaznaczono presented on the map is identical to the present one, with skarpy staromieścia (z trzech stron), tak układ zabudowy clearly marked escarpments of the old town (on three potraktowano schematycznie: samo centrum miejsco- sides), the buildings were treated schematically. The wości narysowane jest dość szkicowo (4 prostokąty very centre of the town was rather sketchily outlined (4 pierzei przyrynkowych), uwagę zwraca przesunięcie rectangles of the market frontages); attention is drawn układu rynek-kościół w stosunku do realnej lokalizacji. to the fact that the market square – church arrange- Puste przestrzenie między rynkiem a wjazdem najpraw- ment was shifted in comparison to its actual location. dopodobniej również wynikają z błędu kreślarskiego, The empty spaces between the market square and the bądź być może oznaczają brak zabudowy, zniszczonej entrance may also have resulted from a drawing error, w pożarze 1740 roku. Na schematycznie zaznaczonym or might mean empty sites of buildings destroyed in the rynku brak jest ratusza; założyć należy, że podówczas fi re in 1740. In the sketchily drawn market square there był już rozebrany. is no town hall, so one may assume that it must already Autorzy mapy podkreślili, że samo miasto ulokowane have been demolished. jest na wzniesieniu (w opisie: „miasteczko leży na równi- The authors of the map emphasised
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